Table of Content

1.0 Hydrological Study ................................................................................................................ 2

1.1 General ......................................................................................................................................... 2
3.2 Catchments characteristics ....................................................................................................... 2
3.3 Hydrological analysis .................................................................................................................. 3
3.3.1 DHM/ WECS Method ......................................................................................... 3
3.3.2 Modified Dickens’s Method ............................................................................... 4
3.3.3 B.D. Richard Method ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.3.4 Synder’s Method ................................................................................................. 4
3.3.4 Slope Area Method ............................................................................................. 5
3.4 Selection of Design Flood.......................................................................................................... 6
3.4.1 Design Discharge ............................................................................................... 6
3.7 Bridge Hydraulics ........................................................................................................................ 6
3.7.1 General ................................................................................................................. 6
3.7.1 Linear Water Way ............................................................................................... 6
3.7.2 High Flood Level (HFL) and Fixing of Deck Level ......................................... 7
HEC RAS FIGURE ......................................................................................................... 7
3.7.4 Summary of Hydrology & Hydraulics ............................................................... 7
3.8 Conclusion and Recommendation ........................................................................................... 8
 Hydrology Report

1.0 Hydrological Study

1.1 General
The hydrological Study of Bhutaha Khola has been carried out with objective to design a bridge. Under
the investigation and studies hydrological parameters such as maximum flood discharge of the river,
highest flood level and velocity, scour depth linear water way and afflux are calculated is moderate and
it flow lesser velocity. Many small stream and watercourse link up its.

3.2 Catchments characteristics

The basic catchments characteristics of Bhutaha Kholasuch as catchment area, source of the river
length and gradient of the river, forest and cultivated area and have been determined from the
topographical map of scale 1:25000 sheet No 2883 14D published by Survey Department, The basic
catchments characteristics of Bhutaha Khola such as catchment area, source of the river length and
gradient of the river, forest and cultivated area and have been determined from the topographical map
of scale 1:25000 sheet No 2883 14D published by Survey Department, Government of Nepal.

.. Figure CA

Table 4.1: Catchment characterizes of the Bhutaha Khola

Water Shed Properties

Bhutaha Khola
Catchment Area 6 sq.km
Elevation of Critical Point 473 m
Elevation at bridge site 114 m

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3.3 Hydrological analysis

No stream Data of Bhutaha Khola are available. The flood discharge at bridge site has been
determined by using Empirical method using measured data.
a) DHM/ WESCS Method
b) Modified Diken’s Method
c) B.D. Richard method
d) Synder Method
e) Slope area method

3.3.1 DHM/ WECS Method

Hydrological Studies on the rivers of Nepal have been carried out by the water and Energy
Commission Secretariat and published a report calling “Methodologies for Estimating Hydraulic
Characteristics of Un-gauged Locations in Nepal” in which methods a described to calculate the flood
discharge of the rivers for different return periods.

Water and Energy Commission Secretariat has published a regional hydrological analysis report
according to which the flood flows in any river of catchment area below 3000m of elevation, is given by
Q2 = 1.8767 (A+1)0.8783
Q100 = 14.63 (A+1)0.7342

Where the subscript 2 and 100 stand for the return periods in number of years, and
A=Catchment Area in sq. Km.
The flood flows for other return period R is then given by
QR = exp(lnQ2 + s)

Where  = ln(Q100 /Q2)/2.326 is the standard deviation of the natural logarithms of annual floods and
s stands for a standardized normal variate for a particular return period R. The values of s for different
return period of 2 yr, 5yr, 10, 20, 50, 100, and 200 years are 0, 0.842,1.282, 1.645, 2.054, 2.326, and
2.576 respectively.
Calculations &
Results
Water & Energy Commission
Method : Secretariat (WECS) Approach

Catchment Area 6.00 Sq Km

Q_2 10.37 cum/s

Q_100 61.05 cum/s

Q_2 10.37 cum/s

Q_5 19.70 cum/s
Q_10 27.55 cum/s
Q_20 36.33 cum/s
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Q_50 49.62 cum/s

Q_100 61.05 cum/s
Q_200 73.87 cum/s

3.3.2 Modified Dickens’s Method

Dicken’s method is an empirical one where the peak discharge is given by
QT = CT A3/4
where CT for the return period T is given by
CT = 2.342 log(0.6T)log(1185/p)+4
with p = 100(AS + 6)/A

Calculations &
Results
Modified
Dicken's
Method : Method

A 6 Sqkm
A_s 0.00 Sqkm
p 100.00

Return C_T Q
Periods
2 Q_2 = 4.199 16.10 (cum/s)
5 Q_5 = 5.200 19.93 (cum/s)
10 Q_10 = 5.957 22.84 (cum/s)
20 Q_20 = 6.714 25.74 (cum/s)
50 Q_50 = 7.714 29.57 (cum/s)
100 Q_100 = 8.471 32.48 (cum/s)
200 Q_200 = 9.228 35.38 (cum/s)

3.3.3 Synder’s Method

Another well established method widely used in Nepal is the Snyder’s method. For an un-gauged river,
the flood flow estimation by deriving a synthetic unit hydrographs based on known physical
characteristics of the basin is resorted to. The method is based on the analysis on large number of
hydrographs from drainage basins ranging in area from 25 sq. km to 25000 sq. km. The method which
has been used in Nepal to estimate the flood discharge hydrographs in Nepalese rivers is based on the
following relationships.

tpr = 0.75 Ct(L Lc)0.3

tpr = tpr /5.5
tpR = tpr + 0.25 (tR - tr )
qpR = 2.78 Cp/ tpR
QpR = qpR * (CA * A) * R
where,
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Calculations &
Results
Method : Synder's Method
t_pr 4.03

t_r 0.73

t_pR 9.02

q_pR 0.19

Summary Flow

Q_2 = 21.92 (cum/s)

Q_5 = 30.99 (cum/s)
Q_10 = 36.99 (cum/s)
Q_20 = 42.75 (cum/s)
Q_50 = 50.20 (cum/s)
Q_100 = 55.79 (cum/s)
Q_200 = 61.36 (cum/s)

3.3.4 Slope Area Method

Calculation and Results
channe
channe l
Ch from Lef Segm High Wetted Hydrauli
Segme 2/3 l 1/2 Rough Discharg
to Right ELV. ent Flood Perimet c R S
nt area Slope( ness e ( Q)
Bank Width Level er Radius
s) Coeffici
ent (n)
2 3
(m) (mD) (m) (mD) (m ) (m) (m) (m/m) (m /s)
137.0
0 139.002 0 1.32 1.20 0.0010 0.032 0.030 31.5
5 138.432 5.00 -8.59 5.03
5.2059 138.409 0.21 -0.29 0.21
10 136.843 4.79 -3.00 5.04
11.909 136.22 1.91 0.89 2.01

13.135 135.062 1.23 1.67 1.69

15 134.842 1.87 3.82 1.88

15.797 134.748 0.80 1.76 0.80

16.361 134.627 0.56 1.30 0.58

17.46 134.739 1.10 2.55 1.10

20 135.093 2.54 5.29 2.56

25 136.153 5.00 6.88 5.11

27.831 137.365 2.83 0.68 3.08

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28.856 137.688 1.02 -0.54 1.07

30 137.846 1.14 -0.88 1.15

35 138.664 5.00 -6.27 5.07

40 140.179 5.00 -12.11 5.22

40.586 140.356 0.59 -1.91 0.61

40.595 140.358 0.01 -0.03 0.01

45 141.296 4.41 -16.86 4.50

48.302 142 3.30 -15.35 3.38

24.85 18.81

3.4 Selection of Design Flood

Considering the life period of a bridge structure, probable risk of highest flood and overall investment
on the construction of a bridge, generally 50 year of return period is adopted for minor bridges whereas
100 years of return period is considered for major bridge as design flood for detailed engineering
design. Hence her 100 years return period is adopted as design flood. The flood discharge of 100
years of return period obtained by various methods is listed as follows table:

3.4.1 Design Discharge

As usual practice flood of 100 yrs return period is considered as the design discharge for design of the
bridge. Therefore the Q100 obtained by using various methods are summarized below.
Summary of the Flood Discharge Q100 estimated by using various methods
S.N. Method of Calculation Discharge m3/s Remarks
1 WECS Method 61.054
100 Year
2 Modified Diken,s 32.477 Return
3 Synders Methods 55.791 Period
5 Slope area method 31.5
Max Discharge ( Q100) 61.054 M3/s

From the above results, as given by WECS Method 61.054 m3/sec is adopted here as design flood.

3.7 Bridge Hydraulics

3.7.1 General
Hydraulic Analysis of Bhutaha Khola Bridge has been carried out with the objective to steady analysis
and total Scour of maximum flood by using HEC RAS. Under the investigation and studies, Hydraulic
parameters such as Hydraulic Depth, Average Velocity, and steady flow analysis and scour depths
are calculated.

3.7.1 Linear Water Way

The linear water-way of the bridge has been the bank to bank distance of the River at the bridge site.
In this River there is confined water way, since River no over flanking flow up to bank at high flood.
There for linear water way is defined as per the bank to bank of the River. The linear water way has
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been estimated from empirical formula which is 37.115 m but the bridge is provided with the 25 m
opening (clear water-way) through the one span, which results slightly increase scour depths in pier.
Therefore incorporate scour depth in foundation design.

3.7.2 High Flood Level (HFL) and Fixing of Deck Level

For the calculation of the HFL of the rivers at the bridge sites, a rating curve (Stage-discharge
relationship curve) is needed. Since no specific hydrometric stations are established near the bridge
site, the flow depth over the bridge during peak flow has been estimated from the HEC RAS One
dimensional Analysis. The high flood level is the total of maximum flow depth and afflux. From the field
observation at the time of field visit the HFL is 4.627 from existing bed level but from HEC RAS
analysis the designed high flood level is 109.500 m.

HEC RAS FIGURE

Bhutaha Khola_nawalparasi Plan: Plan 01 2/4/2017

.03 .03 .03

114
Legend

EG PF 1

WS PF 1

112 Crit PF 1

Ground
Bank Sta

110
Elevation (m)

108

106

104
0 20 40 60 80 100

Station (m)

3.7.4 Summary of Hydrology & Hydraulics

Summary of Hydrology of Bhutaha Khola
Catchment area A 6.000 km2
Design Discharge ( Q100) 61.054 m3/s
Design Discharge ( Q100) for foundation design 79.370 m3/s Increase design discharge by 30 % for foundation design
Size of Dm 0.040 mm From sieve analysis
Silt Factor F 0.352
Bridge length L 25.000 m From Design (1X 25 m RCC)
Regime Width( Linear Water Way) w 37.115 From Lacey equation, taking cofficient 5
water way 25.000 From Design (1X 25 m RCC)
Ratio Db 3.175
Regime Depth ( Normal Scour) d 4.100 From IRC Method
Maxium Depth of Scour for abutments dmax 6.149 m From HFL
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Bed Level of River 104.873

High Flood level 109.500 as per HEC RAS analysis
Scour Depth for abutments dfinal 1.522 From low Bed Level 104.873
Free Board 1.2 m
Soffit level 110.700
Deck Level 113.200
Scour Level of abutmnet 103.351
Main channel velocity 1.56 m/s

3.8 Conclusion and Recommendation

 From hydrological analysis design discharge is 61.054 m3/s form WECS Methods and
Maximum scour Depth is 6.149 m from Empirical Analysis.

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