IE 307

Advance Engineering
Mathematics For IE

Ms. Gladys Perez

Instructor
APPLICATIONS IN INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

Linear programming was developed during World War II, when a system with which to
maximize the efficiency of resources was of utmost importance. New war-related projects
demanded attention and spread resources thin. “Programming" was a military term that referred
to activities such as planning schedules efficiently or deploying men optimally. George Dantzig,
a member of the U.S. Air Force, developed the Simplex method of optimization in 1947 in order
to provide an efficient algorithm for solving programming problems that had linear structures.
Since then, experts from a variety of fields, especially mathematics and economics, have
developed the theory behind linear programming" and explored its applications.

In this section, we are going to define and learn more about system of inequalities which
will be useful in the analysis of certain linear programming problems.

Definition

Note:

Solving Linear Inequalities Algebraically

When we are asked to solve an inequality, the inequality will contain an unknown
variable, say x . Solving means obtaining only to the first power, that is an x , and not as
1
x 2 , x 3 , x 2 and so on.

Rules in Solving Linear Inequalities in One Variable

The rules in solving linear inequalities in one variable are the same as in solving sytem
of linear equations.
1. Write the inequality in the form where the variable term is on the left side and the
constant term is on the right side.
2. Remove the constant coefficient of the variable term of the inequality by dividing both
sides by that coefficient. Note that dividing or multiplying an inequality by a negative
number will reverse the symbol.
Consider the following examples
1. Solve the inequality 4 x  3  0 .
4 x  3
4 x 3

4 4
3
x
4
3
Hence all values of x  satisfy 4 x  3  0 .
4

2. Solve the inequality 3x  7  0 .

3x  7
3 x 7
 dividing both side by 3 and reversing the inequality
3 3
7
x
3
7
Hence all values of x   satisfy 3x  7  0 .
3

3. Solve the inequality 5 x  2  4 .

5 x  2  4 is equivalent to 4  5 x  2  4
We treat each part of the inequality separately:

4  5 x  2
2  5 x 5x  2  4
2 5x  6
x ;
5
6
2 x
x 5
5

Putting both parts of the solution together in a number line, we see that the inequality is satisfied
6 2 2 6
when x or x .
5 5 5 5
Graphs of Linear Inequalities in One Variable
A number line is used in representing inequalities graphically. Commonly, variable letters
x and y are being used in writing inequalities. If x is used, the line graph is horizontal and if
y is used, the graph is a vertical line. If the letter used is neither x nor y , we draw the graph
using horizontal line. In the line graph, overwrite a thicker line arrow ( or ray ) going to the
direction that represents the inequality. The other end of the ray is a small circle ( ) for a less
than and greater than inequalities, blacken small ( ● ) for a less than or equal to and greater
than or equal to inequalities.

Example
2x 1  7
1.
x3
-5 0 5

3x  1  7
2.
x  2
-5 0 -5 5

3 y  3  12
3.
y5
0

0
5
 EXERCISES 1
Find the solution that satisfy each inequalities then graph.

1. 2 x  28  24 2. 3 y  16  25

3. 3  4n  7 4. 10 y  84  4

5. 4 x  20  36
System of Inequalities
The following is a system of linear inequalities in two variables.
x y 6
2x  y  4

A solution of a system of linear inequalities is an ordered pair that is a solution of each

inequality in the system. For example,  3, 1 is a solution of the system above.
The graph of a system of linear inequalities is the graph of all solutions of the system.

Graphing a System of Linear inequalities

To graph a system of linear inequalities, do the following for each inequality in the system:

i. Treat the inequality as linear equation that is equated to zero. Find the values of y that
corresponds to each assigned values of x . You may construct a table and then plot
each ordered pairs, then trace. Also, the intercept method is the easiest way of graphing
linear equation. That is setting up the values of x and y equal to zero and find the values
of y and x .

i. When graphing the line that corresponds to the inequality, use a dashed line for an
inequality with  or  and a solid line for an inequality with  or  . This line will serve
as the boundary between two half- planes.

ii. Lightly shade the half – plane that is the graph of the inequality. But before shading,
make sure that you have rewrite the equation in this form,
y  ax  b, y  ax  b, y  ax  b, y  ax  b . Shade the upper/right half – plane if the
inequality is  or  otherwise shade the lower/left half – plane if the inequality is  or
 . Colored pencils may help you distinguish the different half – planes.

The graph of the system is the region common to all half – planes. If you used colored pencils, it
is the region that has been shaded with every color.
Example

1. y  3x  4

y  3x  4
Using the intercept method, where setting
x  0 and y  0
when x  0 then, y  4
4
when y  0 then, x 
3
4 
The ordered pairs are  0, 4  and  ,0 
3 
Plot these points in the Cartesian plane
then trace. Determine the half – plane and
then shade the right half – plane since the
symbol is  .

2. y   x  5

y  x  5
Using the intercept method, where setting
x  0 and y  0
when x  0 then, y  5
when y  0 then, x  5
The ordered pairs are  0, 5  and  5,0 
Plot these points in the Cartesian plane then
trace. Determine the half – plane and then
shade the right half – plane since the symbol
is  . But use the broken line since the
equality is greater than.
3. y  4

4. x  5
 EXERCISES 2
Graph each inequalities.

3
1. y  x 5 2. y  4
5

7
3. y  2 x  5 4. y  x2
4
 4
5. y  x4 6. 3x  2 y  10
3

7. 5 x  3 y  15 8. x  y  2