Question 1(a)

1. Solar power
2. Animal power
3. Human power

Question 1(b)

The training involves several stages, each about a week:

1) Habituation to a dresser man: allows to approach and touch the animal without causing
his concern. Piercing the nasal septum with a special clamp and trimming horns (3 to 5 cm at
the ends) can help dressing. Restraint can be total while immobilizing the animal to the
ground (often standing) to perform delicate operations such as: treatment and care of the
nasal septum piercing.

2) Installation and safety of yoke: animals are tied by the horns to the horizontal rod to
familiarize them with human activities. The yoke connects the two draft animals. All traction
implements are attached to the yoke by the pulling chain (prow, harrow) or the beam (cart,
roller cutter). The yoke consists of the yoke beam, the yoke pegs and the peg beam.

4) The development of a traction effort: consists to accustom the draft animals to tow a
load which is gradually and progressively increased in weight. Traction sequences are
interspersed with many pauses (example 10 minutes of work and 30 minutes of pause).
Check the adjustment of your harness before you start pulling. Wrong adjustment can hurt or
wound the animal.

5) The traction with agricultural tools: consists of accustoming the draft animals to
perform the agricultural work on a field. The traction with one cattle is less common than the
use of two pair cattle. It is recommended for small work which require little effort, as the
medium transport, weeding, hilling

6) The management of the Careers of draught animals (cattle): The duration of use of
draft cattle is highly variable. It depends on how the use of animals, but also market
conditions fixing the purchase price of young cattle and the sale price of cull cattle. Several
activities are performed to assure the effectiveness of animal traction including housing, food,
health and hygiene.
 7) Housing of draft animals: located near the residence of the user, the housing must
provide good comfort to the draft animal. Housing of draft animals must have a pen where
animals are constrained or free, means of distributing water and food (buckets, troughs, racks
and fodder troughs), a restraint system with simple poles of tie stall or corridor of contention,
shelter against the weather or the sun, a system of concentration of dejections or manure.

8) Castration: Castration makes the animal gentler and more docile. It is performed by a
veterinarian or technician competent with Burdizzos kind. The age at which the animal is
castrated is between two and three years because if the operation occur after 3 years, the
character of the bull is already said, the effect is small; and if it is done before two years, it
may limit muscle development of the animal. Castration must be made at least four weeks
before the start of training.

Question 1 (c)

Crush Pen

Is a strongly built stall or cage for holding cattle, horses, or other livestock safely while they

are examined, marked, or given veterinary treatment. Crush pens are used to drive the cattle
from the sorting pens to the loading platform. It is usually provided with moveable gates,
used for leading the cattle into the crush, by making the area behind them smaller.

Dip Tank

A dip tank is a pool of water with railings on the side to force cattle into swimming through
this pool which is mixed with an insecticide. This kills all the ticks, and other external
parasites, on them. To eradicate ectoparasites, cure and prevent spread of sheep scab, ward
off attacks by sheep blow-flies, remove waste material and dung from the fleece prior to
shearing, thus facilitating production of clean wool. This is where animals are immersed. It
contains the acaricide solution. Dip tanks have a role to play in ensuring that animals are
given the optimum amount of care and treatment that is beneficial to their health. Controlling
animal diseases is the only

Holding Pen

A holding pen is an enclosure for holding animals such as livestock or pets that are unwanted

inside the house. Holding pens and loading facilities are used in abattoirs, saleyards,
stockyards, and sorting facilities. Long, narrow pens are recommended where animals enter
through one end and leave through the other.

Milking Parlor

A milking parlor is part of a building where cows are milked on a dairy farm. Cows are
brought to the milking parlor to be milked and are then returned to a feeding and/or resting
area. The main advantages of a milking parlor when compared to milking cows in their
housing area are that it increases labor efficiency, provides ergonomic advantages, and
reduces the risk of injury, both traumatic and repetitive stress-related.

Kraals and Paddock

This is an enclosure for cattle or other livestock, located within a Southern African settlement
or village surrounded by a fence of thorn-bush branches, a palisade, mud wall, or other
fencing, roughly circular in form. It is also referred to a small enclosure used to keep horses.

Kraals are farm structures where livestock like goats, pigs, and sheep are kept during night
time surrounded with a wood fence or wire fence. In addition, a paddock is a small enclosure
where horses are kept during night. These two structures provide shelter and protection to
livestock against thieves and other predators during night time. These facilities are actually
built for security reasons.

In conclusion, farming is one of the businesses that require one to use different alternatives.
In terms of farm power, a so-called farmer should be able to use the available power on farm
not only depends on highly mechanized machines. Lastly on farm structures, a single farm
must be provided with proper structures for every structure can be used for a specific function
thus in maximizing profit farmers are encouraged to put in placed proper farm structures on
farm
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Piemetal O. (1974). Energy use in world food production. Cornell University Press,

Ithaca, New York State, United States of America.

Ramaswamy N . S . (1979). Management of animal energy resources and management of

the bullock cart system, India. IIM-B press.

Starkey P. (eds) (1988). Animal power in farming systems. New York State,
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