FOR ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

PRINCIPLES OF AIR-CONDITIONING
 The goal is to keep it more comfortable inside the house
than it is outside.
COOLING / REFRIGERATION CYCLE DEFINITION:
A cycle that shows how the refrigerant vapor is inhaled and discharged
by the compressor to the condenser.
Compressor
-Inhales the refrigerant
from the suction channel
- Compresses to the
discharge channel.
Cold refrigerant vapor and
low pressure
Evaporator
-Liquid turns to vapor
-Cold air flows into room

Hot refrigerant vapor and

high pressure
Cold refrigerant vapor and
low pressure
Condenser
-Removes heat from condenser
-Refrigerant vapor turns to liquid.
Expansion Valve
-Lowers the temperature and
pressure of liquid
Hot refrigerant vapor and -Controls the flow rate in
high pressure to the evaporator.
 COMPRESSOR

CONDENSER

EVAPORATOR

EXPANSION VALVE
 1) Windows Air-conditioning System
 Window air conditioners are one of the most commonly used and
cheapest type of air conditioners.
 To install one of these units, you need the space to make a slot in the
wall, and there should also be some open space behind the wall.
 Window air-conditioner units are reliable and simple-to-install
solution to keep a room cool while avoiding the costly construction of a
central air system.
 Better yet, when the summer heat dies down, these units can be easily
removed for storage, and you can use the window sill for other purpose
2) Split Air-Conditioning System
 The split air conditioner comprises of two
parts: the outdoor unit and the indoor unit.
 The outdoor unit, fitted outside the room,
houses components like the compressor,
condenser and expansion valve.
 The indoor unit comprises the evaporator or
cooling coil and the cooling fan. For this unit
you don’t have to make any slot in the wall of
the room.
 Further, the present day split units have
aesthetic looks and add to the beauty of the
room. The split air conditioner can be used
to cool one or two rooms
 3) Centralized
Air-Conditioning System
 The central air conditioning plants or the
systems are used when large buildings, hotels,
theaters, airports, shopping malls etc. are to be
air conditioned completely.
 The window and split air conditioners are used
for single rooms or small office spaces.
 If the whole building is to be cooled it is not
economically viable to put window or split air
conditioner in each and every room.
 Further, these small units cannot satisfactorily
cool the large halls, auditoriums, receptions
areas etc.
4) Packaged Air-
Conditioning System
 The window and split air
conditioners are usually used for the
small air conditioning capacities up
to 5 tons.
 The central air conditioning systems
are used for where the cooling loads
extend beyond 20 tons.
 The packaged air conditioners are
used for the cooling capacities in
between these two extremes.
 The packaged air conditioners are
available in the fixed rated capacities
of 3,5, 7, 10 and 15 tons.
 These units are used commonly in
places like restaurants, telephone
exchanges, homes, small halls, etc.
Packaged Terminal Air Conditioner (often
abbreviated PTAC) is a type of self-contained heating
and air conditioning system commonly found in hotels,
motels, senior housing facilities, hospitals, condominiums,
apartment buildings, add-on rooms & sunrooms. Many are
designed to go through a wall, having vents and heat
sinks both inside and outside.

• Different standard dimensions are found in the market

including 42×16 inches (1067 x 406 mm), 36x15 inches,
and 40x15 inches. Although PTACs are used mostly to
heat or cool a single living space using only electricity
(with resistive and/or heat pump heating), there are
cooling-only PTACs with external heating through a
hydronic heating coil or natural gas heating. Typical PTAC
heating and cooling capacity values range from 2 to 5.5
kilowatts (7,000–19,000 BTU/h) nominal.

•One characteristic of PTACs is that condensate drain

piping is not required because the condensate water
extracted from the air by the evaporator coil is drawn by
the condenser fan onto the condenser coil surface where
it evaporates. Conventional PTACs still require
condensate drain piping to be installed.

•As the name implies, in the packaged air conditioners all

the important components of the air conditioners are
enclosed in a single casing like window AC. Thus the
compressor, cooling coil, air handling unit and the air filter
are all housed in a single casing and assembled at the
factory location.

•Depending on the type of the cooling system used in

these systems, the packaged air conditioners are divided
into two types: ones with water cooled condenser and the
ones with air cooled condensers.
New Invented Technology
for Air-Conditioning System

DISTRICT
CHILLED BEAM
COOLING
SYSTEM
SYSTEM
 District Cooling System

 District Cooling Systems (DCS) is a system

which distribute chilled water or other
media, usually provided from a dedicated
cooling plant, to multiple buildings for air
conditioning or other uses.
 District Cooling System
The Objectives :
To centralize production
of chilled water by using
district cooling plant. The
generated chilled water
will then be channeled to
various building blocks
thru pre-insulated
seamless underground
pipes.
 District Cooling System
The Advantages
1. Improve energy
efficiency
2. Protect environment
3. Save spaces
4. Improve urban view
5. Reduce manpower for
operation and
maintenance
 District Cooling System
How The System Work ?
 DC means the centralized production and
distribution of cooling energy. Chilled water is
delivered via an underground insulated pipeline to
office, industrial and residential buildings to cool the
indoor air of the buildings within a district. Specially
designed units in each building then use this water to
lower the temperature of air passing through the
buildings ACS.
 The output of one cooling plant is enough to meet the
cooling-energy demand of dozens of buildings. DC
can be run on electricity or natural gas, and can use
either regular water or seawater. Along with electricity
and water, DC constitute a new form of energy service.
 District Cooling System
Why It Is Environmental Friendly ?
District cooling helps the
environment by increasing energy
efficiency and reducing
environmental emissions including
air pollution, the greenhouse gas
(GHG) carbon dioxide(CO2) and
ozone-destroying refrigerants.
District cooling can reduce annual
CO2emissions by about 1 ton for
every ton of district cooling
refrigeration demand served
DCS Network Diagram
DCS Network Diagram
DCS- APPLICATION IN MALAYSIA

KUALA LUMPUR
INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT
PUTRAJAYA

UKM
BANGSAR
DCS - COMPONENTS

 Central Chiller Plant – generate chilled water for

cooling purposes
 Distribution Network – distribute chilled water to
building
 User Station – interface own building air-
conditioning circuit
CHILLED BEAM SYSTEM
 It is a type of convection HVAC system designed to heat
or cool high rise building such as commercial building.
 It primarily gives off its cooling effect through
convection by using water to remove heat from a room.
 Pipes of water passed through the beam suspended at
short distance from the ceiling of a room.
 As the beam chills the air around it, the air becomes
denser and falls to the floor.
 It is replaced by warmer air moving up from below,
causing a constant flow of convection and cooling the
room.
ADVANTAGES
 Simple to design and control
 Smaller ductwork
 Less mechanical space
 Less maintenance
 Increase comfort
 disadvantages
 Not well known in our industry
 Higher construction cost
 Many engineers aren’t familiar
with this technology
 Dew point concerns, building
must have a good control of
humidity to prevent
condensation on chilled beam
surface.
HVAC Standards
 ISHRAE
 The Indian Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air
Conditioning Engineers (ISHRAE), was founded in 1981
 ISHRAE’s primary objective is the advancement of the art
and sciences of Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning,
Refrigeration Engineering & other related Building
Services.
HVAC Standards
HVAC Standards
The codes, regulation as detailed below shall be followed in
this contract :-
 Safety code for air-conditioning (revised) amendment 1 : IS
659 : 1964 (reaffirmed 1991)
 Safety code for mechanical Refrigeration : IS 660 : 1963
(reaffirmed 1991)
 Air-cooled heat exchangers (amendment 1) : IS 10470 : 1983
(reaffirmed 1991)
 Packaged Air-conditioner(amendment 1991) :IS 8148 : 1976
(reaffirmed 1991)
HVAC Standards
Safety Codes
 The following IS codes shall be followed:
 Safety code for mechanical refrigeration
: IS 660
 Safety code for air conditioning : : IS 659
 References
Building Services: S.M. Patil
Internet Websites
http://ishrae.in/
 THE COOLANT
 Heat is removed by the coolant.
 Functions as a heat absorber from the evaporator
 Good coolant must have features ;
1. Non toxic
2. Not explosive
3. Non-corrosive components
4. Soluble in oil to lubricate effectively
5. Harmless when responding to oil even in the presence of moisture
6. Have a high resistance to electricity.
 CAN YOU FIND WHERE TO
Type of coolant USED EACH OF THIS
COOLANT?

R-22
MONOKLORODIFLUOROMETANA

R-11
TRIKLOROMONOFLUROMETANA

R-12
DIKLORODIFLUOROMETANA
AHU
What’s in an AHU?
Sensor

Heating/Cooling Coil

Filter Fan
Damper
Air handling unit AHU
•Air handling units (AHU, sometimes referred to as ‘air handlers’) form part of the
heating, ventilating and air conditioning system (HVAC) that supplies, circulates
and extracts air from buildings.
•Air handling units can be supplied in a range of sizes, and with a variety of
capabilities, but typically they comprise an insulated box that forms the housing for;
filter racks or chambers, a fan (or blower), and sometimes heating elements,
cooling elements, sound attenuators and dampers (that can be operated manually
or automatically to regulate or prevent specific air flows). In some situations, such
as in swimming pools, air handling units might include dehumidification.
•Heating and / or cooling can be generated within the unit itself, or can be provided
by connection to the building’s boilers or chillers.
•Generally, air handling units will be connected to the ductwork within the building
that supplies air to and extracts air from the interior, but they can be used to supply
and extract air direct to a space, or they may be located on a roof (rooftop units or
RTU).
•Air handling units that consist of only a fan and a heating or cooling element,
located within the space they are serving, may be referred to as fan coil units
(FCU). no risk to public health.
•Air handling units can be used to re-circulate a proportion of ‘stale’ air within a
building, mixing this with fresh air to reduce the amount of air conditioning that is
required. They can also include heat recovery, recovering heat from return air and
using it to warm the supply air.
•Fans may be single speed, may have a range of set speeds, or may be variable
frequency drive. Flow rates may also be controlled by inlet vanes or outlet
dampers.
•Air handling units generate noise (and vibration) which can be disruptive, and
this can be compounded where ductwork passes between acoustically separate
spaces. In this case, acoustic attenuators might be used. In addition, vibration
can be generated. This vibration can be isolated by inserting flexible sections
between the unit and ductwork and by isolating the unit from the building
structure.
•Where air handling units are located outside buildings, they can be the source of
complaints by neighbours because of the noise and vibration they generate and
sometimes because of odours they expel (typically where they are serving
kitchens). It is important that these units are properly designed, installed and
maintained to minimise this disturbance.
•‘Wet’ systems, that include water evaporative cooling, can present a hazard to
health. Businesses using such systems are required to carry out a risk
assessment and put in place procedures.
•Air conditioners are rated by the number of British Thermal Units
(Btu) of heat they can remove per hour. Another common rating
term for air conditioning size is the "ton," which is 12,000 Btu per
hour.

•Room air conditioners range from 5,500 Btu per hour to 14,000 Btu
per hour.

A ton is the cooling capacity of an air conditioning system.

One ton is equal to the amount of heat required (288,000 Btu) to
melt one ton of ice in a 24-hour period. A one-ton air conditioner
is rated at 12,000 Btu per hour (288,000/24). A two-ton unit would
be rated at 24,000 Btu per hour.
Comfort and wellbeing.
Hotel guests have high expectations and very individual demands when it
comes to the room climate. Some like it cool and fresh; others prefer it warm
and cosy. All of them, however, want a quiet room. Every hotel has an array of
many different rooms and areas, each with different and often complex
requirements for ventilation and air conditioning. From the lobby to
restaurants, kitchen and bar, and from conference and meeting rooms to the
spa. The demands on the air in a hotel could hardly be more diverse.

The perfect air condition for hotels: invisible – inaudible – unnoticeable.

To provide flexible and adaptable solutions for hotels. Comfort, wellbeing and
safety of people are clearly main focus. This does not mean, however, that
sustainability and protection of the environment is compromised. With all these
factors in mind, innovative system solutions such as air water systems that
provide quiet and efficient service without being noticed by hotel guests.