PAINTING,

VARNISHING,
DISTEMPERING &
WHITE - WASHING

PRESENTED BY:-
NAVSAL KUMAR (2842)
S.E. CIVIL
Vishwakarma Institute of Information Technology, Pune

SWAPNIL PAWAR (2846)

S.E. CIVIL
Vishwakarma Institute of Information Technology, Pune
CONTENTS
• PAINTING

• VARNISHING

• DISTEMPERING

• WHITE-WASHING
PAINTS & PAINTING
• Paints are liquid components of pigments and binders
which when applied to the surface in thin coats, dry to
form a solid film to impart the surface a decorative finish,
apart from giving protection to the base material(i.e.,
concrete, masonry & plaster surface) from weathering,
corrosion & other chemical and biological attacks.

WHY PAINTING??....
• Paints preserve timber structures against warping and
decay.
• Most of the metals corrode if not painted at suitable
interval.
• Painting on surfaces impart decoration, sanitation and
CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IDEAL PAINT

• Paint should form hard and durable surface

• It should give attractive appearance
• It should be cheap & readily available
• It should be such that it can be applied easily to the surfaces
• It should have good spreading quality, so as to cover
maximum area in minimum quantity
• It should dry in reasonable time
• It should not show hair cracks on drying
• It should form film of uniform colour, on drying
• It should be stable for a longer period
• It should not be affected by atmospheric agencies
 CONSTITUENTS OF A PAINT
A Paint is generally made up of following constituents:

1.BASE - A base is a solid substance in a form of fine powder, forming the

bulk of a paint. It is generally a metallic oxide. A base in a paint provides
opaque coating to hide the surface to be painted. Commonly used Bases
are White Lead, Red Lead, Oxides of Iron and Zinc.

2.BINDER – These are liquid substances which hold the different in gradients
of a paint in liquid suspension. It makes the paint to spread evenly on the
surface. Commonly used Binders are Tug oil, Linseed oil, poppy oil.

3.DRIER – Driers are used to accelerate the process of drying and hardening
by extracting oxygen from atmosphere and transferring it to the Binder.
However driers reduces elasticity of the paint and hence should not be
used in the final coat. Litharge is the most commonly used Drier.
4. COLOURING PIGMENT - Colouring pigments are added to the base to
have different desired colours. Pigments can be divided into the following
divisions….
Natural colours - Orches, Umbers and iron oxides.
Calcined colours - Lamp Black, Indian Red, Carbon Black
Precipitates – Prussian Blue, Chrome green and yellow
Lakes – Prepared by discolouring barytes or china clay with the help of suitable
dyes.

5. SOLVENTS – Solvents are added to paint to make it thin so that it can be

easily applied on surfaces. It also helps the paint in penetrating through
the porous surface of the background. Commonly used solvents are Water,
Alcohol, Naphtha, Benzene.
 CLASSIFICATION & TYPES OF PAINTS

• CLASSIFICATION BASED ON • CLASSIFICATION BASED ON

BINDERS: ULTIMATE USE:

• Oil Paints • General purpose paints,

• Paints based on non-oil resins including primers, under-coat
• Cellulose paints paint and finishing coat paints.
• Acid and alkali resistant paints
• Water based Paints
• Fire resistant paints
• Miscellaneous paints
• Fungicidial paints
• Miscellaneous paints
• MIXED CLASSIFICATION : TYPES OF PAINTS

• Aluminium paints
• Anti corrosive paints
• Asbestos paints
• Bronze paints
• Cellulose Paints
• Colloidal Pints
• Enamel Paints
• Cement based paints
• Emulsion paints
• Oil paints
• Plastic paints
• Synthetic paints
• Silicate paints
 SOME COMMONLY USED PAINTS
• Aluminium Paints - consists of finely ground aluminium.

• Anti corrosive paints – Used to protect metal structures against adverse effects of
moisture, fumes, acids, corrosive chemical ravages of rough weather.
• Cement-Based paints – This paint is a type of water paint in which white or
coloured cement forms the base. No oil is used.

• Emulsion Paints – This paint contains binding materials such as polyvinyl acetate,
styrene & other synthetic resins. The vehicle imparts alkali-resistance to paint.
• Oil Paints - Is an ordinary paint consisting of 2 principal constituents, a base and a
vehicle. Oil paints are generally used in 3 coats. These are cheap, easy to apply and
possess good capacity and low gloss.
• Plastic paints – These paints contain Plastic as the base which forms the main
constituent of the paint. These paints have the qualities of quick drying, high
covering power and decorative appearance.
PAINTING ON DIFFERENT SURFACES

• Painting on new wood work

• Re-painting old work
• Painting new iron and steel work
• Re-Painting new iron and steel work
• Painting Galvanised Iron work
• Painting other metals
• Painting Plastered Surfaces
DEFECTS IN PAINTING
• Blistering - caused due to formation of bubbles under the film of
paint
• Bloom – dull patches are formed on finished polished surface
• Crawling or Sagging – due to more thickness of a paint
• Fading – gradual loss of colour of paint, due to effect of sunlight on
paint
• Flaking – dislocation or loosening of some portion of painted surface.
• Flashing – formation of glossy patches on paint surface, resulting
from bad workmanship or cheap paint.
• Grinning – caused when the final coat does not have sufficient
opacity so that background is clearly seen.
• Running – occurs when surface to be painted is too smooth.
• Sponification – formation of soap patches on the painted surfaces
due to chemical action
 VARNISHING

• Varnish is a solution of resins in alcohol, turpentine or oil. It is

applied on wood surfaces with the following objects…

• To intensify the appearance of natural grains in wood.

• To render brilliancy to the painted surface.
• To protect the painted surface from atmospheric action.
• To protect unpainted wooden surfaces of doors, windows,
floors, roof trusses etc. from atmospheric action.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD VARNISH

• It should dry quickly.

• The protective film obtained on drying should be hard, tough,
durable, and resistant to wear.
• The finished surface should be uniform in nature and pleasing
in appearance.
• It should exihibit a glossy surface.
• It should not shrink or show cracks on drying.
• The colour should not fade with time.
 TYPES OF VARNISHES

• Oil Varnishes – These varnishes use linseed oil as solvent in which

hard resins such as amber and copal are dissolved by heating. These
varnishes dry slowly, but form hard and durable surface.

• Spirit Varnishes – These are methylated spirit of wine as solvent in

which soft resins such as lac are dissolved. They dry quickly.

• Turpentine Varnishes – They use turpentine as solvent in which

soft resins such as gum dammer are dissolved.

• Water Varnishes – These are formed by dissolving shellac in hot

water.
PROCESS OF VARNISHING

• Preparation of surface – wood surface is made smooth by

rubbing against sand paper

• Knotting – knotting is carried out exactly in the same way as

adopted for painting wood work.

• Stopping – done by means hot weak glue size that pores on the
surface are filled.

• Coat of varnish – on the cleaned suface, two or more coats of

varnish are applied.
DISTEMPERING

• Distempers are considered to be water paints. A

distemper is composed of the following:

• A Base, such as whiting or chalk

• A carrier (water)
• A Binder, such as glue or casein
• Colouring pigments
PROCESS OF DISTEMPERING
• Preparation of surface – the surface to be distempered
should be thoroughly rubbed and cleaned .

• Priming Coat – After cleaning the prepared surface, priming

coat should be applied.

• Coats of Distempers – Distemper is applied in 2-3 coats.

WHITE WASHING
• White washing and colour washing of surfaces of
building is necessary on both hygenic and
aesthetic reasons. In order to obtain a clean, neat
and uniform finish, it is necessary to adopt proper
method for both preparation of surface to receive
white wash or colour wash and for application of
white wash.
PROCESS OF WHITE WASHING

• Preparation of white wash – White wash is

prepared from fat lime. 5 litres of water added to 1
kg lime allowed to stand for 24 hrs.
• Preparation of surface – The new surface should
be thoroughly cleaned off all dirt, dust mortar and
other foreign matter before white wash is applied.
• Application of White wash – It is applied with
moonj or other brush, to the specified number of
coats(generally 3). Operation in each coat should
consist of a stroke of the brush given from top
downwards, another from the bottom upwards.