TEJADA, Denver John M.

July 30, 2020

2018140603 – CE141-2/A1 Prof. Arsenio Adriano

FINAL EXAMINATION PART 1

I. Answer the following questions:

1. Describe the different methods of recording of rainfall.

Recording Gauges that is divided into three categories. First one is the Tipping Bucket Type.
This is ideally suited for use as a telemetering rain gauge. The catch from the funnel falls onto one of a
pair of small buckets. These buckets are so balanced that when 0.25mm of rain falls into one bucket,
its tips bringing the other bucket in position. The water from the tipped bucket is collected in a can.
Next one is the weight bucket type that catch empties into a bucket mounted on a weighing scale. The
weight of the bucket and its contents are recorded on a clock work driven chart. Second one is the
Natural Syphon Type that empties the float chamber when the float has reached a preset maximum
level. The vertical lines in the chart correspond to the sudden emptying of the float chamber by
symphonic action, which resets the pen to zero level. If there is no rainfall, the pen traces a horizontal
line. Lastly, is the telemetering rain gauge, these are the recording type and contain electronic units to
transmit the data on rainfall to a base station both at regular intervals and on interrogation. Furthermore,
another method for measuring the rainfall is the use of radar. This is ground-based equipment that is
used to determine the intensity of the rainfall and the location of the heaviest rainfall.

2. Explain a procedure for checking a rainfall data for consistency.

The consistency of a rainfall record is tested with double-mass analysis. This method compares
the cumulative annual (or alternatively, seasonal) values of station X with those of a reference station.
In checking rainfall consistency, it is necessary to take the data of at least 6 rain gauging stations. After
the data is collected, double mass curve is plotted. Double mass curve is used to check the consistency
of data by comparing data of a single station to the pattern of other stations in the area. This curve is a
graph in which the x-axis of the graph corresponds to the mean cumulative precipitation of all stations
that are under inspection. On the other hand, the y-axis corresponds to the cumulative precipitation of
the station that we are checking for consistency. If the curve is linear, then the rainfall data is consistent
and vice versa. There are many factors that can cause this – instrumental error, personal error, accidental
error, etc. The correction is performed by adjusting the records prior to the break to reflect the new state
(after the break).

3. Explain briefly the following relationships relating to the precipitation over a basin:

a. Depth-Area Relationship
The areal distribution of a storm for a given duration can be seen in this relationship. In
this relationship, the relation of a rainfall of a duration, depth and area are shown. For the rainfall
of a duration, the average depth decreases with the area. The relation between an averaged areal
 rainfall depth and the area over which it occurs, for a specified time interval, during a specific
rainfall event.
b. Maximum-Depth Area Duration Curves
It is essential to know or even just have background about the maximum rainfall that can
fall upon a basin during various durations. The data gathered from the DAD analysis will help to
develop design storms, which will then be used in calculating the design flood of a basin. Moreover,
the given duration D is prepared by assuming the area distribution of rainfall for smaller duration
to be like the total storm. The procedure is repeated over again for different storms and the envelope
curve of maximum depth-area for duration D is obtained.
c. Intensity Duration- Frequency Relationship
This shows the relationship of the maximum intensity of a rainfall, return period (repeating
interval) and the duration of the rainfall in a certain area. Having knowledge about this thing is
essential for evaluating peak flows of a basin. IDF curves are commonly used in the design of
hydrologic, hydraulic, and water resource systems. IDF curves are obtained through frequency
analysis of rainfall observations.

4. What is meant by Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) over a basin? Explain how PMP is
estimated.
Probable maximum precipitation is the greatest or the extreme rainfall for a given duration
that is physically possible over a rain gauge station or a basin. In a statistical way, it can be
estimated by adding the mean of annual maximum rainfall series to the product of the standard
deviation of the said series and the frequency factor. This frequency factor depends on the statistical
distribution of the series, years of record and the return period. Moreover, PMP is the rainfall over
a basin which would produce a flood with no risk of being exceeded.

5. Consider the statement: The 50 year – 24-hour maximum rainfall at Bangalore is 160mm. What do
you understand by this statement?
Basically, it means that within the span of 50 years, the maximum rainfall at Bangalore will
reach up to 160 mm every day.

6. Write short notes on the following:

a. EL NINO
A warming of the Pacific Ocean surface. It is a climate cycle in the Pacific Ocean that has a
large-scale impact on weather. This consists of warming of the sea surface. This warm sea surface
normally gathers in parts of Southeast Asia.
b. ENSO
The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a recurring climate pattern involving changes in
the temperature of waters in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. It is also one of the most
 important climate phenomena on Earth due to its ability to change the global atmospheric circulation,
which in turn, influences temperature and precipitation across the globe.
c. ISMR (Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall)
This usually happens from June to September and contributes most of the annual rainfall over
India. Therefore, affecting the agricultural and economical aspect of India. Indian summer monsoon
typically lasts from June-September with large areas of western and central India receiving more than
90% of their total annual precipitation during the period, and southern and northwestern India receiving
50%-75% of their total annual rainfall.
d. LA NINA
It is the counterpart of El Nino. La Nina cools it down, bringing cooler than normal
temperatures in parts of Southeast Asia. Rainfall tends to increase while rainfall decreases over the
central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Basically, it means cooling of the ocean’s surface.

II. Solve the following problems:

1.) During an actual storm that occurred on a 200-acre drainage area, the average hourly
precipitation depths were given in the accompanying table:
Hour Hourly Rainfall
(in.)
0 0
1 0.1
2 0.3
3 0.7
4 1.9
5 3.6
6 1.1
7 0.4
8 0
The volume of surface runoff from this storm was measured as 100 acre-ft.
Calculate the apparent Ø-index for the drainage area using the table above.

4046.85 𝑚2
200 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑒 𝑥 = 809,371 𝑚2
1𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑒
1233.48 𝑚2
200 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑒 𝑥 = 123,348 𝑚3
1𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑒 − 𝑓𝑡
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑅𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑓𝑓
𝑅𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 (𝑅) =
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛
123,348 𝑚3
𝑅=
809,371 𝑚2
𝑅 = 0.1524 𝑚
From the Table:
2.54 𝑐𝑚
𝑃 = 8.1 𝑖𝑛 𝑥
1 𝑖𝑛
𝑃 = 20.574 𝑐𝑚
𝑃−𝑅
∅𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 =
𝑡
20.574 − 15.24
∅𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 =
8
𝑐𝑚 𝒊𝒏
∅𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 = 0.6675 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟔𝟐𝟓
ℎ𝑟 𝒉𝒓

2.) A well in an unconfined aquifer is pumped at a rate of 25 L/s (400 gal/min). The thickness of
the aquifer is 15 m and the elevation of the phreatic surface is 12.5 m above the underlying
aquiclude at an observation well 20 m away from the well and 14.6 m above at a well 50 m
away. What is the value of K for this aquifer?
GIVEN:

𝐿 𝑚2
𝑄 = 25 = 0.025
𝑠 𝑆
𝐷 = 15 𝑚
ℎ1 = 12.5 𝑚 , ɤ1 = 20 𝑚
ℎ2 = 14.6 𝑚 , ɤ2 = 20 𝑚
ℎ1 = 12.5 𝑚 , ɤ1 = 20 𝑚
SOLUTION:
2𝜋𝑘𝐷(ℎ2 − ℎ1 )
𝑄= ɤ
ln (ɤ1 )
2

2 𝑥 𝜋 𝑥 𝑘 𝑥 15 𝑥 (14.6 − 12.5)
0.025 =
50
ln (20)
𝒎
𝑘 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟓𝟕𝟒 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟒
𝒔

3.) A well in a confined aquifer with a thickness of 15 m produces a flow of 25 L/s (400 gal/min).
The height of the phreatic surface is at an elevation of 114.6 m at an observation well 50 m
 away and at 112.5 m at an observation well 20 m away. Find the K and T for the aquifer and
estimate the height of the phreatic surface at the 0.5 m diameter well.

GIVEN:
𝑙 𝑚3
𝑄 = 25 = 0.025
𝑠 𝑠
𝐷 = 15 𝑚
H1 = 114.6 𝑚 , r1 = 50 𝑚
H2 = 112.5 𝑚 , r2 = 20 𝑚
0.5
R 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = = 0.25 𝑚
2

SOLUTION:
2𝜋𝑘𝐷(ℎ1 − ℎ2 )
𝑄= r
ln (r1 )
2

2 𝑥 𝜋 𝑥 𝑘 𝑥 15(114.6 − 112.5)
0.025 =
50
ln (20)

𝑘 = 1.1573984 𝑥 10−4
𝑇 = 𝑘𝐷
𝑇 = (1.1573984 𝑥 10−4 )(15)
𝑇 = 1.7360976 𝑥 10−3
2𝜋𝑘𝐷(ℎ1 − ℎ𝑤 )
𝑄= r
ln ( 1 )
r𝑤
2 𝑥 𝜋 𝑥 1.1573984 𝑥 10−4 𝑥 15(114.6 − ℎ𝑤 )
0.025 =
50
ln ( )
0.25
𝒉𝒘 = 𝟏𝟎𝟐. 𝟒𝟓𝟕 𝒎

4.) An aquifer has a T = 150 m²/day, S = 0.0001, and provides a flow of 25 L/s (400 gal/min) to a
well. Find the drawdown at two observation wells located 20 m and 50 m from the producing
well after 1 day, 30 days, 1 year, and 5 years.
SOLUTION:
 𝑄 2.25 𝑇𝑡
∗ 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟 − 𝐽𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑏 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 (𝑟, 𝑡) = ln ( 2 )
4𝜋𝑇 𝑟 𝑠

a) Drawdown at well located 20m

r = 20m
Q = 25 L/s = 0.025 m3/s
150 𝑚2 𝑚2
T = 150 m2/day = 86400 𝑠
= 1.7361 𝑥 10−3 𝑠
1 day = 24 hours = 86400 seconds
s = 0.0001

a.1.) Drawdown after 1 day

t = 86400 s
𝑄 2.25 𝑇𝑡
𝑠(𝑟, 𝑡) = ln ( 2 )
4𝜋𝑇 𝑟 𝑠
0.025 2.25 (1.7361 𝑥 10−3 )(86400)
𝑠(𝑟, 𝑡) = ln ( )
4𝜋(1.7361 𝑥 10−3 ) (20)2 (0.0001)

𝑠(𝑟, 𝑡) = 1.1459 ln (8437.446)

𝑠(𝑟, 𝑡) = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝟗𝟔 𝒎
a.2.) Drawdown after 30 days
t = 86400 x 30 = 2592000
𝑄 2.25 𝑇𝑡
𝑠(𝑟, 𝑡) = ln ( 2 )
4𝜋𝑇 𝑟 𝑠
0.025 2.25 (1.7361 𝑥 10−3 )(2592000)
𝑠(𝑟, 𝑡) = ln ( )
4𝜋(1.7361 𝑥 10−3 ) (20)2 (0.0001)

𝑠(𝑟, 𝑡) = 1.1459 ln (253123.38)

𝑠(𝑟, 𝑡) = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟐𝟓𝟕𝟗 𝒎
a.3.) Drawdown after 1 year
t = 86400 x 365 = 31536000
𝑄 2.25 𝑇𝑡
𝑠(𝑟, 𝑡) = ln ( 2 )
4𝜋𝑇 𝑟 𝑠
0.025 2.25 (1.7361 𝑥 10−3 )(31536000)
𝑠(𝑟, 𝑡) = ln ( )
4𝜋(1.7361 𝑥 10−3 ) (20)2 (0.0001)

𝑠(𝑟, 𝑡) = 1.1459 ln (3079667.79)

𝑠(𝑟, 𝑡) = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟏𝟐𝟏𝟒 𝒎
a.4.) Drawdown after 5 years
t = 86400 x 365 x 5 = 157680000
𝑄 2.25 𝑇𝑡
𝑠(𝑟, 𝑡) = ln ( 2 )
4𝜋𝑇 𝑟 𝑠
0.025 2.25 (1.7361 𝑥 10−3 )(157680000)
𝑠(𝑟, 𝑡) = ln ( )
4𝜋(1.7361 𝑥 10−3 ) (20)2 (0.0001)

𝑠(𝑟, 𝑡) = 1.1459 ln (15398338.95)

𝑠(𝑟, 𝑡) = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟗𝟔𝟓𝟖 𝒎
b) Drawdown well located at 50m
r = 20m
Q = 25 L/s = 0.025 m3/s
150 𝑚2 𝑚2
T = 150 m2/day = 86400 𝑠
= 1.7361 𝑥 10−3 𝑠
1 day = 24 hours = 86400 seconds
s = 0.0001

b.1.) Drawdown after 1 day

t = 86400 s
𝑄 2.25 𝑇𝑡
𝑠(𝑟, 𝑡) = ln ( 2 )
4𝜋𝑇 𝑟 𝑠
0.025 2.25 (1.7361 𝑥 10−3 )(86400)
𝑠(𝑟, 𝑡) = ln ( )
4𝜋(1.7361 𝑥 10−3 ) (50)2 (0.0001)

𝑠(𝑟, 𝑡) = 1.1459 ln (1349.9914)

𝑠(𝑟, 𝑡) = 𝟖. 𝟐𝟔𝟎𝟏 𝒎
b.2.) Drawdown after 30 days
t = 86400 x 30 = 2592000
𝑄 2.25 𝑇𝑡
𝑠(𝑟, 𝑡) = ln ( 2 )
4𝜋𝑇 𝑟 𝑠
0.025 2.25 (1.7361 𝑥 10−3 )(2592000)
𝑠(𝑟, 𝑡) = ln ( )
4𝜋(1.7361 𝑥 10−3 ) (50)2 (0.0001)

𝑠(𝑟, 𝑡) = 1.1459 ln (40499.7408)

𝑠(𝑟, 𝑡) = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟏𝟓𝟕𝟖 𝒎
b.3.) Drawdown after 1 year
t = 86400 x 365 = 31536000
𝑄 2.25 𝑇𝑡
𝑠(𝑟, 𝑡) = ln ( 2 )
4𝜋𝑇 𝑟 𝑠
 0.025 2.25 (1.7361 𝑥 10−3 )(31536000)
𝑠(𝑟, 𝑡) = ln ( )
4𝜋(1.7361 𝑥 10−3 ) (50)2 (0.0001)

𝑠(𝑟, 𝑡) = 1.1459 ln (492746.8464)

𝑠(𝑟, 𝑡) = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟎𝟐𝟏𝟑 𝒎
b.4.) Drawdown after 5 years
t = 86400 x 365 x 5 = 157680000
𝑄 2.25 𝑇𝑡
𝑠(𝑟, 𝑡) = ln ( 2 )
4𝜋𝑇 𝑟 𝑠
0.025 2.25 (1.7361 𝑥 10−3 )(157680000)
𝑠(𝑟, 𝑡) = ln ( )
4𝜋(1.7361 𝑥 10−3 ) (50)2 (0.0001)

𝑠(𝑟, 𝑡) = 1.1459 ln (2463734.232)

𝑠(𝑟, 𝑡) = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟖𝟔𝟓𝟕 𝒎

5.) Two wells are drilled 50 m apart in an aquifer which has K = 0.05 cm /s. The original height
of the phreatic surface above the aquiclude is 12.2 m. The wells are pumped at a rate of 10 L/s.
It is estimated that the effect of the pumping extends a distance of 600 m from the center of the
well group. Determine the shape of the drawdown curve. The well diameters are 0.5 m.

SOLUTION:
Hydraulic gradient:
𝑑ℎ
𝑖=
𝑑𝑟
Area of flow:
𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ
From Darcy’s Law:
𝑄 = 𝐾𝐼𝐴
𝑑ℎ
𝑄 = 𝐾( ) (2𝜋𝑟ℎ)
𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑟 2𝜋
= 𝑘ℎ𝑑ℎ
𝑟 𝑄
Integrating both sides will give us:

2𝜋 ℎ2
ln 𝑟 = ( )+𝐶
𝑄 2

𝜋𝐾ℎ2
ln 𝑟 = +𝐶
𝑄
Find C using the given values:
V = 600m
q = 10 x 10-3 m3/sec
k = 0.05 x 10-2 m / sec
h = 12.2 m

(𝜋(0.05 𝑥 10−2 𝑥 12.22 ))

ln 600 = +𝐶
10 𝑥 10−3
𝐶 = −16.9828

ln 𝑟 = 0.15708 ℎ2 − 16.9828
ln 𝑟 + 16.9828
ℎ2 =
0.15708
ℎ2 = 6.3662 (ln 𝑟 + 16.9828)
With drawdown, P = 12.2 – h

𝑠 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟐 − √𝟔. 𝟑𝟔𝟔𝟐(𝐥𝐧 𝒓 + 𝟏𝟔. 𝟗𝟖𝟐𝟖)