Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

The second chapter of this paper was derived based from the concepts and theories

that the proponents acquired through the research in both technical and non-technical

aspects of this project. This would serve as a foundation of the proposed study for it will

guide the proponents in pursuing their research venture.

A Power-Managed Method for Mobile Devices

A research by Chang et al. (2013) had a configuration and a power control system on

an Android-based unit for a mobile power bank.

The essence of this system is the electrical current which is controllable to the

Android cell phone network. Through integrating application monitoring tools, this study has

established a system with charging control for a multi-purpose battery and with the design

of device and an external mechanism integration. In addition to charging the phone, this

provides numerous functions that meet the daily needs of female users. This device can be

mounted on Android-based smartphones or tables and is compact.

Within this research, a software for Android which is developed in JAVA binds and

interact with USB OTG interface which is an external port. Similarly, hosts and slaves are

the category for USB OTG devices and the system of Android allows the connectivity of the

functions of the USB host and USB hardware external to the USB hosts.

To compile the programs, the installation of the application from the following lists

must be done: the Android Accessory Library (ADK Release), the Android Software
Development Kit and Library for Universal Serial Bus Host Shield version 2.0. When

compilation is done, mobile phones will run and operate with programs to make use of the

mobile power banks and control its consumption of power. A device with the capability to

supply, store and collect power and is portable is known as a mobile or portable power

bank. A device that holds and produces energy and is portable is known as a mobile power

bank. Mobile power banks have output voltages of 5 ± 0.5 Volts which give them power

which is enough at all times and places for mobile and other digital devices. Mobile power

banks have modules in the current market, with more than the fundamental functions of

charge and discharge. Given the design trends on the market which are available for mobile

power banks, power banks being lightweight, compactness and compatibility with additional

features is must for its design.

Because of their comparably small size, high capacity and low costs, battery cells of

lithium type are popular for digital devices and often used by mobile power banks. The

voltage ranges from 3.7 to 4.3 V for lithium batteries, therefore boosting devices must also

be used to increase the voltage to 5V. Modern battery chargers are delivered via a steady

current and voltage with power. Upon completely discharging a lithium battery it can

possibly be charged again by a current of comparatively minimal amount. Therefore, the

battery voltage has to be defined first. A minimal value of current is used to charge when its

voltage is not enough. Current of normality can be used only whenever the voltage goes up

to a certain amount.

The battery voltage will increase over the course of time to a current of 4.2 V when

the constant charge voltage is used. Within this point, since a voltage of greater than 4.2

Volts might harm the battery, the steady mode is then switched by the charger to further
keep the charging. Slowly and continuously, the current decreases, then the charge halts

when the pre-specified level value is above.

The chargers used for mobile systems usually use an Integrated Circuit (IC) design

because of their limited capacity and are commonly marketed as their selling point for small

sizes and low prices. In addition, substantial-capacity battery of chargers should tackle

further concerns an instance is whenever should be a parallel or series is interconnected in

battery, battery measurements, current of high peaks converter charges, and quick charge

procedures. Hundred of recharging times are possible for the usage of mobile power banks;

that is why an interface for charging will be needed.

Universal Serial Bus ports are typically used to charge the batteries, with the

requirement for battery charging of version 2.0 of USB are introduced in this way. Under

USB On-the-Go specifications, if two On-the-Go devices are interconnected, a host will act

as OTG, whilst the one other device will act as the end or side. There was a too large of

size for the connectors in the previous standards which is not proper to use; that is why, a

requirement for sizes for smaller current and new connectors is a must for the design. It

also includes external devices powered by mobile power banks, as well as power supply

through an OTG unit. The USB 1.x and 2.0 standards include a voltage of 5 supply from

attached USB devices to a single wiring with power. Such standards have no further than

5.25 and no smaller than 4.75 (5 ± 5 percent) of voltage amongst positive and negative

power lines of every bus.

Solar Powered Mobile Power Bank Systems

 Solar panels are the most
critical and final part in
designing solar panels. The
generation of power in a solar
panel is measured in Watts
(e.g. The power generation of
part number STP010 in a solar
cell is 10W).Theoretically,
the energy that can be
supplied to a battery can be
calculated by multiplying the
power generation rating of
the solar panel (measured in
Watts) to the number of hours
the panel is exposed to
sunshine.
 A photovoltaic module can be
defined as an assembly
of 6x10 solar cells connected
and packaged together. The
solar array of a photovoltaic
system which is generally
comprised of these
photovoltaic cells generate solar
electricity and is used in
domestic applications. Under
standard test conditions, the
DC output power of each
module ranges between 100
to 365 watts. If the rated
output of a solar panel remains
the same, the efficiency is
 determined by the area of the
module .i.e. A 16% efficient
230 W solar module will
consume half the area as that of
a
8% efficient 230W module.
Only a few solar panels
exceed an efficiency of over
19%. Most installations
contain multiple modules as a
single solar module
generates only a limited
amount of power. Some of the
typical examples
ofphotovoltaic systems are an
array of
 solar modules, a solarinverter,
a battery, a solar tracker
and interconnection wiring.
The photovoltaic panels
present in solar-charged power
banks can trickle-charge the
internal battery of the system
when placed in direct
sunlight.Depending on the
capacity
of the Power Bank and its
currentlevelof charge, it can
take quite a while to fill up. For
example,the time taken
by a smartphone to charge
completely is same as the time
 taken to charge a 1500mAh
power bank completely. For
larger banks, thischargingtime
can be doubled, tripled or
quadrupled. Most Power
Banks use LED indicators to
show whether these power
banks are at capacity and a
safety cut-off valve to avoid
overheating andovercharging.
Solar panels are the most
critical and final part in
designing solar panels. The
generation of power in a solar
panel is measured in Watts
(e.g. The power generation of
 part number STP010 in a solar
cell is 10W).Theoretically,
the energy that can be
supplied to a battery can be
calculated by multiplying the
power generation rating of
the solar panel (measured in
Watts) to the number of hours
the panel is exposed to
sunshine.
A photovoltaic module can be
defined as an assembly
of 6x10 solar cells connected
and packaged together. The
solar array of a photovoltaic
system which is generally
 comprised of these
photovoltaic cells generate solar
electricity and is used in
domestic applications. Under
standard test conditions, the
DC output power of each
module ranges between 100
to 365 watts. If the rated
output of a solar panel remains
the same, the efficiency is
determined by the area of the
module .i.e. A 16% efficient
230 W solar module will
consume half the area as that of
a
8% efficient 230W module.
Only a few solar panels
 exceed an efficiency of over
19%. Most installations
contain multiple modules as a
single solar module
generates only a limited
amount of power. Some of the
typical examples
ofphotovoltaic systems are an
array of
solar modules, a solarinverter,
a battery, a solar tracker
and interconnection wiring.
The photovoltaic panels
present in solar-charged power
banks can trickle-charge the
internal battery of the system
 when placed in direct
sunlight.Depending on the
capacity
of the Power Bank and its
currentlevelof charge, it can
take quite a while to fill up. For
example,the time taken
by a smartphone to charge
completely is same as the time
taken to charge a 1500mAh
power bank completely. For
larger banks, thischargingtime
can be doubled, tripled or
quadrupled. Most Power
Banks use LED indicators to
show whether these power
banks are at capacity and a
 safety cut-off valve to avoid
overheating andovercharging.
Solar panels are the most
critical and final part in
designing solar panels. The
generation of power in a solar
panel is measured in Watts
(e.g. The power generation of
part number STP010 in a solar
cell is 10W).Theoretically,
the energy that can be
supplied to a battery can be
calculated by multiplying the
power generation rating of
the solar panel (measured in
Watts) to the number of hours
 the panel is exposed to
sunshine.
A photovoltaic module can be
defined as an assembly
of 6x10 solar cells connected
and packaged together. The
solar array of a photovoltaic
system which is generally
comprised of these
photovoltaic cells generate solar
electricity and is used in
domestic applications. Under
standard test conditions, the
DC output power of each
module ranges between 100
to 365 watts. If the rated
 output of a solar panel remains
the same, the efficiency is
determined by the area of the
module .i.e. A 16% efficient
230 W solar module will
consume half the area as that of
a
8% efficient 230W module.
Only a few solar panels
exceed an efficiency of over
19%. Most installations
contain multiple modules as a
single solar module
generates only a limited
amount of power. Some of the
 typical examples
ofphotovoltaic systems are an
array of
solar modules, a solarinverter,
a battery, a solar tracker
and interconnection wiring.
The photovoltaic panels
present in solar-charged power
banks can trickle-charge the
internal battery of the system
when placed in direct
sunlight.Depending on the
capacity
of the Power Bank and its
currentlevelof charge, it can
take quite a while to fill up. For
example,the time taken
 by a smartphone to charge
completely is same as the time
taken to charge a 1500mAh
power bank completely. For
larger banks, thischargingtime
can be doubled, tripled or
quadrupled. Most Power
Banks use LED indicators to
show whether these power
banks are at capacity and a
safety cut-off valve to avoid
overheating andovercharging
The most critical and final element in the design of solar panels is Solar Panels,

according to Agarwal (2016). Watts is measured for power generation in a solar panel. The

power which a battery can be delivered of, could be defined for solar panel by multiplying its

number for power generation value (measured in Watts) by how many hours that panel will

be subjected to sun rays.

A module of photovoltaic may be described as a combination of connected and

packed 6x10 solar cells. The photovoltaic solar panel produces solar power and is typically

used for local purposes. Within regular test environments the power of its output of every
module varies from 100 into 365 W. Where the solar panel’s performance evaluation stays

at the same factor, the calculation for the efficiency in the module part. Just a few solar

panels are more effective than 19 per cent. Some panels have several modules, as one

module of solar produces only a limited amount of electricity. A set of solar panels, a solar

inverter, a battery, a solar tracker, and a connection of wires are some of the standard

examples of photovoltaic systems.

The panels of photovoltaic which are adjacent in solar power banks could trickle an

internal device battery when placed in the direct sunlight. This can take quite some time to

complete, depends upon the capacity of electricity which is of the bank and its current

measure of charge. An instance, a period it takes for a smartphone to get charged should

be the equal as the period it takes for a 1500 milliamp Hour power bank to completely

charge. In larger banks, this fee may double, triple, or quadruple the charging time. Some

power banks use indicators for Light Emitting Diode in order to show the power banks'

capability as well as safety, to prevent overheating and overloading.

Wireless Charging Gets Faster Thanks to New Qi Power Specifications

The latest version of the wireless charger specification Qi (pronounced 'chee'), which

provides power for three times for Qi charging as its majority on in-market products, and

has been announced in the Wireless Power Consortium (WPC), as said from an article by

Sacco (2015). The design of mobile devices needs to meet its specifications, and most

current wireless phones, such as two Galaxy S6 phones, can't charge 15 Watts in full

without a certain kind of adaptor. In addition to the current PMA standard, Galaxy S6

telephones support the 5w Qi standard and can thus only charge 5 watts while using a 15w
charger. Backward compatibility is supported in the new specification, meaning that older

devices that support Qi should still be able to power new chargers.

Undergraduate Application Based Research: Design and Testing of Wireless Phone

Charger

Wireless electricity is an evolving technology focused on Crosby and Deppong (2013),

and space for creativity is ample. There are many electronic communication devices which

can be charged without using wires. The fundamental design idea of power adapter which

is of wireless feature is the same as with that of the charger of electric toothbrush, wherein

it uses magnetic induction rule to transmit energy within of its base into the handle of the

brush.

The new charger of wireless feature, however, have being much complex and

effective thanks to the magnetic resonance which increases energy transfer speed as well

as performance. Two wireless forms of power transmission are existing. First approach

uses a tech of magnetic induction, which involves a few forms of pad that charges to

position the device on. Those pads make many devices to charge simpler. The second

approach uses wireless antennas to transmit electricity, which is through air, without pads’

charger. With such approach is very capable however out of problematic; several scientists

got worried regarding about health hazards posed by repeated exposure to electromagnetic

waves. The former approach used for a charge pad was focused in this current research

study.
An NFC on Two-Coil WPT Link for Implantable Biomedical Sensors under Ultra-Weak

Coupling

In line with this, an article made by Gong et al. (2017), wireless transmission of power

(WPT) in implantable biomedical sensor systems. Nonetheless, the difficulty of achieving a

unfailing Near Field Communication when a WPT inductive connection has an ultra-low

contact coefficient (typically 0.01), because the NFC signal may be too small to detect.

Traditional LSK needs durable connection so it can transmit the charge within its energy

source. Instead of utilizing LSK for a weak-coupled inductive link, a dual-carrier NFC

scheme is used, downlink information is moderated on the power carrier (2 MHz) by binary

phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation, while their uplink information is moderated on

another carrier (125 kHz). To minimize ripple of power carrier in amplitude in the downlink,

BPSK modulation is used and also for under extreme interference to demodulate the signal

of the weak uplink.

In the circuit of inductive connection, passive of committed components is added as

well as improved to reduce the reduction of the power transfer efficiency (PTE) produced

through the inclusion of data connections. Of uplink, the restriction are being studied for

preventing the out-of-the-body receiver out of getting flooded with the power carrier and the

threshold of the sensitivity of uplink receiver. The circuit factors are then calibrated to

achieve the optimal PTE standard as well as its transmitted uplink signal power is

maintained in such a way that it can be reliably demodulated. In downlink modulator a

shaping filter is added so that it decreases its effect of BPSK modulation on the WPT power

amplifier (Class E PA). Eventually, a prototype was launched.

Reconfigurable System for Wireless Power Transfer and Near Field Communications
 A research based in Cairo et al. (2017), Previous studies have already examined

collaboration within NFC as well as WPT in which intervention is analyzed within the NFC

transmitter coil as well as WPT coil. A few previous works, such as the position of NFC

transmitter coils, are planned to reduce A4WP wireless transmission performance

degradation. The NFC frequency (13.56 MHz) concurs with second harmonic WPT (6.78

MHz), since it contains different frequencies. Thus, issues of compatibility may arise.

As regards the induced voltage, all wireless systems are evaluated together in the

NFC tag. Within near-field, two antenna coils' high-frequency inductance functions as a

approximately magnetic-coupled transformer, wherein the power is magnetically produced

and reproduced coming at primary and into secondary coil. Thus, the near-field coil probes

is better defined by the coefficient of coupling between the reader and the tag coils, the H-

field at the receiving tag coil, the inductance, the coils, and the unloaded efficiency factor of

the antenna, unlike the far-field probes that is defined by gain, direction and radiation form.

A connection can consist of two weak coupled resonance circuits possibly because of out of

alignment, huge spool division, and might be a very little diameter of pick-up coil. Add

parallel condenser into NFC for energy transfer and resonance creation. The shorter the

gap, the higher the power transfer capacity, too.

A Brief History of Power Bank — What Has It Replaced and What Has Failed to

Replace It

According to Angela (2016), over time, Power Bank got shifted. Around past ten or

further years, various features has been extending for power banks, such as LED

flashlights and Wi-Fi, via a modest grouping in control circuit as well as few triple A

batteries. This section examines where and what the future has been for power bank over

the years.
 The majority of mobile phone batteries at the time were rechargeable nickel-cadmium

batteries that shorten the life of the battery the longer it is used. The breakthrough was the

birth of 18650 cells that overcame the memory problem so that the battery life improved

substantially. Subsequently, the Li-polymer usage of batteries carries an extended life,

greater efficiency of charge and an increased conversion rate.

The growth as well as expansion process of Power Bank was 2001-2009. In the year

2011 its first invention was at the Las Vegas International Consumer Electronic Show.

Since numerous specialist colleagues have begun researching as well as developing this

power bank's core technology, a common concept has been acquired: the power bank

device consists mainly of full circuit control, a chip and a battery. In the year around 2006-

2009 a breakthrough was made by the technology in polymer battery for power banks

which inspired a few basic concepts of the power bank, like its capacity, conversion rate

and usability, allowing customers to compare as well as choosing between different power

banks.

When the number of digital devices of various types has increased, their demand for

power is rising, and so the power bank market is increasing significantly. Smartphone users

are the support of the consumption of power by banks. Individuals are in great need of

charging systems at airports, hotels and other leisure facilities. As well as its functionality

and particular design, power bank is even becoming a common suggestion of personal

gifts. That is why, demand for power banks is quickly growing, with no end in sight.

Manufactures of power banks continue to provide their product with more functionality

and features to satisfy specific consumers' demands in order to gain greater market share;

they will be eventually fitted with other functionality such as USB, an Emergency Taser or

even Wi-Fi. Additionally, some power banks have two or more ports, which are fitted with
smart technology to increase conversion rates and charge capacity, so that the connected

system can automatically recognize and charge the input at full speed. Some power banks

have been equipped with a built-in cable to prevent less mess and distress. So no

additional cable is required.

Design and Development of Banana Fiber Decorticator and Wringer

Another study carried out by Tenerife et al. (2019) aimed at developing a machine

capable of extracting fiber from a pseudo-stem that is a usage for handicrafts, ropes,

clothing and other products. A banana trunk fiber extraction which is a prototype has been

planned, built and tested. Each part of the computer is connected to a microcontroller. For

tracking the current stage of the process, the Liquid Crystal D display (LCD) is used.

The machine is powered by Arduino Nano's microcontroller. It has an option whether

it is automatic or manual (operated by the user). Once a banana stem has been placed in

the machine and the photo resistor ( LDR) has been detected, it will turn on the whole

machine. The decorticator and wringer are powered by an AC engine to extract banana

fiber. The extracted fiber is applied to the conveyor belt and transferred to the bucket. The

extracted water from the stem is stored in a container that is monitored by a sensor. The

system warning and status will be displayed on the LCD. An emergency stop button is

included to turn off the entire system once it is needed. The extracted banana fibers will be

dried under the sun.

Development of a Wireless Power Transfer System using Resonant Inductive

Coupling

A study conducted by Matthews et al . ( 2016) showed that electricity can be

transferred without using connection cables via magnetic inductive connection,

electromagnetic rays or inductive resonant coupling. The magnetic inductive coupling used

on transformers restricts the range of transmission since axial and angular alignment

between coils requires the primary and secondary coils to be in close proximity Even if

electromagnetic power transfer via wireless radiation can cover a longer distance, the

approach is difficult to enforce and dangerous for electromagnetic wave contact objects.

Furthermore, the Omni-directional properties reduce the efficiency of the system.

However, tuning the coils at the same frequency in resonant inductive coupling can

improve the range at which power can be effectively transferred with low complexity and no

harmful effect. By using both inductive and resonant joints simultaneously, which improves

the system's power capacity, leakage intrusions in the power flow path can be further

reduced. Wireless power transmission is a more suitable greener alternative to traditional

plug-in charging, as it can charge all electricity-dependent devices using a single power

source within a room. This technology is important in electric vehicles and wireless sensors

where cables due to critical environmental conditions are almost impossible to operate. Of

course, this non-contact charging system is not only easy and safe but also improves its

durability and efficiency at low cost by reducing the use of plastic and copper for wires.

A Review on Battery Charging and Discharging Control Strategies: Application to

Renewable Energy Systems

In a study conducted by Vaibhav et al. (2017), renewable energy system has become

the key component of energy storage, especially battery-using ones. However, those

parameters during charging and discharging of battery are non-controllable of the user of

battery. This uncontrollable process causes the batteries to deteriorate and their life span to

decrease. Hence it is triggering an early substitution.

 Control methods are developed to protect battery life and to provide a longer life span,

so that the method of constant current and constant voltage is mainly employed. Numerous

studies indicate, however with Fuzzy Logic Control or Predictive Model Control this charge

time can be reduced. In order to store power in applications, storage technologies are

classified as necessary; Like sorts are immediate (fewer than a second), brief (lesser from

few minutes), mid (lesser from a couple of hours) and long (days). In addition, dissimilar

sorts are within technologies storing energy for battery energy storage systems (BESS):

hydroelectric power storage (PHES), air storage (CAES) for compressed air, flywheel

energy storage (FES), electric power storage (HES), flow battery energy storage (FBES),

superconducting magnetic energy storage (SME) and super condenser energy harvesting

(SES). The BESS therefore is the chosen technology thanks to its versatility of venue,

performance, scalability, and other attractive features.

Most batteries for consumers comprise lead-acid, lithium-ion, nickel cadmium and

sodium, are widely used in the renewable energy systems (RES). Due to its high economic

cost by substituting a BESS, the battery is to be safeguarded against overloading and

discharge by a charging and control method. The efficiency of the charging control system

would depend for the charging process on its amount of current used during the charging

phase, the charging current frequency oscillations, the voltage levels while it is charged, the

charging time and the temperature variations while on charge. Furthermore, because of

their complexity, battery parameters cannot be accomplished with traditional control

methods.

New energy storage research trends include Li-ion batteries, in particular those for

batteries made from lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4). More benefits are in this technology

over lead-acid technology in terms of voltage, energy density, loading speed and useful life.
But this days, lead-acid batteries which are mostly renewable are contained in facilities and

so that an improvement can be useful in the life of the system, they require new control

methods.

Development of Solar Photovoltaic Battery Charger with Buck Converter

Energy storage devices is a common form of electronic electrical power device.

Nevertheless, the standard solar charger causes energy losses during charging, which

result in power dissipation. The method of charging is therefore particularly important.

Diverse charging approaches generate different efficiency while in charge and does affect

the lifetime of charger indirectly. The main developments for older solar chargers (for RVs

and boats) was to charge gel cell and lead acid batteries. Nevertheless, subsequently the

flexible and foldable solar panels’ development, solar chargers of more mobile batteries like

Lithium-ion batteries have become essential.

As the output voltage of the solar cells varies with the sunlight, the use of a buck

converter which is a voltage-controlled device in a charger of batter is therefore very

important. The Buck converter has extensively usage for the applications in engineering,

like computer design as well as aircraft technology because of its characteristics’ a lot more

dissimilar to Boost converter because an input voltage of direct current (DC) into a lesser

voltage of DC output are converted.

This study presents the lowest-component design configurations for highly effective

Solar Power charger of battery with a buck converter basing on PWM voltage. The design

of power converter for PWM to use MOSFET power as a switch and to work on and off the

unit for controlling the MOSFET power drive cycle to achieve topology buck / boost. With

increasing switching frequency, PWM power converter improves the shortcomings of the
conventionally adopted linear power converter with low performance. The proposed method

considers a change in the solar energy consumption and the converter control loop is

designed in a manner which results in a constant output.

Wireless Power Transmission Outlet Using Tesla Coil

An article made by Angeles et al. (2016) stated that for some years now wireless

power has served as a laboratory experiment for Intel, Yet the transfer of power is just a

few meters. Power, an engine, says a wireless power system called WattIp is capable of

driving an electronic device up to 20 feet away. A technology of wireless power that will

power certain electronic devices wirelessly through the air, such as a laptop or any home

appliance.

Power usage is demanding this generation because the majority of items is digital, we

are in the electronic age. Due to its use or function, the power requirements for some

electronic device are high. So sustaining demand for wireless power is a really great idea to

maintain the power supply going when you're not worrying about the battery. The

technology provides wireless flexibility and benefit to the users of the portable device in a

modern power supply network where they can supply power without physical interaction

with the computer or appliance.

Wireless Charging Technologies: Fundamentals, Standards, and Network

Applications

Another study by Xiao et al. (2015) stated that the technology to transfer power

wirelessly enables an electromagnetic energy source to transmit electrical energy across a

gap of air without the need for cables to be connected. With its comfort and better user
experience, the technology attracts between low-power gear to high powered electric

vehicles to a wide range of applications. From theories to standards wireless charging is

now rapidly evolving features on marketable products, most special are mobile phones and

intelligent devices of portability. Within the year 2014, several smartphone vendors that are

on lead began releasing new generation devices that has integrated wireless charging,

including Samsung, Apple and Huawei.

Wireless charging has many benefits as opposed to conventional cable charging.

First, by removing the complexities from cables it increases usability. The same charger

may also be used by different brands and device models. Second, allowing production as

well as manufacturing a small product, by not adding batteries. Third, for contact-free

devices it provides better product durability. Fourth, it increases flexibility, in particular for

those devices that have expensive, hazardous or not feasible battery replacement or

connecting cables to charge. Fifth, wireless charge can supply on-demand power requested

by charging devices and are thus flexible and more energy-efficient.

Nonetheless, the cost of implementation of wireless charging is usually higher than

that of cables. First, you need to add a wireless adapter to replace the conventional

charging cable. Second, a smartphone needs to have a receiver of power wirelessly and is

mounted. Furthermore, since wireless chargers frequently generate a lot of heat more than

chargers with wire, the manufacturing equipment may incur extra costs. Wireless charging

technologies have been developed to move in two main directions, wireless charging based

on radio frequency (RF) and wireless charging based on inductive coupling.

Radiative wireless charging is used to transmit power in radiation by means of

electromagnetic waves, where the power is transferred from the electric field of a

radioactive electromagnetic wave. On the other hand, non-radioactive wireless charging is

constructed within the connection of the magnetic field within two coils. As an

electromagnetic wave's magnetic field attenuates much quicker than an electrical field, the

transmission distance is significantly limited. Wireless charger that are not radiating has

been widely used in our daily equipment because of the safety implementation.

HATCI and Mojo Mobility develop wireless charging system for EVs

An article published by Tadeo (2018) stated that without having power cords, it could

possibly charge electric vehicles after a successful test of a fast-charging, wireless

transmission system for Kia Soul electric vehicles test feet. A wireless technology company,

founded by Hyundai-Kia America Technical Center, Inc. (HATCI) and Mojo Mobility, Inc.,

Dedicated to the development of a portable wireless charging network, a three-year project

targeting 85% grid-to-vehicle performance with rapid charging capability and more than 10

kW transfer to the vehicle. Five Kia Soul Evs were involved in a project and was tested for

its durability, safety, and performance in real-world applications. If an electromagnetic field

is to be used, the system works by transferring power within two coils – a transmitting coil is

connected below the ground, as well as the receiver is underneath of vehicle. The driver

has to align the car and the transmitter to start charging, so that the energy can be

transmitted via an inductive link through an electrical unit that make use of the collected

power in able to power the electric vehicle battery. At its so-called efficiency, between the

receiver and the transmitter, some would be allowed even if the device is misaligned so as

to make it simpler and more convenient for the owner’s daily use.

What is Wireless Charging and Do I Need It?

 In an article made by Gibbs (2017), wireless capability of Apple’s iPhone 8 and

iPhone X, therefore, cables are no more in need. How it works, what technology does it

help and is it any quicker? As the name suggests, wireless charging means plugging your

smartphone without the means of using a cable. By placing the charging area of the device

into a tabletop or a special mat, it will start to charge the battery of your smartphone, even if

it is an iPhone X, an iPhone 8, a Samsung Galaxy S8 or any smartphone that supports

wireless charging. There are lot of competition regarding about the industry standard of

wireless design for every portable gadget like smartphones. Wireless Power Consortium’s

Qi and the PMA or AirFuel Alliance standards are widely supported by smartphones,

meaning most available chargers are compatible on that platform. Qi wireless charging

standard is getting more popular, and it is the standard used for iPhone 8 and iPhone X by

Apple. With the use of electromagnetic induction, wireless charging can be achieved by

transmitting the charger’s output energy into the recipient of the smartphone which is on its

back. The induction coil is used to generate the electric field corresponding to the charger,

which will then be received in the receiver coil inside of the smartphone then it is converted

back into an electricity and stored inside the battery. Close proximity and correct alignment

of the smartphone with the charger are typically a must. Also, chargeable toothbrushes as

well as other bathroom accessories were used which operated on inductive charging in the

late 1990s.

Influence of Mobile Phones on an Indigenous Community in Bamban, Tarlac,

Philippines

A study by Evangelista et al. (2015) said cell phone is one of today's society 's main

media of communication. With today’s trend of news, radio and television, mobile phones
conquered all these field. It has even conquered the indigenous people or group in the

Philippines which are the Aetas. The purpose of this research was to analyze the

cognizance effect of cell phones in Aetas at Bamban, Tarlac. It made use of the quantitative

analysis process. There were 80 randomly selected Aetas in Bamban, Tarlac for the survey

questionnaire which were administered by the researchers. Using frequency, percentage

and weighted mean, the data gathered were assessed using these approaches. Analysis of

Variance and T-test were used to find the substantial variance within the impact when

clustered by the respondent's demographic profile. Respondents, who used cell phones

extensively, were male from the findings collected. To them, the main purpose of cell

phones is to call and text, which is most of the response provided by the respondent for

their daily usage. The findings also show that cell phones impact interviewees behaviors,

work relationship, family interaction and family security. In this analysis a substantial

difference was found with the understanding of the respondent and their demographic

profile. According to Mona (2008), mobile phones was an ongoing work for decades, up

until the 1980s, when they became more popular and common. Today, besides making

calls and sending text messages, anyone can capture a photo, listen to music, go online,

transfer files, browse the internet and use various kinds of apps. Anyone can search who

belongs to a telephone number, find the numbers and communicate easily out of your

colleagues. It was out of the most influential inventions in the late years as well as certainly

further step up so that there could be a transformation in the way persons interact in many

moves. From Jones (2012), where he said whenever you take a look on a person down at

walk in the street or at the restaurant sitting with their mobile phones , they don't usually

make phone calls or just send a message. Mobile phones have devices which are
multipurpose. A calculator, clock, alarm features, calendar, basic games, camera, and

internet are additional features.

How Sustainable are Solar Power Aid Projects in the Philippines?

As Ranada (2014) said, in July Typhoon Glenda (International Name Rammasun)

damaged a lot like the electrical lines of the campus, which is why the students of the

country's only public high school of arts had to use flashlight for their homework. The Solar

Pilipinas has installed a 780-watt solar panels on each dormitory 's roof capable of

powering light bulbs in 26 rooms, solar-powered electric fans, and cell phone chargers.

According to Frederick Epistola of Solar Pilipinas, giving the light to an energy-strapped

society is just yet another day. His organization is one of Philippines' multiple solar-energy

aid donors. Their solar power projects have supplied everything to remote communities

from single solar panels to solar powered lanterns. And his community advocacy initiative

SPIN (Solar Power Initiative) has installed solar panels in Oriental Mindoro for the

Mangyans, and communities in Eastern Samar and Leyte ravaged by Super Typhoon

Yolanda. Solar power proponents and foreign relief organizations came to fill the energy

gap after Typhoon's total destruction of power lines

Enhanced energy conversion performance of Philippine photovoltaic panels through

tilt angle adjustments: A mechatronics approach

Another one from Romero (2014) where his research based on Refining the energy

generation of Photovoltaic Panels in the Philippines with monthly and quarterly angle shifts.

The study utilizes a mechatronic approach to verify PV systems performance. To obtain the

optimum PV tilt angles in the Philippines, the average extraterrestrial radiation obtained by
an area of units is calculated using a mathematical model. For most industrial applications

fixed photovoltaic panels are commonly used. In the Philippines, the integration to solar

energy is gradually becoming a reality. Solar energy is called safe and thus its desirability is

plentiful. It is this situation that has sparked spending in technology by the Philippine

government and the private sector. Investment is embodied in constructing power plants

and initiating schemes for rural electrification using photovoltaic (PV) arrays as the power

generator. Nevertheless, the constant improvement in PV array efficiency is still the focus of

numerous studies. For most industrial applications fixed photovoltaic panels are commonly

used. So, finding the right angle to optimize the harnessing of solar energy is critical.

In previous research, it was found that the optimal orientation is south facing in the

northern hemisphere, and that the ideal angle of tilt depends only on latitude. Researchers

are given no definite value for the optimal tilt angle. This research expands preceding

studies by extending the mathematical equations to the geographical area of the Philippines

and experimentally testing energy conversion gains through a mechatronic system

consisting of mechanically flexible 20W PV panels, electronic sensors and data acquisition

applications. Optimum quarterly and monthly tilt angles are measured and used by two

tables, while one panel is positioned at the optimum year tilt determined.

Design of Solar Powered Wireless Charger for Smartphones

A study by Rai et al. (2016) is an inspiration for the solar cell feature of this study. As

mentioned in their report, the advent of a renewable energy source gave rise with the

growth and development of technology of the society. Year 1890s Nikola Tesla showed the

world an energy can wirelessly be distributed through the air using a tesla coil. Today

wireless power transmission is rising rapidly in a technology.

 Smart world requires intelligent technologies that are wirelessly and automatically

operating without the use of wires and cables. The huge application of different portable

electronic devices has made charging for energy wireless the biggest peak in the industry.

Wireless charging technologies can also be applied in electrical, mechanical, biomedical as

well as lot of other applications. Charging in order to gain power wirelessly TAM (Total

Available Market) can be extremely extreme due to the huge number of smartphones and

will increase its sales by more than 40 times by 2018. Pike Research has predicted that in

2012, there will be an increase of 3.74 million and 27.63 million by 2016 in wireless power

systems on mobile phones. According to marketing studies and marketing consulting

company. In 2013, wireless manufacturers of mobile phone had by now begun integrating

wireless charging technology into manufacturer’s flagship smartphones. Some major

smartphone companies have already integrated Wireless charging features such as Nokia

(Lumia 830), Samsung (Galaxy S4), LG (Nexus 4), and HTC (Droid DNA) into their

smartphones. Wi-Fi in smartphones is projected to be almost as prevalent as Wi-Fi and

Bluetooth is widely used for communications.

Abundant sources of renewable energy are being harvested like solar energy. But the

problem with solar cells is that when there's sunlight they can possibly harvest power. To

power a remote sensor a solar harvest module is used. The charging system is proposed

for wireless batteries that uses energy harvesting of Radio Frequency. 60μW of energy is

obtained from 4.1 kilometer of distant TV towers as well as capable of regulating smaller

electronic devices. Outdoor and indoor light supplies can use solar energy; although indoor

electrical insulating rates generate between 2 into 3 magnitude consumes lesser power per

unit input out of outdoor sources. Solar devices could obtain peak energy masses
whenever its usage is direct in the sunlight in comparison with other source, however it only

works with light.

Because of changing magnetic flux within two inductive coils that transfers energy

from the source to the load, the inductive coupling phenomenon is based on the mutual

inductance between two close-up coils. According to the Faraday Electromagnetic Induction

Act" the same magnetic flux produced using the coil would create different magnetic flux

parallel to each other on another induction coil." The primary coil and secondary coil are

included. Adjustment for a given frequency by an LC tank circuit. These transformers are air

core and have a low coefficient of coupling. Full power is transferred via magnetic field. The

electric fields inside the condenser are tight. With the expressively weak coupling coefficient

(i.e., k<0,1), the high frequencies (kHz to MHz) transfer sufficient energy from the primary

to the secondary.

Implementation of Wireless Charger for Mobile Phone Based on Solar Energy

Another research by Jumphoo et al. (2014) stated various types of energy, including

radio, solar, thermal and vibration can be powered by self-energized device. A single unit

may also be operated by several energy sources. Devices with radiofrequency, like wireless

radio networks, use radio-emitted electromagnetic radiation. Because frequencies are

common, the systems are fitted with an antenna and circuitry to optimize the harvest of

electricity. Unfortunately, the typical strengths of the electric field (unless near sources) are

weak, which severely restrict harvestable energy to about two orders of magnitude less

than the in-house solar and thermoelectric equipment.

Solar energy devices utilize photovoltaic (PV) cells to transform light into electricity.

Consequently, they exploit the substantial investment made and improvements made in
increasing performance and reducing the expense of photovoltaics to produce and optimize

electricity. PV systems can generate energy both indoors and outdoors, even if the outdoor

insolation level is about 2 to 3 order magnitude higher than the indoor power sources, the

power supply per unit area. Although a number of collection methods are now feasible,

photovoltaic energy harvesting provides the highest power density, allowing an embedded

device to use a relatively small module which consumes more than several mW of power.

Wireless Charging System for KILOBOTs Using Inductive Power Transfer with

Management System

In an article made by Concepcion et al. (2016), stated in the technology today, almost

all devices, gadgets, or even robots use batteries to perform a certain operation. For

example, robots are used in many different areas of research, it can be just a simple line

follower robot or, more complex swarm robotics whichever task it does its life always

depend on the battery’s capacity. If the stored power in the battery runs out, the person will

connect it to the charger and plug it to the wall socket. The problems with this method: (1) it

limits the robot’s capacity to fully perform its operation, (2) the human intervention, a person

always needs to check on the robot if it is running out of power, and (3) the cable, wires,

and cords are needed to be attached in the robot just to be able to recharge it. Imagine a

swarm of robots that are performing a certain task without even worrying about the power

running out. It can charge itself by going to a specified charging area and to able to share it

with other robots that also needed to be recharged.

The study deals with the wireless charging of multiple robot or also known as swarm

robots. KILOBOTs are tiny robot about 3.3cm tall that is invented by a research group in

Harvard University. A KILOBOT can be programmed to be able communicate with other

KILOBOTs surrounding it. The study is composed of two major areas: (1) wireless charging

system which is composed of the arena, transmitter circuit, and receiver circuits, (2)

algorithm that will be programmed into the KILOBOTs that will serve as the management

system of the wireless charging platform. Wireless power transfer starts with the oscillating

driver which drives the primary coil. The primary coil would only produce a changing

magnetic field if the driver is oscillating. In the study, this would be achieved by using a

Hartley Oscillator and the primary coil would be the inductive elements of the Hartley

Oscillator. The magnetic field produced by the primary coil would then be received in the

secondary coil after it has been induced. The more enclosed the secondary receiver is with

the primary coil’s magnetic field the higher the induced voltage and power would be

available in the receiver circuit.

Wireless Solar Mobile Phone Charger

It is estimated that by 2025, 10% of total global power production will be solar energy

based on Asif et al. (2018). Solar energy is free, so long as human beings are there, so will

the sun shine. In an hour, the Earth receives more sunlight than the population needs in a

year. This energy must therefore be harvested. The solar power industry has enormous

potential.

As people become more and more aware of the great advantages of generating

solar energy, it is going to start to be used. Solar panels are 30 to 40 years long, and they

seldom have to be substituted because they are faulty. They also generate as much

energy as nuclear fuel rods without harming the environment throughout their lives. Solar

panels operate without moveable parts that lead to silence and to a minute maintenance
 requirement. The sun's energy can be converted into AC power and can be stored in

batteries.

The ADB Solar Rooftop Project: Boosting Solar Energy Growth in the Philippines

Another study by Celdran (2016), which addressed solar energy, is considered the

most affordable, inexhaustible, and cleaner alternative among all other renewable energy

(RE) sources available, namely: geothermal, hydropower, wind, ocean, and biomass. The

comparatively quicker construction and commissioning time (i.e. a few days for solar

rooftop projects and 6-8 months for massive solar farms vs 3-5 years for hydroelectric or

geothermal power plants); the slowly declining cost of solar photovoltaic ( PV ) cells; and its

comparatively low maintenance costs and specifications make solar energy the most

valuable RE option for developing solar electricity. Solar energy is also ideally match for

remote, urban, rural, and/or disadvantaged areas with little gain to conventional on-grid

power supply. The dwindling cost of solar photovoltaic cells used to absorb solar energy

and turn it into electricity was one of the reasons why solar projects were being taken up

further. The reduced cost made the patronization of solar energy more appealing with

commercial and residential customers and also developers, thereby stimulating the growth

of installed photovoltaic solar power globally.

Studies on Portable Power Banks for Recharging Electronic Gadgets

A research on lithium-ion battery as discussed by Narayan et al. (2018) is an apt

technology for incorporating electronic consumer devices, including power banks, which are
mostly portable. The electrochemical properties of the batteries which is a lithium-ion type

are well known for their operating capacity, cycle length, size, weight etc., their dominance

among commercial batteries. But there is a variation within the different chemistry of Li-ion

batteries.. Lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), lithium manganese oxide (LMO), lithium iron

phosphate (LFP), lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC), lithium nickel aluminum

oxide (NCA), and lithium titanium oxide (LTO) are by far the most influential Li-ion technical

chemistries. The battery of type Li-ion system has four forms and these are (i) button (iii)

cylindrical (iii) prismatic (iv) pouch. Its type of button has a common usage for portable

electronic devices like portable health-care tool kits like thermometers, wrist watches, etc.

The most reliable and robust type of design is the cylindrical design. The 18650 type of

cylindrical is not expensive as well as often implemented on laptops, power banks as well

as new technologies such as electromobility. The prismatic design is provided with hard-

outer enclosure with the sizes of medium and large. Mostly, mobile phones has a medium

size with a larger variety in electrical powertrains and etc. are used. With pouch type

design, it is the more flexible, lightweight, and has the compatibility with electronic circuits, it

is even used in a power bank of large size due to with the geometric flexibility and light-

weightiness.

Design and Development of Portable Power Charger: A Green Energy Initiative

The research using solar cells and li-ion batteries was carried out by Singh et al.

( 2016), from the Center for the Development of Advanced Computing, India, where

portable electronic devices are of critical significance in today's modern world, and with the

rapidly evolving technical age, battery requirements are growing of range, with a clear need

to satisfy the current demand for power requirements. Solar renewable energy source
delivers ample energy out of portable device’s battery in a simple yet cheap way to solve

battery charging problem.

Optimizing power usage by renewable energy supplies will not only minimize the

effects on the environment it will also decrease prices and help make advanced wireless

devices more accessible for all. Of photovoltaic solar cell (PV) ground its usage is a source

of energy. This energy supplied between the PV cell is added to the boost of the dc-dc

converter to raise the voltage of the PV cell input to an effective voltage of the USB output.

Then USB port can be used for all forms of portable devices to charge the battery. While

PV cell voltage can be increased up to the level of USB voltage, which is DC 5 V, system

efficiency is limited due to small power and voltage levels. At the other hand, for sizes of a

small amount of the solar charger of the battery, the energy acquired from the PV cell is

reduced. So, for quick reaction, diminutive size of lithium-ion battery is connected within

that device to fuel the output energy. In here, dc-dc PV cells boost converter having lithium-

ion batteries in order to deliver enough voltage and power into the post of Universal Serial

Bus. Then the necessary energy will be available to portable device for the battery to be

charged.

Synthesis

Based on the studies and literatures gathered by the proponents, the features added

on their prototype, the USB-OTG, wireless and solar aspects have its own contribution to

the existing and newly-developed technology in the market. Each feature plays its own role

to complement the functionalities of the whole system. Their innovation of power bank

provides an incremental improvement and convenience to the existing power banks. As

power banks have become a necessity especially to smartphone users nowadays, a good

power bank can cater their needs with different options added.

With the resources available, the proponents can now have a device that can exhibit

the attributes the smartphone users expect. It is seen in the related studies how the

prototype’s feature can expand its use depending on the application. Innovation is just a

tool for the emergence of upgraded attributes with prominent effects on the growth

of power bank market outlook.