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Let R and M represent the radius and mass of the Earth, respectively.
Let r and m represent the radial distance of the traveling object from
the center of the Earth and the mass of the traveling object,
respectively.
For 0 < r < R, F = –GMm/r2 (r3/R3); that is, the force behaves as if all
the mass of the Earth is concentrated at r = 0
U = – ∫ F ⋅ dr = (GMm/2R3)r2 – C'
U = (GMm/2R3)r2 – 3GMm/2R
v = 0 ⇔r = R
E = U(R) = –GMm/R
t = ∫ ds / (1 – r2)½
r2 = x2 + y2
There is no dependence on t.
f – x' ∂f/∂x' = c
f – y' ∂f/∂y' = c
(x')2 = (1-b)2 sin2 t – 2(1-b)2 sin t sin [(1-b)/b t] + (1-b)2 sin2 [(1-b)/b t]
(y')2 = (1-b)2 cos2 t – 2(1-b)2 cos t cos [(1-b)/b t] + (1-b)2 cos2 [(1-b)/b t]
(x')2 + (y')2 = (1-b)2 – 2(1-b)2 cos (t/b – 2t) + (1-b)2 = 2(1-b)2(1 – cos
t/b)
The starting and ending points are at r=0 and r=1 in our new units
θ = 2π b in general
Therefore b = d/2π R