231

ACADEMIA
3/2013/14
 apolon quTaTelaZis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo samxatvro akademia
A P. KU T A T E L A D Z E T B I L I SI ST A T E A C A D E M Y O F A R T

redaqtori
marine bulia
Editor
M arin a B u l ia

saredaqcio sabWo:
dimitri TumaniSvili, gia buRaZe,
vaxtang liCeli, nino RaRaniZe,
nino WoRoSvili, nana kupraSvili,
ana kldiaSvili, irina elizbaraSvili,
mzia janjalia, maia mania, liana anTelava

Editional Board:
D im it ri T u m an ishvi l i, G ia B u gad ze, V akht an g L ichel i,
N in o G agan idze, N in o T chogos hvi l i, N an a Ku p rashvi l i,
A n n a Kl diashv il i, I rin a E l izb arashvi l i,
M zia Jan j al ia, M aia M an ia, L ian a A n t el ava

inglisuri teqstis redaqtori

meTiu makgiveri

English text edited by

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garekanze Salva qiqoZe. aWara, 1921 w.

Front Cover Shalva Kikodze. Adjara, 1921

www.art.edu.ge
© Tssa, 2014
© TSAA, 2014 ISSN 1512-0899
 sarCevi
CONTENTS
5 dimitri TumaniSvili
kvlav `uxerxuli memkvidreobis~ gamo
21 Dimitri Tumanishvili
Once Again Concerning the „Difficult Heritage“

26 samson leJava
qarTuli xelovnebis raobis gagebisTvis
45 Samson Lejava
Understanding the Essence of Georgian Art

46 Tamar xundaZe
mefeTa gamosaxulebani tao-klarjeTis
IX-X saukuneebis xuroTmoZRvrul qandakebaSi
53 Tamara Xundadze
Depiction of Kings from Tao-Klarjeti in 9th-10th century masonry sculpture

59 ana mgalobliSvili
XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnis marTlmadidebluri saeklesio
mxatvrobis zogierTi sakiTxi
64 Anna Mgaloblishvili
Some features of the development of church painting in the Eastern
Orthodox World at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries

68 Tamar belaSvili
speqtaklis `kaci-masa~ scenografiis avtoris
dadgenisaTvis
76 Tamar Belashvili
Determination of the Scenography Author of the
Theatrical Performance of „Kaci-Masa“

79 cisia kilaZe
didi qalaqis, urbanuli garTobis Tema Salva qiqoZis
SemoqmedebaSi
87 Tsisia Kiladze
The topic of the city; urban entertainment
in the works of Shalva Kikodze

96 ana kldiaSvili
mxatvari _ paraziti (citaciis meTodis
Sesaxeb Tanamedrove qarTul mxatvrobaSi)
103 Ana Kldiashvili
The “Parasite” Artist - Regarding the Citation Method within
Contemporary Georgian Art

104 Tamar xosroSvili

qarTuli saeklesio mxatvrobis uaxlesi tendenciebi (i.
cincaZis mxatvrobaTa magaliTze)
115 Tamar Khosroshvili
The latest trends in Georgian contemporary ecclesiastical painting

122 rati CiburdaniZe

`samoTxis~ cikli esma onianis mxatvrobaSi
129 Rati Chiburdanidze
„Paradise“ Series in Esma Oniani’s Art
 132 mariana oklei
guranda qlibaZis xatovani samyaro
136 M arian a O akl ey
The Artistic World of Guranda Klibadze

140 Tamar SavguliZe

Tanamedrove qarTuli sajaro sivrcis Taviseburebebi
da qarTuli monumenturi qandakebis funqciebi
145 T am ar Shavgu l idze
About Some Aspects of Contemporary Georgian
Public Space and About the Functions of Georgian
Monumental Sculpture in it

150 xaTuna xabuliani

Tanamedrove xelovnebisa da namuSevris
xarisxis Sesaxeb
159 Khat u n a Khab u l ian i
About contemporary art and the quality of art works (Part 2)

162 mzia CixraZe

ukan istoriisken: xelovnebis axali gza
(1930-50-iani wlebis amerikuli xelovneba)
170 M zia C hikhradze
Back to history: A new way of art (American Art of the 1930-50s)
Search for History

175 lela firaliSvili

arqauli miTidan globalistur miTamde
4

187 L el a Phiral ishvi l i

From Archaic to Globalist Myth

188 ana nemsaZe

foto, rogorc vizualuri kulturis agenti
191 A n n a N em sadze
The photograph as an agent of visual culture

192 Tamar liluaSvili

metexis RvTismSoblis taZris dazianebuli
qvis mikologiuri kvleva
194 T am ar L il u ashvi l i
Mycological analyses of the deteriorated stone
of the Metekhi Church of the Virgin

197 nino CaCava, malxaz lekveiSvili,

nana lekveiSvili
freskebis skanireba da dokumentireba
200 N in o C hachava, M al khaz L ekve ishvi l i,
N an a L ekve ishvi l i
Scanning and Documentation of Frescoes

206 leila xuskivaZe

fiqrebi dimitri TumaniSvilis `saubrebis“ irgvliv
228 L eil a Khu skivad ze
Thoughts on Dimitri Tumanishvili’s „Talks“
dimitri TumaniSvili
g. CubinaSvilis sax. qarTuli xelovnebis istoriisa
da ZeglTa dacvis kvlevis erovnuli centri
ap. quTaTelaZis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo
samxatvro akademia
kvlav `uxerxuli
memkvidreobis~ gamo
oriod wlis winaT varazaSvil-varazebis
ojaxze, yvelasTvis cnobili avTandil
(avTo) varazis papa-mama-biZebze, maTive axal-
gazrda Camomavlis gadaRebul telefilms
vuyurebdi. STabeWdileba _ rac mudam ase
araa xolme, _ sasikeTo iyo: sagulisxmo am-
bebi, mSvenieri fotosuraTebi, Cveulebriv-
ze bevrad naklebi uzustoba1.... erTma ki mii-
qcia Cemi yuradReba _ rodesac ki sityva va-
razaSvilebis Tavs damtydar mravlismraval
ubedurebaze, 1920-1930-ian wlebSi qarTuli
sazogadoebis mZime gansacdelze Camovarde-
boda, ekranze raRac gapartaxebuli darbazi
gamoCndeboda xolme. vera da ver Sevicani
igi, sad SeiZleba iyos-meTqi aseTnairi amfi-
Teatriani sivrce... da filmis boloskenRa
mivxvdi uecriv _ es xom marqs-engels-leni-
nis yofili institutia, Cveulebriv rusuli
abreviaturiT `imel~-ad wodebuli. marTali
1
erTi ki mainc damamaxsovrda: ojaxis erT-erTma wev-
rma, sxvaTa Soris moyva, TiTqos b-ni avTos mamas, prof.
vasil varazaSvils, roca miiRo winadadeba, Tavisi naS-
romi nobelis premiaze waredgina da sabWoTa mTavro-
bam es aukrZala, es ambavi aravisTvis uTqvams da is misi
gardacvalebis mereRa, 1960-iani wlebis dasawyisSi Se-
vityveTo. veWvob ase yofiliyo _ es yovelive mamaCemma
icoda, varazebTan misvla-mosvla ki mas skolis asakSi,
1930-1940-ian wlebSiRa hqonda (is da b-ni avTo erT
klasSi swavlobdnen). isedac araa mosalodneli amgvari
kukumalaoba _ imJamindel xalxsa da cxovrebis nirs
es naklebad hgavs _ maSindelni Cvenze SemarTulni da
udrekni iyvnen da SiSs, romelzec gauTaveblad lapara-
koben stalinur xanasTAan kavSirSi, Tu grZnobdnen
kidec _ naklebad imCnevdnen. im drois fotoebze aR-
beWdili mocinari saxeebi Cveni papa-didedebisa Tanad-
roul sazarel movlenebTan SepirispirebiT, gacile-
biT ukeT aCens epoqis dramatulobas, vidre maTi dam-
frTxalebada da Sesabralisebad gamoyvana.
giTxraT, Tavzari dameca _ rogor, es Senoba
da _ risame qarTulis da kulturulis xved-
ri? igi _ rogorc iavarqmnili Zveli saqarT-
velos simbolo?
karg gunebaze verc iman damayena, rom
aseTi ucnaurobis mizezs mivxvdi _ cotaTi
adre didi miTqma-moTqma gamoiwvia Senobis
rekonstruqciis ugunurma gegmam; arqiteqtu-
ris mkvlevarTa gamoqomagebas, rogorc Cven-
Tan, samwuxarod, wlebia ukve xdeba, maleve
politikuri elferic daedo, erovnul Rire-
bulebaTa dacvis JReradobac mieca. ar vici,
sxvebs rogor, me ki Zalian ar mesiamovna, arse-
bul viTarebaSi profesiul gansjas Sedegad
istoriuli perspeqtivis sruli damaxinjeba,
Cveni isedac areuli istoriuli mexsierebis
kidev metad SemRvreva rom mohyva. dRes ima-
sac cxadliv vxedav, rom es gansakuTrebuli
SemTxveva ar aris _ ayalmayali sabWouri sim-
bolikis mocilebis armiRebuli kanonis irgv-
liv, bolo dros i. stalinis ramdenime Zeglis
Tavis adgilze dabruneba, sabWoeTis mimarT
5
nostalgiis azvirTeba naTlad gviCvenebs: es,
rogorc ityvian, `uxerxuli memkvidreoba~
saTanadod gaazrebuli jerac ar gvaqvs da
misdami damokidebuleba, Tu misi Sefasebis
sazomebi zustad iseve SeumuSavebeli gvaqvs,
rogorc 1990 wels, romelic Cems dRevandel
studentebs Temurlengis laSqrobaTa xana-
saviT Soreuli hgoniaT. raime mza pasuxi, cxa-
dia, arc me maqvs da vifiqre, egebis, mis ZiebaSi,
swored `imel~-ze dafiqrebam miSvelos, gezi
da gza-savali mapovninos-meTqi.
pirvelad isaa saTqmeli, rom gansaxilve-
li, ase mgonia ori sakiTxia: a. ras warmoadgens
`imeli~ rogorc arqiteqturis nimuSi da b.
rogor Caiwera is qarTul yoveldRiurobasa
Tu sazogadoebis gonebriv cxovrebaSi. wina-
pirvelad, ase vTqvaT, `sapasporto monaceme-
bi~. 1934 wels Catarda konkursi sabWoTa kav-
Siris oficialuri ideologiis, marqsizm-le-
ninizmis institutis saqarTvelos filialis
Senobis proeqtirebaze; gamarjveba friad
cnobil moskovel arqiteqtors, aleqseÁ SCu-
sevs ergo, mSeneblobas ki, romelic 1938 wels
damTavrebula, nikoloz severovi uZRveboda.
 dimitri TumaniSvili
rogori iyo saxelisuflebo dafaseba, isic me-
tyvelebs, rom arqiteqtors imxanad umniSvne-
lovanesi, stalinuri premia miuRia. maRalia
profesionalTa azric. ai rogoria giorgi Cu-
binaSvilis maleve, cxel kvalze gamoTqmuli
mosazreba: kulturisa da ganaTlebis mizne-
bisTvis agebul `SenobaTa rigSi savsebiT ga-
morCeuli adgili uWiravs rusTavelis pros-
peqtze aRmarTul `imel~-s. es saqarTveloSi
pirveli nagebobaa, sadac gamoiyeneba buneb-
rivi masalis, qvis (feradi tufi, marmarilo
da sxva) mxriv qveynis uxvi SesaZleblobani da
aRorZinebulia xalxuri xelovnebis zogier-
Ti dargi (kveTa, Camosxma da sxva). arqiteq-
turuladaa gaformebuli Senobis gverdiTi
fasadebic, gaazrebuladaa gaformebuli ezo,
misi Tujis cxauriTurT da a.S. detaluradaa
damuSavebuli calkeuli sadgomebi SigniT:
auditoria, konferenc-darbazi, talanebi da
a.S.~2. aSenebidan 20 wlis Tavze nodar janbe-
riZis da simon kinwuraSvilis msjavri aseTia:
`marqsizm-leninizmis institutis saqarTve-
los filialis Senobam.... mniSvnelovani roli
6
Seasrula sabWoTa saqarTvelos arqiteqtu-
ris ganviTarebaSi. gegmis mkafio agebis, arqi-
teqturul formaTa monumenturobis, arqi-
teqturisa da qandakebis sinTezisa da maRali
samSeneblo kulturis wyalobiT es nageboba
qalaqis (Tbilisi. d.T.) SenobaTa Soris erTi
saukeTesoTagania~3. mogvianebiT, `ideolo-
giurad~ ramdenadme naklebad SeboWili, b-ni
nodari ufro diferencirebulad afasebs a.
SCusevis Tbilisur nawarmoebs: `Senoba mra-
2
Г. Чубинашвили, Архитектура Советской Грузии за двадцать
лет, wignSi: misive, Вопросы истории искусства, t. II, Тб.,
2002, gv. 49; pirvelad daibeWda: `sabWoTa xelovneba~,
1941, # 1-2. Tu vinmes eWvi Seepareba g. CubinaSvilis
Sefasebis miudgomloba-gulrwfelobaSi, SeuZlia
Seadaros mTavrobis sasaxleze (1990-iani wlebidan _
saqarTvelos parlamenti), e.i. `ideologiurad~ Tu
metad ara, aranakleb sayuradRebo Senobaze naTqvami:
`proeqti ukve mSeneblobis msvlelobaSi sagrZnob-
lad Seicvala da Seikveca. Senobas prospeqtisken
gaxsnili ezo aqvs, Ria kibeebiT, svetnarebiT da a.S.
qarTuli arqiteqturis istoriuli memkvidreobis am
SenobaSi gamoyenebis cdas didad aklia Tanmimdevru-
loba, aseve cvlilebebiT darRveulia proeqtis
wonasworoba.~
3
Н. Джанберидзе, С. Кинцурашвили, Архитектура Совет­
ской Грузии, М.-Тб., 1952, gv. 11.
valmxrivaa saintereso. qarTuli sabWoTa
arqiteqturis axal etapze [e.i. `klasikuri~
Tu `erovnuli memkvidreobis~ aTvisebis, so-
cialisturi realizmis moTxovnebis wamoye-
nebis Semdgom. d.T.]... es Senoba iyo erT-erTi
pirvelTagani, romelic Tavisi arqiteqtu-
riT.... axal moTxovnilebebs upasuxebda. yve-
laferi emorCileba monumenturi nagebobis
winaswar SemuSavebul sqemas, ris gamo mTeli
rigi arqiteqturuli motivebisa formalur
funqcias ver scildeba [mag., lojia ver iZ-
leva Crdils. d.T.].... [amave dros] lojiebs,
terasebs, adgilobriv masalebs, dekors
xuroTmoZRvaeri marTlac, taqtiT da mox-
denilad mimarTavs..... maRali profesiona-
lizmi da ostatoba, samSeneblo xarisxi, xe-
lovnebaTa sinTezi gansakuTrebul adgils
aniWebs am nagebobas qarTuli sabWoTa arqi-
teqturis istoriaSi~4.
es yvelaferi kargi, magram rogorc
Cans es arqiteqtura dRes, rogor SeiZle-
ba ganisazRvros axla misi Rirebuleba?
axlave gadaWriT unda iTqvas, Tu ra gzas
ar unda davadgeT: araferSi gamogvadgeba
bolo dromde sayovelTaod gabatonebuli
da axlac friad miRebuli martivi sqema _
`konstruqciulia, e.i. kargia _ dekorire-
bulia, e.i. cudia~, an _ `konstruqciuli,
modernuli, e.i. kargi _ dekorirebuli,
orderuli, istoristuli, e.i. cudi~, an mT-
ladac _ `konstruqciuli = demokratias,
orderul-dekoratiuli totalitarizms~
udris. es sworedac is SemTxvevaa, rodesac
gamarTlebulia, e.w. `binaruli opoziciebis~
gandevnis _ zogadad yovlad gaugebari da
ubralod adamianis azrovnebis wesis sawi-
naaRmdego, _ postmodernuli `liberalu-
ri~ moTxovna. es primitiuli dapirispireba,
jer erTi, ukiduresad ideologizebulia
da iyo da aris kidec, uwinaresad politi-
kis iaraRi; ucabedi rodia misi tyubisebr-
sarkisebri msgavseba `totalitaristebis~
SefasebiT kriteriumTan _ `konstruqci-
uli, e.i. cudi _ dekorirebul-orderuli,
e.i. kargi~ an sulac _ `konstruqciuli, e.i.
4
n. janberiZe, qarTuli sabWoTa arqiteqtura, Tb.,
1971, gv. 203-204.

formalisturi _ dekorirebul-orderuli,
e. i. realisturi~. an ra gasakviria _ es xom
erTi da imave `revolÁuciuri~ cnobierebis
ori gamovlenaa, metic, misi ori piria; erTi
da imave Semtev-ZalmomreobiTi TvalTaxed-
vis ori saxe. samarTlianad aRgvaSfoTebs ra
`axali arqiteqturis~ (imav _ `internacion-
aluri stilis~) ostatTa Seviwroveba i. sta-
linis sabWoTa kavSirsa Tu a. hitleris ger-
maniaSi, nurc is dagvaviwydeba, ra xalisiT
TanamSromlobdnen `totalitarul~ mTav-
robebTan Tavad es `modernistebi~: rogor
eaxlnen sabWoeTis belads le korbÁuzÁe an
hannes maÁeri, rogor cdilobdnen nacistebis
`fÁureris~ dakveTas gamorCenodnen valter
gropiusi da lÁudvig mis van der roe....5. isic
Rirssaxsovaria, rogori gametebiT devnid-
nen, roca Zala miecemodaT, `axali arqiteq-
turis~ (sazogadodac `modernuli xelov-
nebis~!) mimdevarni mopirdapireT _ Tugind
1920-iani wlebis sabWoTa kavSirSi, rodesac
arqiteqturis istoriis swavlebis gauqmeba-
sac ki lamobdnen, _ ragvari `revolÁuciu-
ri~ aRtkinebiT swiravdnen gasanadgureblad
yovelive Zvels..... sworad gamigeT: `moder-
nistuli~ arqiteqturis xelaRebiT uaryofa
ki ar ganmizraxavs _ is namdvil didosta-
tebsac iTvlis da araerT RirSesaniSnav na-
gebobasac; imis TqmaRa msurs, zedmeti romaa
maTi yalbi mowamebrivi gvirgviniT gandide-
ba, rom istoriuli sinamdvile bevrad rTu-
lia, vidre mogvindeboda, rom `liberalur
demokratias~ xSirad sakmaoze metad dah-
kravs komunisturi siwiTle _ pirvel rig-
Si, azrovnebis stilSi, _ da masac xSiradve,
mecnierul midgomasTan saerTo ara aqvs ra.
wminda arqiteqturismcodneobiTi Tvalsaz-
risiTac veras gvargebs aseTi xisti Sexla.
5
sabWoTa kavSirSi evropeli didostatebis Camosv-
la arasodes yofila saidumlo, nacistebTan TanamS-
romlobis mcdelobaze ix. W. Pehnt, Deutsche Architektur
seit 1900, München, 2006, gv. 239 da sxva. v. gropiuss mi-
uRia kidec monawileoba _ Áoost Smidtan erTad _
1934 w-is gamofenaSi `germaneli xalxi _ germanuli
Sroma“ (Deutsches Volk _ Deutsche Arbeit _ ix. foto _
Das XX Jahrhundert Kunst, Kultur, Politik und Gesellschaft in
Deutchland, hrg. A. Bärnreuther, P. _ K. Schuster, Köln, 1999,
ganSla _ 1934w.).
dimitri TumaniSvili
dRes ara mgonia sakamaTo iyos: TavisTavad
konstruqciuli Tu funqciuri `simarTle~
mxatvruli, gindac e.w. `cxovrebis xarisxis~
sakmarisi piroba sulac ar aris; sxva Tu ara-
feri, am `receptiT~ aSenebuli uamravi Senoba
didi xania mTel dedamiwas moedo da mas sru-
lebiTac ar amSvenebs. `modernuli~ arqiteq-
turis postmodernuli, Tu ase SeiZleba iT-
qvas, `neoekleqtizmi~ da axla misi Canacvle-
ba raRac `post-postmodernizmiT~, romlis
erTi `nakadi~ axlaxans xsenebuli, `moder-
nist~ arqiteqtorTaA Seminul-sworxazovan
formebs imeorebs manieristulad, meore ki,
Tavmomwoned da modurad `dekonstruqciad~
TviTwodebuli, erix mendelzons, eero saa-
rinens, gvian le korbÁuzÁes Tu sxva `orga-
nicistebs~. aqedan gamomdinare, gamarTlda,
etyoba, im mkvlevarTaA azri, vinc XX saukunis
`axal arqiteqturas~ risme sxvis absolutur
dasawyisad ki ara, XIX saukuneSi dawyebuli
krizisis kidev erT qvesafexurad Tvlida6.
gaumarTlebelia `modernistuli~ Tu `tra-
7
dicionalisturi~ mimarTulebis romelsame
politikur wyobaze mibmac _ meti raRa, did
britaneTSi, romelsac imedia, `totalita-
rizms~ veravin daswamebs, `axalma arqiteq-
turam~ fexi II msoflio omis dasasrulamde
didad ver moikida7, manamde, vidre yovelnai-
ri `avangardi~, ginda jazi, politikosebma
dasavluri demokratiis `amosacnob niSnad~
aqcies, `wiTel~- komunisturi banakisgan gan-
sasxvaveblad. axla isic ufro naTlad Cans,
rom miuxedavad TvalsaCino ekleqtizmisa
(SefasebiT _ kninobiTi gagebiT), XIX sauku-
neSic sakmaod moiZebneba Rirseuli arqiteq-
6
ix. krebuli Historismus und bildende Kunst, München, 1965,
gansakuTrebiT h.g. eversis msjeloba. daaxloebiT
aseve fiqrobs C. jenqsic, ambobs ra, XX s-is arqiteq-
turaSi erTi stili ar yofilao, miT ufro, rom hit-
lerul-stalinuri nagebobebic misTvis modernizmis
nairsaxeobaa, gindac `reaqciuli“, rac TavisTavad
sagulisxmoa (Ch. Jenks, Critical Modernism. Where is postmo­
dernism going? London, 2007); sxva ambavia, rom misi filo-
sofia-Teologia friad saTuoa.
7
ix. mag., D. Watkin, English Arcitecture, London, 2001; es
Cinebuli mkvlevari XX s-is udides arqiteqtorad
ser edvin lÁuTienss Tvlis, gamoxatul `tradi-
cionalists~ (gv.190) da mas imdensave adgils uT-
mobs, rac mTel `modernizms~.
 dimitri TumaniSvili
torebica da faseuli nagebobebic. erTi si-
tyviT: unda vecadoT, akad. a. SCusevis nawar-
moebis daxasiaTeba ufro diferencirebuli,
misTvis Tavsmoxveuli, mogonili formierisa
Tu ideologiismieri `normebis~ gamoyenebis
gareSe movaxerxoT.
modiT, `wminda~ mxatvrul-xuroTmoZRv-
ruli msjelobiT daviwyoT. Tanac, raki
CvenTvis sayuradRebo amJamad nagebobis
ieri, mis `mikro~ (SoTa rusTavelis gamziri)
Tu `vrcel~ garemoSi misi adgilia, ZiriTa-
dad mis gare ierze SevCerdebi (sur. 1, 4, 5),
Tumca, ra Tqma unda, am kuTxiT gegmarebac
gvaqvs gasaTvaliswinebeli (sur. 2, 3). pirve-
li da umTavresi, rac gegmaze daxedvisTanave
xvdeba Tvals _ misi sruli simetriulobaa,
`klasicisturobis~, gnebavT, `akademiuro-
bis~ utyuari maniSni. mTavari, quCas gayole-
buli, mogrZo nawilis SuaSi vrceli talani
da mis ukan naxevarwriulad amoSverili (is
swored zemoxsenebul amfiTeatrian darbazs
Seicavs) moculobaa, aqeT-iqiT ki derefnebi,
8
ormxriv sadgomebiT; kideebze ZiriTadisad-
mi marTobuli, aseve mogrZo frTebia, pros-
peqtisken mokle, ezosken bevrad metad war-
ziduli boloebiT; gamziris pirze maT Soris
svetnaria, SigniT ki, gverdiT frTebSi or-
ori kibis ujredi (kidev ori Suana naSver-
Sic aris). axla ki qaRaldze Camogegmilebul
moculobebs SevexoT. winidan sakmaod maRal
nacrisfer zeZirkvelze (SeRmarTis miyole-
biT is dabldeba _ Cvengan aTvliT, _ mar-
jvnidan marcxniv) oTxsarTuliani nagebobaa
Sedgmuli; aqeT-iqiT yru rizalitebia, SuaSi
_ viwro sworkuTxa sarkmlebiT dacxrilu-
li (qveda sarTulebze isini erTiania, mes-
ame-meoTxeze orRiobiani, patara svetebiT
gayofili) Seweuli nawilia, didi (simaRliT
or sarTuls gatolebuli) farTosapiriani
SesasvleliTurT, xolo mis win, rogorc iT-
qva, dawaxnagebuli svetebia Camwkrivebuli
_ TiTo kideebze da oTxi dawyvilebuli maT
Soris; mesame sarTulis ZirSi horizonta-
lur gamyofad kozmidia samTav nawilis mTel
sigrZeze; mTavari nawilis mesame-meoTxe sar-
Tulebis rizalitebze ki kozmids zeiT-qveiT
zedapiri brtyeli pilÁastrebiT nawevrde-
ba _ qvemoT sami pilÁastria (kuTxeebsa da,
miaxloebiT, centrSi)8, zedaze ki ori (SuaSi
da svetnaris momijnave napirze); svetebis da
zeda pilÁastrebis Tavze viwro zolia, mci-
red Sverili lavgardaniT, Semdgom ufro
ganieri zedapiri (sada rizalitebze, relie-
febiT Sevsebul frizad qceuli _ svetna-
ris aswvriv; reliefebi iyo simaRliT mes-
ame-meoTxe sarTulebis toli, rizalitebis
`Sida~ naxevrebzec), Semdgom Ronivrad gamo-
ziduli karnizi da, bolos, Sua nawilis Tavze
_ atikis yru `zoli~; kedlebi mooqrosfro
tufiTaa Semosili, svetebi _ muqi nacrisfe-
ria. gverdiTi da ezos fasadebis kedlebi mo-
yviTalo baTqaSiTaa galesili; pirvel-meore
sarTulebis (ukan, niadagis donis vardnis
gamo, erTi sarTuli emateba da yvela Semad-
genelic erTi ganayofiT zeviT iwevs, Tumca
gverdiTi moculobebis bolo mesamedze zeda
sarTuli gamoklebulia da safexuri Cndeba)
manawevrebeli brtyeli pilÁastrebi da zo-
miT maTi toli oTxkuTxa svetebi momrgva-
lebuli nawilis amav sarTulebs Semovlebu-
li galereisa, aseve sarkmlebis (maTi umrav-
lesoba Setyubebulia, garda momrgvalebuli
moculobis sapireebiani sarkmlebisa meoTxe,
erTmaneTs mijrili Riobebisa _ mexuTe _
mrgvalisa da moCarCoebulis _ sxvenis sar-
Tulze) gamyofi imav proporciis `bowkinte-
bi~ aqac mooqrosfro tufisaa.
ezos mxridan cqerisas mTavari gale-
reis haerovnebisa da yru sibrtyeebis Ta-
nafardoba, sarkmelTa Riobebis ZiriTadad
Tanabari (SuaSi meoTxe sarTulidan gameC-
xerebuli mwkrivebi, svetebis Tu sarkmelTaA
gamyofebis erTmaneTis aswvriv ganlagebu-
li `bowkintebis~ vertikalebia. miuxedavad
Riobebis WrilTaA gansxvavebulobisa (metad-
re momrgvalebaze) suraTi, iqneb, erTfero-
vanic gamosuliyo (da asec Cans naxazze) rom
ara sxvadasxva sibrtyeze, Seweul-gamoweul,
sxvadasxva simaRlis sworsa da mrudxazo-
van zedapirze maTi ganTavseba; arsebiTad, aq
8
ganapira monakveTebi, naxaziT, cotaTi viwroa, ma-
gram Tvali amas naklebad Tu aRiqvams.

moculobaTa plastikaa warmmarTveli, igia
gamomsaxvelobis upirvelesi matarebelic.
upiratesi mniSvneloba ki, ginda qalaqisTvis,
ginda Tavad Senobis raoba-ragvarobis ga-
sarkvevad, cxadia, gamzirispira fasads aqvs.
vgoneb, ar Sevcdebi, Tu vityvi, umTavresad aq
svetnari da masze gadayvanili, Tamar abake-
lias Sesrulebuli bareliefebiT Sevsebuli
frizi ariso9. amas, vfiqrob, ferTa Sepiris-
pireba (muq-nacrisferi da TeTri mooqros-
frosTan) da mometebuli moculobrioba _
Tu ki pilÁastrebi Sebrtyelebulia da So-
ridan Wvretisas Tu ar erwymis, naklebadRa
gamoeyofa kedlebs, svetebi gamokveTilad
samganzomilebiania _ da frizis gamosaxu-
lebaTa amowev-CaweviT `datalRuli~ zeda-
piri (rizalitebze mis gagrZelebaze sada,
tufiT mogebuli sibrtyea) apirobebs. adre
am kompozicias, karedis frTebiviT ematebo-
da gverdiTA frTebze, zeviT moqceuli, iakob
nikolaZis (da ara T. abakelias, rogorc wam-
dauwum weren da amboben axlandeli Jurna-
listebi) naxelavi horeliefebic. ar SemiZ-
lia ar aRvniSno erTi TiTqosda `wvrilmani~,
romelic, Cemis fiqriT, mravlismTqmelia
xuroTmoZRvruli monafiqris zedmiwevni-
Tobis dasanaxad _ aRwerisas iTqva, rom gan-
sxvavebiT rizalitebis qveda naxevrisgan, ze-
das ar aqvs kuTxis momniSvneli pilastri _
kedlis kide, amgvarad `moSiSvlebulia~, amis
gamo ki _ `Sesustebulic~ da Tvali imwamsve
pilÁastrebiT sazRvardebul Sida naxevarze
gadadis _ dResac ki, rodesac aq mocemente-
buli oTxkuTxedis meti ara aris ra. kidev
erTic: horeliefebis qvemoT fasadi erTi
safexuriTaa Seweuli, ris gamoc pilastri
kedlis sibrtyeze ki ar Zevs, amozidul zol-
ze. amis meoxebiT, erTi mxriv, kuTxeebs mocu-
lobiToba emateba da isini ufro struqtu-
rulad, mzidad gamoiyureba; meore mxriv _
zeviT amoziduls qveviT SeRrmavebuli ze-
dapiri pasuxobs, rac erTgvar Sewonaswore-
bas iZleva. am martivi xerxiT es areebic Suana
kompozicias Seenawevreba, danarCeni sibrty-
eebi ki erTgvar fonad ganefineba. Sua nawi-
9
Sdr.: n. janberiZe, dasax. naSr., gv. 198.
dimitri TumaniSvili
lis sarkmlebiani kedelic ki savsebiT meore-
xarisxovania; marTalia, svetnars is Zalian
dacilebuli ar aris, Tvals ki ar itacebs; ga-
nier CarCoSi moqceul veeba kars Tu axedavs
kaci, magram svetebs metoqeobas isic ver gau-
wevs. yuradRebamisaqcevia Tavad am sabjene-
bis gadawyveta _ isini, rogorc ukve viciT,
mravalwaxnagaa, arc mrgvali, arc kanelÁure-
biT daRaruli, rogorc antikur orderebs
SeSvenis. albaT, amitomacaa isini Soreulad
oSkis, iSxnis, an tbeTis burjebs rom mogago-
nebT. Tavi da Tavi aq svetebis Setyubeba da
masStabia. TavisTavad tanwvrilni, dawyvile-
bisas isini sakmaod Zlier `sxeulad~ ikvreba,
romlis siRonivres maTi simaRle usvams xazs
da, rogorc aRiniSna, danarCeni Semadgenle-
bis sibrtyiToba. rom saqme sworad esaa, Sew-
yvilebuli svetebis sxva magaliTebTan Seda-
reba gveubneba. me ver vipove aseTi Tanafar-
dobis, svetTaA ramdenime sarTulis mTel
simaRleze awvdenis magaliTi _ samagierod,
mag., qristofer renis londonis wm. pavles
9
taZris portikze isini orsarTuladaa erT-
maneTze Sedgmuli, romelTagan qveda ufro
ganieria, zeda ki frontoniT sruldeba, rac
msubuqi zesvlis STabeWdilebas iZleva (sur.
6). yvelaze mravlismetyveli, albaT, klod
perros saxelganTqmul luvris kolonadas-
Tan Sepirispirebaa _ isic aSkarad monumen-
turia, iqac svetnari muqferia, mis ukan ki
baci kedeli ixilveba. magram ori sarTulis
momcveli `kolosaluri orderi~ maRal qve-
da sarTulze dgas, karis Tavze ki svetebi
ganigan iwevs, farTo mals _ Sesabamisad, ma-
xvils, _ warmoqmnis da zemoT frontonic
edgmis; svetebs ukan plastikurad morTuli
sarkmlebic gamosCans (sur. 7). `imelis~ kars,
rogorc vnaxeT, svetnari `angariSs ar uwevs~,
mas svetebi formalurad ki aCarCoebs, xolo
TviTon svetnarisTvis es `rigiTi~ malia,
kari masSi iseve iwereba, rogorc sxva Rio-
bebi; ase rom, Tu k. perro svetebs mTlianad
Senobas uqvemdebarebs _ zemoT ataniTac,
Sesasvlelis xazgasmiTac, mis miRma sakmaod
amozidulad kveTili morTulobis ganTavse-
biTac, a. SCusevis svetnari erTmniSvnelov-
 dimitri TumaniSvili
nad pirvelobs, mas Zalze naklebad ecileba
mniSvnelovnebas arsebrivad brtyeli kede-
li, romelzedac portaliRaa ram aqcenti,
zeda sarTulebis `bowkintTa~ kapitelebi
ki siSoridan ar ganirCeva da plastika arc
pilÁastrebs Semoaqvs10. vfiqrob, swored aqe-
danaa Zalis gancda, rasac aRZravs `imelis~
svetebis da naklebad sxva magaliTebis, Tun-
dac luvris fasadis xilva.
ar SeiZleba mcire xniT ar SevCerdeT
calkeuli formebis damuSavebaze. Cven ukve
davinaxeT, rom TiTqosda antikur-klasicis-
turi yaidis svetebi sinamdvileSi sxvagvari
yofila. es marto maTze rodi iTqmis. Tvalis
erTi SevlebiT isini, mag., korinTuli svetis-
TavebiT Cans dabolovebuli, dakvirvebisas
ki sul sxva ram aRmoCndeba. akanTis foTlebis
nacvlad isini X-XI saukuneebis Cven taZrebSi
cnobili palmetebis mwkrivebis gardanasa-
xia, maT Tavze ki adreqristianuli, Tugind
bolnisis sionis kapitelebidan TvalisTvis
nacnobi `mcenareebis~ minagvani saxeebia11.
10
axla fasadis gamyof saltes da mTavari ka-
ris CarCos davakvirdeT _ erTi SexedviT is
ionikebisganaa `asxmuli~, namdvilad ki mas-
ze imgvari badrosebri `Rilebia~ Cawyobili,
rogorc, vTqvaT, wromis taZris TavsarTze12.
ase rom, aqac Taviseburi `viTom-klasicizmi~
gvaqvs. im dros sabWoeTSi universalurad
da erTaderT `swor arqiteqturul enad~
aRiarebuli orderuli sistemis `erovnul
formasTan~ ase Seguebis Sedegs, albaT,
ekleqturs ver davarqmevT. Suasaukunovani
qarTuli taZarmSeneblobisTvis Cveuli sa-
10
me isini mxolod mas Semdeg SevniSne, rac naxazze
`amovicani~.
11
svetisTavebi, maTi uamravi nairsaxeobiT, antiku-
ri Tu Suasaukunovani elementebis gardaqmniTa da
danawevreba-kvlavSeerTebiT Seqmnili, 1930-1950-iani
wlebis Cveni arqiteqturis erTi gamorCeuli TemaTa-
gania _ gansakuTrebuli mravalferovneba, am mxriv,
arCil qurdianTan SeiZleba vnaxoT. gegoneba, rogorc
Cven kompozitorebs xalxuri simRerebis harmoniuli
svlebi Svebas aZlevda TiTqos, daZabul-savaldebu-
lo maJor-minoris sistemidan gamosavals Tavazob-
da, aqac Zveli xelovneba asparezs aZlevda qarTveli
arqiteqtorebis aTasnairad SezRudul warmosaxvas.
vgoneb, es sakiTxi dakvirvebada da Seswavlad Rirs.
12
Г.Н. Чубинашвили, Цроми, М., 1969, nax. gv. 37-ze, tab. 73.
xeebi isea CarTuli antikur-axalevropul
sqemaSi, rom maT Soris SeuTavsebloba ar
warmoiSveba, arc romelime maTganis raoba
ilaxeba uxeSad. palmetisebri foTlebic ki,
romlebic, rogorc wesi, sibrtyezea Cari-
gebuli, aqac swor waxnagebze TavsTeba da
simrgvales aseTnairad egueba. vfiqrob, sa-
gangebo miTiTebis gareSec naTelia: mosar-
Tavebi Senobaze sakmaod momWirnedaa naxma-
ri13 da gansazRvreba `meorexarisxovanic~ ki
metis-meti iqneba; amasTan isini nagebobis aR-
nagobis gamomkveTia da pilÁastrebic ki, Tu
namdvil dgarebs ar emTxveva kidec, SigniT
arsebulTa anasaxi maincaa. ara mgonia, metis-
meti iyos vTqvaT, rom mTavari fasadis svet-
nariani monakveTis gamoklebiT, wamZRoli aq
moculobaTa Sexameba da maTi RiobebiT gaxs-
naa. TavisTavad ukanasknelnic sagulisxmoa
_ erTgan, ukana momrgvalebis mexuTe sar-
Tulze, Tu mas aqeT-iqiT momdgar kedlis
monakveTebze TiTqmis rom sruli `zolova-
ni~ sarkmlebia14, `modernuli~ arqiteqturis
niSnad miCneuli; danarCeni Riobebic, raki
vertikaliT gayofilT maT erT xvrelobad
vxedavT, met-naklebad ganSi wasulad ikiTxe-
ba, es ki maT Tarazul mwkrivebad `Sezrdas~
mogvaCvenebs. Sesabamisad, arc Tu Cveuleb-
rivi `klasicizmi~ gvqonia da sruli safuZ-
veli gveZleva gavixsenoT: a. SCusevi _ aseve
misi Tbiliseli rwmunebuli n. severovic! _
uaxles arqiteqturasTan mwyralad sulac
ar yofilan: pirveli, mogexsenebaT, avtoria
v. leninis mavzoleumis da, Tundac baTums
adre `inturistad~ wodebuli sastumrosi15,
meore ki Tbiliss, 9 aprilis quCaze mdebare
13
Sdr. n. janberiZe, dasax. naSr., gv. 202.
14
saqme isaa, rom mTavari moculobis am samTav nawil-
ze Suakedlisebi, Tan svetisTavdadgmuli, `bowkin-
tebisgan~ gansxvavebulad ar Cans da Riobebs erT-
maneTTan ufro akavSirebs, vidre aSoriSorebs maT.
teqtonikas ar ewinaaRmdegeba, magram sxvebze ufro
`dekorad“ gamoimzireba gverdiTi frTebis ukana
fasadis meore-mesame sarTulis kuTxeebsa da SuaSi
ayolebuli pilÁastrebi.
15
es, rogorc gaarkvia q-ma maia maniam (misi naSromi
sastambod mzaddeba), imis niSania, rom es Senobac, ise-
ve rogorc `imeli“ e.w. `postkonstruqtivizmis“ nimu-
Sia. am Senobazec, sxvaTa Soris, brtyeli pilÁastrebi
aris moSveliebuli.

administraciuli Senobisa, Tan ori ukanask-
neli, albaT, saqarTveloSi konstruqtivizm-
funqcionalizmis saukeTeso nagebobania.
verc imas vityvi, klasicistur- `istoristu-
li~ elementebi ubralod ucxo `Sesamoseli~
iyos, `modernuli~ nagebobis tanze uazrod
Semocmuli, ugemuri minamati _ maTi meti
wili, es ukve iTqva, teqtonikuri logikis ga-
momCenia16, ai rusTavelis gamzirze gamomava-
li kedlis ZiriTadi Semadgeneli ki, vgoneb,
xuroTmoZRvruli metafora da Senobis sax-
viTi ganmarteba unda iyos.
h. zedlmaÁrisgan gansxvavebiT, ar var
darwmunebuli, rom xuroTmoZRvreba, mxatv-
roba-qandakebasaviT, gamosaxvis xelovneba
iyos, rom misi qmnilebani naweriviT, ginda
naxativiT gabmul, racionalur Txrobad
waikiTxebodes, risTvisac yoveli Semadgen-
eli Senobisa ram niSani unda iyos, cxadia,
sakmarisad calsaxac. meore mxriv, arqiteq-
turuli forma, Cemis azriT, `metyvelia~, ra-
kiRa misi Sefardebani Tu damuSavebis xasiaTi
gansazRvrul STabeWdilebas gvitovebs da
saxe-xatebsac gamoixmobs. vuwyi, ra Tqma unda,
e.w. `xelovnebis ena~ sityvierze metad `sayo-
velTao~ rom ar aris _ sxvadasxva drosa da
adgilas ara mxolod gansxvavebulad qmnid-
nen, aRiqvamdnen da aRiqvamen kidec. mxedve-
lobiTi Tu smeniTi Cvevebi ayalibebs Cvens
damokidebulebas axali aRsaqmelisadmi _
vgoneb, aq dim. uznaZis `ganwyobis~ msgavsi
ram moqmedebs, _ da gvexmareba an xels gviS-
lis is `davinaxoT~ an `gavigonoT~17; amito-
16
arqiteqtura TiTqos misdevso g. CubinaSvilis mier
1936 wels, mis gaxmaurebul moxsenebaSi `qarTuli
arqiteqturis gzebi“ wamoyenebul debulebas... `Ta-
namedrove arqiteqturas safuZvlad unda daedos...
moculobiTi masebis `konstruqciuli kolofi“...[ris]
Sedegia, bunebrivia, sworkuTxedsa da kvadrats miax-
loeba.... TiTqos... unda movelodeT Senobebis mopirke-
Tebas qviT... SesaZlebeli, sasurvelic gaxlavT qvaze
ornamentuli kveTilobis gamoyeneba Senobis arqiteq-
turuli formebis maxvilis dasasmelad da maT mosar-
Tavad.“ (Пути грузинской архитектуры, Вопросы... т.2, gv. 34).
17
`ganwyobismieri~ ver-aRqmis aseTi saxaliso magali-
Tic damamaxsovrda: kompozitori da pianisti eleono-
ra eqsaniSvili 1940-iani wlebis bolos moskovis kon-
servatoriaSi, aspiranturaSi swavlobda, fortepia-
dimitri TumaniSvili
macaa, xelovnebasTan urTierTobisasac mu-
dam rodi `gvasxenan Tvalni xedvad da yurni
smenad.~ da mainc, yvelam viciT, saqme mTlad
uimedod rom ar aris. jer erTi, aris for-
mismieri Tvisebebi, rogoricaa, mag., didi da
patara, ganrTxmul-ganieri da awowil-viwro,
romelnic, CveulebaTa da msoflmxedvelo-
baTa Sesabamisad SeiZleba vin moiwonebs da
vin ara, daxasiaTeba ki yvelas erTgvari ga-
mouva. Cvens SemTxvevaSi, Tanacve, arc droi-
Ti Tu kulturuli dacilebaa imdenad didi,
dRevandelTaTvis gansaxilveli nagebobis
`metyveleba~ sul ucxo xili iyos. mkiTxve-
li uTuod ukve mixvdeboda, `imelSi~ amgvari
`Ria~ gamomsaxvelobis mqoned Sua svetnari
rom meguleba. is, zemoTac mogaxseneT, Zalis,
Zalmosilebis gamomxatvelia. Senobis agebis
drois gaTvaliswinebiT, arc isaa didi sai-
dumlo, visi da risia es Zala. rogorc viciT,
1930-iani wlebis Suaxana _ meore naxevarSi,
Tbilisis imJamindel SuagulSi, rusTavelis
gamzirze ori didi mSenebloba warmoebda _
11
erTi `imelisa“, meore ki _ e.w. `mTavrobis sa-
xlisa~ (Semdgom saqarTvelos parlamentis).
maTi masStabic ki gardatexis momaswavebeli
iyo _ is TvalsaCinod gazrdilia manamdel-
Tan SedarebioT. ver ityvis kaci, es movlena
sul Seumzadebeli iyoo _ zomaTa, uwinare-
sad sarTulianobis zrda XIX saukunis meore
naxevridan mokidebuli, aq sul mimdinareob-
da _ SevxedoT prospeqtze, mis luw mxareze
jerac SemorCenil orsarTulian saxlebs,
da, Tundac, sastumro `maJestiks~ (axla _
nos ganxriT _ cnobili profesoris, odesRac graf
lev tolstoÁs Tanamosaubris aleqsandr goldenveÁ-
zeris klasSi. erTxel erT- erTma mowafem (iqneb Tavad
q-ma noramac) gakveTilze s. prokofÁevis erT-erTi
nawarmoebi moitana; garkveuli drois Semdeg aRmoCn-
da, rom musikis nawils is sxva gasaRebSi ukravda, rasac
a. goldenveÁzeris gaxarebuli SeZaxili mohyva, xom
vambob, rac ginda daukari, amas mniSvneloba ara aqvso.
sagulisxmoa, rom momdevno Taobebis `yurisTvis~ (e.i.
bgeriTi warmosaxvisTvis) s. prokofÁevis musikis har-
moniuli Tu melodiuri svlebi savsebiT gasagebi da
ver-Senacvlebadia, Tumc Secdoma wina saukuneebis ev-
ropul musikaSi ufro ioli amosacnobia, Tan, vTqvaT,
v.a. mocartTan ufro advilia vidre, mag., r. vagnerTan
an i. bramsTan _ raki TandaTan klebulobs musikalu-
ri qsovilis `gamWvirvaleba~.
 dimitri TumaniSvili
`Mariott-i) Tu saqarTvelos sax. muzeums18 da es
erTmniSvnelovani gaxdeba; amisve maCvenebe-
lia daSenebiT saxlebis amaRleba _ rac ara
marto aq keTdeboda da ara marto maSin; Tum-
ca, unda iTqvas, rom am movlenis Tbilissa Tu,
gnebavT baTumze (sadac simaRlis momatebas
Tvali 1910-iani wlebidan gaedevneba) gavlena,
maT ierze misi dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi zemo-
qmedeba kvlav ganubWobelia. ase Tu ise, es ori
nageboba, orTav uSualod 1921 wels CvenSi
damyarebul rusul-sabWour xelisuflebas-
Tan dakavSirebuli, mainc, ase vTqvaT, `monu-
mentalizaciis~ sxvagvari xarisxis Semomtani
iyo _ maT gverdiT SoTa rusTavelis sax. Te-
atric `sustia~, operisac, igiv `maJestikic~
da saqarTvelos sax. muzeumic; ukanasknelT
erTdroulad sigrZec didi aqvs da azidulo-
bac, arc centri aqvs gamokveTili, ris gamoc
isini, uwinaresad, moSenebis nawilad iqce-
va, amitom ki TavisTavad maxvilad naklebad
Cans. imdroindeli cxovrebis mTlianobaSi
amis azri naTelze-naTeli iyo _ ruseTidan
12
Cveneburi revolÁucioner _ `meumravlesee-
bis~ (ase Targmnidnen zogjer `большевик~-s)
xelSewyobiT Semotanili (Tu _ Semoyvanili)
sazogadoebrivi wyoba winaRudgomelia, is
movida da damkvidrda da amas veRaraferi
Secvlis. gamarjvebisa da daumarcxeblobis
formismierad `gamoTqmul~ ideas `imelis~
wina fasadze araorazrovnad sÁuJeturi re-
liefebi `yveba~. rizalitebis horeliefze-
dac da frizzec marcxniv ufro `mSromeli
masebis~ brZola, marjvniv maTi Tavganwirvis
Sedegi gamoisaxeba, zeviT ucxadesad, Seneba
_ mosavlis aRebiT gadmocemuli. `saTqmeli~,
amdenad, aseT winadadebad SeiZleba davwe-
roT: `movediT, davamarcxeT, gagabedniereT~.
isicaa aRsaniSni, rom dRes xuroTmoZRv-
rebaSi Cadebuli `Zalis eqspresiaca~ da misi
saxviTi `axsnac~ Sesustebuli da naklulia.
pirveli `dartyma~ `imels~ 1970-ian wlebSi
mis gverdiT fostis Senobam miayena. b-n levan
rCeuliSvils es ase gamouTqvams: `.... kavSir-
18
b-ni n. janberiZe swored am ukanasknels miiCnevs
`imelisTvis~ principuli mniSvnelobis mqoned, misi
masStabis Semapirobeblad (dasax. naSr., gv. 197).
gabmulobis saxlis avtors Zalian undoda
mTavari fostis `imelis~ SenobasTan erT an-
samblSi gaerTianeba... miusadaga kidec misi
formebi 1938 wels agebul SCusevis Senobas,
ase rom, rusTavelze axla erTmaneTis gver-
diT oro `Ronieri~ saxli dgas.... [arqiteq-
tori] `marqsizm-leninizmis instituts~ da-
morCilda, magram `iveria~ gadaaviwyda _ es
gamWvirvale, msubuqi `yuTi~... axla fosta
da `imeli~ erT xmaSi ubrZaneben `iverias~,
dagvekarge aqedan, gadavardi mtkvarSio....~19.
marTlacda, lado aleqsi-mesxiSvilis mo-
nafiqridan Tu amovalT, is namdvilad `xmis
Semwyobia~. magram Tu `imelis~ manamdel da
axlandel mdgomareobas SevadarebT, xom
cxadia, misTvis sasikeTo rom ver iqneboda
mis gverdiT misebr `Ronieri~, misebrve `oma-
xianad~ moRaRade Senobis wamoWimva. pirvan-
deli viTareba Tu gindaT warmoidginoT,
quCis mopirdapire mxares unda dadgeT da
mxolod `imelis~ marjvniv mdgom yof. kadet-
Ta korpuss (axla zurab wereTlis muzeums)
unda uyuroT. SeuZlebeli mgonia imis ver-
SemCneva, rogor `jabnis~ mas, batonobs kide-
vac masze a. SCusevis nageboba, marcxniv gaxed-
visas amis msgavsi aRaraferia, adre ki fostis
adgilze `Tbilisuri~ samsarTuliani saxli
idga, kuTxeze msubuqi, Sekiduli liTonis ai-
vnebiT, aseve `imelis~ mier `damorCilebuli~.
amrigad, Canafiqrismierad ukanaskneli dRe-
vandelze bevrad metad `eZaleboda~ garemos,
bevrad ufro `mTavrobda~ da `pirvelobda~.
Semdgomi danakargi Senobisa ukve
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis xanaze modis
_ 1991 wlis zafxulSi `saqarTvelos damou-
kideblobis partiis~ wevrTa jgufma sagange-
bo asawevbaqniani manqana miuyena `imels~ da
mTeli dRe CaquCebiT lewavda i. nikolaZis
reliefebs. es partia da misi Tavkaci, b-ni
19
g. gvaxaria, cremliani saTvale, Tb., 2013, gv. 87-88.
amgvari msjeloba b-n leosgan mec msmenia da unda iT-
qvas, rom 30 wlis mere gaxsenebisas b-ma giorgi gvaxa-
riam Cinebulad SeinarCuna misi intonacia; cotaTi
scildeba b-n leosas ara azris, sityvaTa SerCevis
mxriv, Semdegi winadadeba: `ai, ase gandevna 30-iani da
70-iani wlebis stilma msubuqi, nazi da haerovani 60-
iani wlebis ena~. aq mis leqsikasac naklebad vcnob, ki-
losac, 1960-ianebis ase Seqebac mezedmeteba....

irakli wereTeli maSindel xelisuflebas
dapirispirebuli iyvnen da maTi moqmedeba
sruliad TviTneburi iyo, romelsame saxel-
mwifoebriv erTeulTan SeuTanxmebeli. cxa-
dia, horeliefebis nacvlad carieli zedapi-
ris gaCenam TvalnaTlioba moaklo Senobis,
rogorc ityvian, `gzavnils~, garkveuloba
daukarga mis paTetikas. gamoxda xani da ori-
od wlis winaT Senobis mowesrigebisas, sadac
amasobaSi, 1992-1995 wlebSi `Tbilisis omis~
Semdeg usaxlkarod darCenili saqarTvelos
parlamenti iyo dabinavebuli, mere ki Torme-
tiod weli _ sakonstitucio sasamarTlo Tu
centraluri saarCevno komisia, T. abakelias
frizze amokodes jgufuri kompoziciebis
gamyofad moqceuli marqsizmis `klasikose-
bisa~ da `beladebis~ (karl marqsi, fridrix
engelsi, vladimir lenini, ioseb stalini)
profilebi. rasakvirvelia, axla Znelad Tu
gamoicnoba, ris gamo darazmulan saomrad
Tu risTvis Sromoben aq gamoqandakebuli
qal-vaJni. gasagebia, odindel SemqmnelTa Ca-
nafiqrisTvis yvela es cvlileba sazaralo
romaa; isic, rom qarTuli qandakebis erTi
etapisTvis damaxasiaTebeli da xelovanTaT-
vis didmniSvnelovani20 nawarmoebebis ganad-
gureba Tu dazianeba verc xelovnebis mkvle-
varT anda moyvarulT gaaxarebs. meore mxriv,
yvela am qmedebas raRac mizezi unda hqondes,
raRac gamomwvevi; maT mimarT sazogadoebis
damokidebulebac aris saTvalavSi Casagde-
bi, amdenad ki, gasarkvevia ra kuTxiT unda mi-
vudgeT maT da samomavlod ra visurvoT.
saamisod mogviwevs arcTu Soreul sab-
Wour warsuls miveqceT. ra adgili hqonda
`imels~ imdroindeli qalaqisa Tu qveynis
cxovrebaSi? Cven vnaxeT arqiteqturism-
codneobiTi Sefaseba, misi Rirsebebis mCeni
20
i. nikolaZis ase monumenturi sxva namuSevari
ar SemogvrCenia _ ufro adridan, 1920-iani Tu
1930-iani wlebidan aRar Cans e.w. `tfilisis wris~
(Тифлисский кружок) (mere aq sabWoTa armiis e.w.
`oficerTa saxli~ ganTavsda, axla ki ansambl
`erisionis~ binaa) Senobis frontonebisTvis
gankuTvnili qandakebebi; 1938 wels auRiaT 1925
w-s dadgmuli misi jgufuri qandakeba _ s. ter-
petrosianis (kamos) Zegli (b. quTaTelaZe, Tbilisis
qandakeba, Tb., 2013, gv. 43).
dimitri TumaniSvili
_ igi RirSesaniSnavia, rogorc saqarTve-
loSi pirveli magaliTi sagangebod, ase Tu
ise humanitaruli, da, ase Tu ise kvleviTi
dawesebulebis, funqciurad maRal doneze
mogvarebuli da Tanac, maRalmxatvrulad
mofiqrebul-Sesrulebuli Senobisa. es _
erTi mxarea da aq sadao ara aris ra. iyo ki _
meorec. oRond: axla ukve, uneburad sakuTar
mexsierebas unda davendo, radgan mciredi
imedic ar maqvs, sadme raime damadasturebe-
li Tanadrouli naweri arsebobdes, mogviane-
biT dawerili ki, Tu aris kidec, aucileblad
gacalmxrivebuli iqneba. vecdebi Cemi gaxse-
nebuli rac SeiZleba xelSesaxebi iyos, erTi
kia mainc windawin aRsaniSni _ rac unda vT-
qva, es ver iqneba yvelas mogoneba; cxadia xom
_ istoria, rogorc xdomilebaTa Tanmimdev-
roba kia obieqturi, SeiZleba imasac mivaRwi-
oT, maT Soris kavSirebi obieqtivirebulad
naTelvyoT. magram istoria viTarca ganc-
dili Tu Tana-gancdili namyo sinamdvile,
RirebulebaTa gansazRvrul cxrils Sefar-
13
debuli, garduvalad viRacis cnobierebaSi
arsebobs da misi pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis
Tu misi sazogadoebrivi garemocvis zemoq-
medebiTaa Seferili. ara mgonia, yvela xedva
TanabarRirebuli iyos, momxdaris Tanabari
simarTliT warmomCeni, oRond yoveli maT-
gani aucileblad nawilobrivi kia. piradad
Cemi Tvalsawieri im wriTaa Semofargluli,
romlisTvisac `imelis~ nauwyebi _ `dava-
marcxeTo~, JRerda rogorc `dagamarcxeT~,
socialuradac da erovnuladac. Tu Tavs
ufleba miveci sakuTari ganacadi istoriul
ganxilvaSi Semovitano, imitom mxolod, rom
Cemi bavSvoba-yrmoba-axalgazrdobis si-
vrce erTi SemadgenelTagani iyo im Srisa,
romlis wyalobiT ukan xedvisas ara marto
moRalateebs, jalaTebsa da tyuils vpou-
lobT, aramed zneobriv simaRlesac da Zar-
Rvian Semoqmedebasac. amasTan, kidev erTxel
unda movuwodo sifrTxilisken yvelas, vinc
sabWoTa samocdaaTwleulze wers da ubnobs
_ moerideT Savisa da TeTris Sejaxebas. wu-
Tisofeli xom mudam da yovelgan `Wrelia~,
ar ki mgonia, odesme da sadme arsebuliyo am-
 dimitri TumaniSvili
nairi sinamdvile sadac sityva da saqme araTu
acdenili, urTierTsawinaaRmdego iyo. moma-
val mkvlevarTa sabednierod moqmedebaTa da
gancxadebaTa araTanmimdevruloba erTi, da
xangamoSvebiT amoxeTqili absurduloba21,
meore mxriv, SeiZleba adamians im realobis
amocnobaSi daexmaros. da mainc, Semswavlels
Tvali da yuri nivTier-xilulisa Tu naTq-
vamis miRma Semalul namdvil fiqrisa da mi-
zanswrafva unda hqondes mipyrobili. isic
araferi, Tu romelime verafriT saqebi kaci
uceb did sasikeTo saqmes waaSvelebs xels _
mag., lavrenti beria gaaxsnevinebs dimitri
SevardnaZes (romelsac sam weliwadSi gaaq-
robs!) xelovnebis muzeums _ bolos da bo-
los, tiranebis `xuSturianoba~ aravis akvir-
vebs. gacilebiT mZimea vinme yovelnairad pa-
tivsacem pirTan visime an risime dakrulvas
an, piriqiT, qebaTa-qebas gadaawyde, romelic
gerCivneboda garewarsac ar wamoscdenoda.
pirveli, rac aseT dros azrad mogvdis, SiSma
wamoaroSinao. ratomac ara, mas diaxac bevri
ram ZaluZs _ gamogonia, mag., rom erTi yve-
14
laze keTilSobili qalbatoni, vinc mcnobia,
iZulebuli Seiqna raRac krebaze dapatimre-
buli meuRle uareyo; ganyenebulad veraferi
mosawoni saqcielia, simarTle ki, ai ra aris
_ esRa SeeZlo mas ecada, raTa sul mTlad
ar daoblebuliyo misi ramdenime wlis Svili
da _ imjerad xerxma gaWra... amave dros, SiSi,
rogorc stalinuri xanis adamianTa cxov-
rebis lamisaa erTaderTi warmmarTveli _
usaSvelo gadaWarbebaa. ki batono, isic yo-
fila, daWerilis ojaxis wevrs quCaSi ar mi-
salmebian, mavanT represirebulis saxlidan
fexi amoukveTiaT da a.S. amasTan erTad ki pi-
radad me mxolod or qarTvel kacze msmenia,
axloblis Svilebs kari ar gauReso da isic
xom mowmobs raRacas, ramden Zalze mwvave
anekdots yvebodnen maSin22; da, sxvaTa Soris,
21
aviRoT aseTi gasaocari striqonebi sabWoTa kavSi-
ris himnidan _ `Ñîþç íåðóøèìûé ðåñïóáëèê ñâîáîäíûõ,/
Ñïëîòèëà íàâåêè âåëèêàÿ Ðóñü~ _ netav ranairad SeiZ-
leba `Tavisufali~ qveynebi romeliRac sxvam `urRve-
vad~ da `saukunod~ Seyaros?
22
ai, erTi maTgani, rac momagonda: `vcxovrobT ro-
gorc tramvaiSi, vin zis, vin ZigZigebs~ (Живем как в
трамвае _ одни сидят, другие трясутся).
arc akrZaluli `cisferyanwelebis~ leqse-
bis wakiTxvas eridebodnen. im dros, metad-
re 1936-1938 wlebis umZimesi viTarebisadmi
cnobieri qarTvelobis midgomis gasagebad,
vfiqrob, isev b-ni l. rCeuliSvili dagvex-
mareba. erTxel aw gansvenebul nino zaaliS-
vils, ukve 1970-ian wlebSi misTvis ukiTxavs,
`rogor cxovrobdnen misi Taobis axalgazr-
debi [19]30-ian wlebSi, rogor uZlebdnen re-
Jimis wnexs~-o. baton leos upasuxia, `dRi-
siT didi enTuziazmiT swavlobdnen da Sro-
mobdnen, RamiT ki SiSiT elodebodnen karze
dakakunebas da cixeSi wayvanas~23. msgavsi ram
araerTxel, maT Soris mamaCemisgan (maSin igi
11-13 wlisa iyo) msmenia. da cxadia _ is ada-
mianebi, romelnic, didian-patarianad Tav-
TavianT sawolebSi, TvaldaxuWulni (axlob-
lebi xom ar unda SeewuxebinaT!) elodnen im
Jams, sanam maT sadarbazosTan gauCereblad
Cairaxraxebda dampatimrebelTaA `Sav yor-
nad~ wodebuli manqana, an gaTvlidnen, maTi
`SemovlisTvis~ gankuTvnil dros, dilidan
SuaRamemde guldadebiT aswavlidnen, mkur-
nalobdnen, mRerodnen, ikvlevdnen, aSenebd-
nen da a.S. da a.S. maTi mxneobis mowmobad, mgo-
ni, isic unda kmarodes, raoden xalisianad
gviRimian isini saojaxo albomebidan.... yo-
velTvis angariSgasawevia Semdegi SesaZleb-
lobanic: a. yovlad wesieri adamiani bolSe-
vizmis gulrwfeli motrfialea _ aseTebi
cotani iyvnen, magram xom iyvnen, ase Tu ise; b.
zogadi socialisturi Tu egalitaristuli,
sulac marqsistuli Sexedulebebis gamzi-
arebeli, miuxedavad antibolSevikuri ganw-
yobilebisa, ufasebs komunistebs `ubralo
xalxisTvis~ zrunvas, socialuri uzrunve-
lyofis RonisZiebebs (marTalia, xarisxs Tu
movikiTxavT, vercTu warmatebuls) da ami-
tom Sinaganad urigdeba maT; amitom modiT,
xelaRebiT liton `kolaboracionizmad~ nu
CavuTvliT Cvens mxatvrebs axalmSeneblo-
baTa `ukvdamyofel~ tiloebsa da grafikul
furclebs da TviT v.lenin-i. stalin-l. be-
rias portretebic ki daviT kakabaZis cnobil
23
n. zaaliSvili, gadasaxlebulebidan represirebu-
lebamde, kr.-Si: `dakarguli istoria. mexsiereba rep-
resirebuli qalebis Sesaxeb, Tb., 2012, gv.389

`mitingze~ SeiZleba arc iyos mTlad guls
gareT mixatuli; g. `xotbiTi~ leqsi, simRera,
suraTi, samecniero naSromSi Cabneuli ori-
od qaTinauri xarki SeiZleba iyos, raRacis
Tavisi saqmisa da qveynisTvis marTlac saWi-
ros da sasargeblos gakeTebis xelSewyobis
an, sulac, xelis ar-SeSlis piroba _ eseTe-
bic xSirze-xSiria. daumateT amas kidev, rom
sakmaodaa namdvili medroveebic, romelTa
Soris marto uniWoebi, umaqnisebi rodia;
rom mravladaa ase vTqvaT, `Sereuli tipis~
adamianebic; rom droTa ganmavlobaSi adami-
anebi azrs icvlidnen da, Sesabamisad, rome-
lime erTi jgufidan meoreSi inacvlebdnen
da ufro naTeli gaxdeba, raodeni sirTule
eliT win Cveni uaxlesi xanis meistorieT. um-
Tavresi ki Semdegia _ yovel calke SemTxve-
vaSi rkveva calkevea Casatarebeli da ver
vendobiT raime ganzogadebas. Tundac Cveni
samsjelo nageboba aviRoT _ ra amoZravebda,
davuSvaT, o. rodenis TanamSromlobiT mo-
amaye, ilia WavWavaZis Zeglis Semqmnel iakob
nikolaZes _ Semguebloba Tu sxva ram? gu-
lis siRrmeSi jerac patriotTa Tanamoazrea
igi Tu ukve bolSevikTa mxareze gadasuli,
rogoradac man Tavi 1940-ian wlebSi gamoaCi-
na _ da an maSin ki iyo gulwrfeli? an Tavad a.
SCusevis SemTxvevaSi _ ostatis xelmtkico-
ba ganasaxovnebinebs mas 1917 wlis revolÁu-
ciamde eklesiaTa maSeneblobiT gasmenils
`wiTlebis~ triumfs Tu sakuTari rwmena?
axla ki droa `imelis~ kulturul-isto-
riuli raobis sakiTxs mivubrundeT. upir-
velesi, rac masze meTqmevineba _ gansazRv-
reba `ukacrielebaa“. mTeli sicocxle rus-
Tavelis gamzirze davdivar da sul orjer
vnaxe Ria misi mTavari kari _ orivejer aq
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos yofnaSi. 1992
wlidan Senobis win dacvis jariskacebi mainc
midi-modiodnen, adre ki adamianis WaWane-
ba ar iyo _ daxSuli sadarbazo, yovelTvis
daketili sarkmlebi, romelTa iqiT Tvals
veravis mohkravdi; gverdiT karebTanac, sai-
danac TanamSromlebi Tu mimsvlelebi Sedi-
odnen, damoukideblobamde aravin SemimCne-
via. am Tavisebur garindebas Seesatyvisebo-
dimitri TumaniSvili
da gamvlelTa qcevac. erTi rom, adamianebis
nakadi aq verasodes yofila. es, Tumca, erTi
ucnauri garemoebis gamovlinebaTagania, ro-
melic didi xnis win SeniSna b-ma janri kaSiam
_ rusTavelis prospeqtis kent mxareze yo-
velTvis naklebi xalxia, vidre luwze. ufro
arsebiTia, mimomavalni amxela nagebobisken
didad rom ar icqirebodnen _ sxvaTa So-
ris, mopirdapire trotuaridanac, TiTqosda
Tvals aridebeno. igive iTqmis Senobis, ase
vTqvaT, `SigTavszec“. qarTuli saistorio
mecnierebisTvis, garda, albaT, uaxlesi is-
toriis specialistebisa, lamisaa arc arse-
bula iq momuSaveni Tu maTi nakvlev-nafiqri;
arc is magondeba, vinmes, CemTvis nacnobs,
iqauri arqivisa (is ki mTel oficialur-sa-
bWour informacias inaxavda) an _ rogorc
amboben, Zalze mdidari, _ biblioTekisTvis
miekiTxos. imitom xom ara, rom aTasgvar maS-
indel brZanebulebebsa da statistikas bevri
araferi daejereboda24, xolo wignebis meti
wili, Turme, 1930-1940-iani wlebis daxvre-
15
til-gadasaxlebulTa naqoni iyo25? zemoT
24
maT sandoobaze, vfiqrob, aseTi ambavic metyvelebs:
1978 wels b-n l. rCeuliSvilTan erTad borjomis xeo-
baSi viyaviT Suasaukunovani nasaxlar-nasaydralebis
dasaTvaliereblad. sxvebTan erTad, sof. mzeTamzis
maxloblad erTi nasoflari gvqonda sanaxavi; mis
misagnebad, megzuri movikiTxeT. vidre is saidanRac
movidoda, soflis erT-erTma Tavkacma (mgoni, kol-
meurneobis Tavmjdomarem) Sin SegvipatiJa. b-ma leom,
rogorc sCveoda, saubari gauba, saqmeebi rogor mi-
diso, hkiTxa. pasuxad maspinZelma, sruliad mSvidad
gvauwya _ araferi gviWirs, mxolod, amdeni papanaqebis
gamo, Tivis gegmis Sesruleba (mogexsenebaT, winaswar
iyo dagegmili, ra da ramdeni unda moewiaT sabWoeTis
mcxovrebT) gagviWirdeba, magram amasac moevlebao;
axla vTibavT, Sesanaxad davawyobT, mere ki skolaSi
swavla rogorc ki daiwyeba, bavSvebs SevgzavniT, gamo-
vazidinebT da xelmeored CavabarebTo.... amis momsmens,
miadvildeboda dajereba gagonilisa, kvercxs ramde-
nimegzis abareben, yiduloben da xelaxla abarebeno, an
wveladobis maCveneblis gasazrdelad, rZes wyals uma-
teben da umatebeno.....
25
es gansvenebuli b-ni ediSer giorgaZisgan msmenia _
misi meuRle, q-ni bela demetraZe iq biblioTekarad
muSaobda. wignebs rom arTmevdnen, sxvafrivac vici _
1930-ian wlebSi binaSi (axlandeli m. zandukelisa da
k. mayaSvilis quCebis kuTxeze), sadac mamaCemis oja-
xi `idga~, bevri Tanamosaxle gaCnda, maT Soris CvenSi
`sawarmoo xelovnebis~ Teoretikosi, rogorc yve-
bodnen, Zalian keTili da gulCvili adamiani, b-ni (ara
_ `amxanagi~, uTuod!) aleqsandre duduCava. 1937-Si
 dimitri TumaniSvili
gamoCnda, `imelis“ arqiteqturaze ra azri-
sa iyvnen qarTveli xelovnebaTmcodneebi _
ai `Sinaur“ saubrebSi ki mas Zvirad Tu axse-
nebda vinme, Tu maincadamainc, reliefebze,
metadre T. abakelias frizze isaubrebdnen
an, kidev, uCa jafariZis panoebze, romelTac
bevr wignSi naxavdiT, arki uTqvams vinmes,
wavideT, vnaxoTo.... an gana b-ni l. rCeuliS-
vilis zemomoyvanili mosazreba niSneuli
araa? sxva yvelaferTan erTad, is gviCvenebs,
ra mimarTuleba hqonda maSindel (1970-iani
wlebis) gansjas _ axlad amoyvanil fos-
tas `iveriasTan“ Tu, zogadad, rusTavelis
gamziris ganaSenianebasTan mimarTebiT ga-
nixilavdnen da aravis aRelvebda `imelis“
Senobis _ imav analizSi uTqmelad nagu-
lisxmevi, _ `daknineba“. ufro ucnauria, igi
rom arc komunist _ xelisufalT adarde-
bda. SesaZloa, es SenobaTa Tu gamosaxule-
baTa simboluri Rirebulebis Segnebis Tan-
daTan `gamofitvas“ migvaniSnebdes _ man,
Cemis azriT, maSin iCina Tavi, rodesac vasil
mJavanaZe daTanxmda sastumro `iveria“ Cveni
16
dedaqalaqis mTavari vertikali yofiliyo
(gegoneba, Tbilisi sazRvao an samTo kuror-
tiao!); Semdgom saqarTvelos komunisturi
partiis centraluri komitetis pirvelma
mdivanma, eduard SevardnaZem mis win qveynis
`mTavari moedani“ isurva, 15-iod wliT gvian
ki manve, ukve prezidentma, xeli Seuwyo erTs
Cvens didniWier moqandakeTagans sastumros
sadarbazos, transportis gaCerebasa da mi-
wisqveSa gadasasvlels Sua wm. mefe daviT IV
aRmaSeneblis Zegli daedga...
ase iyo Tu ise, ima Tu am mizeziT, nas-
wavl Tu naswavlobis mCemebel qarTvelo-
bas a. SCusevis nageboba, misi bediTurT,
gulTan didad ar mihqonda. ki ambobs gone-
bamaxvilad q-ni Tamar nucubiZe _ erT dam-
saxurebas, aqaur sxdomaTa darbazSi Salva
nucubiZis Teoriaze diskusia rom gaimarTa,
is daapatimres da, rogorc miyveboda Cvenebis sxva me-
zobelyofili, q-ni polina luxava, 20-30 wlis ganmav-
lobaSi gaunelebeli SeZrwunebiT, rogorc ki waiyva-
nes, saxls sabargo manqana moayenes da pirdapir fanj-
ridan, meore sarTulidan SeSasaviT yridneno Zaraze
wignebs _ sxvebze metad mas Брокгауз-Эфрон -is gamoce-
mebis sqelydian-sqeltaniani tomebi daamaxsovrda....
xom ver CamoarTmevo, _ magram aman Senobas
qarTuli sazogadoebriobis TvalSi, vera-
feri uSvela. es ki ara da, bevrs gaugonia
visime Tqmuli: es _ filosofiis institu-
ti ariso? Tumca ki, vis ar scodnia, aq, mar-
jvena frTaSi rom SeyuJuliyo bolo drom-
de, erTi yvelaze `disidenturi“ qarTuli
samecniero dawesebuleba? aSkaraa xsenebi-
Tac ar gvindoda Cvenebursa da saCvenos am
ucxosa da ganapirebulTan saerTo hqono-
da rame. sadardeblad `imelis“ xvedri pir-
velad, ase mgonia 1991 wels gagvixda, maSin
swored, i. nikolaZis horeliefebi rom nad-
gurdeboda _ SegvaSfoTa ganusjelobam,
agresiis umarTaobam, xelisuflebis Caurev-
lobam26.... kacma rom Tqvas, ra gagvikvirda _
26
`xatmebrZoleebs~ bolomde erTi horeliefic ar
CamoengriaT, rodesac qarTuli xelovnebis istoriis
institutis maSindeli axalgazrda TanamSromlebi
(cxadliv maxsovs nik. vaCeiSvilis aRSfoTeba), wuxilis
Sesatyobineblad da xelisuflebis ganzraxvis gasage-
bad kulturis saministros (is ramdenime welia, rac
e.w. `meliq-Razariancis~ saxlSi dabinavebuliyo) miva-
deqiT. ministri, b-ni edmund kalandaZe ar dagvxvda da
misma moadgilem b-ma giorgi anTaZem migviRo. misi sity-
visaebr, b-ni edmundi ise aRelda, rom SeuZlod Seiqna,
aqeTac gvkiTxa, vis unda mivmarToTo da a.S. cxadad da-
vinaxeT: mTavroba dabneuli iyo da ganze dadgoma ar-
Cia. maSin aman Zalian gagvajavra, axla ki vfiqrob, xeli-
sufleba viTarebas Cvenze ukeT xedavda _ SarSanwinRaA
Sevityve (rasakvirvelia, sakuTari daukvirveblobiT)
1991 wels `opoziciuri~ politikosebi (imdroin-
deli erovnul-demokratebi da a.S.) z. gamsaxurdias
`Ralatad~ Turme, imas uTvlidnen, rac me im drosac
meCveneboda da dResac meCveneba mis erT yvelaze swor
politikur nabijTaganad _ moskovis e.w. `agvistos
putCis~ pasuxad saqarTvelos neitralitetis (Sefase-
bis mxriv) gamocxadeba da erovnuli gvardiis Sinagan
saqmeTa saministros daqvemdebarebaSi gadayvana. ar
mesmis, ra unda imis mixvedras, rom winaaRmdeg SemTxve-
vaSi udidesi safrTxis win dadgeboda _ garSemo xom
yvelgan rusuli nawilebi idga! _ es qveganayofebica
da TviT qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobac. arada, sawi-
naaRmdego Sexeduleba imdenad fesvgadgmulia, rom
revaz gaCeCilaZis didtaniansa da safuZvlian wignSi
`saqarTvelo msoflio konteqstSi. XX da XXI saukunee-
bis politikuri cxovrebis ZiriTadi momentebi~ (Tb.,
2013), sadac, mTlianobaSi savsebiT misaRebi gezisasa
da uamravi damajerebeli daskvna-debulebisas, calke-
uli uzustobanic gaipara da zogierTi sadao sakiTxic
aris, es ambavi orgzisaa naxsenebi. jer vkiTxulobT: z.
gamsaxurdiao `sabWoTa generlebs dapirda qarTuli
gvardiis funqciis Secvlas, rac mis daSlas niSnavda
(ratom?d.T.) (gv.510); da kvlav: `...sabWoTa generlebis
moTxovnis pasuxad gamsaxurdiam misive iniciativiT

erTi weli ileoda ukve mas aqeT, rac dRevan-
del Tavisuflebis moedanze kvarcxlbeki-
dan gadmoagdes v. leninis Zegli. Tavad me es
teleekranze vnaxe da ver davibraleb, guli
amiCqrolda-meTqi; erTi ki iyo: rodesac Ra-
meur bindbundSi qvafenilze gagorda `didi
beladis“ Tavi, raRac ucnauri vigrZeni,
TiTqos imgvarisave qmedebis TanamgrZnob-
Tanamonawile vyofiliyav, rogorsac Tavad
bolSevikebi Cadiodnen. kidev ufro mZafri
iyo es SegrZneba cota xniT adre, rodesac
Cvens institutSi mimavals (is jerac erekle
II-is moedanze imyofeboda), n. baraTaSvilis
quCaze Camiara satvirTo manqanam, romelze-
dac sergo orjonikiZis qandakeba iyo damxo-
bili. arc gamosaxuleba iyo CemTvis misaRebi
da arc, miT umetes, gamosaxuli _ da mainc,
am waqceul, nairferi saRebavebiT gaTxvril
(macxovreblebi asxamdnen nacxraaprilevs)
figuras da mis Tanmxlebad Zaraze amayad
yelmoRerebul axalgazrda vaJebs rom Se-
vxede, SemezizRasaviT, TiTqos waqceuli
kacis abuCad agdebis momswre gavxdio. da
gana marto es ori moixsna da gauCinarda (am-
bobdnen, liTonis rac iyo gadaadneso) _
yvelaze adre, mgoni, `mSromelebis“ zorba
qandakebebi mTavrobis saxlis kibis baqanze,
mere da mere _ sxvebic. 1990 wlis Semodgo-
midan moyolebuli, Cems sanacnobo _ saax-
lobloSi bevrjer gvimsjelia, rogor unda
movepyraT sabWoeTis `gmirebis“ Zeglebs da
piradad me WkuaSi yvelaze metad levan Wo-
RoSvilis mosazreba damijda _ SevagrovoT
es yvelaferi da calke muzeumi gavxsnaTo.
dRes TvalsaCinoa, rogor moiges iq, sadac
ase moiqcnen _ baltiispireTSi, aRmosav-
leT evropaSi, Turme moskovSic. am, ukeTes
SemTxvevaSi _ naZaladev, uaresSi ki ugvan
`monumentebze“ ukeT verc ra gaaTvalsaCi-
noebs, ras warmoadgens ganxorcielebuli
`socializmi“. magram, rogorc yovelTvis,
iqamdec da merec27, imxanadac veravis gavago-
Seqmnili saqarTvelos erovnuli gvardia Sinagan saq-
meTa saministros erT-erT nawilad gamoacxada, faq-
tobrivad gaauqma is (?! d.T.).~ (gv. 543).
27
bolo xans gaCnda momswreTaTvis gamaognebeli
dimitri TumaniSvili
neT da SevasmineT ra, da pirvelad ase, gau-
nadgureblad oriod wlis winaTRa moixsna i.
stalinis Zegli gorSi.
aq ki, modiT, isic vikiTxoT, an ras ve-
marTlebodiT, an ris gamo vicavdiT brinja-
os Tu qvis naqandakevs.
aravisTvisaa saidumlo: xelisuflebis,
miT ufro sazogadoebis mowyobis mkveTr
cvlilebebs winamorbedis ganmasaxierebel
saxebaTa da TviT nagebobaTa mospoba sdevs
Tan. ityvian, aseTnairad warsuls iSore-
ben, cxovrebas TiTqosda `Tavidan iwyeben“-
o. xelT rigiani britanuli wignic ki maqvs,
saxelwodebiT `ngreva mexsierebisa, arqi-
teqtura omisas“28; aris cda, bevri Tvalsaz-
risiT marTebuli, am kuTxiT Cveni qveynis
arsebobis bolo ocwleulic davinaxoT29.
ueWvelad, mtrad miCneuli xalxis namyos
gaqrobis, metic, misi warTmevis mets ara-
fers unda isaxavdes miznad, mag., 1991 wels
xorvatul-slovenur vukovarSi saqalaqo
da istoriuli muzeumebis dangreva da Wur-
17
vebiT eltcis sasaxlis dazianeba, sadac
xorvatiis xelovnebis nimuSebi inaxeboda,
`Teoria~, viTomc e.w. `inteligencia~ sabWoTa dros
`privilegirebuli fena~ yofiliyos. sakmarisia ga-
vixsenoT sabWouri gansazRvreba `inteligenciisa~,
rogorc klasTaSorisi socialuri Sualeduri Srisa,
romelic mudam meryeobs _ marqsistuli terminolo-
giiT! _ `mCagvrelTa~ da `CagrulTa~ Soris da muSaTa
klasis mxridan zedamxedveloba sWirdeba, raTa sa-
bolood `burJuaziisken~ ar gadaixaros, rom naTeli
gaxdes am Tvalsazrisis faqtobrivi siyalbe. `goneb-
rivi~ Tu `SemoqmedebiTi~ xelobebis adamianebi `sa-
bWoebs~ sWirdeboda _ raTa hqonodaT iaraRi, raTa
maTTvis emkurnalaT, raTa gaerToT da msoflios
pirispir `kulturis ayvavebis~ suraTi warmomdga-
riyo. maTi propagandis miRmac unda yofiliyo raRac
realuri codna _ aqedan humanitaruli mecnierebis
arseboba. sabWoTa kavSirSi iyo raRac _ arc Tu didi,
_ raodenoba privilegirebul mecnierTaA da xelovan-
Ta, romelTagan zogierTi ubralod medrove iyo, zo-
gierTi ucxoeTisTvis gamosaCeni, zogierTic fulis
Semomtani _ mag., musikosebi, romelTa gasamrjelos
2/3 saxelmwifos mihqonda; magram isinic mudam grZ-
nobdnen maT Tavs zemoT mudam aRmarTul maxvils.
28
R. Bevan, The Destruction of Memory. Architecture at War,
London, 2007.
29
D. Chigolashvili, Forgetting Trough Simbolic Objects in the Post­
Soviet Areas (xelnaweri). msgavsi Sinaarsis moxseneba
waikiTxa. avtorma II.VI. 2013. g. CubinaSvilis sax. erov-
nuli centris seminarze.
 dimitri TumaniSvili
saraevoSi ki erovnuli biblioTekisa da aR-
mosavleTmcodneobis institutis mospoba30,
an XV-XVI saukuneSi Cinelebis mier SeZlebis-
gvarad yvela vietnamuri naweris dawva; miu-
Rebeli pirisa Tu sazogadoebrivi jgufis
xsovnis amoSanTvis cdis saqrestomatio ma-
galiTebia, Tundac, exnatonis saxelis yvel-
gan da yvelaferze amokodva, Camogdebuli
imperatoris xatebaTa waSla-damsxvreva
romis imperiaSi, bastiliis ZvelisZveli ci-
xe-darbazis miwis piramde mongreva frangi
`sankulotebis“ mier. aseTi SemTxvevebi Cven-
Sic yofila _ ase, yvebodnen, TiTqos mahma-
dianTa batonobis kvalis warxoca mohqonda
mavans TbilisSi, 1940-ian wlebSi, metexis
xidTan, e.w. `cisferi mizgiTis“ aRebis mize-
zad. istoriis `gasworebis“ msgavsive mcde-
loba unda iyos 1960-ian wlebSi mcxeTis sve-
ticxovlis taZarSi wm. vaxtang gorgaslis,
erekle II-sa da giorgi XII-is saflavis Zegl-
Ta axliT gamocvla Tu araerTgzis gameo-
rebuli winadadeba _ modiT, saqarTvelos
18
demokratiuli respublikis moRvaweni lÁo-
vilidan Tbiliss gadmovasvenoTo. marTlac
ise gamodis, sinamdvileSi momxdaris CvenT-
vis mosawonad gadasxvaferebas vlamobdeT
_ cudad gvxvdeba Tvals legendad qceuli
vaxtang mefis saflavs sada fila rom moniS-
navs, rom qarTl-kaxeTis ukanasknel mefeTa
tagrucebs rusul-qarTuli anda 1918 wels
Cveni aRdgenili saxelmwifos safrangeT-
Si gadaxvewil mesaZirkvle-damcvelTa qar-
Tul-franguli warwerebi. arada, viTom ase
vigebT rasme? Cemis gansjiT, gayviTlebul-
dabzaruli marmarilo ganuzomlad ufro
naTlad saxavda wm. vaxtang gorgaslis mware
aRsasruls, xolo qarT-kaxeTis xelmwife-
Ta rusis mTavarmarTeblisgan moZRvnili
saflavis `samkauli“ qarTuli samefoebis
aRsasruls, vidre Savi lodebi, maTze ekle-
siisTvis Seuferebeli xmlebiTa da farebiT;
an ar geCvenebaT, rom noe Jordanias an spiri-
R. Bevan, dasax. naSr., gv. 34-38; aRsaniSnavia, rom av-
30
tori ar ahyva miRebul anti-serbul ganwyobilebas
da obieqturad daxata Áugoslaviis daSlis Tanmdev
omebSi yvela monawilis `saqmeni sagmironi~.
don kedias gansasvenebelTa romelime Cvene-
bur `panTeonSi“ gamarTva gaafermkrTalebs
maT _ da mTeli Cveni qveynis! _ tragedias?
saerTodac, arcTu azriania gardasulis `ga-
lamazeba“ _ ramdenic unda moisibrZnon fan-
tastebma `drois manqanebi~ da `paralelu-
ri sinamdvileebi~, rac iyo _ iyo da Tu mas
Tvals ar gausworeb, dRes da xval waiborZi-
keb an waiqcevi kidec.
oRond es sakiTxis mxolod erTi mxarea:
Cavlils aqvs Tviseba awmyo-myofadzec imoq-
medos, pirovnebani da maTi saqmeni SeiZleba
sakmaod didxans darCnen `SemdgomTa TvisTa~
fiqrisa da grZnobis, maTi miswrafebebis Ta-
naganmsazRvreli Tu masimboloebeli. amis
ZaliT isini, rogorc dRes ityvian, TviTi-
dentifikaciis niSnebad gvevlineba, romel-
nic gaucnobierebladac qmedebs da amitom
SeiZleba friad saxifaTo iyos. ase, uamravma
mozardma, mkerdze ernesto Ce gevaras port-
rets rom imSvenebs, sulac ar icis, vin iyo
es fsevdo-romantikuli teroristi. arki
meeWveba, rom `Ce~-s Zaxili da misi saxeliT
erTobis gancda, adre Tu gvian, aucileblad
mZime Sedegs gamoiRebs. amdenadve, naSeni
da qandakebuli, rasac viwynarebT, mowmobs
Cvenze, imaze, rani varT an gvsurs viyoT. ra-
sakvirvelia, nefertitis Tavis an aSurbani-
palis nadirobis reliefis asli Tu gvaqvs
Sin, es martooden Cvens esTetikur midreki-
lebebs asuraTebs. magram ukve gamosaCenad
Camokidebuli portreti napoleon buono-
partesi maniSni unda iyos _ savaraudod,
Zlieri, TviTrjuli pirovnebis Tayvanebisa;
SemTxveviTia, aba, parizSi, sadac robespÁers
da dantons quCebi argunes, napoleonis qan-
dakeba rom daabrunes vandomis svetze, xolo
aravin izruna lui XIV-s an lui XV-s Zeglebi
aRedgina? `Cveni~ saxebebis mokrZalebis da
`sxvisis~ mocileba _ aridebis mosurveba
yovelTvis `SiSvlad~ rodi gamogviCndeba
_ is, SeiZleba, mag., `kulturis miRwevebis~
dacvad Seimosos _ Tavad damcvelisTvis
SeumCnevladac. yovelTvis makvirvebda, ra-
tom datoves bolSevikebma s.peterburg-
leningradSi TavTavianT adgilebze petre

I-is, ekaterine-II-sa da nikoloz I-is Zeglebi,
aleqsandre III-sa ki rusuli muzeumis ezo-
Si `gamoamwyvdies~ _ isic, albaT, imis gamo,
igi am mefeze karikaturad rom monaTles
gaxsnis dRidan. axlaRa mivxvdi: samive impe-
riis, rusuli `derJavis~ ganmamtkicebelia,
mas ki `wiTeli~ xelisufalni ukidures rus
monarqistebze aranakleb dahfofinebdnen.
sxva magaliTad Semdegi SemiZlia moviyvano:
g. CubinaSvilis qaRaldebSi aris Txzuleba
`ganwirulis xsovnas~ (Памяти обреченного) _
mimarTva Tbilisis qalaqis xelisufalTad-
mi, romelTac Tavadi mix. voroncovis Zeg-
lis moxsna gadaewyvitaT. b-ni giorgi wers,
rom am mxatvrulad Rirebuli monumentis
ganadgureba ar SeiZleba da, Cans, mas mous-
mines kidec (Zegli 1922 wels, ukve sabWoTa
xelisuflebam aiRo)31. raRa Tqma unda, g. Cu-
binaSvili savsebiT gulwrfelad moqmedeb-
da, magram imxanad (1930-ani ww-Tvis misi Se-
xeduleba ukve sxvaa) igi iziarebda qarTuli
sazogadoebis (maT Soris _ akaki wereTlis!)
erTi nawilis azrs, rusTa es moxele Cveni me-
gobari da keTilismyofeli ariso.
swored saxviT Tu nageb saxebaTa Ria
Tu faruli qmediToba gvaSinebda 1990-1991
wlebSi da kvlavac aSinebs imaT, visac sab-
Wouri araferi eTaviseba da sabWoTa xanis
danatovarSic faseuli sxva, universalur
da erovnul (esec xom sayovelTaoa, ama Tu
im pirobebSi iermicemuli) Rirebulebebze
damyarebuli gonebrivi Tu mxatvruli Se-
moqmedeba miaCnia. vTvlidiT _ SegaxsenebT,
Cems TvalTaxedvis areSi myofsa da myofTa
Sesaxeb gelaparakebiT! _ rom saqarTvelos
qalaq-daba-soflebis sakvanZo wertileb-
Si Tvals nasabWoTari ara unda efeTebo-
des ra. amis gamo, safuZvelSi sabWoTa xanis
`ideuri~ xatebebis moSorebis sawinaaRmde-
go veraferi gveqneboda. Tumca CvenTvis es
samarcxvino namyos moSla ki ar yofila, Tu
gnebavT, maidentificireblad Tavsmoxveu-
li, daZalebuli ucxos ukugdeba _ gvwadda
vervis moCveneboda, Sinaursa Tu sxvagniT
mosuls, leninebi, kirovebi, orjonikiZeebi
31
b. quTaTelaZe, dasax. naSr., gv. 19 da 33.
dimitri TumaniSvili
da misTanani qveynis saxes ayalibebeno. meore
mxriv, gvakrTobda Cveni samSoblos ukidure-
sad Znelad gasayalbebeli `saxviTi matianis~,
aseve mxatvrulad metnaklebad xarisxiani
nawarmoebebis dakargvis SesaZleblobac. Tu
calke mdgom qandakebaTa `movla~, rogorc
davinaxeT, Teoriulad mainc _ Zneli ar
unda yofiliyo, ase advili arc yofila da
arc axla aris `arqiteqturuli plastikis~,
nagebobebis nawilad Seqmnili reliefebis
da Tavad SenobaTa simbolur-Sinaarsobrivi
`uvnebelyofa~. araTanmimdevrulobad rom
ar CameTvalos kidev erTxel ganvmartav _
`siyruve~ xilulis RirebulebiTi sazrise-
bis mimarT sulac ar niSnavs maTi zemoqmede-
bis Sewyvetas, piriqiT, gauTvaliswinebelni
da SeuniSnavni, isini ufro saSiSic ki SeiZ-
leba gaxdes. sagulisxmoa, ra winaaRmdegoba
Sexvda samiod wlis win kanonproeqts sabWo-
Ta simbolikis mocilebis Sesaxeb _ rogor
fiqrobT, SemTxveviTobaa misi qomagni ax-
dili an faruli `memarcxeneebi~ rom arian
19
da rom Tanadroulad Zalas ikrebda _ da
ikrebs axlac! _ `sabWouri samoTxis~ idea,
romelsac mSoblebi, rac Zala da Rone aqvT,
Seagoneben Cvens axalgazrdobas? erTic kia:
am kanonproeqtSi Cadebuli iyo mxatvru-
li Rirsebis mqone naxelavis `dandoba~ da,
sul namdvilad, ramdenime danakargi ukve
gvaqvs: mag., arCil qurdianis didubis xidi-
dan abstraqtul skulpturas mimsgavsebu-
li urosa da namglis moxsnam, eWvs gareSea,
azarala es nagebobac da garemomcveli uba-
nic. xoda, ra vqnaT, davyabuldeT, rom Cveni
naSeni garemo iseT rasme `qadagebdes~, rac
masSi mosaxleTa _ axla ki gairkva, maT umci-
resobis umciresobasRa, _ suliskveTebasaa
acdenili? im dros, Tumca ki, gvegona, aqac
martivi CanacvlebiT gavidodiT fons _ imav
`imelis~ horeliefebs amoviRebdiT, im Cvens
warmosaxul muzeumSi movaTavsebdiT, mis na-
cvlad ki ram sxvas CavdgamdiT (me TviTon,
ratomRac, raRac moyavisfro-momwvano ke-
ramikuli pano damidgeboda xolme Tvalwin).
axla es ase martivi aRar meCveneba. araferi
dagviSlis imav didubis xids ram odindelis
 dimitri TumaniSvili
fardi moculobebi SevufardoT; SeiZleba
ar vawvaloT gal. tabiZis xidis moajiri _
masze q-ma maia maniam mimiTiTa, _ `sabWoTa
saqarTvelos~ gerbi aq imdenad `gaCuqurTme-
bulia~, rom, veWvob, heraldikosis metma is
bevrma dainaxos32. `rigiTi~ nagebobis fasadsa
Tu interierSi faseulobas moklebul niSan-
gamosaxulebaTa sxviT Secvlac ar unda iyos
didi bedena _ Tu is gamomsaxvelobiTad
`neitraluria~, saxebaTa gamocvliT TviT
igi ar icvleba, simbolurad miniSnebuli gin-
da is da ginda es sazrisi misTvis garegnul-
damatebiTia, TviT masze verafris mTqmeli.
ai, maSin ki ra gavawyoT, rodesac Senoba, `ime-
liviT~, Tavadacaa gamomsaxveli da, savarau-
dod, mxatvrulad Rirebuli nagebobebis na-
wili mainc aseTi iqneba _ maTi dangreva mo-
viTxovoT? _ aseTi azri gamoiTqmoda Cvens
wreSi `Tbilisis omis~ dros amobugul `mTav-
robis saxlze~. da, unda vTqva, rom me TviTon
misi gamabaTilebeli sabuTianoba ar momepo-
veboda, Tumc gadaWriT mxaric ver davuWire.
`imelis~ mimarT aseTi moTxovna ar gamigo-
20
nia, mis damcvelTa mgznebarebas ayola ki ga-
miWirda, miT umetes mas mere, rac gamoirkva,
rom misi talanis marmariloTi mosapirke-
Teblad darbeuli sasaflaoebis pirSeq-
ceuli warweriani filebia gamoyenebuli _
cxadia, arqiteqtorebi da arqiteqtura aq
arafer SuaSia, mis damkveTTa damangreveli,
yovliswambilwavi muxti ki amiT SesaniSnavad
aSkaravdeba. gvirCeven, dReisdRes Semawuxe-
bel naqnars sxva daniSnuleba mianiWeTo. isev
32
aseve `uxifaTo~ megona T. abakelias frizis `bela-
debic~ _ Janrul gamosaxulebebs Soris moqceulni,
isini Tavisuflad SeiZleboda mwerlebad Tu swav-
lulebad mieCniaT, miT umetes, rom `post-sabWoTa~
Taobebi, winaTagan gansxvavebiT, maT verc cnoben.
q-n Tamila mgalobliSvilisgan aseTi ram maqvs gago-
nili: mas mouwia, palestinaSi eqspediciaSi myofs,
ramdenime xani kibucSi ecxovra; am dros iq polo-
neli moswavleebis jgufi CauyvaniaT; maspinZlebma
gadawyvites, maTTvis kompÁuterSi raRac eCvenebi-
naT da aRmoCnda, rom Tavis internetul niSnad maT
karl marqsis portreti SeurCeviaT _ q-ni Tamila
aRSfoTda, polonel mozardebs ki araferi Seety-
oT, verc mixvdnen, es Tma-wvergaburZgnuli berika-
ci vinaa..... `naportretali“ TeTri oTxkuTxedebi ki
marTlac ise `muSaobs“, rogorc sociologebi ambo-
ben _ aRararsebulisadmi cnobiswadils aRZraven,
albaT, misadmi TanagrZnobasac aRviveben.....
da isev _ `ise ra~ Senobebis amgvarad `gad-
morjulebas~ win araferi udgas, uvargisebs
ki _ aseTia CemTvis, mag., teqnikuri univer-
sitetis, `sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis~ gver-
diT mdgomi korpusi, _ erTxelac iqneba,
gavimetebT. saqme isaa, RirebulT ra movu-
xerxoT _ imav `imelma~ sxvaTa Soris, axali
funqciebi ver `Seifera~ da, sagulvebelia,
sxvasac ver `moirgebda~; ase, erTi-orjer
daapires is Cveni istoriuli xelnawerebis
sacavad eqciaT, yovel jerze es ar gamosu-
la da amdenjerve (sakuTari TavisTvisac ki
uTqmelad!) Sveba migrZvnia, radgan Cemi gan-
cdiT, mas verc Zveli oTxTavebi `gaekarebo-
da~, verc Cveni mefeebis sigel-gujrebi da
verc mweral-moRvaweTa Txzulebebi.... aseve
ver mimdis guli `mTavrobis saxl~ = parla-
mentSi xelovnebis muzeumis `Sesaxlebazec~.
Cven vnaxeT, amasTan, rom SeiZleba `imelis~
formaTametyvelebis `dacxroba~ Tu `dawe-
va~ _ amisTvis kidev unda davamcroT misi
masStaburoba. magram Tu asea, raRacnairi
farisevloba gamogvdis _ Tu pirdapiri
`Txroba~ aRvukveTeT da axla zemoqmedebis
unarsac CamovarTmevT, misi arseboba Cveni
`civilizebulobis~ dasturadRa gvndome-
bia. iqneb, maSin, iseTi ram `davavaloT~, rac
arc mis arsebas daTrgunavs da CvenTvisac
sargo iqneba _ g. CubinaSvilis sax. erovnul
centrSi ukve Tqmula, modiT iq `sabWouri
oficiozis~ xelovnebis gamofena movaTavs-
odo. da marTlac, ratomac ara? an egebis, aq
`okupaciis muzeumi~ ganTavsdes, Tavisi je-
rac verSemdgari kvleviTi ujredidurT? ai
maSin ki srulad gacxaddeba arqiteqturis
paTosianobis arseba da saxeli daerqmeva
masSi Cabudebul siZlieres _ da vin icis, iq-
neb es iyo kidec a. SCusevis da nik. nordmann-
severovis faruli natvra?
ra vqnaT, rom saubeduroda, Tu sabednie-
rodac, amas Cven aravin dagvekiTxeba...
 dimitri TumaniSvili

DIMITRI TUMANISHVILI
G. Chubinashvili National Research Centre for Georgian
Art History and Heritage Preservation
Ap. Kutateladze Tbilisi State Academy of Art

O N C E A G A I N C O N C E R N I N G T H E
“ D I F F I C U L T H E R I T A G E “

Su m m ary

The article deals with one of the significant new struc-

tures of the 1930s Tbilisi – building of the former In-
stitute of Marxism-Leninism (built by A. Shchusev, fa-
mous Moscow architect in collaboration with Nordma-
nn Severov, Tbilisi architect). The building of high mer-
its, combining Constructivism experience, elements of
Neo-Classicism and old Georgian architecture, through
its compositional accents and reliefs by the Georgian
sculptors Iakob Nikoladze and Tamar Abakelia, vividly
represents an idea of the victory of Bolshevik-Russian
Socialism in Georgia. Its certain `aggressiveness“ pre-

21
conditioned its alienation from the Georgian society, for
one part of which its message was and still is inaccept-
able. Artistic merits turn this building into a monument
of architecture and, accordingly, a new function should
be found for it, which will not be in conflict with its
expressiveness and, at the same time, will be in concert
with the aspirations of the present day Georgia.
 dimitri TumaniSvili

1. aleqsei SCusevi, marqsizm-leninizmis institutis saqarTvelos

filialis Senoba, e.w. `imeli~ (saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis arqivi, 1940-iani wlebi)
A l exe y S hchu sev . T he I n st it u t e of M arx, E n ge l s an d L en in (al so ref erred t o b y t he ab b revi at ion IM E L I)
22

(T he G eorgi an N at ion al M u seu m archive , 1940s )

2. aleqsei SCusevi, `imeli~ (gegma), 1934 w.

A l exe y S hchu sev . I M E L I , b u il din g p l an , 1934
 dimitri TumaniSvili

23

3. aleqsei SCusevi, `imeli~, mTavari da ukana fasadebi (naxazi), 1934 w.

A l exe y S hchu sev . I M E L I draw in g s chem e, t he m ain an d t he b ack f aç ades, 1934
 dimitri TumaniSvili

4. `imeli~, mTavari fasadi (maia manias foto, 2009 w.)

24

I M E L I , t he M ain f aç ade (p hot o b y M aya M an ia, 2009)

5. `imeli~, ukana fasadi (maia manias foto, 2009 w.)

I M E L I , t he b ack f aç ade (p hot o b y M aya M an ia, 2009)
 dimitri TumaniSvili

6. qristofer reni,
wm. pavles taZari, londoni, XVII s
C hrist op her W ren . St Pau l ’ s C at hedral ,
L on don , 17 t h C en t u ry

25

7. klod perro. luvri, parizi, XVII s.

C l au de Perrau l t . L ou vr e, Paris, 17 th
C en t u ry
 samson leJava
g. CubinaSvilis sax. qarTuli xelovnebis istoriisa
da ZeglTa dacvis kvlevis erovnuli centri
ap. quTaTelaZis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo
samxatvro akademia
qarTuli xelovnebis
raobis gagebisTvis
nawili I
marTlmadidebloba da saero
xelovneba saqarTveloSi
visac ufiqria qarTuli kulturis raobaze,
mas kargad moexseneba, Tu raoden didi da me-
tic _ gadamwyveti roli ekuTvnis Cvens sarw-
munoebas xelovnebis yoveli dargisaTvis ma-
Ral sulier ganzomilebaTa miniWebaSi. eWvi
ar aris, rom saqarTvelosaTvis marTlmadi-
26
debloba, dimitri TumaniSvilis TqmiT, mTe-
li misi yofierebis xerxemalia. TavisTavad
cxadia, rom es asea saeklesio sivrceSi, magram
misi didad sagulisxmo gamoZaxili saero ga-
movlinebebSic ucilobelia.
am konteqstSi, pirvelyovlisa, unda ga-
vixsenoT darbazi _ qarTvelTa saaRmSeneb-
lo tradiciis uTvalsaCinoesi gamoxatuleba,
romlis prototipebi aTaswleulTa siRrmee-
bidan gvexmianeba1. am tipis nagebobebSi CvenSi
sataZro aRmSeneblobis Taviseburi winaswa-
ruwyebac ki Cans. maTSi `keTilSenobis~ prin-
cipia xazgasasmeli, rac maT sulierad uTuod
anaTesavebs eklesiebis `SinasTan~. marTalia,
gadaxurvis konstruqciuli sistema safexu-
rovnad zeaRmavali gvirgvinis saxiT _ mkafi-
od gansxvavdeba gumbaTTa aRnagobisagan, mag-
ram, giorgi CubiniSvilis koncefciiT, saziaro
imdenad arsebiTia, rom Cven sakralizebuli
Sida sivrcis arsebiTad `urTierTSexmobil~
erTsulovan or versiasTan gvaqvs saqme. Sinaga-
ni monaTesaveoba mJRavndeba mtkiced mogvare-
1
a. javaxiSvili, uZvelesi sacxovrebeli Senobebi
saqarTvelos teritoriaze, Zeglis megobari, kreb.
XIV, Tb., 1968.
buli, `gansrulebuli~ formis wilnayarobaSi
usasrulobasTan, sixalvaTesTan, `xsnilobas-
Tan~ da fizikur parametrebze ganuzomlad aR-
matebuli Svebisa da amaRlebulobis gancdas-
Tan, aRqmis erTianobasa Tu `erTbaSobasTan~
(giorgi CubiniSvili, vaxtang beriZe), mZlavri
monumenturobisa da amasTanave adamianuri
masStabis dauZabvel erTobasTan. am Tval-
sazrisiT, arc ganaTebis wyaroebia meoradi
_ eklesiebSi sarkmlebidan CamonaSuqi, `mi-
marTulnakadiani~ sxivebi erdodan `Wavlis~
saxiT Camomdinari naTebis mgvani danamdvile-
biT aris da orsav SemTxvevaSi, marTlac, zeci-
ur, madliT aRvsil siwminded aRiqmeba!
Tuki darbazis interierisa da eklesiaTa
Sida sivrcis Zireuli koncefcia esoden ax-
los dgas erTmaneTTan da TiTqosda `erTfes-
vianic~ kia, kolxuri oda-saxlis ukve garegani
saxe _ kvlav da kvlav aqaur taZarTa mwyobr,
garegnulad sada, magram aRvsil, gamonakv-
Tul, gansrulebul, xolo mkafiod teqtoni-
kuri aRnagobisas mravlisdamtev ierTan da
wyobasTan hpovebs Tavisi `dakristalebulo-
biTac~ eWvmiutanel siRrmiseul kavSirs...2
aRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT, bunebrivia,
arc ornamentia meoradi. kolxur oda-saxlTa
arc Tu iSviaTad, poliritmuli CuqurTmiT
gamSvenebuli svetebi xom adreqristianul
stelebs Segvaxsenebs, xolo Tavad naySi _ ta-
ZarTa perangis gamamSvenebel, koncentrul
areebSi Tavmoyril, TiTqos da `msxmoiare~,
xandisxan TviT unatifes dekors! marTlac,
ukeTu yovelsave amas oda-saxlebSi buxarTa
Semkulobis eklesiebTan `ganuSorebel~ wessa
da rigs davumatebT3, xolo bunebis mSvenie-
rebasTan gulgaxsnilad Segebebuli aivnebis
aJurul morTulobaSi zogan saeklesio xel-
nawerTa grafikulad moxdenil maqmanebTanac
ki davinaxavT araxelwamosakrav, erTgvarad
`arqetipul~ kavSirs, maSin suraTi kidev ufro
sruli da mravlismauwyebelic aRmoCndeba. am
rigis sakiTxebze fiqrisas isic gvaxsendeba,
2
В. Беридзе, Некоторые аспекты грузинской купольной
архитектуры со второй половины Xв. до конца XIII в., Тб.,
1976; l. sumbaZe, v. cincaZe, imereTis sacxovrebel sa-
xlTa arqiteqtura, Ars Georgica, t. II, seria A, Tb., 1948.
3
e. nadiraZe, saqarTvelos memorialuri kultura,
Tb., 1997.

rom Tavad kankelebis forma aivnebis aRnago-
ba _ morTvis principTa inspiratori mniSv-
nelovanwilad marTlac SeiZleba yofiliyo4,
Tumca kankelebi CvenTvis sagulisxmo kuTxiT
rene Smerlingmac ganixila, rodesac naTelyo
zemo boSuris kankelis (XV-XVI ss.) formaTage-
bisa da gamSvenebis wesTa `erTrigianoba,~ ma-
galiTad, qarTluri dedaboZebis `mcxunvare~
dekoriT `dabeWdil~ da adre xeleCo-najaxiT
Tlil `iregularul~ aRnagobasTan 5.
amrigad, gamodis, rom Tuki interierSi
Tavisi ZirebiT `dasabamieri~ darbazisa da
qarTuli taZrisa, erTi mxriv, da eqsterier-
Si `araSori~ drois kolxuri oda-saxlis da
imave taZrisa, meore mxriv, esoden Zlieri
da TviT gadamwyveti sulieri kavSiria, maSin
vaskvniT, rom sasuliero da saero sawyisebi
araTu aradistancirebuli, aramed lamis uw-
yvetic ki yofila CvenSi! esaa swored namd-
vili erToba, `geStalturoba~ ierarqiis
dacvisas, wamyvan orientirTa warmmarTveli
rolis arseboba, msofmxedvelobisa da mso-
flgancdis ganuwvalebloba...
aqve SeuZlebelia ar gavixsenoT svanuri
maCubi, romelic rig sasuliero pirTa midev-
nebiT, asocirdeba araTu mxolod beTlemis
bagasTan, aramed imavdroulad noes kidoban-
Tanac, rac arsebiTia. vera bardaveliZe ma-
Cubs uZvelesi kulturis srulebiT gansakuT-
rebul monapovrad Tvlida6. marTlac, sakvir-
veli Zalisaa masSi adamianTa da suldgmulTa
kavSiric; Taviseburi homeostazurobac; da
bolos _ TaRedTa simwyobrec maTzeve data-
nili xelmtkice, amomwuravi dekoris Zleva-
mosilebiTurT... misi interieri amoucnobi
idumalebiTaa aRvsili. aqve dasamatebelia
isic, rom liTonis Tavrieliani kera da zemoT
Sekiduli, gvirgvinisebri, gumbaTismagvari
4
v. beriZe, Tbilisis arqiteqtura. 1801-1917ww., t. I,
Tb., 1960; k. meliTauri, Tbilisis XIX s. sacxovrebel
saxlTa aivnebis arqiteqtura, Tb., 1954 (sakandidato
disertacia).
5
Р. Шмерлинг, Малые формы в архитектуре средневековой
Грузии, Тб., 1962.
6
В. Бардавелидзе, Древнейшие религиозные верования и
обрядовое графическое искусство грузинских племен, Тб.,
1952.
samson leJava
sakvare7 sknelTa makavSirebelic ki Canda Ta-
vis eroblivobaSi da semantikurad savsebiT
Seesabameboda `kera _ dedaboZi _ gvirgvi-
nis~ samerTianobas darbazSi, romlis Tavise-
buri `taZruloba~ zemore Txrobis procesSi
ukve gamoikveTa. amasTanave, maCubi RirsSe-
saniSnavi kidev erTi aspeqtiTaa. kerZod, mis
interierSi mimarTavdnen Wunirisa da Cangis
erTobil aJRerebas. Tuki Wuniris samxmova-
nebaSi gamJRavnebuli faqturuli `xaoianoba~
aSkarad miwis stiqiasTan, geologiur plas-
tebTan asocirdeboda (rasac gamokveTda xal-
xur instrumentTa cnobili ostati da didi
mesaidumle kako laSqaraSvili), eTnomusiko-
log m. SilakaZis TqmiT, Suamdinarul kultu-
rebTan gadaZaxilis matarebeli Cangis xmova-
nebaSi, Tavis mxriv, `astraluri~, sivrcieri,
ganwmendili bgeraTawyoba ismineboda... am
ori sakravis Tanadrouli ametyveleba marT-
lac rom idealurad miesadageboda maCubis
mistikur sivrces... amas davumatoT isic, rom
svanuri koSkis zeda, `SdurTa~ rigiT ganmtki-
27
cebul sarTuls ewodeboda `dec~, rac zecis
sauflos gulisxmobs (gadmogvca a. qaldan-
ma). sabolood, svaneTis tradiciul xuroT-
moZRvrebaSi arsebiTad Axis mundi-s sazrisis
matarebeli koSkic (rac ukanaskneli xanis
kvlevebiT dadasturda) da cxadia, koncent-
ruli datvirTviT gamorCeuli maCubis inte-
rieric uZlieresad matarebeli iyo sakralu-
robisa. swored aseTi sacxovrisis mkvidri
xalxi aRmoCnda xatTa mcveli! am marTlmorw-
mune qristianTaTvis taZarTa siwmindis aR-
matebuloba Sinaganad srulebiT gaTavisebu-
li iyo. ai, swored amitomac moxda, rom TviT
komunisturi mmarTvelobis xanaSic ki karga-
xans grZeldeboda sacxovrisis maRal sulier
ganzomilebaTa SenarCuneba, xolo eklesiaTa
xelSeuxeblobis Seupovari dacva cxovrebis
wesad iyo qceuli... rac Seexeba maCubis SesaZ-
lo warmarTul Sreebs: ara mxolod am nagebo-
baSi, aramed Cveni tradiciuli aRmSeneblobis
sxva gamoxatulebebSic (romelTa pirvelsaw-
7
n. rexviaSvili, kerasTan dakavSirebuli saojaxo
rkinis nivTebi, Zeglis megobari, kreb XII, Tb., 1967.
 samson leJava
yisi `matricebi~ uxsovar droSi iRebs saTa-
ves), imavdroulad uTuod SeigrZnoba Zvel-
TaZveli gamocdilebis Taviseburi qristia-
nizacia. aq marto is rodi igulisxmeba, rom
mag., dedaboZis morTulobaSi Cenili motivebi
jer kidev adreqristianul da ufro mogviano
eklesiebSic gvxvdeba. gacilebiT mniSvnelo-
vani isaa, rom warmarTuli, winareqristianu-
li xanis dekorSi Cenil motivebSi erTgvari
usruloba Tu `dabinduloba~ iCens Tavs. es
ufro winaswar ganWvretaa qristianuli sim-
bolikisa, romelSic yovelive ukve WeSmariti,
arsismieri, SeubRalavi saxiT aris gacxade-
buli, marTlacda gaspetakebulia! warmarTo-
ba garkveul doneze Wvretda WeSmaritebas,
Zalumad eswrafvoda kidec sakralur sawyiss,
magram mTeli misi es `warmarTeba~ damsxv-
reul sarkisebr fragmentalurad aRiqvamda
imas, rac ganuzomlad momcveli sisavsiT, er-
TianobiT da srulebiT amouZiebeli siRrmiT
(raRa Tqma unda, RvTis wyalobiT) swored
qristianobaSi gamovlinda!
28
maCubis gansakuTrebul sakraluroba-
ze aranaklebi iyo samcxe-javaxeTis dar-
bazovanebaSi jer kidev araerTgan daculi
arqauli, konservatiuli8, boslebis, erTi
mxriv, da dadasturebulad axali drois in-
terieruli Takarebiani odebis, meore mxriv,
datvirTvac. iqaur boslebSi, romelTa si-
vrce Tavisi Zalze metyveli, `brutaluri~,
gaSiSvlebuli konstruqciebiTa da sixal-
vaTiT (gansakuTrebiT es Seexeba orkvantian
boslebs) didad STambeWdavi iyo, Cveni gamo-
Cenili mkvlevarni, longinoz sumbaZe da Tei-
muraz Ciqovani, erTgvar `bazilikurobasac~
ki xedavdnen! rac Seexeba Takarebian odas,
misi grZivi `kibur-kamarovani~ gadaxurva,
l. simbaZis TqmiT, `RviZli daa~ darbazisa;
ganaTebis wyaro masSi, romelic swored sak-
ralizebul buxars gamohkveTs, ramdenadme
darbazis erdodan SemonaSuq `naTlis-Wavl-
sac~ ki Segvaxsenebs. amas isic davumatoT,
rom boslebSi, Cvens zemoaRniSnul mkvle-
varTa monacemebiT, naTlobebi da qorwilebi
8
T. Ciqovani, amierkavkasiis sacxovrebel nagebobaTa
istoriidan, Tb., 1967.
imarTeboda, xolo Takarebian odaSi ki TviT
xatebis kuTxec iyo gamoyofili. yovelive es
ara mxolod darbazs, aramed bosels da Taka-
rebian odasac aqcevda ritualizebul, Ta-
viseburad gajerebul sivrceebad. savsebiT
viziareb guram yifianis Tvalsazriss imis
Sesaxeb, rom Tuki gvsurs gacilebiT ukeT Ca-
vwvdeT Cvenebur eklesiaTa Tvisobrivobas,
isic Rrmad unda gaviazroT, Tu rogor sac-
xovrisSi saxlobdnen misi aRmSenebelni!
visac umogzauria qarTlisa da kaxeTis
soflebSi, SeamCnevda, rom iqauri, zogan qva-
aguris `narevi~, `zoluri~ Tu sxva rigis wyo-
biT naSeni eklesiebis, erTi mxriv, da xis aiv-
niani, arsebiTad imave saxis xuroTmoZRvruli
`sxeuliT~ gamorCeuli saxlebis, meore mxriv,
agebuleba, marTlac rom sisxlxorceul, la-
mis srul siaxloves avlens! Tavisi sisadaviT,
Taviseburi `simkvidriT~, `SenivTulobiT~,
ucnaurad gajerebuli lakonizmiTa da ub-
raloebiT, morTulobiT elementTa Rrmad
subordinirebuli CarTulobiT ganuwvale-
bel aRnagobaSi _ eklesiebica da kacTsa-
myofelic (sacxovrisTa saxiT) iq TiTqosda
erTi sulieri wignis sxvadasxva `furclebad~
aRiqmeba... aqvea dasamatebeli, rom uTuod
gansakuTrebul siwminded miCneuli marnebi
(zogjer sardafTa saxiT) xSirad uSualod
iyo SerTuli sacxovrisSi, rac mas gacilebiT
Rrma sazriss, da metic, TviT eklesiaTa erTg-
var wilnayarobasac ki sZenda...
***
axla ki memorialur kulturasac SevexoT.
es sfero, raRa gasakviria, rom kidev ufro
metad mWidro kavSirSi moiazreba saeklesio
xelovnebasTan9 TumcaRa isic aRsaniSnavia,
rom saeroobis wilic aRiarebulia masSi. Zve-
lad saflavis qvebi eklesiaTa galavans Sig-
niT eqceoda, arsebiTad maTi `Tanmxlebic~
ki iyo. marTalia, saflavis qvebze datanili
gamosaxulebani ar ekuTvnoda uSualod taZ-
ris `sxeuls~, magram mis erTgvar `Svilobile-
bad~ ki aRiqmeboda. aqac, ZvelTaZvel stelaTa
Tu saeklesio reliefTa msgavsad, kvlavac
9
e. nadiraZe, dasax naSr.

arsebiTad rCeba (XIX-XX ss. memorialur ni-
muSebSic), rom am anTropomorful gamosa-
xulebebSi igulisxmeba Semdegi: adamiani aq,
pirvel yovlisa, aris araarsebiTisagan sru-
lebiT gantvirTuli, amaodmetyvelebisagan
daclili, SeubRalavad warmoCenili RvTis
xati. marTalia, ar xdeba saxasiaTo, mag., pro-
fesiul atributTa uaryofa, magram mTava-
ri _ martiv xerxTa Zlieri eqspresiis dros,
`ze-portretuloba~ da, g. xoStarias mixed-
viT, `naivuri monumenturobis~ niSnebia. am
tipis `garinduli~, erTgvarad droismiRmu-
ri, maradiulobis mWvreteli gamosaxulebani
TiTqosda wardgomilia RvTis winaSe. warwe-
rebSi (epitafiebis saxiT) gulmisavali ubra-
loebisa da udidesi sibrZnis ucnauri nazavia
Cenili! CuqurTmaSi, Tavis mxriv, saeklesio
morTulobis gamartivebul, TumcaRa wyobiT
mainc imave saxis, Rrmad simbolur motivebs
miveaxlebiT (eldar nadiraZe). qvis am `mwig-
nobrobaSi~, esoden axlos rom aris vaJasebr,
gr. kiknaZis gamoTqmiT, `miukibav~ xalxur po-
eziasTan, cxaddeba sulis ukvdavebis Zalian
Zlieri rwmena _ grZeli soflis mkvidrni xom
`iqidan~, rogorc cocxlebi, ise mogvmarTaven
(es cxadyo goderZi Coxelma).
vaxtang kotetiSvilma saflavis qvebSi
Tavad Zveli aRmosavleTis gardasul kul-
turaTa sunTqvac ki ixila, xolo niko berZe-
niSvilma, SesaZloa, pirveladac _ gaacxada
am didi samyarosa da firosmaniSvilis qmni-
lebaTa mTeli xatovanebis `urTeirTmcnobi~
niSnebi. msurs davumato, rom wilad mxvda
mTiuleTSi saflavis qvaTa mTleli burdu-
lebis dinastiis erT warmomadgenelTan, Ta-
visebur `ukanasknel mohikanTan~ Sexvedris
bedniereba. jer kidev sabWoTa epoqa iyo _
idga oTxmociani wlebi. gamakvirva misma Rrma
codnam qristianuli simbolikisa, saeklesio
dResaswaulTa sazrisisa! axla kargad mesmis,
rom saeklesio xelovnebaSi tradiciis wyveta
saboloo jamSi, mainc ar momxdara CvenSi, vi-
naidan maSin, rodesac wminda mama gabrielma,
Rirsma da salosma, ganaxorciela gaugonari
ram _ aago sabWoTa sivrceSi devnili ekle-
siis pirobebSi erTaderTi taZari, swored
samson leJava
maSin, anonimi qvismTlelni, saflavis qvaTa
ucnobi ostatebi jerac ar wyvetdnen TavianT
saqmianobas. da es memkvidreoba iqamdisac
moitanes, rodesac kvlavac (dideba ufals!)
aRdga eklesiaTa aRmSenebloba _ rac mrav-
lismetyvelia.
***
niko firosmanaSvili... mis SemoqmedebaSi
Suasaukunovani xedvis niSnebi Tu maxasiaTeb-
lebi (miuxedavad imisa, rom igi axali drois
xelovnebis principTa araTu sisruliT,
aramed mravali novaciiT warmomCenic aris)
rodia gamqrali, aramed mxolod arsebiTad
saxecvlilia. amaze metyvelebs Zlier piro-
biTi, lamisaa `niSnobrivi~, rogorc aRiare-
bulia, srulebiT arailuzoruli saxviToba;
marTlacda sazeo monumenturoba; sakvirvel,
miuwvdomel ubraloebaSi Cenili, zogan TviT
`Tavzardamcemi~, Tumca ki saboloo jamSi _
ucnaurod saTno sidiade; marTali, amasTan
lmobieri, Semwynarebeli xedva mis gulisx-
29
mier aRqmas axasiaTebs. esaa srulebiT ara-
sentimentaluri, naRdi, marTlac rom pir-
velqmnili siyvaruliT danaxuli qveyniere-
bis suraTi, romelic mTeli sisadavisas mainc
ufro TxrobiTia xolme da mniSvnelovanwi-
lad, TumcaRa arasrulad, `gadis~ eklesiaTa
samyofelidan. da mainc aSkaraa, rom swored
eklesiis sivrcidan mouwyvetelobis ndoma
da moTxovnac metad arsebiTia am suraTeb-
Si, romelTac bevrgan TeTrad gaspetakebu-
li saydrebis xatebebic `aRavsebs~ _ esec
bevr sxva maxasiaTebelTan erTad aris swo-
red daumcrobeli mexsiereba taZrulobisa!
isic aSkarad ixilveba, rom rogorc firos-
manaSvilis ufro garindul, ise SedarebiT
moZrav personaJTaTvisac Zlier maxlo-
belni Canan Wedurobis, sataZro reliefis,
freskisa da TviT xatweris `binadarni~. isi-
ni mxolod gadasxvaferebulni da Sedare-
biT gamiwierebulni, wminda mama gabrielis
sityviT, `moyvasni~, cocxloben, sufeven fi-
rosmaniSvilis tiloebSi ise, rom Zalumad
atareben maradiulobis auras. Tavis droze,
roca isini duqanTa erTgvarad `hedonistur~
 samson leJava
sivrceSi myofobdnen, momlxenTac uTuod
`Seaxsenebdnen~ wuTisoflis amaoebas, swraf-
warmavlobas, efemerulobas...
amdenadve, firosmanaSviliseuli sufris
Tanameinaxenic ufro motrapezeT mogvagone-
ben, vidre TavaSvebul moqeifeT. ai, swored
aq kvlavac xdeba naTeli, rom nikalas salxi-
no sufraTa aRnagobasa da `mravalJamieris~
amaRlebul hangs Soris (es erast kuznecovma
dainaxa) didi Sinagani erTsulovneba dastur-
deba. Salva aslaniSvilma xom kidevac cxadyo
Cveneburi sufrulebis `aragarTobiTi~, TviT
himnuri xasiaTi. isini amasTanave, sadRegr-
ZeloTa darad, dalocviTi xasiaTis mqonea.
rodesac kidev ufro Rrmad Sedixar am ma-
radmzidav samyaroSi, acnobiereb, rom `mra-
valJamieris~, `rixisa~ Tu maT dar simRera _
sadidebelTa Tqma swored darbazis `zeaRma-
val~, saRvTo sivrcisaken daZrul, gvirgvini-
an garemocvaSia yvelaze Sesaferi! Tumca ki aq
metic iTqmis: Tuki Cveni kulturis `matrici-
seul~ darbazSi Tavs iCens keris, dedaboZisa
da gvirgvinis samerTianoba, xom ar SeiZleba
30
amas erTgvari, marTalia ZneladmosaxeleTe-
beli, magram mainc realuri saziaroobac ki
gamoarCevdes qarTuli hangis erTobil vo-
kalur samxmovanebasTan? xom ar vlindeba am
SemTxvevaSic sknelTa Taviseburi, dinamiku-
ri Sekvra-gamTlianeba, sadac niadagiseuli,
`dasabamieri~ bani ( `niadag~ xom safuZvelicaa
da maradiulobac _ gavixsenoT rafiel eris-
Tavis _ `miwa var niadag mena~), miwuriatakia-
ni da keriani `fuZiseulobis~ analogia; xmaTa
maerTebeli meore xma `mediatoris~ datvirT-
vis matarebeli dedaboZis mgvani funqciisa
moCans, xolo pirveli ki, romelic gegoneba
zena sferoebs eswrafvis da musikos kako vaSa-
lomiZis TqmiT, `laJvardebSi~ iWreba, TiTqos
erdodan Camomaval sxivTa konis `mWvirvalo-
basac~ ki eziareba. mTlianobaSi, rodesac mag.,
`mravalJamiers~ miayuradeb sakuTriv darba-
zis sivrceSi yofnisas, mTeli arsebiT ganicdi
erT rasme: Cvenebur mravalxmianobaSi vleni-
lia da arsebiTic aris didad specifikuri, `xa-
oiani~, Tixisebri Tu miwiseuli faqtura (amas
asabuTebda mzia iaSvili), rac Cvens konteqst-
Si `georgianelobis~ maxasiaTebelic Cans, rac
saTanado wvdomas iTxovs. am niadagismierobas
amasTanave, erTgvari `zeaRmavlobac~ axlavs,
sivrceTa dauflebis `ndoma~, Zlevac ki miwis-
mieri gravitaciisa, rac Zlierad eTanaxmie-
reba keris cecxlis zeswrafvasac, dedaboZis
aRmamdinar da ganSlad, da bolos gvirgvinis
zenasadami `migegebulobisas~, zogjer ro-
taciul, lamis spiralisebr dinamizms. es
mosazreba dasturdeba abu nasr muhamed fa-
rabis X saukuniseuli samusiko traqtatiT,
romelSic igi saubrobs oTxsimian samusiko
sakravze, romlis simi `zir~, misi TqmiT, pir-
velelementis, cecxlis mgvania, xolo mag.,
simi `bamm~, elementi miwisa Tavisi simZimiT10.
aRniSnul konteqstSi sayuradReboa sknelTa
ierarqiis aRmniSvneli sami xevsuruli cne-
ba: suleTi, samzeo da sauflo (gadmomca nino
RambaSiZem). ukeTu, rogorc vgoneb, irkveva
kidec, darbazis `Sina~ yvelaze metad yofila
bunebrivi garemo `mravalJamieris~ amoTqmi-
saTvis, maSin isic aucileblad unda iTqvas,
rom darbazisa da eklesiis interierebi Tavi-
seburi erTsulovnebis matareblad aRiqmebo-
da, da es dResac asea. Sesabamisad, gamosakve-
Tia is, rom eklesiaSi srulad mJReri galoba,
es mwvervali qarTuli samusiko kulturisa,
TiTqosda Tavisken `miixmobs~ didebul ga-
moxatulebebs Cveni `yofieri~ sasimRero
kulturisas! saero simReris sisxlsavseoba,
rasakvirvelia, cotaTi sxva rigisaa, vidre ga-
lobis ganwmendiloba ( `miwiseulobis~ kvalis
SenarCunebisas). igi erTgvarad safexurov-
nad, arasulmouTqmelad zeaRmavalia, riTac
Cvenebur taZarTa dinjad zemimarTul agebu-
lebasTan ucilobel Sesatyvisobas hpovebs.
ase rom, ukeTu simReraSi maradiulobisaken
aRmaval-mimswrafveli, wrfeli paTosi da
TviT SemarTebac aRiqmeba, `sameufo~ galoba
ukve metafizikuris mWvreteli, gangrZobili
da `ganmSvidebulia~. pirvels gajerebulad
pozitiuri `kosmiuri~ energetika ufro axa-
siaTebs, meores ki gacilebiT momcveli, `ze-
kosmiuri~ locviTi Terapiuloba da amaos
ara `TavdaRweva~, aramed ukve masze amaRleba,
10
Т. Визго, Музыкальные инструменты средней азии. М.,
1980.

TviT misi Zlevac. yovelive es saboloo jamSi
tradiciuli kulturis saxilvelis erTmiz-
nianobaze metyvelebs, sadac saeros Tavisi
wili aqvs, sasulieros kidev sxva. Tumca, maT
Soris xisti, Seuvali sazRvrebi arc arsebobs,
xolo gaxleCiloba, raime msgavsi `Catexili
xidisa~ ubralod gamoricxulic ki aris! sa-
zogadod, tradiciul kulturaSi saero saw-
yisi gadamwyvetad wilnayaria sakralurisa,
sulierad `mravalSrianicaa~, rac amJamindel,
gaRatakebul, `gamoSignul~ saeroobasa da
tradiciulis WeSmarit, siRrmiseul saeroo-
bas didad gansxvavebul movlenebad aqcevs.
zemoaRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT, qoreo-
grafiac mniSvnelovania. Cveneburi tradici-
uli cekvis sazrisi danamdvilebiT gulisx-
mobs vitalur energiaTa marTvas, xSirad maT
gadalaxvas da moZraobaTaTvis iseTi plasti-
kuri saxovanebis miniWebas, rodesac emociebi
mTeli intensivobisas gakeTilSobilebuli da
gaspetakebulia. isini Tavis nebaze miSvebuli
ki ar aris, aramed didad harmoniulia, sazeo
wesrigs aris midevnebuli, rac umniSvnelo-
vanesia (es gamoaaSkaraves ilia zurabiSvilma,
grigol robaqiZem da lili gvaramaZem). Tuki
amas davZenT Tavad samoselis arqiteqto-
nikul mogvarebulobas da zogjer sazeimo,
`aRvsil~ sisadaves, maSin kidev ukeT cxaddeba,
rom kostumis simwyobre da cekvis moZraoba-
Ta Sinaganad erTiani pewi, TavdaWeriloba da
daxvewiloba saboloo jamSi, momdinareobda
isev da isev religiuri cnobierebidan, rome-
lic arameryev, arasaTuo, mdgrad da cocxal
Rirebulebriv ganzomilebas sZenda adamianTa
yofas, qmedebas, da mTlianad cxovrebis wess...
ra saxis daskvna SeiZleba gamovitanoT
zemoTqmulidan? albaT is, rom Tuki qarTve-
li erisaTvis eklesia, soflad Tu qalaqad,
warmoadgenda wamyvan orientirs, erTgvar
centrs, sakvanZo toposs, sacxovrisi mas
`gacnobierebuli~ Sinagani morCilebiT miesa-
dageboda; igi TiTqosda aireklavda, iTviseb-
da da kidevac isisxlxorcebda missave siwmin-
des. Sedegad ki eklesia RvTis saxlad aRiqme-
boda, xolo saero xuroTmoZRvrebaSi ki ise
Canda, rom xSirad garegani saxiTac da Sida
struqturiTac is swored RvTismosavTa sa-
samson leJava
myofeli iyo (dRevandel sacxovrisSi amisagan
metismetad Sors varT _ igi ufro sadgomia,
metwilad, TiTqmis ganZarcvulic ki yovel-
gvari sakralurobisagan). amitomac SemorCa
xalxur poeziaSi ufro Soreul warsulad
aRsaqmeli saxiT amoTqmuli: `saxli midgas
wablis xisa, Sig trialebs madli RvTisao!~
analogiuri ram simRera galobasac Seexeba!
Zalian xSirad (Tuki salaRobo, anda kvimat sa-
xumaro hangebs ar CavTvliT) saero simReris
Sesrulebisas ritualizebuli, RvTis saxot-
bo intonaciebi iyo gadamwyveti. garda Sinaga-
ni simwyobriT uTuod monaTesave sacxovrisi-
sa, CvenSi qarTuli hangebi ibadeboda bunebis
wiaRSi, romlis saRvTo mSvenierebas qarTve-
loba fsalmunebSi gamoTqmuli suliskveTe-
biT aRiqvamda da axdenda xiluli kosmosis
umdidres, maT Soris Sefarul ritmTa Targ-
manebas mravalgan marTlac didebul, amaR-
lebul sasimRero kulturaSi _ es iyo ara
Txzva, aramed dabadeba, amoTqma, amomzeure-
ba... ara mgonia, SemTxveviTi iyos, rom amJamad
momravlebul morwmuneTa wreebSi galobis
31
Seswavlis Sedegadac _ saero simRerisadmi
interesi kvlav gamococxlda, rac did mona-
povrad aRiqmeba, Tundac kulturuli iden-
tobis aRiareba-gaTavisebis TvalsazrisiT...
yovelive zemoaRniSnuli Tuki Seexeba
Cvens aRmSeneblobas, musikas da aseve sacek-
vao kulturas, gana analogiuri araa Cveni sa-
ero mwerlobis wamyvani mizanswrafva? revaz
TvaraZem Zalian sworad gamokveTa, rom rus-
TavelTan gamoTqmuli poeziis swored saRv-
To sibrZnis dargad aRqma amaveze mianiSnebs,
xolo is, rom `vefxistyaosani~ qristianuli
suliskveTebiTaa gamsWvaluli, fundamen-
turad daasabuTes korneli kekeliZem, viq-
tor nozaZem da kalistrate cincaZem. es uZ-
lieresi tradicia naTelyofilia daviT gu-
ramiSvilis gansacvifrebeli Zalis odebSic;
vaJas adamianisadmi da mTeli samyarosadmi
ukidegano siyvarulSic, ilias RvTisaken
mimxmob, ubralo da naRd, mqadageblur, Ro-
nivrad `dawurul~ sityvaTqmnadobaSic (ti-
cian tabiZem `firosmaniseulad~ rom aRiq-
va). galaktionis uintensiures xilvebSic da
anas leqsis esoden amaRlebul JReradoba-
 samson leJava
Sic! Tumca es Seexeba ara mxolooden mwig-
nobrul wres, aramed xalxuri poeziis wiaRs,
sadac zemoaRniSnuli yvelaze gamaogneblad
sadidebel-dalocviTi xasiaTis teqstebSi
mzeurdeba mTeli sisavsiT.
***
neba momeciT, mxatvrobiT davasrulo es
mokrZalebuli werili.
Cveni didi ostatis, daviT kakabaZis ime-
rul peizaJSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom masSi Cans
evropuli landSafturi xelovnebis mTeli
gamocdilebis erTgvarad konceftualuri
sinTezi, gadamwyveti mainc aris mZlavri gamo-
Zaxili marTlmadidebeli sarwmunoebisaTvis
niSandoblivi xatwerisa, romelSic Sinagani,
mistikuri Suqmfenoba swored saRvTo ener-
giis mauwyaria, da mas Taviseburi sxivmosile-
bac axasiaTebs. es Tviseba Tavisi maxvili Tva-
liT imTaviTve aRiqva l. rCeuliSvilma. mar-
Talia, xatwerasTan mimarTebiT pirdapir ar
usaubria (rac sabWoTa epoqaSi albaT SeuZle-
32
belic iyo), Tumca 1966 w. gamocemul albomSi
Cans, Sefarulad swored amas gulisxmobda...
da bolos, Sevexebi elene axvledianis
suraTs _ `Zveli samreklo~. me vTvli, rom
1926 w. Sesrulebuli es tilo gamoxatulebaa
sulieri daumorCileblobisa antieklesiu-
ri komunisturi mmarTvelobis mimarT, Tum-
ca bevrad momcveli sazrisic aqvs. didi mas-
Stabis mqone, `kosmiurad~ mravlisdamtev,
sivrcier, gaSlil mTagorian landSafts mT-
lianad `flobs~ wina planze Tavisi `kontraa-
Juruli~ siluetiT Zalian metyveli xateba
Zveli samreklosi, romelSic ucnauradaa ga-
erTianebuli mxolod pirveli SexedviT aRq-
madi, moCvenebiTi simyife da ukve Semdgomi,
gacilebiT xangrZlivi dakvirvebiT Cenili,
raRac srulebiT udreki, daumorCilebeli,
xelSeuxebeli, umtkicesi Sinagani Zala...
P.S. dRevandel saqarTveloSi sakralu-
robis koncentrulad damtevi da imavdrou-
lad saero sivrcis maerTebeli aris Cveni xu-
Tjvriani saxelmwifo droSa _ ulamazesi, na-
Telmosili, sispetakisa da cecxlovani ener-
getikis matarebeli!
nawili II
modernizmisaTvis aqtualuri
sami gamovlineba XIX-XX saukuneTa m
M ijnis
qarTul xelovnebaSi
XIX s-is meore naxevrisa da XX saukunis pir-
veli sami aTwleulis Cvens kulturaSi Tavs
iCens qarTuli xelovnebis (ferwera, xuroT-
moZRvreba da samusiko mravalxmianoba) mo-
dernizmisTvis aqtualuri sami gamoxatule-
ba. ufro konkretulad Cveni analizi Seexeba
niko firosmanaSvils, kolxur oda-saxlsa da
gurul polifoniur simReras evropul mo-
dernizmTan mimarTebiT.
daviwyoT niko firosmanaSvilis feno-
meniT. mM ravlismetyvelia, rom firosmanaS-
vilis xelovnebis mniSvnelovneba cxadhyves
qarTvelma da rusma avangardistebma, anu
arsebiTad, e.w. `elituri kulturisTvis~,
swored maT aRmoaCines firosmanaSvili, ro-
melic Tumc ki, garkveulwilad, sakuTar ga-
remocvaSi, savsebiT funqciur xelovnebas
qmnida da ufro adre swored am `pirveladi~,
`araelituri~ garemos mier iyo `aRmoCenili~
mTeli sisruliT.
yovel SemTxvevaSi, firosmanaSvilis po-
pularizacia-aRiarebis gzaze gansakuTrebiT
didi roli ekuTvniT frang mixeil le dan-
tius da polonel qarTvelebs _ ilia da ki-
ril zdaneviCebs, cotaTi mogvianebiT ki, misi
mniSvnelobis sisruliT gaazrebis Tvalsaz-
risiT, daviT kakabaZes.
cnobilia, rom iseTma didma figuram, ro-
goric mixeil larionovia, firosmanaSvilTan
dainaxa lakonizmisa da `minimalizmis~ gansa-
kuTrebuli Zala. ra izidavda am wris mxatv-
rebs firosmanaSvilSi? upirvelesad, maTTvis
es iyo srulebiT miuwvdomeli, pirvelqmnili
sinaRde (rasac mTeli arsebiT eswrafvodnen,
rogorc Soreul, sanukvar mizans). es iyo aseve
niSnobrioba-saxviTobis srulebiT bunebrivi
erToba; dasamatebelia mkvlevarTagan xaz-
gasmuli antiiluzionizmi da mxolod erTi
SexedviT martiv, magram sinamdvileSi arsob-
rivad, siRrmiTad metyvel xerxTa Zalumi
eqspresia; aseve giorgi xoStarias mier gamo-

kveTili masalis pirveladi gamomxatvelobis
warmoCena da Sesrulebis aqtis aqcentireba.
meore, albaT aranakleb sagulisxmo eta-
pi ukavSirdeba pikasos dainteresebas firos-
manaSviliT. vfiqrob, didma maestrom Tavis
qmnilebaTagan erT-erTi saukeTeso, nikalas
warmosaxviTi `portretis~ saxiT dagvitova.
marTlac STambeWdavia aq mxatvris `xatebi-
sa~ da don-kixotis Sefaruli Temis ucnauri
nazavi. sugestiuria mZafrad `gatyorcnil~
ZalxazTa Zalumi energetika; sarwmunod Se-
xamebulia zRvruli pirobiToba da umZafre-
si saxasiaToba. mTlianobaSi Cans artistu-
lobis sakvirveli gaqaneba.
sxva gamoCenili frangi mxatvrebic di-
dad dainteresebulan firosmanaSviliT _
mag., fernan leJe (misi aRmatebuli monumen-
talizmiT), alber marke (misive Seudarebeli
lakonizmiT); mecnierul wreebSi igi aRiara
gamoCenilma andre malromac, magram is, rac
pikasom Seqmna _ srulebiT sxva datvirTvis
mqone fenomenia!
davZen, rom imave qarTvelma da rusma
avangardistebma firosmanaSvilSi dainaxes
ara mxolod maTTvis `tendenciurad~ mimzi-
davi mxareebi (rac mZafri sityvaTqmnadobiT
gaacxada eqspresionizmTan `damoyvrebulma~
gr. robaqiZem), aramed (rac maTive azrovne-
bis Tavisufleba-Camwvdomobaze metyvelebs)
avangardistebma Tavadve `ixiles~ firosman-
Tan gamorCeuli mravalmxrioba; marTlac,
mixeil le dantium firosmanaSvilSi xom
`qarTveli joto~ dainaxa, xolo, Tavis mxriv,
kiril zdaneviCma pirvelad miapyro mzera
masTanve Zveli aRmosavluri xelovnebis `So-
reul~, magram realur `gamoZaxils~ _ ker-
Zod mis zoomorful gamosaxulebaTa Zireul
komunikacias Suamdinarul kulturasTan.
savsebiT cxadia, rom firosmanaSvili
avangardisti arasodes yofila. zogadad raime
saxis `izmi~ ucxoa misi SemoqmedebisTvis. rac
unda bevri saziaro ram vnaxoT matisTan, diu-
fisTan, SagalTan, Tavis mxriv, erTob TviT-
myofad, da Tavadac `araavangardist~ a. rus-
osTan, misive xelovneba sxva rigisaa da ar mie-
kuTvneba avangardistul paradigmas, vinaidan
samson leJava
masze ganuzomlad momcvelia11. cxadia, mas aqvs
iseTi sagulisxmo mgvani maxasiaTeblebi, XIX-
XX ss-Ta mijnis saxviT xelovnebaSi umZafres
`garRvevebTan~ rom anaTesavebs mis Semoqmede-
bas. metic iTqmis: zog SemTxvevaSi, giorgi xoS-
tarias TqmiT, SexamebaTa simdidre-uecrebiT
igi yvelaze radikal avangardistebsac ki `us-
wrebs~, magram mTavaria, rom arc struqtu-
rulad da arc msoflmxedvelobrivad, uSu-
alod arasgziT erTveba wminda modernistul
wreebSi. saqme isaa, rom mas srulebiT sakuTa-
ri, Tavisi erTaderTobiT, da didwilad, mar-
tosulobiTac gamorCeuli gza aqvs xelovne-
baSi, romelic atarebs sakvirveli momcvelo-
bis `naTelmxilvelur~ sinTezs. aq kulturis
ganTiadiseul, altamirasa da liaskos mxatv-
robasTan `droismiRmuri~ mimarTebac ixil-
veba, Suamdinarul, maradiulobis mWvretel,
garindul qandakTa mistikur samyarosTan ga-
daZaxilic, Suasaukunovan, `zekosmiur~ monu-
mentalizmTan ganuSoreblobac.…
TvalsaCinoa Sexvedrebi jotos figu-
33
ratiulad Zlevamosil monumentalizmTan,
surbaranis `Tavzardamcem~ `formaTaRv-
silobasTan~, velaskesis ukeTilSobiles
`marTlis mxilvelobasTan~, sezanis struq-
turismqmnelobasTan yovelsave amaSi Cans,
rom man SeZlo sakuTar xelovnebaSi evro-
puli ferweris diadi gzis ucnaurze ucnau-
ri `Semokreba~. am problematikaze CemTvis
gzisgamkvalavi saubrebisas giorgi xoSta-
riasTan, mas ar daviwyebia exsenebina Cvene-
bur saflavis qvebTan siaxlovec, romelTac
Tavadac, oRond sxva niuansebiT, axasiaTebs
axali drois niSan-TvisebaTa dakvalviT
iercvlili gangrZoba Sua saukuneTa tradi-
ciisa, rac Cans g. xoStarias TqmiT, `naivur
monumentalizmSi~ da gamosaxulebis pirve-
lad, arsobriv `xatebaze~ dayvanaSi.
amrigad, xazgasasmelia, rom firosmanaS-
vili, romelic faqtobrivad Tanamedrovea
avangardistebisa, da romelsac, marine meZma-
riaSvilis kvleviT, bevri ram maTTan kidevac
11
s. leJava, niko firosmanaSvilis mxatvrobis mniSv-
nelobisaTvis, speqtri, 2005.
 samson leJava
akavSirebs, imave dros, maTze ganuzomlad aR-
matebulic aris. am movlenis mizezebs qvemoT
SevexebiT.
amjerad movaxdinoT Taviseburi `ga-
darTva~ da SedarebiT vrclad visaubroT
kolxur oda saxlze, radgan Seuswavlel
problemaTa wre aq met analizs iTxovs. axa-
li drois saqarTveloSi metwilad soflu-
ri sacxovrebeli arqiteqturis es Cinebuli
nimuSi ara mxolod xalxuri, aramed zogade-
rovnuli monapovaria. Tavisi daxvewilobiT,
sazeimo da Tan paradoqsulad ubraloebis
matarebeli harmoniiT, dakristalebuli12,
umwyobresi aRnagobiT, `kosmogramuli~ de-
koris simdidriTa da organulobiT igi war-
moadgens araTu mxolod qarTuli, aramed
msoflio kulturuli memkvidreobis sagu-
lisxmo monapovars (rac samwuxarod, mso-
flioSi jer aRiarebuli ar aris, rac sulac
ar niSnavs am poziciis araobieqturobas).
vfiqrob, zemoaRniSnul konteqstSi Za-
lian mniSvnelovania, rom Tavisi arsobrivi
34
maxasiaTeblebiT (da ara imdenad konkretuli
formebiT), aRniSnuli nageboba Zalian axlos
dgas sayovelTaod aRiarebul tradiciul ia-
ponur sacxovrisTan, rac gamoixateba Semdeg-
Si: Zlierad vlenil `gulgaxsnilobasa~ da
RiaobaSi bunebisadmi; TviT masTan `Segebebu-
lobaSic~ ki sakuTari, mkafio da avtonomiuri
struqturis sruli matareblobisas; marjve
`winaredizaineruli~ konstruqciuli xerxe-
bisa da daSla _ awyobis teqnikis saukeTesod
gaTvlili principebis gamoyenebaSi; sveteb-
ze funqciuri logikurobiT Sedgmuli sax-
lis gansakuTrebulad xatovan simsubuqeSi;
gasawev (iaponia) da dasaSlel, anda dasakec
tixarTa (saqarTvelo) gamoyenebaSi, rogorc
saTavsoTa Soris, ise zogan safasado kedel-
Sic; e.w. `vabis~ (iaponia) principis TvalsaCi-
noebaSi, rac masalaTa pirveladi, SeubRalavi
xelSeuxeblobis Zalum metyvelebas gulisx-
mobs, xolo saqarTveloSic arsebiTad, lamis
am saxis msoflgancda, bunebisadmi, guram asa-
12
l. sumbaZe, v. cincaZe, imereTis sabinao xuroT-
moZRvreba, Ars Georgica, #2, Tb., 1948.
Tianis mixedviT, `Rrma ndobaSi~ gamoixatebo-
da oda-saxlis aRmSeneblobis dros.
SesaZloa, iaponuri sacxovrebeli
xuroTmoZRvreba yvelaze mowinavedac migveC-
nia Tavisi `sufTa formebiT~ (romelnic um-
Widrovesad `miuaxlovda~ XIX-XX ss-Ta mijni-
sa da XX s-is pirveli aTwleulebis Ziebebs ev-
ropasa da amerikaSi), magram, roca oda-saxls
vakvirdebiT, unda vaRiaroT, rom isic albaT
aranaklebi ZaliT, oRondac sxva `versiiT~
avlens eWvmiutanel `winauwyebas~ le korbu-
zieseuli sivrciTi gaxsnilobisa da svetebze
mkafiod funqciuri `Sedgmulobisa~; mis van
der roeseuli Sida sivrcis transformaciis
novatoruli principebisa; Tavis mxriv, Tu
gnebavT, garkveulwilad, frenk loid raitis
`organuli arqiteqturis~ koncefciisac.
amrigad, Tuki iaponelebi am Tvalsazri-
siT marTlac avTenturi formiT didi sisru-
liT da dauZabveladac aRwevdnen imas, rac sa-
boloo jamSi, erTxans ufro metad mizani iyo
dasavluri arqiteqturisaTvis, iaponiisaT-
vis Soreul saqarTveloSi oda-saxlis aRmSe-
neblebi sulierad yvelaze metad monaTesave-
nic ki aRmoCndnen TavianTi iaponeli `kole-
gebisa~. isini TiTqos erTgvari `ucnobi Ta-
namoZmeebic~ ki arian msgavsad imisa, rogorc
es mJRavndeba Ziudosa da qarTuli Widaobis
umdidresi gamomgoneblobiT, sisxartiTa da
maxvilgonivrulobiT aRsavse fandebze dak-
virvebisas, magram samwuxaroa, rom es yoveli-
ve, ZiriTadad mainc, jer gaucnobierebelia.
marTalia, oda-saxlSi klasicizmis gar-
kveuli gamoZaxili Cans (rac giorgi Cubina-
Svilis marTebuli dakvirvebiT, mxolod sa-
kuTar fesvebTan, da naTel teqtonikasTan
mimabrunebeli aRmoCnda CvenSi)13, Tumca aq me-
tic iTqmis: oda-saxli sakuTar struqturaSi
sisruliT irTavs klasicizms da `srulebiT
saTavisod~ gardaqmnis mas. xazgasasmelia, rom
brwyinvale mxatvarma, swored qarTuli avan-
gardis warmomadgenelma klara kveesma, Tavis
xelmtkice grafikaSi naTelyo oda-saxlis
`gamonakvTuli~, cxadad, logikurad da uza-
g. CubinaSvili, n. severovi, qarTuli xuroTmoZRv-
13
rebis gzebi, Tb., 1936.

dod aRnagi struqturuloba, romelic eso-
den Zlierad, Tumca srulebiT arapirdapir
hgavs iaponelTa `pirveladformiseulobas~
arqiteqturaSi.
Tumca, rogorc irkveva, bevri ram sazi-
aro yofila ara imdenad da ara mxolod konk-
retul formebSi, ramdenadac zogad, Zireul
principebSi, iaponuri tradiciuli baRis
`superekologiurobasa~ da oda-saxlis aseve
tradiciul, winamdebare `TeTri ezos~ `sa-
moTxisebr~ silamazes Soris. aq xom orivegan
nairgvarad, magram aSkarad gamJRavnda is, rom
buneba, rogorc TaAmaz WilaZe aRniSnavs, Cveni
`didi saxlia~.
mis van der roeseuli, Sida sivrcis ufro
`individualistur~ cvalebadobasa da oda-
saxlis interierSi upirvelesad sayovelTao,
tradiciul ritualebTan dakavSirebul cva-
lebadobas Soris _ realuri sxvaobaa, magram
es ar gamoricxavs Rrmad SemakavSirebel niSan
_ TvisebaTa TvalsaCinoebas.
kargadaa cnobili, rom tradiciulma ia-
ponurma xuroTmoZRvrebam realuri gavlena
moaxdina dasavlur profesiul, `wignier~ xu-
roTmoZRvrebaze da amasTanave, Tavad iapo-
nelTave axali drois aRmSeneblobazec. mas
mTel msoflioSi saguldagulod swavlobd-
nen, imecnebdnen, uRrmavdebodnen praqtikosi
arqiteqtorebi (da ara mxolod Teoretikose-
bi), xolo sakuTriv iaponiaSi xuroTmoZRvre-
bis maRali ganviTareba (cxadia, ara pirdapiri
midevnebiT Zvelisa, aramed axali mravlis-
momcveli konteqstualurobiTa da, rac um-
Tavresia, konceptualuri CawvdomiT), mety-
velebs sakuTari tradiciisadmi gulisxmier
miyuradebaze, mis Sinagan matareblobaze.
samwuxarod, ase ar momxdara kolxuri
oda-saxlis SemTxvevaSi. marTalia, ucxoeli
mogzaurni STabeWdilebaTa doneze aRfr-
Tovandnen kidec misiT, magram kolxuri oda
mecnierulad upiratesad, Seswavlil iqna
mxolod CvenSi da misi Rirsebebic cxadyofi-
li aRmoCnda lia adamias, mixeil garayaniZis,
longinoz sumbaZis, vaxtang cincaZis da va-
lerian gagoSiZis gamokvlevebSi (yoveli maT-
gani xuroTmoZRvrebis istorikosia). Tumca
samson leJava
praqtikos arqiteqtorTaTvis saqarTveloSi
(msoflioze ukve aRar aris saubari), misive
ganviTarebis (ufro sworad ki saxecvalebis)
SesaZlebloba nakleb aqtualuri aRmoCnda.
Tumca, albaT aris zogi gamonaklisic. am mx-
riv sayuradReboa qarTuli xuroTmoZRv-
rebis didi mkvlevari da mcodne, da amasTan,
rogorc ufro tradicionalistur SenobaTa
avtori, ise avangardTanac wilnayari xuroT-
moZRvari _ praqtikosi, nikoloz severovi,
romelic Tavadve gamohkveTda oda-saxlis
`maRalmxatvrulobas~, magram ramdenad gac-
xadda es sakuTriv mis SemoqmedebaSi, jerxan-
obiT mainc, Zneli saTqmelia. ra makavSirebel
ZafTa danaxvaa am mxriv SesaZlebeli momdev-
no sabWour profesiul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi
esec Seuswavlelia. am etapze Semdegi maga-
liTebi SeiZleba gavixsenoT: 1) lado mesxiS-
viliseul, cxadia sul sxva funqciis mqone
`sportis sasaxleSi~, kerZod, mis sakmaod
daxvewil, dinamikur da xalvaT TaRnarSi, Se-
saZloa ixilvebodes mouxelTebeli, Soreu-
35
li gamoZaxili odis aivnebis, vaxtang beriZis
azriT, saukeTesod gaTvlil kompozicieb-
Tanac, 2) giorgi leJavas Semoqmedebidan am
TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmoa
uaRresad sayuradRebo, `retro fantaziebi~.
3) bunebrivia, srulebiT arapirdapir, magram
mainc damafiqrebel mimarTebas vxedav giga
baTiaSvilis funikuloris qveda sadguris
aw ukve aRararsebul SenobasTan, romelsac
vaxtang qoqiaSvilis faqizi feradovnebis
mqone, transparantuli vitraJi amSvenebda
(oda-saxlis mWvirval, aivnis Sida sivrcidan
marTlac vitraJisebr `manaTobel~ dekorTan
ufro uSualo mimarTeba vaxtang qoqiaSvilma
sastumro iveriis vitraJebSi naTelyo).
giorgi Caxavam, XX saukuneSive XXI s-is os-
tatad (mis TanamoazreebTan erTad), aRiare-
bulma arqiteqtorma, sityvierad, erT-erT
gamosvlaSi, gamohkveTa oda-saxlis Zalze
pozitiuri maxasiaTeblebi, xolo amasTanave,
Tavis mSobliur sofel sergieTSi Tavadve aa-
Sena xalxuri oda-saxli, Tanac minimaluri Ca-
reviT garemoSi, TumcaRa es mainc ufro metad
retrospeqtivistuli aRiareba aRmoCnda.
 samson leJava
ucxoel mkvlevarTagan ki aA driano alpa-
go novelom, am uaRresad daxvewilma pirovne-
bam, Zvel romael aristokratTa STamomaval-
ma, evropuli tradiciis Cinebulma mcodnem
da qarTuli saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebis
Seswavlis saqmeSi didi damsaxurebis mqo-
nem, gamokveTa oda-saxlis uaRresad naTeli
struqturuloba da misive Rrma kavSiri Cvens
sataZro arqiteqturasTan14.
Tumca miuxedavad zemoaRniSnulisa,
oda-saxlis fenomeni mainc bolomde aRiare-
buli ver aRmoCnda, miT umetes, saerTaSori-
so sivrceSi. arada igi Tavis SemoqmedebiT
sicocxles agrZelebda XX saukunis 50-iani
wlebis CaTvliT. misi fasi yvelaze metad mis-
ma amgebebma, `uCumarma~, anonimma ostatebma
icodnen, romelnic Taviseburi universalebi
iyvnen _ Tuki Sarl bodleris gamonaTqvams
gavixsenebT, aseT pirovnebebs Taviseburi `en-
ciklopediuroba~ gamoarCevdaT15, vinaidan
mTeli tradiciuli kulturis erTobliobaSi
gamtarni iyvnen da amasTan, araTu egebebod-
36
nen siaxleebs, aramed TviTve sTavazobdnen
samyaros yvelaze mowinave _ im SemTxvevaSi,
xuroTmoZRvrul ideebs, rac sabWouri Cake-
tilobis pirobebSi, cxadia, ver iqna gaziare-
buli. mxolod XXI s-is dasawyisSi, ukve damou-
kidebel saqarTveloSi, xelovnebasTmcodni-
sa da biznesmenis giorgi leJavasa da arqiteq-
tor leri ComaxiZis Zalian nayofieri (Tumca
ara pirdapiri) TanamSromlobis Sedegad, so-
fel did jixaiSSi aigo kolxuri odis tradi-
ciaTa Cinebulad Semsisxlxorcebeli, oRon-
dac, marTlac rom superTanamedrove Senoba
(TumcaRa es ukve calke analizis Temaa).
davubrundeT Cvens mTavar problema-
tikas, anu imas, Tu ra mimarTeba aqvs 1920-
iani wlebis avangards kolxur oda-saxlTan.
irkveva, rom Cven bevri ram sagulisxmo SeiZ-
leba davinaxoT oda-saxlis RirsebaTa Zalze
SemoqmedebiTi aRqma-interpretaciis mxriv
lado gudiaSvilTan, elene axvledianTan,
petre ocxelTan, daviT kakabaZesTan da sxv. (am
kuTxiT qarTuli saTeatro mxatvrobaa Sesas-
14
Art and Arhitecture in Medieval Georgia, Tbilisi-Milan, 1986.
15
М. Нольман, Ш. Бодлер, М., 1979.
wavli). gansakuTrebulad sagulisxmo ki mainc
Cans daviT kakabaZis mTeli danatovaris mi-
marTeba oda-saxlis fenomenTan16. swored da-
viT kakabaZesTan vlindeba, rom kolxuri oda
am didi, msoflio masStabis ostatisaTvis, da
amasTanave, avangardistuli xelovnebis sru-
luflebiani warmomadgenlisaTvis, sagulisx-
mo aRmoCnda, Tanac ramdenime aspeqtiT.
1) igi rTavs oda-saxlis xan ufro deta-
lur, xanac mxolod miniSnebiT gamosaxule-
bebs Tavis `konceptualur~ imerul landSaf-
tebSi, maT Soris saxelmoxveWil `imereTi-
dedaCemi~-Si.
2) iseve xatavs Zalze pirobiTad, magram
arsobrivi wvdomiT oda-saxlisave tevad da
xalvaT interiers.
3) rogorc kinomxatvari, daviT ronde-
lis cnobil qarTul filmSi `dakarguli sa-
moTxe~ kvlavac warmoaCens amave Senobis mim-
zidvel iers da misi interieris Tvisobrivo-
bas, miuxedavad am filmis mxolod calmxri-
vad aRqmisas _ `komikuri~ Seferilobisa.
4) daviT kakabaZe, rogorc mkvlevari da
fotoxelovani, axorcielebs oda-saxlis
Zneladmisakvlev nimuSTa saguldagulo fo-
tografirebas raWaSi mogzaurobisas, rac
Tbilisis ivane javaxiSvilis sax. saxelmwifo
universitetSi missave personalur gamofe-
naze gamovlinda. amis Sesaxeb Zalian cocxlad
momiTxro uCa jafariZem q. onSi (imxanad Cemi
interesis sfero swored am nagebobaTa fiqsa-
cia-Secnoba iyo). man gamokveTa, rom daviTs
didad izidavda oda-saxlis Rirsebebi; rom
igi, zogjer cxenze amxedrebuli, dauRala-
vad eZiebda da afiqsirebda kidec maT raWaSi.
man Teatris mxatvrobaSi17. aseve didi adgili
dauTmo odis xatovnebis transformacias.
rogorc TandaTanobiT naTeli xdeba, es yove-
live kakabaZiseuli xedvis mxolod erTi mxa-
rea, Tumc ki TavisTavad mniSvnelovani. gaci-
lebiT arsebiTi ki is aris, rom daviT kakabaZis
mier oda-saxlis struqturuli maxasiaTeb-
lebi (mkafio teqnika, agebulebis sicxade, ga-
16
n. asaTiani, qarTveli mxatvrebi da Teatraluri xe-
lovneba, Tb., 2006.
17
n. asaTiani, qarTveli mxatvrebi da Teatraluri xe-
lovneba, Tb., 2006.

monakvTuloba, Tu gnebavT, `klasikurobac~
ki, da bolos, harmoniis maRali xarisxi), mis
mier Sinaganad Sesisxlxorcebuli iyo. erTi
mxriv, igi soflad oda-saxlisa da misi karmi-
damos garemoSi aRizarda, meore mxriv ki, jer
peterburgSi da mogvianebiT parizSi ganswav-
lis Semdgom, masve, oRondac ukve sxva rigis
gamocdilebiTa da intensivobiT swavlobda.
mTlianobaSi, daviT kakabaZe oda-saxlis
am Zireul maxasiaTeblebs, iseve rogorc
qarTul eklesiaTa `dawaxnagebul~ mkafio
agebulebas18, cxad plastikur gamomxatve-
lobas, lakonizmis `gajerebulobas~, Tu pa-
radoqsul `sisxlsavse purizms~ _ martoo-
den dakvirvebuli TvaliT ki ar aRiqvamda,
aramed sakuTar sulier saxilvelSi uTuod
mniSvnelovnad aRiarebda. swored amitomaa,
rom mag., daviT kakabaZiseul kolaJebSi ub-
ralod sxva xerxebiTa da meTodebiT, Zalze
gabeduli da amasTanave TavdaWerili `avan-
gardistuli~ midgomebiT _ arsebiTad imave
rigis sulier-esTetikuri sazomebi da orien-
tirebia moxmobili, rac Tugind samTavisis
Tanadroulad energiulad `denad~ da iqve _
`gansrulebul~ fasadSi oda-saxlis ritmu-
lad maRalwesrigian da Tan `gaxsnil~ ierSi da
bolos mis eqsperimentul, uzadod amomwurav
qmnilebebSi. aseTi midgoma maT erTi kultu-
ris TvalsaCinod nair, magram imavdroulad
`erTZirian~ gamoxatulebebad aqcevs. samive
zemoT aRniSnul fenomens. marTalia, daviT
kakabaZe `oficialuri~ profesiiT ar yofi-
la moqmedi arqiteqtori, magram misTvis, mag.,
dizaini rom metismetad axlobelia, missave
xelnakeT kolaJebSic aSkaraa. garda amisa, ara
mxolod mis mier daxatul xuroTmoZRvrul
`xilvaSi~, aramed scenografiis Tavis droi-
sTvis realur sivrceSi realizebul nimuSeb-
Sic19, man naTelyo ara mxolod Zlieri da swo-
red `xuroTmoZRvruli azrovneba~, aramed
masStabi da gaqanebac am saxis azrovnebisa! is
TiTqosda Cvens realobaSi marto itevda sa-
kuTar TavSi `bauhauzis~ sakeTebel saqmesac.…
18
В. Беридзе, Некоторые аспекты грузинской купольной
архитектуры, Тб., 1079.
19
n. asaTiani, qarTveli mxatvrebi da Teatraluri xe-
lovneba, Tb., 2006.
samson leJava
bolos, SevCerdeT qarTuli, ufro konkre-
tulad ki guruli polifoniis zogierT maxasi-
aTebelze CvenTvis sagulisxmo TvalsazrisiT.
is, rom guruli polifonia arsebiTTaga-
ni gamoxatulebaa saqarTvelos Rrmad tradi-
ciuli vokaluri kulturisa, Zalian kargad
aris cnobili. am saqmes sakvirveli niWierebi-
Ta da zogjer TviT virtuozulobiTac xel-
dasmuli didostatebi misdevdnen, romelnic
lamis yovel patara sofelSic ki moiZebne-
bodnen. mainc ra tradicia iyo!
axla ki davakvirdeT mis Tvisobrivobas:
gurulTa (iseve rogorc, Cveni yoveli kuTxis,
mag., imerelTa, leCxumelTa, megrelTa, af-
xazTa da cxadia, aWarelTa da sxv.) mravalxmi-
anoba gvizidavs uaRresad cocxali dinamikiT
(Tumca ufro dinji, zogjer Zalumad monu-
menturi _ svanurisa da raWulis darad _ ni-
muSebic gvaqvs). da mainc _ guria am Tvalsaz-
riT gamorCeulia: `Sida~ poliritmiiT, Sexa-
mebaTa uecrebiT, emociuri efeqturobiT, ba-
nis metad rTuli, magram `logikurad~ uzado
37
svlebiT, didi faqturuli simdidriT, kri-
manWulis samusiko `avanturulobiT~ da Tavi-
seburi `sivrcierebiTac~ (es merab berZeniS-
vilis TqmiT, `mTebis gadaZaxilis~ melosic
aris)! mTlianobaSi ki guruli simRera qarTu-
li vokaluri mravalxmianobis fantastikuri
magaliTia, marTlac `avangarduli~. igi, ro-
gorc esoden mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli zo-
gadqarTuli samusiko tradiciisa, Tavadac
aris msoflio kulturuli memkvidreobis sa-
ganZuri. masSi arc Tu iSviaTia harmoniulad
Zalze tevadi monacvleoba `samoTxisebri~
silamazis bgeradobisa da iqve, metad `mWaxe~
disonansebisa (Tavisi nairferi sekundebisa
Tu kvintebis simZafriTurT). risame ufro
`gamaogneblis~ moxelTeba Tanamedrove in-
teleqtualuri da ara mxolod spontanuri
jazis yvelaze mowinave garRvevebSic ki, didi
iSviaTobaa. es aris sakvirvelad srulfaso-
vani samusiko sistema. amdenadac, sulac ar
iyo SemTxveviTi, rom rogorc irkveva, igor
stravinski _ XX s-is samusiko Ziebebis gan-
maxorcielebelTa Soris erTi wamyvanTagani,
Rrmad ecnoboda da sistemurad imecnebda gu-
 samson leJava
ruli polifoniis nimuSebs. da, rac mTavaria,
sakuTari xeliTac gadahqonda isini notebze,
amis SEsaxeb mxatvar levan WoRoSvils auwya
Sveicarielma galeristma lukas aH nCinma. igi
am samusiko formas gansakuTrebiT yuradsa-
Rebad Tvlida (samarTlianadac!). am SemTxve-
vaSi sagulisxmoa, rom man, rogorc msoflio
kulturuli memkvidreobis (da ara mxolod
musikis) didma mcodnem da gamorCeulma eru-
ditma, Sesadarebeli masalac Cinebulad ico-
da da, cxadia, miT ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba
misive es gansakuTrebuli enTuziazmi!
sagulisxmoa, rom XX s-is dasawyisSive,
ramdenadme firosmanaSvilisadmi yuradRebis
gaRviZebis msgavsad, Secnoba qarTuli (maT
Soris guruli) mravalxmianobisa _ gamZafr-
da da gafarTovda. igi CvenSic ukve mraval-
nairi formiT gadioda sakuTari aRmomacene-
beli samyaros sazRvrebidan (amis sxva rigis
magaliTia niko sulxaniSvilTan TiTqosda e.w.
`folklorsa~ da `swavlul~ xelovnebas Soris
kargad cnobili `gardamavlobac~)20, xolo
adgilobriv Tu ucxoel dainteresebul-
38
Ta mxriv, misive Cawera xdeboda ara mxolod
sanoto sistemiT, aramed akustikuradac,
xmovanad, audio Canaweris saxiT, rac XX s-is
dasawyisSi yovelive `uCveulosadmi~ mizansw-
rafvis zogad tendenciasac esadageboda.
dRes qarTuli samusiko mravalxmianoba
ukve saerTaSoriso fenomenia, iuneskos mier
aRiarebuli da yovel kontinentze miRebu-
lic mravali dainteresebuli piris mxriv
_ safrangeTSi moRvawe qarTvelma, batonma
oTar patariZem isic ki Sematyobina, rom am
qveynis araTu qalaqebSi, aramed soflebSic
ki, arsebobs tradiciuli qarTuli simReris
Semswavleli ansamblebi! es miT ufro sagu-
lisxmoa, rom frangebs Tavadac aqvT (gavixse-
noT Tundac klemans Janekeni) metad mdidari
da ganviTarebuli mravalxmianoba! raRa Tqma
unda, tradicia qarTuli mravalxmovanobisa
Zalian Zvelia da droSi didad unda scilde-
bodes ioane petriwiseul dadasturebas. ase
fiqrobs mag., dimitri arayiSvili, romlisaT-
visac Cveni mravalxmianoba uxsovari droisaa
20 g. nadiraZe, niko sulxaniSvili, Tb., 1937.
(amis `matriculi~ magaliTia `mze Sina da mze
gareTa~), Tumca farTod aqtualuri araru-
ralur, `arafolklorul~, `swavlul~ wreeb-
Si Cveni mravalxmianoba XIX s-is meore naxevar-
sa da ufro metad _ XX s-is dasawyisSi xdeba,
Tanac qarTvel profesional musikosTa mxri-
vac (am TvalsazrisiT, Cven Zalian davigvianeT
_ rogorc gamokveTs giorgi nadiraZe).
aq yuradRebamisapyrobia is, Tu rogor
sivrceSi, ra saxis garemoSi JRerda gurulTa
polifonia.
Tuki gaviziarebT igor stravinskisave
mosazrebas am samusiko formis garkveul mi-
marTebaze evropis renesansul musikasTan, ma-
Sin saWiro xdeba Temis gaRrmaveba: aRniSnuli
TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa, rom kolxuri
oda-saxli (romelSic cxovrobdnen da kidec
mRerodnen gurulebi), Tavadac e.w. `emansipi-
rebuli~ kulturis gamovlenaa _ is TviTve
warmoadgens _ arsebiTad soflur xis `pa-
lacos~. da Tu bunebrivia, rom uSualod re-
nesansuli sulac araa, is rogorc Sua sauku-
neTa, ise ufro arqauli sacxovrisis koncef-
ciaTa Semcvleli aris, oRond ukve sakuTari
kulturis konteqstSi. igi `gaxangrZlivebu-
li feodalizmis~ Semdgomi epoqis, anu axali
drois `Svilia~ (XVIII s-is miwurulis, ufro ki
XIX s-is da XX s-is pirvel aTwleulTaA gamov-
linebaa), da Zalian pirobiTad, `neorenesansu-
lic~ ki aris (miT umetes, Tuki missave struq-
turaSi arsebuli, Tu `CarTuli~, wminda saero
klasicizmis garkveul gamoZaxilsac gavixse-
nebT). daismis kiTxva: xom araa SesaZlo, rom
guruli polifoniis maRalganviTarebuli
formebi dabadebuliyo oda-saxlisa da misi
karmidamos garemocvaSi _ yovel SemTxvevaSi
dRevandlamde motanili formebis saxiT? did
siZveleze am polifoniisa dabejiTebiT SeiZ-
leba saubari misive uarqaulesi fesvebis gamo.
ar gamovricxav, rom erT-erTi `ganwyobiTi~
inspiraciis wyaro am pirveladi arqaulobisa,
adre sacxovrebeli, magram mogvianod sameur-
neod qceuli, SedarebiT martivi Senobebis si-
vrcec SeiZleba yofiliyo. Tavisi naxevradb-
neli interierebiT, miwuriatakianobiTa da
keris sakralurobis gamokveTiT _ gurulebi

xom keris cecxls, apolon wulaZis Tanaxmad,
rogorc cocxals, ise esaubrebodnen. iseve,
rogorc sofluri odis dominanturobisas ar
gamqrala ZvelTaZveli, karmidamos aqtiuri
Semadgeneli, sada sakraluri keris `damcavi~
nagebobani, virtuozulad qceul gurul sim-
ReraSic, (romelSic oda-saxlis zeimurobas
amasTanave savsebiT esadageba) ZvelTaZveli
keris idumalebac ar ganqarvebula Tavad mu-
sikalur wyobaSic! ase rom, guruli simRerac
Rrma `palimfsesturobis~ matarebeli gamo-
dis. Tumca cxadia, rom es Tavad oda-saxlsac
Seexeba, vinaidan masSic (mis bevrad adreul sa-
xlebTan wilnayar konstruqciebSic, da Rrmad
semantikur dekorSic), araTu ar dakargula,
swored simReris analogiurad, mravalaTas-
wleulTa, ZvelTaZvel epoqaTa Soreuli eqo,
aramed igi metad Zlierad gamJRavnda kidec!
da mainc, Cven mxolod sacxovrisTa da
namReris `urTierTSexmoba~ ver dagvakmayo-
filebs. imazec unda vifiqroT, Tu ra saxis
bunebrivma garemom aRmoacena guruli po-
lifonia. ai swored aq, Cven did daxmarebas
gviwevs cnobili qarTveli filosofosis
zurab kakabaZis naazrevi, romelmac Zalze
sworad dainaxa, rom guriaSi mTagoriani,
ulamazesi landSaftis cincxali, aRmafr-
Tovanebeli dinamika didad xelSemwyobi
unda yofiliyo guruli simReris tempera-
mentiani, moZravi, zogjer TviT `eqspansu-
ri~ svlebisaTvis, romelic, simarTle rom
iTqvas, renesansulze metad, ufro barokos
`temporalurobas~ enaTesaveba, Tumca isic
viciT, rom gurulebs sul sxva saxis, dar-
baisluri, WvretiTi, Svebismomgvreli, Rir-
seuli, dinji da `sagalobliseulad~ idu-
mali, TavdaWerili simReris Tqmac uyvar-
daT, romelic sulieri STambeWdavobiTa da
siRrmiT, aranakleb faseulicaa, vidre `kvi-
matkrimanWuliani~, esoden efeqturi maTive
namReri. mainc ra nairgvari (ritmuladac!)
formebia, Tundac am momcro kuTxeSic ki,
Cveni sasimRero kulturisa (rom aRaraferi
iTqvas mTel saqarTveloze)!
axla ki kvlav davubrundeT saTaurSi
dasmul problemaTa wres.
samson leJava
ra Tvisobrivoba Cans firosmanaSvilis
SemoqmedebaSi avangardistTa mxatvrobasTan
mimarTebis TvalsazrisiT?
igi, rogorc ukve iTqva, wminda avangardi-
stad miCneuli verasgziT iqneba, miuxedavad am
principebis mimdevar mxatvarTa mxriv misdami
wrfeli, Zalian intensiuri da Rrma interesi-
sa. cxadia, mag., rom Tundac mixeil lariono-
visagan gansxvavebiT, igi arc `primitivistia~
_ es xom `konceptualuri~ midgoma iqneboda,
rac gamoricxulia araTeoretikos, zogjer
ki vizioner firosmanaSvilTan. igi arc mag.,
e.w. `mesame kulturis~ warmomadgenel anri
rusosTan SeiZleba iyos dawyvilebuli, vinai-
dan, rogorc Tavad frangebic aRiareben, nika-
la didad aRemateba am uTuod Zlier, magram
vfiqrob, cota ar iyos `egzotist~ xelovans
(rac albaT, ufro specifikaa, vidre nakli).
rogorc Cans, firosmanaSvilis mravalS-
rianoba ubralod Seudarebelia. igi uarqau-
lesic aris, da metismetad Tanamedrovec _
am niSniT TiTqosda `hkravs~ dros da maRl-
39
deba JamTa mier motanil, konkretul para-
digmebze.
amasTan erTad, is sakuTari drois kul-
turis gamomxatvelic sisruliT aris. msofl-
gancdiT Zalian axlosaa e.w. `xalxur~ kultu-
rasTan, maT Soris, vizualur folklorTan _
yvelaze metad ki sakuTriv saflavis qvebTan,
(romlis personaJebic mis gmirTa samyaros
albaT `SenobiT gaesaubrebodnen~ aSkara ur-
TierTmcnobelobis gamo). magram cxadia, rom
firosmani aris ara anonimi ostati, aramed
mkafiod individualuri, gamorCeuli figu-
ra, Tumc ki arasgziT subieqtivisti, arasg-
ziT _ individualisti! misi individualuro-
bis grandiozuli Zala ufro metad sakuTari
kulturis samyaros suraTis, misi saxilvelis
koncentrul gamoxatvaSi vlindeba da arasg-
ziT am wamyvani veqtoridan, da orientirebi-
dan `gadacdenaSi~, rac gamoricxulic aris.
man xom mTeli arsebiT Seisisxlxorca tradi-
ciuli, ruraluri `miwis~ kulturis energiac
da misgan momdinare uRrmesi, amouZiebeli ga-
mocdilebac, Tumca Tanadroulad _ Tbili-
sis urbanul sivrceSi, rogorc diadi ostati,
 samson leJava
bolomdis `gaifurCqna~ Tematuradac, xato-
vanebiTac da formiTac. es ise moxda, rom am
geniosma sakuTar TavSi daitia mexsiereba ara
mxolod sakuTari, aramed mTlianobaSi, ka-
cobriuli kulturis araerTaTaswlovani ga-
mocdilebisa, rac marTlac uiSviaTesia! niko
firosmani _ esaa movlena, matarebeli didi
pasuxismgeblobisa samyaros winaSe.
Zalian momcveli tevadoba kulturuli
mexsierebisa, uzarmazari diapazoni, am Tval-
sazrisiT _ daitia aseve, kolxurma oda-
saxlmac. rogoriRa iyo misi Tavgadasavali?
es nageboba, firosmanaSvilis fenomenisa ar
iyos, axali drois movlenaa da, amasTanave,
bevri risame sinTezirebas axorcielebs _
Tavisi `geStalturobiT~. Tuki aRnagobis
wess davakvirdebiT, gavixsenebT, rom qarTul
eklesiaTa (garda gardamavali xanisa), for-
maTagebis wesTan mas bevri ram aqvs saerTo,
rac Cans mkafio geometrizmSi, kristaluro-
baSi, siluetis sada sisavseSi da sxv. is lamis
imave ganwyobis aRmomacenebelia, rogori-
40
sac, giorgi marsagiSvilis SexedulebiT, Cve-
neburi eklesiebi. amasTanave, Tu ufro ad-
reul oda saxlebSi, kerZod ki maT svetebSi
saeklesio CuqurTmisa da ZvelTaZveli ste-
lebis samyarosTan gadaZaxili gvaqvs, ufro
axal aJurul dekorSi ixilveba aRiarebuli
`sacnoboba~ uZvelesi kolxuri brinjao-
si, kerZod sartylebisa, balTebisa Tu sxv.
amasTanave, oda-saxlTa Weris gamamSvenebe-
li xonCa Tu yovelTvis ara, zogjer mainc _
darbazis gvirgvinis Semaxsenebelia. da Tuki
misi uSualod sivrciTi ganmgrZobi arc aris,
yovel SemTxvevaSi, semantikurad memkvidrea
darbazisa radgan centris, `Suagulis~ maaq-
centirebuli usaTuod aris _ rac tradi-
ciuli fuZe-paradigmis did simdgrades mow-
mobs (am sakiTxebs Teimuraz Ciqovani da lon-
ginoz sumbaZe Seiswavlidnen). imavdroulad,
es Senoba Tavisufal dialogSi Sedis e.w. ar
nuvos nimuSebTan, oRondac Zalian didi, sa-
kuTari sulieri gamocdilebis gaTvaliswi-
nebiT, ornamentis struqturaSic. mxolod
garegani dakvirvebiTaa xandaxan `modernis~
mgvani, Tumca realurad gacilebiT mwyobri
da, vfiqrob, umjobesi CuqurTmis `aRmom-
cenebelic~ kia oda sakuTar TavSi. ase rom,
misi `saxilvelis~ mravlisdamtevloba aS-
karaa. da mainc _ mTeli `palimfsesturo-
bisas~ (kvlav analogiaa firosmanaSvilTan),
isic axali drois fenomenia (XIX s-is 70-iani
_ XX s-is 20-iani ww.), demokratizaciasTan
da socialur dinamikasTan SekavSirebuli.
amasTanave, marTlac ormxrivi ianusiviTaa _
uWvrets gardasuls, iTvisebs masSi arsebul
yovelsave faseuls sakuTari kulturuli
`filtris~ arsebobisas, magram pirvelyov-
lisa, `amzadebs~ im did momavals, romelic,
rom ara komunisturi mmarTvelobis xana,
Tavis TvalsaCino rols ukeT Seasrulebda
TaobaTa gemovnebis daxvewisaTvis _ Tavisi
uzado sinatifiTa da xSirad `aristokratu-
loba-ubraloebis~ dauZabveli SeTavseba-
SexamebiT. masSic sinTezirda urbanuli da
ruraruli sawyisebi. igi, cxadia, ruraluria,
rogorc sofluri kar-midamos dominanturi
Semadgeneli, rogorc Sesisxlxorcebulic
ki sameurneo nagebobaTa `plastikasTan~ da
konstruqciebTan, xolo ufro farTo azriT,
sazogadod _ soflur yofasTan. magram gan-
sxvavebiT arqauli, miwuriatakiani da misi
mxolod nawilobriv winamorbedi patafica-
ra saxlisagan, masSi Tanadroulad sWvivis
`urbanuli~ informacia, anu `uwyeba~ imisa,
rom aq Zalian gaZlierda qalaquri kultu-
ris wili21. es Cans komfortulobis zrdaSi,
interieris Sidamowyobilobis mkafio evro-
peizaciaSi sakuTari Tvisobrivobis SenarCu-
nebisas, da `axali~, beWduri mwignobrobis po-
pularizaciaSic (Tavad maxsovs, ra mdidari
wignTsacavebi iyo SemorCenili TiTqosda miy-
ruebul soflebSi, rac Tavs iCenda revolu-
ciamdel xanaSic da Cans bevrad ufro adrec).
da bolos, mivubrundeT gurul polifo-
niur simReras. xSirad mas adareben jazs. raa
maT Soris saziaro, da ra _ ganmasxvavebeli?
saziaro pirvelyovlisa improvizaciulobaa,
erTgvari `nakadismieroba~ iqve dabadebul-
aRmocenebuli melosisa. Tumca am ori samu-
s. makalaTia, samegrelos istoria da eTnografia,
21
Tb., 1946.

siko formis aRmocenebis garemo srulebiT
gansxvavebulia. guruli polifonia, pirve-
lyovlisa, ruraluria, uSualod amomavali
Tavisi sakuTari, mSobeli garemocvidan, mi-
wiseuli da `niadagismieria~, yurs miapyrobs
nakadulis xmianobas, Citis galobas, fo-
TolTa Srialis bgeradobas, isisxlxorcebs
Tugind ToxiT Sromisas, ganmeorebad moZra-
obaTa xasiaTsa da dinamikas, `Wvrets~ mTaTa
dinamikur siluetebs, `akvirdeba~ yvavilTa
gamouTqmel silamazes da yovelsave amas ar-
sebiTad gardasaxavs. es namReri misteriu-
ladaa wilnayari, TviT gaSinaurebulic kia
bunebis ritmebTan da maT Targmanebas war-
moadgens. igi mTeli samyaros sulis SemgrZ-
nobelia, anu frangi kompozitoris andre
Jolives sityvebiT _ `kosmiuri adamianis~
mier qmnili movlenaa. amasTan, uzenaesis me-
xotbec, da Rrmad ekologiuric....
rogoriRaa jazi? igi mainc nakleb `Suagu-
liseulia~ da Taviseburad `mravalmimarTu-
lebianic~, araanonimur individTa gamorCeu-
lobas masSi cxadia, ukve Zalian didi mniSvne-
loba aqvs. am mxriv tradiciuli erTobis suli
ufro metad mainc gurul polifonias axasi-
aTebs. jazis `evropulad~ instrumentuli
SesaZleblobani, cxadia, didad farTovdeba,
xan ki `TviTkmaric~ xdeba, maSin roca guria-
Si Conguri upiratesad Tanmxlebi iyo, xolo
ufro mogvianod, Congurs `Sexmobili~ gita-
rac rodia im masStabisa, rogoric romeli-
me sul mcire jaz-bendic ki. igi, upiratesad,
vokalurobas atarebs. Tanac gurulTa namRe-
ri xSirad SedarebiT uSualod ritualuria,
tradiciul yofaSi CarTuli, da ara mTlad
`swavlulad gaprofesionalebuli~. igi pirve-
ladia da pozitiuri energetikis matarebeli.
jazis msoflgancda ki, sadac moxda afro-ame-
rikulisa da dasavluris unikaluri sinTe-
zi, Zlier tkiviliania _ amerikul jazSi _
xSirad tragizmi miwidan mowyvetisa, misdami
Zaxili Tu xmobaa, upiratesad wamosuli Tav-
dapirveli afrikuli fesvebidan. aq paTosic
aris, da xSirad gulsaklavi nostalgiac, gan-
sakuTrebiT saqsafonis gamoucnobi kaeSniT
aRvsil, wminda `urbanul~ bgeradobaSi rom
samson leJava
Cans! am musikaSi monatrebaa miwis SeubRalavi
`vitalurobisac~, da Sefarulad Sori samSob-
los sivrceebisac _ mSfoTvare, gangaSian,
gaucxoebul da raRac gamoucnobi idumale-
biT aRvsil, Zalze ambivalentur, `kolosur~,
caTambjenTa wyebiT daRdasmul, megapolisur
garemoSi. jazis (mag., bibopis) mZafri eqspresia
didwilad swored misandobelis, mSobliuris,
saimedos miuwvdomlobiTaa ganpirobebuli.
araiSviaTad, igi xan lamis isteriulad mxia-
rulia, xanac gaSiSvlebuli sulSeZrulobi-
Taa Camagonebeli. Zalian mdidari morfolo-
giis dros, misi arqiteqtonika TiTqosda pika-
sosebr `ngreva-SenebiTia~, nakleb mwyobric,
oRond tradiciuli gagebiT.
sxvaa guruli polifoniis `bgeraTxu-
roTmoZRvreba~ _ mTeli Tavisufali imp-
rovizaciulobisas, igi ganuzomlad ufro
mwyobradaa aRnagi. es ar aris jazisebri, zog-
jer labirinTis Semaxsenebeli, usasrulo mu-
sikaluri `mogzauroba~. es aris ufro `cxad-
geziani~, da aseve Sinaganad mtkiced wesrigia-
41
ni, ufro garkveuli `mdinarebis~ matarebeli,
gnebavT ierarqiulobis maRiarebeli forma.
is, miuxedavad `emansipirebulobisa~, oda-sa-
xlis agebulebaSi CarTuli CuqurTmis darad,
sknelTakavSiris Rrmad SemgrZnobia, amas-
Tan mkvidri fenomenia, rogorc jerac kidev
tradiciuli, maT Soris saeklesio sagalo-
belTa diadi kulturis monaTesave, SeubRa-
lavi gamovlena. da mainc, guruli simRerac,
sisruliT mJReri Tavis sakuTar sivrceebSi,
zogadad aqtualurad iqca (farTo azriT),
ukve sul sxva rigis, urbanuli `swavluli~
kulturisaTvis _ da ara mxolod igor stra-
vinskis22 avangardistul ZiebaTaTvis (misgan
gansxvavebiT, guruli `simReris mTqmelni~ ki
ar eZieben, aramed albaT, ufro `acxadeben~
Sefaruls _ niko firosmanaSvilis msgavsad).
amgvarad, ukve XX s-is dasawyisidanve, gu-
ruli polifonia nel-nela `gadis~ Tavdapir-
veli wiaRidan, TandaTan Sordeba fesvebs,
sabWoTa xanaSi ki ukve faqtiurad ZaliT ga-
daiqceva absurduli ideologiis ruporad,
22
М. Друскин, И. Стравинский, Л. 1982.
 samson leJava
rac misTvis sabolood Zalze arasaxarbielo
aRmoCnda! mTlianobaSi mas sul sxva tipis,
didwilad ucxo kulturam miayurada, magram
es, Cans, misive avTenturobis daissac moas-
wavebda, vinaidan, dRes mag., sufrasTan, Cais
smisas Tqmuli `xasanbegura~ Tu `ieriSi~ co-
taTi absurdul STabeWdilebas axdens _ mas
socialur-kulturuli konteqsti aSkarad
aklia! profesiuli, sakompozitoro musika
marTalia, ikrebs mis monapovrebs, magram es,
cxadia, sul sxva rigis fenomenia. Cven jer-
xanobiT mainc ver SevZeliT am unikaluri
formis iseTi gaTaviseba, rom `arasamuzeu-
mod~ Segvesisxlxorcebina da axali strate-
giebisaTvis migvegno misive `sxva sicocxlis~
gasagrZeleblad. jazma, marTalia, mniSvne-
lovnad Caanacvla avTenturi folklori,
magram misi improvizaciuli `suli~ sulac ar
daviwyebia da sakuTari uZlieresi niSac mo-
Zebna, rasac, samwuxarod, qarTuli kultura
sasurveli organulobiT jer ver axerxebs,
magram es ukve sxva saubris Temaa, Zalian aq-
42
tualuri CemTvisac, rogorc `neofolklo-
ruli~ interesebis matarebeli praqtikosi
musikosisaTvis, da ara mxolod vizualuri
xelovnebis istorikosisaTvis.
axla ki daismis mniSvnelovani kiTxva _
riTaa aRmatebuli, Tuki aris, modernizmi-
saTvis aqtualuri qarTuli kulturis sami,
zemoTganxiluli gamoxatuleba sakuTriv
modernistul xelovnebaze? albaT imiT, rom
modernizmi, swored rom ganaxlebuli siRr-
miTi sulierebis mosurne, mainc `didi manZi-
lidan~ `eswrafvis~ Tavdapirvels, SeubRala-
vs, `arqetipuls~ _ eZebs mas xan SoreulSi,
xan TiTqosda axlobelSi. mokled, xan eg-
zotikurSi, xanac kvlav TiTqos sakuTarSi,
magram lamis miviwyebulSi. misTvis bevrgan
arsebiTi gamodga mxatvrobaSi (mag., eqspresi-
onistebTan), konvulsiuri `garRveva~ Tavda-
pirveli, Tu gnebavT, `premordialuri~ saw-
yisebisaken, rac udides Zalisxmevas iTxovda,
miT ufro, roca avangardSi `fsiqologiu-
rad~ urTierTs ebrZoda romantizmidan mom-
dinare hiperindividualizmi erTi mxriv, da
sxvaTaSoris, imav romantizmTan wilnayari,
oRond universaluris moxelTebis mZafri
ndoma, meore mxriv!…
ase rodia firosmanaSvilTan, romelic
imdenad ki ar qmnis, aramed ufro `hbadebs~
Tavis xatovanebas. raRac, srulebiT Seucno-
beli arxebiT aris SekavSirebuli igi dasaba-
mier sawyisebTan, da, amdenadac, ganuzomlad
ufro `kosmogoniuria~ misi xelovneba, vidre
es avangards surda, magram yovelTvis rodi
ZaluZda; axla oda-saxls rac Seexeba: igi arc
korbuziesebr metwilad `wmindad~ racion-
aluria, da arc mis van der roes msgavsad _
`maTematikurad~ uzado proporciaTa mqo-
ne, magram mainc SedarebiT _ civi. masSi Cans
xuroTmoZRvruli `logosic~, da amasTanave
cocxali, `xelTqmnilobidan~ momdinare mci-
re niuansovani `asimetriebic~. mTeli uza-
do gamarTulobisas, aq ufro `gumaniseuli~
moxelTebaa proporciaTa daxvewilobisa da
nawilTa urTierTSeTanadebisac, vidre `Seu-
valad zusti~ ageba. odaSi xom Taviseburi
ritmuli `feTqva~ da TiTqos TviT gangrZoba-
caa bunebisa, oRond sakuTari `sistemurobis~
SeubRalavad. aris Jamiseulobac _ stiqiaTa
zemoqmedebis dros aRmocenebuli `Canawe-
ris~ saxiT _ (xis masalaSi rom Cans), da raRac
zedrouli `Camoqnilobac~ formisa. arsebobs
msubuqi `organikac~, da naTelaRnagi teqto-
nikac, rac mowmobs sul sxva saxis sinTezs _
doniTa Tu xarisxiT ZneladaRsamatebels.…
da bolos _ ra gamoarCevs gurul po-
lifonias? masSi vxedavT Zlier, arasagange-
bo, cxadia, araxelovnur, ramdenadme TviT
`spontanur~ arqaulobas, rac, Cans ufro mi-
zani unda yofiliyo, musikaSi erTxans mainc
`neowarmarTobis~ maZiebeli igor stravins-
kisTvis, romlis TiTqosda `gacocxlebisas~,
is gegoneba `ebrZoda~ dros. Tumca Tavad gu-
rul polifoniaSi srulebiTac ar aris Widi-
li drosTan, aramed aq ufro `Sekvraa~ uZvele-
sisa (Tu uSoresisa), da `amJamierisa~. amdenad,
lamis gamarjvebac kia am musikaSi droze, da
masSi `sakralur JamTan~ gaigiveba Tu araa,
misi `gamoxmoba~ mainc mJRavndeba. mokled,
`awmyoseuli~, da ara marto `Sorad aRqmuli~
pirvelqmnilobis sisavsem, (romelic Cans fi-

rosmanaSvilTanac, kolxur odaSic da gurul
mravalxmianobaSic), Zalian miizida Tavisi
srulyofiT modernistul ZiebaTa mimdevar-
ni, ufro ki _ matarebelni.…
amgvarad, samive zemoaRniSnul kultu-
rul gamoxatulebaSi saqarTvelom Tanac ara
mxolod sakuTari samomavlo ZiebaTaTvis sa-
orientacio, Tu `amosacnobi~ erTob Zlieri
formebi Seqmna, romelnic sulierad bevrad
tevadi aRmoCnda avangardistTa paTosze, mi-
zanswrafvebsa an ndomaze....…
ra iTqmis yovelive zemoT ganxilulis
Sedegze? aq cotaTi Soridan dawyeba mogvi-
wevs: saqarTvelos kultura SesaZloa Seda-
rebiT kameruli masStabis, magram Zlieri uni-
versalobis matarebelia. aq aRmosavleTisa
da dasavleTis, CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis
Zalze nairgvar gamocdilebaTa gadajaWvis
`alagia~, romelSic aseTi didad Taviseburi
`kveTis~ Sedegad iqmneba TiTqos warmoudgen-
lad daSorebul sawyisTa organulad maer-
Tebeli, Tu `Semkvreli~ sivrce, rac gamor-
Ceulad sakuTar, originalur Tvisebriobas
sZens saqarTvelos, romelic mTeli kavkasiis
mravalferovnebis uSualod Tavmomyrelic
aris _ anu masSi, SesaZloa Taviseburi `mcire
msofliurobis~ mikromodelic ki yalibdeba!
es qveyana aTaswleulTa manZilze, uwyveti
kulturuli gamocdilebis matarebelia da
XIX-XX saukuneTa mijnazec man sakuTari, Cven-
Si jerac gauazrebeli wvlili Seitana saka-
cobrio sulierebis saganZurSi.
is ustruqturod ki ar `mieaxla~ evro-
puli kulturis axal, zog SemTxvevaSi, sak-
maod pretenziul avangardistul novaciebs,
aramed Zlieri TviTdafuZnebulobiT Seageba
maT sakuTari, da Zalian Rrma monapovrebi,
ris gamoc es iyo mxolod da mxolod Tavi-
sufali dialogi avangardTan, da ara misi pa-
siuri, midevnebiTi damowafeba _ uzarmazari
sulieri gamocdileba, gamobrZmedili sxva-
dasxva rigis civilizaciaTa saxilvelis wv-
domiTa da gadamwyvetad warmmarTveli qris-
tianuli msoflmxedvelobiT, sZenda saqarT-
velos TviTmyofadi da savsabiT sakuTari
`kulturuli enis~ srulfasovan matareb-
samson leJava
lobas. swored amitom moxda, rom moderniz-
mis wamyvan ostatTaTvis saqarTvelo Zalian
saintereso qveyana gamodga da maTTvis Rrmad
Sesamecnebeli kulturuli monapovrebis Se-
momTavazebelic aRmoCnda. ucilobelia, rom
saqarTvelom Tavisi seriozuli monapovre-
biT sakuTari kvalic daatyo avangards, da
man ara pasiurad mimRebis, aramed sulieri in-
formaciis gamcemis rolic ganaxorciela.
yovelive es gamovlinda xuroTmoZRvre-
baSic, ferweraSic da musikaSic. amrigad, ga-
modis, rom avangardis ganviTarebaSi saqarT-
velom Seitana Tavisi sakuTari, srulebiT
realuri wvlili, kerZod _ es gamJRavnda mo-
dernistul gamoxatulebaTaTvis aqtualur
formaTa SeTavazebaSi saerTaSoriso done-
zec, erTi mxriv, da sakuTriv qarTuli avan-
gardisaTvis _ safuZvlebis mtkice CayraSi
_ meore mxriv. marTlac, erTi mcire qveyni-
saTvis mag. mxatvrobaSi iseTi didi ostatebis
`Tavmoyra~, rogornic arian Zmebi zdaneviCe-
bi, daviT kakabaZe, petre ocxeli, irakli gam-
43
rekeli, lado gudiaSvili, feliqs varlamiS-
vili, beno gordeziani, Salva qiqoZe, elene
axvlediani, mixeil gociriZe, klara kveesi,
irina Stenbergi, aleqsandr baJbeuq_meliqo-
vi da sxvani, cotas rodi niSnavs! aq gamovkveT
nana yifianis did damsaxurebas qarTuli `sax-
viTi~ avangardis SeswavlaSi.
rac Seexeba daskvniT postulatebs Cveni
werilisa: ufro konkretulad kidev erTxel,
magram axali konteqstiT dgindeba, rom:
1) niko firosmanaSvili sakuTari Tval-
saCino wvlilis Semtania rusuli, xolo ufro
mogvianebiT TviT franguli modernizmis si-
vrceSic.
2) guruli polifoniis fenomenis siRr-
miT wvdomas seriozuli mniSvneloba hqonda
igor stravinskisaTvis. amasTan erTad, am faq-
tormac Tavisi roli iTamaSa imaSi, rom qar-
Tuli mravalxmianoba (anzor erqomaiSvilis
didi mecadineobiT) msoflio kulturuli
memkvidreobis saganZurad iqna aRiarebuli
iuneskos mier (aqvea aRsaniSni, rom petre Cai-
kovskis azriT, Cveni samusiko tradicia uzar-
mazari memkvidreobaa _ is sasurvelad Tvli-
 samson leJava
da kidec, rom gamoCeniliyo Cvens profesiul
wreebSi `qarTveli verdi~).
3) kolxuri oda-saxli mravalmxriv mniSv-
nelovani rolis matarebelia, gansakuTrebiT
daviT kakabaZis SemoqmedebisaTvis, romelic
avangardistuli nakadis sruluflebiani war-
momadgenelia, Tumca saqarTveloSi profe-
siuli wreebisa da saxelmwifos didi movaleo-
baa, rom misi saxeli gacilebiT ufro aqtiu-
rad iqnas gatanili saerTaSoriso asparezze.
swored am movlenis axsna, ufro sworad ki
sakiTxis dasma aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT _
CvenSi interdisciplinaruli kvlevebis ga-
saRrmaveblad, warmoadgenda SemoTavazebuli
werilis mTavar mizans.
rac Seexeba Semdgom strategias; es aris
imis ufro mkafio analizi, Tu 1) konkretu-
lad ra zegavlena moaxdina niko firosmanaS-
vilma sakuTriv qarTul avangardze Tavis
mTlianobaSi. 2) ra roli Seasrula Cvenma
polifoniam avangardTan axlos myof musi-
kosTa profesiul wreebSi _ Tanac rogorc
44
damoukideblobis periodSi, ise ufro mog-
vianebiTac, anu manamdis, sanam CvenSi moder-
nizmis devna da Seviwroveba daiwyeboda. am
TvalsazrisiT, Rrma analizs moiTxovs _
mag., qarTuli kulturis didi moamagis, a.
Cerepninis `qarTuli rafsodia~. 3) gasaana-
lizebelia, Tu ra SesaZlo roli Seasrula
kolxurma oda saxlma qarTul profesiul
xuroTmoZRvrebaSi, risi analizic jer ar
Catarebula (marTalia, profesionalma xu-
roTmoZRvrebma igi Seiswavles, magram `praq-
tikuli~ gamoZaxili ramdenad Canda, jerxan-
obiT TiTqmis ar viciT).
mTlianobaSi xazgasasmelia, rom evropu-
li rigis modernizmTan Rrma wilnayarobaSic
kargad Cans, rom qarTuli kultura XIX-XX
saukuneTa mijnaze `evropuli saxlis~ kul-
turul aRmSeneblobaSi kvlavac aqtiurad da
Tavisuflad Tanamonawileobs.
da bolos, Zalian didi interesis aRmZv-
relia is, rom damoukidebeli saqarTvelos
sivrcem, 1918-1921 wlebSi, SeZlo mcire xniT
mainc, gaegrZelebina sakuTriv rusuli avan-
gardis Tavisufali TviTgamoxatvac.
Tuki parizma (da mTlianad dasavleTma)
rusuli avangardi gadaarCina da `Seifara~,
Tavisi sakuTari wvlili am gadarCenis pro-
cesSi erTxans saqarTvelomac Seitana _ isic
aRmoCnda stumarTmoyvare asparezis SemTa-
vazebeli rusuli avangardis cocxali funq-
cionirebisaTvis, da metic, gaxsnili dialo-
gisaTvis qarTulsa da rusul kulturebs
Soris ufro farTo azriT. Tuki pirquSi,
gaucinari, imperiulad warbSekruli mosko-
vi, imxanadac mxolod zewola-Zalmomreobis
eniT gvesaubreboda (da es axlac asea), gul-
gaxsnili Tbilisi, pirveli damoukidebeli
respublikis dros, sul sxva gzas daadga _
Seifara rusi mxatvrebi da mwerlebi, farTo
asparezi mianiWa Tugind sergei sudeikins
kafe `qimerionis~ moxatvisas (am sakiTxs Tea
tabataZe Seiswavlis). aq qarTuli kulturis
mimReobac Cans da Tbilisuri multikul-
turulobis Zalac, romelsac organizebas
uwevda sworedac qarTuli kultura, romli-
saTvisac amasTanave `TaTaric Cveni Zma ari
Cvensa da somexeb Sua ganyofiloba ra ari…~.
aq kvlav firosmanaSviliseuli `qarTul-
rusul-somxuri~ warwerebic maxsendeba, Tbi-
lisisve `polieTnikuri~ aRmSeneblobac, imav
Tbilisuri ezos tolerantuli sivrcec, `in-
ternacionaluri Tbilisuri modernizmic~
da kidev bevri sxva ram, rac samomavlo kvle-
vebisaTvisac Zalian aqtualuria, miT ufro,
rom es fenomeni rodi amoiwureboda mxolod
`winaresabWouri~ xaniT.…

SAMSON LEJAVA
G. Chubinashvili National Research Centre for Georgian
Art History and Heritage Preservation
Ap. Kutateladze Tbilisi State Academy of Art
U N D E R ST A N D I N G T H E E SSE N C E
O F G E O R G I A N A R T
Su m m ary
Part I
Christianity and Folk Art in Georgia
The following work attempts to unveil, within a tradi-
tionally Christian culture, the inner unity of ecclesiasti-
cal and folk art - a unity, that without a doubt, was quite
prominent in medieval Georgia, although, as it once
was in a pre-Christian era, the signs of sensibility to-
wards such a unity are still prevalent within our so called
“emancipated” culture and one strongly senses this con-
necting “spiritual field” as if emanating between what
once was and what we contemporarily encounter.
If the deep rooted structure of The Georgian Hall
already contained a “matrix” system of its own in the
pre-Christian era, it reached its full culmination within
the ecclesiastical architecture of Christianity, and the
concept of inner space in both events are very similar,
then the later, Colchian Oda-house, with the essence of
its own, also has much in common with the bright con-
stitution characteristic to Christian temples in Georgia.
The tombstones, for instance, with their chamber-like
forms, are continuations of the temple reliefs, which is
strongly evident within their structure and the “steady”
continuity of their symbolic elements.
An analogous movement occurs within Georgian
national melos and chant music - during the entire time
of its clear specificity. The structure of Georgian chants
has an intrinsic correspondence with church architecture,
a close affinity that strongly comes through the sound.
Similar, but more organic affinity, also comes through
Georgian folk songs (e.g. Mravaljamieri, Rihe etc.,) when
sung inside The Georgian Halls, creating a strong sense
of “wholeness” between them, as if they were especially
structured to intimately correspond with each other.
The ancient “triad” principle essential for the con-
struction of The Georgian Hall (which is also known
as “The House of Unity”) is represented by three basic
parts: “Kera” (an “altar”-like fire place at the centre of
samson leJava
the hall), “Dedabodsi” (The Mother Pole - a pillar that
holds the entire structure), and “Gvirgvini” (The Crown
- an oculus opening in the centre of the dome). All three
are in an almost “isomorphic” affinity with the principle
of “Trinity” inherent within the polyphonic structure of
Georgian folk music (the three voice-parts e.g., bass,
second and first - C-F-G), which is based on the idea
of “wholeness” between the heavenly and the earthly,
where the sound, enriched with sharp dissonant harmo-
nies, moves from within the earth breaking through the
roughness of the soil only to enter and become one with
the translucent sky. This system perfectly corresponds
with the structure of The Georgian Hall, which in fact
is constructed from within the earth and is illuminated
through the oculus of its dome.
Georgian folk songs are to Christian chants what
ancient halls are to Christian temples, on different levels
perhaps, but joined by the same intent - their innermost
wish to unite the heavenly with the earthly through the
sacred principle of “Trinity”.
Part II
The Three Tendencies Prevalent in Georgian Modern-
45
ism of the Late 19th-20th century.
New Age Georgian art, within the paradigm of the avant-
garde, has contributed three non-modernistic, yet in a
broader sense characteristic to modern culture, features,
to art, architecture and vocal music:
1. Niko Pirosmani - a source of great inspiration in
Georgian, Russian and later French modernism.
2. The Colchian Oda-house - closely related to
traditional Japanese housing, still remains
unknown [little known?] till this day, even within the
professional field of architecture, though its importance
begins to rise again through the 20th century “Stream”
artists, namely David Kakabadze.
3. Guruli Polyphonic Singing - becomes an impor-
tant source of knowledge for Igor Stravinsky and [inspi-
ration?] for the creation of his works.
In conclusion, New Age Georgian Modernism of-
fers two fundamental things:
A contribution to historical Modernism with some
borrowed, yet, with its cultural “palimpsestness”, uni-
versally significant features, especially within painting,
architecture and music.
A small yet significant contribution to historical
avant-garde, although it was an intensive phenomenon
for Georgian Modernism, especially within painting.
 Tamar xundaZe
g. CubinaSvilis sax. qarTuli xelovnebis istoriisa
da ZeglTa dacvis kvlevis erovnuli centri
ap. quTaTelaZis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo
samxatvro akademia
mefeTa gamosaxulebani
tao-klarjeTis
IX-X saukuneebis
xuroTmoZRvrul qandakebaSi
Sua saukuneebis qarTuli reliefuri qanda-
kebis mravalferovan repertuarSi erT-erTi
gamorCeuli adgili istoriul pirTa gamosa-
xulebebs uWiravs. es pirovnebani metwilad
maRali saero da sasuliero wodebis warmo-
madgenelni, taZarTa mSeneblobis damkveT-
momgebelni arian. am gamosaxulebebs Soris
eklesiaTa kedlebze xSirad qarTvel mefeTa
46
`portretebi~ gvxvdeba, romelTa didi nawili
tao-klarjeTis xuroTmoZRvrulma qandake-
bam Semogvinaxa. es savsebiT bunebrivia, radgan
swored tao-klarjeTis samefodan iRebs saTa-
ves bagrationTa samefo dinastia. mefeTa ga-
mosaxulebebi amSvenebda opizis, dolisyanis,
tbeTis taZarTa kedlebs, oSkSi ki saero xeli-
sufalTa wyviladi portreti samgzisaa gamo-
kveTili. es reliefebi araerTxel ganxilula
qarTvel da ucxoel mkvlevarTa naSromebSi,
romlebic maTi daTariRebis, identifikaciis,
mxatvrul-ikonografiuli maxasiaTeblebis,
qarTul-bizantiur istoriul realobasTan
mimarTebisa da sxva problemebs exeba1.
1
Н. Аладашвили, Монументальная слульптура Грузии, М.,
1977, gv. 68-70, 87-88, 120-133; n. aladaSvili, reliefi
opizidan aSot kurapalatis gamosaxulebiT, saqarT-
velos ssr mecnierebaTa akademia, `moambe~, t. XV, # 7,
Tb., 1954, gv. 553-558; k. maCabeli, aSot kuxis reliefi
tbeTidan, macne #5, Tb., 1968, gv. 150-162; კ. maCabeli,
aSot kuxis tbeTis reliefuri portretis inter-
pretaciisaTvis, saqarTvelos siZveleni, №15, Tb.,
2012, gv. 74-95; N. et M. Thierry, La cathédrale de T’beti. Nu-
velles données, Cahiers Archéologiques #47, 1999, gv. 77-100;
D.Winfield, Some Early Medieval figure sculpture from North-
East Turkey, Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes,
XXXI, London, 1968, გვ. 39-40; v. jobaZe, adreuli Sua
winamdebare werili am gamosaxulebaTa
Sinaarsobriv-saxiTmetyvelebiTi sazrisis
amocnobasa da zogierTi reliefis TariRisa
Tu identifikaciis sakamaTo sakiTxs Seexeba.
opizis monastris wm. ioane naTlismcemlis
saxelobis eklesiis saqtitoro reliefi (sur.
1), rogorc cnobilia, XIX s-is bolomde ekle-
siis samxreT fasadze iyo warmodgenili2 (dRes
igi saqarTvelos xelovnebis muzeumSia dacu-
li). kompozicia CarCoTi mosazRvrul or da-
moukidebel filazea ganawilebuli. reliefis
yvela gamosaxulebas Tan erTvis ganmartebiTi
warwera. aqedan gamomdinare, tradiciuli
identifikaciiT erT filaze warmodgenilia
mefe aSot I kurapalati (786–826 ww.) eklesiis
gamosaxulebiT xelSi, meoreze ki _ aRsaydre-
buli macxovari da bibliuri mefe-winaswarme-
tyveli _ daviTi3. am xerxiT ostatma piro-
biTad gamijna miwieri da RvTiuri sferoebi,
romlebsac kurTxevis madli aerTianebs _
macxovris Zlier gadidebuli, dagrZelebuli
marjvena `iWreba~ CarCoTi mosazRvrul `mi-
wier areSi~ da akurTxebs taZars. qristes gver-
diT, `RvTaebriv sferoSi~ vedrebis JestiT ga-
mosaxuli daviT winaswarmetyveli, romelic
gadmocemebisa da werilobiTi (istoriuli da
literaturuli) wyaroebis4, Tanaxmad bagra-
saukuneebis qarTuli monastrebi istoriul taoSi,
klarjeTsa da SavSeTSi, Tb., 2007 (pirveli gamocema
_ W. Jobadze, Early Medieval Georgian Monasteries in His­
toric Tao, Klarjeti and Shavsheti, Sttutgart _ 1992), gv. 28-30,
80-81, 118-121, 138-141, 252; A. Eastmond, Royal Imagery in
Medieval Georgia, Pennsylvania,1998, gv. 9-34.
2
es reliefuri fila am adgilze naxa g. yazbegma
1Y 874 wels, ix. Г. Kазбек, Три месяца в Турецкой Грузии,
Тифлис, 1874, gv. 75-79; g. yazbegi, sami Tve TurqeTis
saqarTveloSi, baTumi, 1995, gv. 102-103.
3
Е. Такаишвили, Археолоrические экскурсии, разыскания и
заметки, вып. II, Тифлис, 1905, gv. 56-59, e. TayaiSvili-
seuli es identifikacia ZiriTadad gaziarebulia
qarTvel mecnierTa _ g. CubinaSvilis, S. amiranaSvi-
lis, p. ingoroyvas, n. CubinaSvilis, n. aladaSvilis, g.
alibegaSvilis… da sxvaTa mier.
4
qarTlis cxovreba, s. yauxCiSvilis redaqciiT, t. I,
Tb., 1955, juanSeri _ gv. 218-220; matiane qarTlisa _
gv. 251; sumbat daviTis Ze _ gv. 372-374; giorgi mer-
Cule, cxoreba grigol xanZTelisa, Zveli qarTuli
agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, wigni I, il. abu-
laZis redaqciiT, Tb., 1963, gv. 243-319; konstantine
porfirogeneti, De administrando imperio, georgika, t.
IV, nakv. II. g
G amocema da Targmani s. yauxCiSvilisa, Tb.,
1952, gv. 255-256; mose xoreneli, wigni I, Tavi 22, ix. p.
ingopoyva, giorgi merCule, Tb., 1954, gv. 56-58, 76, 81-

tionTa gvaris xorciel winapradaa miCneuli,
bagratovani mefis sulis meoxad gvevlineba
uflis winaSe. miuxedavad imisa, rom samecnie-
ro literaturaSi opizis reliefi mxatvrul-
stiluri SesrulebiT IX s-iT TariRdeba da
saetapo Zeglad aris miCneuli5, misi Sinaarsob-
rivi datvirTva ki srul TanxvedraSia swored
am epoqaSi Camoyalibebul samefo koncefcias-
Tan, arsebobs ganxvavebuli mosazreba mis Ta-
riRsa da gamosaxul pirTa identifikaciaze.
mecnierTa nawili Tvlis, rom opizis reliefze
gamosaxulia ara aSot I da daviT winaswarmety-
veli, aramed aSot IV kurapalati (+954 w.) da
misi Zma daviTi (932–937 ww.). Sesabamisad, re-
liefs isini X s–s miakuTvneben6, Tumca, weri-
lobiTi istoriuli wyaroebiT aSot IV-sa da
misi Zmis _ daviTis monawileoba opizis taZris
ganaxlebaSi ar dasturdeba. opizis taZris
freskul da satraprzos warwerebSic mxolod
saxeli aSoti ixsenieba, daviTi ki, ara. rac See-
xeba freskul gamosaxulebebsa da warweras, n.
maris mixedviT aq SemorCenili iyo eqvsi figu-
ra da warwera _ `aSot kurapalati meored ma-
Senebeli opizisaÁ da wmidisa amis saydrisaÁ~ 7.
mkvlevarTa azriT es mxatvroba warwerebi-
TurT XI s-ze adrindeli ar unda iyos (e. i. ro-
gorc aSot I, ise aSot IV mefobis xanaze gviani
droisa) da igi bagratovan mefeTa gamosaxule-
bebs warmogvidgenda8. ratom unda vifiqroT,
rom zemoTmoyvanili warwera aSot IV gamosaxu-
lebas miemarTeba roca dinastiuri portrete-
bis rigSi udaod, unda yofiliyo pirveli bag-
ratovani mefis _ aSot I didis gamosaxuleba.
opizis reliefis X s-iT daTariRebis erT-erT
argumentad saxeldeba, is rom qtitors xelT
85, 93, sadac es wyaroebia ganxiluli.
5
n. aladaSvili, reliefi opizidan aSot kurapalatis
gamosaxulebiT, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akade-
mia, `moambe~, t. XV, # 7, Tb., 1954, gv. 553-558; Н. Аладашвили,
Монументальная слульптура Грузии, М.,1977, gv. 68-74.
6
n. SoSiaSvili, lapidaruli warwerebi, I, Tb., 1980, gv.
285-287; W. Jobadze, Early Medieval Georgian Monasteries in
Historic Tao, Klarjeti and Shavsheti, Sttutgart, 1992, gv. 66; П.
Закарая, Зодчество Тао-Кларджети, Тб., 1992, გვ. 67–71; A.
Eastmond, Royal Imagery in Medieval Georgia, Pennsylvania,
1998, gv. 17-19.
7
Н. Марр, Дневник поездки в Шавшию и Кларджию,
тексты и разыскания по армяно­грузинской филологии, кн.
VII, С-Петербург, 1911, gv. 158-160.
8
d. xoStaria, klarjeTis eklesiebi da monastrebi,
Tb., 2005, gv. 88.
Tamar xundaZe
gumbaTuri eklesiis gamosaxuleba upyria, ma-
Sin rodesac Tavad opizis Tavdapirveli _ VIII-
IX ss-is taZari warmoadgenda bazilikur nage-
bobas, romelic aSot IV da misma Zmam _ daviTma
gumbaTurad gadaakeTes9. Tumca, bolodroin-
deli gamokvleviT ar dasturdeba, rom opizis
taZris dagrZelebuli dasavleTi mklavi sam-
naviani bazilikis naSTia. es gairkva mas Semdeg,
rac dasavleTi mklavis CrdiloeTi kedlis
ori pilastri CamoiSala da maT ukan erTiani
uwyveti wyobiT nagebi kedeli gamoCnda. es ki
imis maCvenebelia, rom jer kedelia amoyvanili
da Semdeg masze pilastrebia miSenebuli. ase
rom, eklesiis gegma da saerTo sivrciT-mocu-
lobiTi kompozicia X saukunis rekonstruqci-
as ar Seucvlia10, anu adreuli taZaric gumba-
Turi unda yofiliyo. savsebiT SesaZlebelia,
rom aSot dids gumbaTuri taZari aego, radgan
tao-klarjeTSi am epoqis mravali gumbaTuri
nagebobaa cnobili _ mag., artanujis qalaqis
eklesia (IXs.) 11, miZnaZori (830-40-iani ww.) 12, sin-
koTi (IX s. Caxazuli jvris tipi), klarjeTis wy-
arosTavi (IX s. kupelhale)13, orTuli, baRCalo-
kiSla, dorTkilisa, isi (IX s. trikonqebi)14, bana
47
(tetrakonqi)15 da sxv. danarCeni argumentebi
daviTis gamosaxulebas exeba, kerZod, misi sim-
cire aSotis figurasTan SedarebiT16. aSotis
figura TviT macxovris gamosaxulebazec didi
zomisaa, rac am SemTxvevaSi arafers niSnavs,
radgan is CarCoTi gamoyofil pirobiT `miwier
areSia~ warmodgenili. ratom unda gamoesaxaT
istoriuli pirovneba _ mefe daviTi ase mkafi-
od mosazRvrul `ciur sferoSi~? aseve, sauba-
ria daviTis samosis msgavsebaze aSotis saero
samosTan17. Sua saukuneebis saxviT xelovnebaSi
winaswarmetyvel daviTs ZiriTadad samefo Se-
samoseliT, Tanac, ama Tu im nawarmoebis Seqmnis
9
v. jobaZe, adreuli Sua saukuneebis qarTuli monas-
trebi istoriul taoSi, klarjeTsa da SavSeTSi, Tb.,
2007, gv. 29.
10
d. xoStaria, klarjeTis eklesiebi da monastrebi,
Tb., 2005, gv. 87-88.
11
i. giviaSvili i. koplataZe, tao-klarjeTi, Tb., 2004,
gv. 44; d. xoStaria, dasax. naSr., gv. 75.
12
d. xoStaria, dasax. naSr., gv. 162.
13
i. giviaSvili i. koplataZe, dasax. naSr., gv. 31, tab. 3;
d. xoStaria, dasax. naSr., gv. 55- 62.
14
i. giviaSvili i. koplataZe, dasax. naSr., gv. 31, tab. 4.
15
r. mefisaSvili, d. TumaniSvili, banas taZari, Tb., 1989.
16
v. jobaZe, dasax. naSr., gv. 29.
17
iqve, gv. 29.
 Tamar xundaZe
xanisa da qveynis Sesabamisi samosiT gamosaxa-
ven. aA mitom, gasakviri ar aris, rom opizis re-
liefzec bibliuri mefe qarTveli xelisuflis
msgavsi CacmulobiT warmogvidgeba. rac Seexe-
ba daviTis saxis msgavsebas aSotis saxesTan18,
esec zogadad Sua saukuneebis xelovnebis niSa-
nia _ wmindanTa da istoriul pirTa saxeebi
erTnairi tipisaa, miwier adamians iseTive ga-
regnoba aqvs, rogoric ufals. am saerTo kon-
cefciidan gamomdinare daviT winaswarmetyve-
lisa da aSot mefis saxe uflis saxis identu-
ria. daviT winaswarmetyvelis uSaravandobac
ar aris gasakviri, radgan aseTi ram xSiria gan-
sakuTrebiT adreuli Sua saukuneebisa da gar-
damavali xanis nimuSebSi. metic, mag., X s-is iseT
maRalmxatvruli ZeglSi, rogoric oSkia, Sara-
vandis gareSe arian warmodgenilni RmrTismSo-
beli da wm. ioane winamorbedi samxreT-dasav-
leT karibWis rvawaxnaga burjis `vedrebis~
kompoziciaSi19, asevea RmrTismSobeli da yrma
ieso daviT kurapalatis stelaze. arc isaa
uCveulo, rom opizis reliefze daviTis ga-
mosaxulebis Tanmdevi ganmartebiTi warwera
48
mxolod mis saxels gvamcnobs, winaswarmetyve-
lis aRniSvnis gareSe. Tanadroul da ufro
gviandel nimuSebSi winaswarmetyvelni xSirad
mxolod saxelebiT moixseniebian, mag., wirqo-
lisa (VIII-IX ss)20 da burnaSeTis (X s.)21 reliefe-
bis warwerebSi daniel winaswarmetyvilis mxo-
lod saxelia aRniSnuli. d D a bolos, erT-erTi
sakamaTo sakiTxi opizis reliefis mxatvrul
Sesrulebas exeba. kerZod, imas, rom VIII-IX ss-
bis qarTul plastikaSi gabatonebuli sibr-
tyobriv-grafikuli stili Semdgom xanaSic
ganagrZobs arsebobas, da rom am mxrivac opi-
zis reliefi X s-is nimuSad SeiZleba miviCnioT.
amis damadastureblad dolisyanis taZris re-
liefebia moxmobili22. Tumca, dolisyanis sum-
bat mefis gamosaxuleba (sur. 2) ufro maRali
reliefiT, horeliefuradaa gamokveTili, ra-
18
iqve, gv. 29.
19
v. jobaZe, dasax. naSr., gv. 129.
20
T. xundaZe, Zveli aRTqmis siuJetebi reliefur
fragmentebze wirqolidan, Academia, t. II, Tb., 2001, gv.
81-92, il. 1, 3.
21
T. xundaZe, bibliur winaswarmetyvelTa (danieli
da iona) saswaulebrivi xsnis Temebi X s-is qarTul
qvaze kveTil reliefebze, literatura da xelovneba,
#1, Tb.,1999, gv. 111.
22 v. jobaZe, dasax. naSr., gv. 29.
Sic X s-is qarTuli plastikisTvis damaxasi-
aTebeli blokuri skulpturulobis gadmoce-
mis survili mJRavndeba. taZris modelic, ro-
melic sumbats xelT upyria, moculobaTad
aris gadmocemuli. sumbat mefis, iseve, ro-
gorc dolisyanis samxreT fasadis sarkmlis
angelozTa gamosaxulebebis (sur. 3) propor-
ciebic ufro dagrZelebulia, vidre opizis
reliefisa. opizis kompoziciis yvela gamosa-
xuleba ki, figurebic da eklesiac, erT, foni-
dan odnav amoweul sibrtyeze Tavsdeba. daba-
li reliefiT Sesrulebuli, disproporciu-
li, geometrizebuli figurebis brtyeli ze-
dapiri dafarulia samosis drapirebis gad-
momcemi xazobriv-dekoratiuli naxatiT. ga-
mosaxulebaTa ukiduresi pirobiTobiTa da
abstragirebulobiT, formaTa sqematizaciiT,
rac figuras pirobiT niSnad, ideogramad aq-
cevs, kveTis grafikul–ornamentuli maneriT
opizis reliefi VIII-IX ss-bis Zeglebis _ gvel-
desis kankelis, usaneTis qvajvaras, wirqolis
reliefis, zarzmis feriscvalebis Weduri xa-
tis, Telovanis „jvarpatiosnis“ eklesiis
freskebis gamosaxulebebs metad ukavSirdeba,
vidre dolisyanisa Tu X s-is maarqaizebeli
stilis sxva reliefebs. ufro metad ki, opizis
kompozicias dolisyanis sumbat mefis qanda-
kebisgan Sinaarsobrivi mxare _ RvTivkurT-
xeuli mefis gamosaxvisadmi damokidebuleba
ganasxvavebs. opizis reliefSi miwieri mefe,
misi gamosaxulebis didi zomis miuxedavad,
mokrZalebulad aris warmodgenili, rac misi
„ciuri sferosgan“ gamoyofilad, calke, Car-
CoTi mosazRvrul filaze warmodgeniT gad-
moicema. am reliefSi mefis bibliuri warmo-
mavlobis dasturis garda, xazgasmiT aris gad-
mocemuli sulis xsnis qristianuli koncef-
cia, rac gamosaxulebaTa Tanmdev sityvebSic
ikiTxeba, mag., qtitoris ganmartebiTi warwera
mxolod mis saxels gadmogvcems da ar miuTi-
Tebs wodebriv xarisxs. es ki imas unda niSnav-
des, rom aSoti uflis winaSe mxolod Tavisi
saxeliT anu pirovnulad warsdgeba da ara, ro-
gorc mefe an kurapalati. sainteresoa aseve,
eklesiis gamosaxulebis Tanmdevi warwerac _
`eklesiaÁ~. aseTi zogadi saxeldeba SesaZloa,
konkretul, opizis taZarTan erTad, zogadad
qristianuli eklesiis xatebasac warmoadgen-

des, eklesiisa, romlis gziTac (eklesiuri
cxovrebiT) SesaZlebelia sulis xsna. imavd-
roulad, aSoti eklesiis mfarvelad, patronad
warmogvidgeba. grigol xanZTelic Tavis samg-
loviaro sityvaSi xom ase mimarTavs mas _ „hoi,
mefeo Cemo Zliero da didebulo, simtkiceo
eklesiaTao da zRudeo qristianeTao...“23. aqe-
dan gamomdinare, am kompoziciis mTavari idea
ase SeiZleba wavikiTxoT _ „keTilad morwmu-
ne“ da „RmrTismsaxuri xelmwife“ mieltvis su-
lis xsnas uflis mier dafuZnebuli da kurT-
xeuli eklesiis gziT, aSotis winapari bibliu-
ri mefe ki, misi sulis meoxia RmrTis winaSe.
amgvarad, opizis reliefSi ufro metad su-
lieri aspeqti _ xsnisa da meoxebis Temaa xaz-
gasmuli vidre mefuri didebisa.
saero xelisuflebis Zalmosilebis idea
mkafiod aisaxa X s-is samefo gamosaxulebeb-
Si _ dolisyana, tbeTi, oSki. es kidev erTxel
adasturebs opizis reliefis adreul TariRs,
radgan mefis xelisufleba jer kidev ar aris
ise aRzevebuli da samefo portretSic amis
xazgasma ar aris miRebuli.
dolisyanis taZris (Xs.)24 saqtitoro re-
liefSi (sur. 3) mefis RvTivkurTxeulobis,
SeiZleba iTqvas, RvTissworobis idea xazgas-
muladaa gadmocemuli. sumbat mefis (klar-
jeTis mefe sumbat I, kurapalati, 954-958 ww.)
figura eklesiis gamosaxulebiT xelSi taZris
gumbaTis yelze, samxreT-aRmosavleTi mxaris
waxnagzea gamokveTili da imTaviTve ipyrobs
mnaxvelis yuradRebas, radgan gza taZars am
mxridan miemarTeba. misi aseTi Tamami adgilm-
debareoba _ taZris umaRles, ciur sfero-
Si mefis RvTivdadginebulobis ideas usvams
xazs. msgavsi ram qarTul samefo gamosaxu-
lebebSi mxolod erTxel gvxvdeba kumurdos
taZarSi (X s.), sadac leon afxazTa mefe (sxva
mosazrebiT gurgen „qarTvelTa mefe“)25 da
qarTlis dedofali guranduxti interierSi,
gumbaTqveSa trompebSi arian warmodgenilni.
23
giorgi merCule, grigol xanZTelis cxovreba,
Zveli qarTuli moTxroba (V-XII ss), r. TvaraZis redaq-
ciiT, Tb., 1979, gv. 210.
24
v. jobaZe, dasax. naSr., Tb., 2007, gv. 74-89; d. xoSta-
ria, klarjeTis eklesiebi da monastrebi, Tb., 2005, gv.
111-125, il. 22, 24.
25
Н. П. Северов, Г. Н. Чубинашвили, Памятники грузинской
архитектуры, I Кумурдо и Никорцминда, М., 1947, gv. 6.
Tamar xundaZe
sumbatis mefur ambicias gamoxatavs misi Sara-
vandmosiloba da calke, RvTaebrivi mfarve-
lis gareSe damoukideblad warmodgena. amasve
adasturebs misi gamosaxulebis Tanmdevi Rr-
madCakveTili da singuriT daferili warweris
teqstic _ `qriste adide mefe Cueni sumbat~.
igive teqsti meordeba samxreTi fasadis sark-
mlis Tavze (sur. 4) gamokveTil warweraSi, ro-
melsac emateba sityva `mzegrZelobiT~, rac
kidev ufro amZafrebs am taZarSi cocxali me-
fis Zalauflebis gandidebis ideas. sarkmlis
warweris sityvebi iq gamokveTil gamosaxule-
bebTan erTad unda iyos gaazrebuli _ sityva
aq mefis gamosaxulebas enacvleba, sarkmlis
orsav mxares warmodgenili mTavarangeloz-
Ta figurebi ki mis mfarvelebad, Suamavlebad
aRiqmebian. gabriel mTavarangelozis figuris
qveS, calke, mozrdil da naTeli feriT gamor-
Ceul filaze gamokveTilia eqvsqimiani vars-
kvlavi _ `daviTis beWedi~, rac bagrationTa
samefo gvaris bibliuri mefe-winaswarmety-
veli daviTisgan warmomavlobis xatovani da-
dasturebaa. e. i. is azri, romelic opizis re-
49
liefSi pirdapir aris gadmocemuli daviT
winaswarmetyvelis gamosaxviT, am SemTxvevaSi
simbolurad gamoixateba.
kidev erTi samefo portreti, romlis
identifikacia da TariRi mecnierTa Soris
azrTa sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs, tbeTis taZris
saqtitoro reliefia (sur. 2). istoriuli wy-
aroebis Tanaxmad tbeTis kaTedralis maSeneb-
lia gurgen kurapalatis Ze, erisTavT-arisTa-
vi _ aSot III kuxi26. amitom saqtitoro gamosa-
xuleba, aRmoCenisTanave (XIX s–is 70-iani ww.)
am xelisufalTan gaigivda. Sesabamisad, taZ-
ris xuroTmoZRvreba da reliefi, d. baqraZis
da n. maris mier, 891-918 ww-iT daTariRda27. es
TariRi da identifikacia Semdgom sxva mecnie-
rebmac gaiziares (k. maCabeli, n. aladaSvili, v.
jobaZe, e. istmondi)28. XX s–is 60-70-iani da 90-
26
qarTlis cxovreba, s. yauxCiSvilis redaqciiT, t.
I, Tb., 1955, sumbat daviTis Ze, gv. 380, „matiane qarT-
lisai“, gv. 260, vaxuSti, qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, gv. 679.
27
Д. Бакрадзе, Об археологической поездке совершонной
в 1879 году по поручению Академии Наук в Чорохский
басеин, Батум, Артвин и Артанудж, ЗИАН, т. 37, кн.1, gv.
49-51; Н. Марр, Дневник поездки в Шавшию и Кларджию,
тексты и разыскания по армяно­грузинской филологии, кн.
VII, СПб., 1911, gv. 11-25, ტაბ. 2-6.
28
k. maCabeli, aSot kuxis reliefi tbeTidan, macne #5,
 Tamar xundaZe
iani wlebidan, roca kvlav ganaxlda ukve dang-
reuli tbeTis taZris mecnieruli Seswavla da
gamoikveTa remdenime samSeneblo fena (IX-X
ss-ebis mijna, X s-is Sua da X-XI ss), gamoiTqva
mosazreba, rom saqtitoro reliefi ar mie-
kuTvneba aSot kuxiseul Tavdapirvel eklesi-
as29. am daTariRebis erT-erT damamtkicebel
argumentad saxeldeba qandakebis moruxo fe-
ris qvis gansxvavebuloba aSot kuxis droin-
deli taZris naSTebis mowiTalo–moyviTalo
tonis qvebisgan da II-III samSeneblo fenebis ama-
ve feris qvebTan msgavseba. meore argumenti
reliefuri gamosaxulebis mxatvrul Sesru-
lebas Seexeba, romelic marTlac, TiTqos ver
Tavsdeba IX-X ss-ebis mijnis qarTuli relie-
furi plastikis saerTo suraTSi. am figuris
monumenturoba _ sakmaod didi zoma _ natu-
ralurTan miaxlovebuli simaRle (113 sm.) da
proporcia (Tavi sxeulTan _ 1X4), misi 3/4-iT,
moculobiTad, horeliefurad (reliefis si-
maRle _ 10 sm.) gamokveTa, sxeulis nawilTa
sxvadasxva sivrcobriv planSi da detalebis
reliefurad (da ara grafikulad) gadmocema
50
yvelaze metad oSkis taZris samxreTi fasa-
dis „vedrebis“ kompoziciis orsav mxares ga-
mokveTil mefeTa gamosaxulebebTan (sur.6)
akavSirebs mas. Tumca, oSkis qtitorTa relie-
febi am mimarTulebis ufro ganviTarebul
safexurs warmogvidgens, sadac figuraTa
proporciebi kidev metad dagrZelebuli da
daxvewilia (Tavi sxeulTan _ 1X7), figuraTa
simaRle ki TiTqmis naturaluri _ 143 sm–ia.
erTi mxridan oSkis figurebi odnav mocile-
bulia kedels da mrgvali qandakebis darad,
sivrceSi gamoinakvTeba. aqedan gamomdinare,
tbeTis saqtitoro gamosaxuleba taZris meo-
re aRmSeneblobis periods (X s-is 60-iani ww.)
unda ekuTvnodes da ara mesame rekonstruq-
Tb., 1968, gv. 150-162; k. maCabeli, aSot kuxis tbeTis re-
liefuri portretis interpretaciisaTvis, saqarT-
velos siZveleni, №15, Tb., 2012, gv. 74-95; Н. Аладашвили,
Монументальная слульптура Грузии, М., 1977, gv. 87-89; v.
jobaZe, dasax. naSr., გვ. 245-259; A. Eastmond, Royal Image­
ry in Medieval Georgia, Pennsylvania, 1998, gv. 9-17.
29
N. et M. Thierry, La cathédrale de T’beti. Nuvelles données,
Cahiers Archéologiques #47, 1999, gv. 87-89; l. xuskivaZe,
oSkis skulpturul „vedrebaTa“ Taviseburebebis
Sesaxeb, saqarTvelos siZveleni #3, Tb., 2003, gv. 77; g.
gagoSiZe, n. CixlaZe, dirbis RmrTismSoblis miZinebis
monasteri, Tb., 2006, gv. 74.
ciisas (X-XI ss-Ta mijna)30. amasTan dakavSire-
biT saintereso informacias mogvawvdida,
amJamad dakarguli, taZris modelis forma,
romelic qtitors xelT epyra31, radgan tbe-
Tis meore taZari rvamklavian gumbaTur nage-
bobas warmoadgenda da gansxvavdeboda mesame
rekonstruqciis xanis jvar-gumbaTuri taZ-
risgan. sainteresoa am reliefis Tavdapir-
veli adgilmdegareobis sakiTxic. TviTmxil-
velTa cnobiT (d. baqraZe. n. mari XIX-XX ss.) 32
qtitoris gamosaxuleba gumbaTuri eklesiis
modeliT xelSi moTavsebuli iyo taZris in-
terierSi, dasavleTi mklavis CrdiloeT pi-
lastrze. mkvlevarTa mosazrebiT, is pirvan-
del adgilas ar mdebareobda da Tavdapirve-
lad eklesiis fasads amSvenebda. savaraudoa,
rom aseTi monumenturi xasiaTis gamosaxule-
ba Sori manZilidan aRqmaze unda yofiliyo
gaTvaliswinebuli. SesaZlebelia, isic, doli-
syanis qtitoris msgavsad, calke, izolirebu-
lad yofiliyo fasadze moTavsebuli, Tumca,
taZris xuroTmoZRvruli korpusis ufro qve-
da areze. rogorc Zveli avtorebi aRniSnaven,
qtitoris gamosaxulebas orsav mxares relie-
furi grafemebiT gamokveTili warwera erT-
voda, romelic dazianebis gamo maSinac aRar
ikiTxeboda33. warweris teqsti didad waadge-
boda rogorc am gamosaxulebis identifika-
ciis sakiTxis garkvevas, ise misi saxiTmetyve-
lebiTi sazrisis amocnobas. erTi ki cxadia,
rom moqandakem taZris maSenebeli umaRlesi
xelisufali mTeli sidiadiT warmogvidgina.
es gamovlenilia rogorc gamosaxulebis did
zomasa da monumenturobaSi, ise mis mdidrul,
detalurad gadmocemul SesamoselSi. qti-
tors mosavs uxvad ornamentirebuli Sida
kaba welze didi balTiT da lomebis gamosa-
xulebebiT damSvebuli, e. w. `lomoani~, crusa-
30
d. xoStaria, dasax. naSr., gv. 233-245.
31
n. maris mier tbeTis taZris monaxulebis drosac ki,
am modelis mxolod sarkmlebiani gumbaTis yeli iyo
SemorCenili, Н. Марр, Дневник, gv. 15-16.
32
Д. Бакрадзе, Об археологической поездке совершонной
в 1879 году по поручению Академии Наук в Чорохский
басеин, Батум, Артвин и Артанудж, ЗИАН, т. 37, кн.1, gv.
233; Н. Марр, Дневник, gv. 15-16.
33
d
D imitri baqraZes es warwera 1879 wels ukve Zlier
dazianebuli unaxavs _ vaxuSti, saqarTvelos
istoria ( d. baqraZis redaqciiT), tf. 1885, gv. 126-127.

xeloebiani mosasxami. amgvari mosasxamebiT
arian warmodgenilni `mefeTa saydarsa zeda
mjdomi~ qarTlis erisTavni mcxeTis wminda
jvris taZris fasadebze, afxazTa mefe leon
III kumurdosa da dirbis eklesiaTa reliefeb-
ze da sxv. amrigad, aseTi mosasxami umaRles
xelisufalTa Sesamosels warmoadgenda. tbe-
Tis qtitoris mosasxaze arsebuli lomebis
gamosaxulebebi ki xazs usvams mefis Zalmosi-
lebas. sainteresoa misi Calmisebri Tavsabu-
ravic, romlis msgavsi gvxvdeba Tanadroul
somxur samefo gamosaxulebebze, mag., axpatis
(962w.)34 erT-erTi qtitorisa da anisis mefe
gagikis35 figurebze, aseve, XI s-is kapadokiur
mxatvrobaSi _ mag., karabas kilises freska36
da sxv. g. gagoSiZis mosazrebiT tbeTis re-
liefze gamosaxuli unda iyos X s –is II nax _
Si mcxovrebi bagrationTa klarjuli Stos
romelime warmomadgeneli37. arc isaa gamo-
ricxuli, rom tbeTis taZris ganmaaxlebel,
`meored maSenebel~ xelisufals Tavdapirve-
li eklesiis qtitori, Tavisi saxelovani wi-
napari _ aSot kuxi gamoesaxa.
saero xelisuflebis meufebis Tema yve-
laze farTo aspeqtiT oSkis taZris (X s.)38 re-
liefebSi aisaxa. wyviladi samefo portreti aq
samgzis, sxvadasxva adgilas da gansxvavebuli
mniSvnelobiT warmogvidgeba. taZris samxreTi
fasadis (sur. 6) aRmosavleT nawilze (miwidan 3
metris simaRleze), ori qtitori, mefeni _ da-
viT magistrosi da bagrat erisTavT-erisTavi
eklesiis gamosaxulebebiT warmodgenilni ari-
an gankiTxvisa da xsnis TemasTan dakavSirebu-
li `vedrebis~ scenis orsav mxares. amasTanave,
mefeTa reliefuri figurebis Tanmxleb warwe-
rebSi gadmocemulia locva-vedreba am xelisu-
falTa amqveyniur keTildReobazec _ `...monaÁ
RmrTisaÁ mefe Cueni daviT magistrosi (bagrat
34
С. Мнацаканян, Армянский светский рельеф IX­XIV веков,
Ереван, 1976, il. 31-32.
35
iqve, il. 33-34.
36
N. et M. Thierry, La cathédrale de T’beti. Nuvelles données,
Cahiers Archéologiques #47, 1999, gv., 88, il. 23.
37
g. gagoSiZe, n. CixlaZe, dirbis RmrTismSoblis
miZinebis monasteri, Tb., 2006, gv. 74.
38
Е.Такаишвили, Археологическая экспедиция 1917 года в
южные провинции Грузии. Тб., 1952, gv. 45-67, il. 54; В.
Беридзе, Архитектура Тао­Кларджети, Тб., 1981, gv. 164-
166; v. jobaZe, dasax. naSr., g G v. 112-163.
Tamar xundaZe
erisTavT-erisTavi)… adiden RmerTman orTav
cxorebaTa maSenebeli amis wmidisa eklesiisaÁ
amen~. amgvarad, aq RmrTismSoblisa da wm. ioane
naTlismcemlis meoxebiT, am pirTa sulis xsna-
ze locvasTan erTad, uflis mier maTi saero
xelisuflebis, mefobis kurTxevacaa gadmoce-
muli. orive xelmwife aq sicocxleSia gamosaxu-
li, rasac warweris teqstTan erTad xazs usvams
maTi sworkuTxa Saravandebic. mefeTa Zalmosi-
leba xazgasmulia warwerebSi maTi wodebrivi
xarisxis srulad (mefe, magistrosi, erisTavT-
erisTavi) aRniSvniT da aseve, maTi mdidruli,
Tumca, tbeTis qtitorisgan gansxvavebuli, bi-
zantiuri yaidis samosiTa da gvirgvinebiT.
am samefo wyvilis meore gamosaxuleba
(sur. 7) taZris interierSi, samxreT-dasav-
leTi gumbaTqveSa burjis aRmosavleTisken
mimarTul mxares gamoWrili mefeTa sadgomi
niSis orsav mxares mcire zomis (35X48) biuste-
bis saxiTaa warmodgenili (1973 w. aRmoaCina v.
jobaZem)39. samefo portreti aq, sruliad gan-
sxvavebulad aris gadawyvetili _ saqtitoro
51
Temas mefuri Zalmosilebis idea cvlis _ igi-
ve pirovnebaTa mdidrul, Zvirfasi TvlebiT
gawyobil samossa da gvirgvinebs Zalaufle-
bis kidev erTi simbolo _ skiptrac emateba,
romelic orive Zmas xelT upyria. amasTanave,
SefarviT, aq sulis xsnis Temac figurirebs _
v. jobaZis dakvirvebiT40, mefeTa Tanmdev war-
werebSi saxelobiT brunvaSi moxseniebuli wm.
RmrTismSobeli da wm. ioane naTlismcemeli
TiTqos maT gamosaxulebebs enacvleba, niSis
siRrmeSi ki _ Zalze dazianebuli, ferweru-
lad gamosaxuli macxovris figuraa41. yvela-
feri erTad _ warweraTa teqstebi, reliefu-
ri da ferweruli gamosaxulebebi, sityvaTa da
xatTa urTierTmimarTeba, vedrebis Temis ori-
ginalur interpretacias qmnis.
igive xelisufalTa kidev erTi relie-
furi gamosaxuleba oSkis taZris interieris
samxreT-aRmosavleT monakveTSi mowyobili
meCeTis kedelSi CaSenebul or stelaze 2003
39
v. jobaZe, oSkis taZari, Tb., 1991, gv. 15-53.
40 iqve, gv. 59.
41 sxvaTa dakvirvebiT, aq, Cviledi RmrTismSoblis
gamosaxuleba unda iyos, ix. v. silogava, dasax. naSr.,
g
G v. 112.
 Tamar xundaZe
wels v. silogavas mier iqna aRmoCenili42. (es
stelebi amJamad TurqeTis qalaq erzerumis
muzeumSia daculi). erT, ufro maRal (157 sm.)
filaze nikopeas tipis RmrTismSoblis ga-
mosaxulebis qveviT daviT kurapalatia war-
modgenili (sur. 8), meoreze (simaRle _ 130
sm.) ki, tradiciulad wm. ioane winamorbedis
mfarvelobis qveS, bagrat erisTavT-erisTa-
vis figura (sur. 9). orive filis moCarCoeba,
foni, gverdiTa waxnagebi da zurgi savedrebe-
li, singuriT daferili warwerebiTaa Sevse-
buli. am ori filis erTianad gaazreba „vedre-
bis“ Temis kvlav erT originalur inter-
pretacias gvTavazobs, sadac makurTxevlad
yrma ieso gvevlineba. aq arc saqtitoro Tema
JRers da arc samefo Zalmosilebis xazgasmu-
li demonstracia _ gvirgvinebs da skiptrebs
qudebi da locvis _ orantis Jestebi cvlis.
warwerebis teqstebic, romlis mixedviTac im
xanad bagrati gardacvlilia, daviTi ki, coc-
xali, sulis xsnaze vedrebiTaa ganmsWvaluli
_ `wmidao naTlismcemelo, mmeox eyav winaSe
RmrTisa sulsa bagrat erisTavTa-erisTavi-
52
sasa ~43, `... aResrula bagrat erisTavTa erisTa-
vi, eklesiisa amis maSenebeli, qronikonsa [rpv],
okdonbersa b, dResa samSabaTsa, didebulmca
ars suli maTi... `44. amasTanave, daviTis stelis
erT-erTi warwera misi mefobis dalocvasac
Seicavs _ ` .… ... didebulmca ars mefobaÁ davi-
Tisi da mianiWe simrTeliT dRe-grZelebaÁ da
mterTa mimarT mZleobaÁ~45. sainteresoa oSkis
stelebis Tavdapirveli adgilmdebareoba da
funqcia. v. silogavas mosazrebiT, am filebs
memoriuli daniSnuleba hqonda da aRmoCenis
adgilas, gvirgvinosani Zmebis samarxebze unda
yofiliyo aRmarTuli46. iyo Tu ara am adgi-
las mefeTa gansasvenebeli, arqeologiuri
Seswavlis Semdgom dadgindeba. is ki savsebiT
SesaZlebelia, rom filebi taZris am, ornamen-
tuli kveTiT damSvenebuli TaRiT (samxreT-
aRmosavleT gumbaTqveSa burjsa da samxreT
42
eE s stelebi da maTi warwerebi Seswavlili da gamo-
qveynebulia v. silogavas mier, ix. v. silogava, oSki _
X s. memorialuri taZari, Tb., 2006, gv. 64-105, 150-156.
43
v. silogava, dasax. naSr., gv. 77.
44
iqve, gv. 81.
45
iqve, gv. 72.
46
iqve, gv. 115, 121.
kedels Soris) gamoyofil, samxreTi pastofo-
riumis wina sivrceSi yofiliyo warmodgenili.
maTi daniSnulebac albaT, ufro intimur ga-
remos moiTxovda. stelebis waxnagebze amokve-
Til warweraTa saxilvelad, isini sxvadasxva
mxridan aRqmadi unda yofiliyo. savaraudoa,
rom es filebi erTmaneTis axlos, gverdig-
verd, erTmaneTze mibjenilebic ki yofiliyv-
nen (wina piriT aRmosavleTisken mimarTuli),
radgan daviTis stelis marjvena da bagratis
_ marcxena waxnagebze warweris kvali ar Cans.
oSkis taZris sxvadasva sivrceSi erTi da
igive xelisufalTa samgzis gamosaxvas para-
leli ar eZebneba da Suasaukunovan qarTul
sinamdvileSi uprecedentoa. mefeTa gamosa-
xulebebTan erTad eklesiis sxvadasxva adgi-
las amokveTili mravalricxovani warwere-
bis teqstebi adasturebs, rom oSkis taZris
programaSi saero xelisufalTa meufebis
Tema erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesia. aRmosav-
leTi fasadis sarkmlis TavsarTze (sur. 5)
„orsave Sina cxorebasa~ mefeTa madidebeli
warweris qveS gamokveTili `daviTis varskv-
lavi~ ki, dolisyanis eklesiis gamosaxulebis
msgavsad, bagrationTa bibliur warmomavlo-
bas Segvaxsenebs. daviT winaswarmetyvelis
gamosaxulebad miiCnevs n. aladaSvili oSkis
taZris samxreTi galereis rvawaxnaga burj-
ze, „vedrebis“ kompoziciis qveS gamokveTili
wverosani mamakacis Tavs (sur. 10)47, romelsac
qtitor mefeTa qandakebebis msgavsi, Zvirfa-
si TvlebiT gawyobili gvirgvini amSvenebs.
savaraudoa, rom es gamosaxuleba oSkis taZ-
ris maSenebel gvirgvinosnebs ukavSirdeba da
sxvagvari saxismetyvelebiT kidev erTxel us-
vams xazs sameufo Temas.
amgvarad, tao-klarjeTis ganxilul
samefo portretebSi naTlad ikveTeba bag-
rationTa gvaris bibliuri warmomavlobisa
da RvTivkurTxeulobis idea, romelic Ti-
Toeul SemTxvevaSi Taviseburi Sinaarsobri-
vi interpretaciiT da gansxvavebuli mxatv-
ruli gadawyvetiT warmoCindeba.
47
nN . aladaSvili, oSkis taZris (Xs-is II nax.) skulptu-
ruli dekori da misi programis damokidebuleba mo-
nastris Tanadroul istoriul viTarebasTan, ACA­
DEMIA, tomi 6-7, Tb., 2006, gv. 37.
 Tamar xundaZe

TAMARA XUNDADZE
Ap. Kutateladze Tbilisi State Academy of Art
G. Chubinashvili National Research Centre for Georgian
Art History and Heritage Preservation

D E PI C T I O N O F KI N G S F R O M
T A O - KL A R J E T I I N 9T H - 10T H C E N T U R Y
M A SO N R Y SC U L PT U R E

Su m m ary

The repertoire of relief sculptures preserved from medi-

eval Georgia is rather wide in range and diversity, among
which feature historical personalities, which comprise
one of the most outstanding collections. These person-
alities were mostly high ranking public and clerical fig-
ures, church building commissioners and profiteers. We
frequently come across “portraits” of Georgian kings, a
large portion of which is preserved on the church walls
of historical Tao-Klarjeti. It was in Tao that the royal
dynasty of Bagrationi first took root, and where, mostly

53
reliefs of kings were depicted and immortalized on the
walls of Opiza, Doliskana and Tbeti temples - with an
exception of Oshki, where we also encounter a triad
“portrait” of high ranking couples. Most of the compo-
sitions are symbolic in character - the figures are nor-
mally depicted facing the heavenly guardians in prayer
and supplication for the Lord’s blessing, forgiveness
and salvation of the soul. Among the various depictions
of the Royals in Tao-Klarjeti, the theme of salvation
together with the blessed name of Bagrationi clearly
stand out, comprising the main content of the composi-
tions, with a variety of interpretations.
 Tamar xundaZe

1. opiza. aSot kurapalatis reliefi

O p iza. B as- rel ief w it h an im age of A shot Ku rap al at es
54

2. tbeTi. aSot kuxis reliefi

T b et i. B as- rel ief of A shot - Khu khi
 Tamar xundaZe

3. dolisyana. sumbat mefis

reliefi
D ol iskan a. B as- rel ief of Kin g S u m b at

55
4. dolisyana. samxreTi fasadis
sarkmeli
D ol iskan a. W in dow of Sou t h f aç ade
 Tamar xundaZe

5. oSki. aRmosavleTi fasadi. sarkmlis

TavsarTi „daviTis varskvlavis“
gamosaxulebiT
O shki. E ast ern f aç ade. W in dow header w it h
t he “S t ar of D avi d” r el ief
56

6. oSki. samxreTi fasadi, „vedreba“ mefeTa figurebiT

Oshki. South façade, “Deesis” with figures of Kings
 Tamar xundaZe

57

7. oSki. taZris interieri, samefo niSa

O shki. I n t erior, T he R oyal n iche
 Tamar xundaZe

9. oSki. bagrat erisTavT-

erisTavis stela
O shki. I n t erior. T he R oy al n iche.
D av id I I of I b eria b as- rel ief
58

8. oSki. daviT kurapalatis stela

O shki. D avi d I I I Ku rop al at es’ s st el e

10. oSki. samxreT-dasavleTi karibWis

rvawaxnaga burji. Dd.Uuinfildis sqema
O shki. O ct agon al p ier of t he sou t h- w est ern gat e.
D. Winfield scheme
ana mgalobliSvili
ap. quTaTelaZis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo
samxatvro akademia
XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnis
marTlmadidebluri saeklesio
mxatvrobis zogierTi sakiTxi
mM arlTmadidebluri kulturis mravalsau-
kunovani istoria, bevr sxva aspeqtTan erTad,
udaod aris universaluri mxatvruli enis
Ziebis, msoflmxedvelobrivi azrovnebis Ca-
moyalibebis periodi, romelic Tavis wiaRSi
sruliad gansxvavebuli warmomavlobis, mso-
flgancdis1, magram erTi rwmeniT gaerTia-
nebuli erebis Tanaziarebas da urTierTgam-
didrebas gulisxmobs.
Cveni statiis mizania marTlmadidebel sa-
myaroSi XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze saeklesio
mxatvrobaSi arsebuli tendenciebis mimoxil-
va qristianuli qveynebis _ saberZneTis, ruse-
Tis da saqarTvelos magaliTze.
1453 w. konstantinopolis da masTan er-
Tad bizantiis imperiis dacemiT daiwyo aRmo-
savleTqristianuli samyaros TandaTanobi-
Ti dasusteba, ramac Tavis mxriv asaxva hpova
marTlmadidebluri xelovnebis Semdgomi
ganviTarebis xasiaTze.
saberZneTi otomanTa TurqeTis bato-
nobis qveS aRmoCnda (1453-1830 ww.). qristia-
nuli rwmena da Zveli `bizantiuri~ didebis
dabrunebis survili _ rogorc teritoriu-
li, ise kulturuli TvalsazrisiT _ berZeni
xalxis erovnuli gadarCenisaTvis brZolis
mniSvnelovani wanamZRvrebi gaxda da `diadi
ideis~ saxe miiRo. aA m ideeis suliskveTebiT
gamsWvalulma, 1821 wlidan dawyebulma sa-
xalxo ajanyebebis ciklma, 1830 wels qveyanas
damoukidebloba, Tavisufleba moutana2.
miuxedavad imisa, rom XVI-XVII saukuneeb-
Si berZnul tradiciul xelovnebas hqonda
aRmavlobis periodebi da am TvalsazrisiT
1
d. TumaniSvili, werilebi, narkvevebi, 2001.
2
Γ.Δ. Μεταλληνού, Τουρκοκρατία, Αθηνα, 1989.
gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis kera aTonis
wminda mTa iyo, XVIII saukunis miwurulisaT-
vis berZnuli tradiciuli saeklesio mxatv-
roba dakninebas ganicdis. aA masTan erTad,
TurqeTisgan Tavisufal ionur kunZulebze
nel-nela Zalas ikrebs burJuaziuli klasi
da misi gemovneba, romelic dasavleT-evro-
puli mxatvrobisadmi amJRavnebs simpatiebs.
1837w. saberZneTSi saxviTi xelovnebis
skola daarsda. saxviTi skolis saukeTeso
moswavleebi umaRlesi ganaTlebis misaRebad,
rogorc wesi, mÁunhenis akdemiaSi igzavne-
bian, ris gamoc berZnuli saxviTi xelovneba
germanuli akademizmis Zlieri da xangrZlivi
gavlenis qveS moeqceva3.
saberZneTis eklesiam TurqeTis bato-
nobis samsaukunovani periodis manZilze udi-
des Seviwroebas gauZlo da miuxedavad didi
sirTuleebisa, sakuTari meoba da tradiciebi
SeinarCuna4. araerTmniSvnelovani aRmoCnda
saberZneTis eklesiis istoriaSi qveynis da-
moukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdgomi aTw-
leulebi. 1833 wels saberZneTis eklesia mefe
59
oton I-is* brZanebulebiT avtokefalurad ga-
mocxadda da gamoeyo msoflio sapatriarqos,
romelsac araerTi saukunis manZilze emor-
Cileboda. amasan erTad, mas mTlianad Camo-
erTva avtonomiuroba, gauqmda patriarqis
instituti da eklesia saxelmwifo daqvem-
debarebaSi gadavida. saberZneTis eklesiaSi
momxdarma amgvarma cvlilebebma ukmayofi-
leba gamoiwvia rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise
mis gareT. 1850 wels berZnuli saxelmwifos
mmarTveloba iZulebuli gaxda wasuliyo
daTmobebze. man kvlav cno eklesiis avtono-
miuroba5 da misi mmarTveloba sasuliero wo-
debis warmomadgenlebs miando6.
eklesiis garSemo ganviTarebulma mov-
lenebma gaamZafra interesi saeklesio mxatv-
3
Α. Ιωαννου, Ελληνικη Ζωγραφικη 19­ος Αιωνας, Αθηνα, 1974.
4
Ο Θησαγρος Της Ορθοδοχιας, Αθηνα, 2000.
*oton I – ludvig I bavarielis vaJi.
5
D. Constantelos, The Historical Development of Greek Ortho­
doxy, from Understanding the Greek Orthodox Church, Boston,
1990.
6
E., I. Constantinidis, Stages in the Historical Course of the
Greek Church, Dyptychs of the Church of Greece, Apostoliki
Biakonia, 2000.
 ana mgalobliSvili
robis sakiTxebisadmi. XX saukunis 50-60 wleb-
Si safuZveli Caeyra berZnuli saeklesio
mxatvrobis axal stils. mM isi fuZemdebeli
aTenis saxviTi xelovnebis skolis profeso-
ri, germaneli mxatvari ludvig trixi gaxda,
romelic bizantiuri mxatvrobiT dainteres-
da. eE klesiebis moxatulobebis safuZvlad man
bizantiuri kedlis mxatvrobis programa da
sistema aiRo, xolo mxatvrul-stilisturi
TvalsazrisiT amosavali misTvis dasavlur-
evropuli mxatvrobis principebi darCa.
saeklesio mxatvrobaSi am mimarTuilebis
gamgreZeleblebi gaxdnen berZeni mxatvrebi,
trixis mowafeebi da mÁuhenuri akademiis sau-
keTeso aRzrdilebi n. litrasi, k. volonaki-
si, romlebic paralelurad saero mxatvro-
baSic aqtiurad muSaobdnen7.
berZnuli saeklesio da zogadad berZnu-
li mxatvrobis istoriaSi axali etapi XX sau-
kunis dasawyisidan iwyeba. mM xatvarTa axalma
Taobam yuradReba axali mxatvruli impul-
sebis matarebeli centrisaken _ parizisaken
miapyro da berZnul xelovnebaSi modernis-
60
tuli, avangardistuli Sexedulebebis damk-
vidrebas Seecada.
aA xli Taobis mxatvrebi ukve aTiani wlebis
(mag., parTenisi) bolos saeklesio mxatvro-
biT dainteresdnen, magram berZnul saekle-
sio mxatvrul azrovnebaSi mniSvneloveni
gardatexa qveyanis istoriaSi metad samwu-
xaro movlenis, 1922 wels qveynis TurqeTTan
omSi marcxis Semdgom ganviTarda. mM arcxis
Sedegad mcire aziis ZirZveli teritoriebis
dakargvam naTelhyo, rom qveyana axali rea-
liebis winaSe dadga. cxadi gaxda, rom sauku-
neebis manZilze saTuTad gamotarebulma da
XIX saukunis warmatebuli politikiT frTa-
Sesxmulma `diadma ideam~ kraxi ganicada8.
momdevno ori aTwleuli axali berZnu-
li xelovnebis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze
datvirTuli da SemoqmedebiTad nayofieri
periodia. sakuTari fesvebis siRrmiseuli
wvdomis survili, yovelive berZnulis moZie-
7
N. Zias, The Influense of Byzantine Painting on Contemporary
Greek Art, AICA, Greece, 1984.
8
N. Zias, The Greek tradition and Fotis Kontoglou, `Zygos“
annual Adition, vol III, 1984,gv.57-65.
ba da axleburad gaazreba misi ZiriTadi dama-
xasiaTebeli niSnebia.GgansakuTrebuli inter-
esi, pativiscema da siyvaruli ki bizantiur
kulturasa da xelovnebas, rogorc `diadi
ideis~ nostalgiur anarekls xvda wilad.
s M aeklesio mxatvrobaSi axali Taobis su-
lieri lideri fotis kontuglu gaxda.
fotis kontoglu aivaliSi, mcire aziaSi,
daibada 1895w. mama adre gardaecvala da meur-
veoba masze biZam, episkoposma stefane kontug-
lum aiRo. biZis mxardaWeriT niWieri axal-
gazrda aA Tenis saxviTi xelovnebis skolaSi
Cairicxa. swavlis kursis dauxuravad is parizs
gaemgzavra, sadac eqvsi weli dahyo. samSoblo-
Si dabrunebuli igi aivaliSi franguli enis
maswavleblad muSaobs da parizul periodSi
daweril saTavgadasavlo novelas aqveynebs.
mM cire aziis tragediis Semdgom am teri-
toriidan gamodevnili mravali sxva berZ-
nis msgavsad, kontuglu ltolvili gaxda da
aTens Seafara Tavi.
1922 welsve igi aTonis wminda mTis mo-
sanaxuleblad gaemgzavra. aA q igi pirvelad
eziara bizantiuri da post-bizantiuri xe-
lovnebis originalur nimuSebs. `me ar move-
lodi _ wers kontuglu, _ rom monastrebis
SigniT aseT daxvewil da srulyofil xelov-
nebas wavawydebodi. misgan, rac wamekiTxa bi-
zantiaze, vTvlidi, rom is ufro nakleb sayu-
radReboa italiur renesansTan SedarebiT .… ..
me gamakvirma da aRmafrTovana am xelovnebis
Sinaganma gonierebam da saocarma ritmikam~9.
1926 wlidan bizantiuri mxatvroba,
misTvis damaxasiaTebeli masaliT (kvercxis
tempera xis dafaze _ xatweris SemTxvevaSi,
svel baTqaSze datanili saRebavi _ freskul
ferweraSi) da stiliT: organzomilebianoba,
ilÁuzoruli sivrcis da perspeqtivis kano-
nebis uaryofa, lokaluri ferebis erTmaneT-
ze safexurebrivi dalagebiT miRebuli for-
madqmnadoba, ganaTebis wyaros specifikuri
xmarebis wesi _ kontuglusTvis warmmarTve-
li SemoqmedebiTi idioma gaxda10.
kontuglus Semobruneba bizatiuri mxa-
tvrobisaken ganmsazRvreli aRmoCndeba berZ-
9
Φ. Κοντουλου, Εκφρασις. Αθηνα, 1979.
10
N. Zias, In memoriam of Kontoglou, Athens, 1975.

nuli saeklesio ferweris miviwyebul tra-
diciebTan mibrunebis TvalsazrisiT, rac
sabolood berZnul saeklesio ferweraSi
axali kursis saxiT damkvidrda. kK ontuglu-
dan moyolebuli saberZneTis yvela eklesia
bizantiuri msoflmxedvelobisa da teqnikis
Sesatyvisad moixateba11 (sur.1).
saerTo marTlmadidebluri sivrcis
moSlam araerTmniSvnelovni gavlena iqonia
rusuli eklesiis cxovrebaze. mis SigniT XVI
saukuneSi dawyebuli kamaTi eklesiis roli-
sa da adgilis Sesaxeb, XVII saukuneSi petre
I-is mier gatarebuli reformebiT dasrulda.
reformis mixedviT ruseTSi gauqmnda pat-
riarqis instituti da eklesia mTlianad sa-
xelmwifos daeqvemdebara12.
pP etre I-is survili rusuli saxelmwifo
dasavluri qveynebis yaidaze gardasaxuliyo,
Tavis TavSi dasavluri mxatvrobis, misi es-
Tetikuri principebis rusul mxatvrul
azrovnebaSi damkvidrebasac gulisxmobda.
nN iWieri rusi mxatvrebi dasavleT evropaSi
igzavnebodnen ganaTlebis misaRebad. ru-
suli saimperatoro akademia, romelic 1757
wels Seiqmna, daaCqarebs axali gemovnebis Ca-
moyalibebis process13.
XVI saukuneSi tradiciul saeklesio
mxatvrobaSi dasavluri esTetikis talRis
nel-nel Semodineba, bunebrivi ganviTare-
bis CarCoebSi mimdinareobda. XVII saukunidan
daiwyo saeklesio da saero mxatvrobis gami-
jvnis procesi, romelic XVIII saukuneSi saero
mxatvrobis sruli prioritetiT damTavrda.
saeklesio mxatvroba am droisaTvis, rogorc
meorexarisxovani movlena, ufro dabali
rangis SemoqmedebiT sferod gadaiqca, ro-
melic elituri gagebiT, xelovnebaSi aRarc
ki moiazreba. xatwera mTlianad dasavluri
mxatvrobis msoflmxedvelobrivi esTetikiT
ganimsWvala14.
XIX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis sruliad
aSkara gaxda saxelmwifo sistemisa da reli-
giuri azrovnebis acdena. mZlavri slaviano-
11
N. Zias, In memoriam of Kontoglou, Athens, 1975.
12
Л.Успенский, Богословие иконы, М., 2001.
13
М. Алпатов, Русское искусство с древнейших времен до
начала XVIII века, М., 1955.
14
Л. Успенский, Богословие иконы, М., 2001.
ana mgalobliSvili
filuri ganwyobilebebi _ ruseTis, rogorc
marlTmadidebluri mrwamsis mqone qveynis
misiis Sesaxeb _ gaamZafrebs interess Zveli
qristianuli ruseTisa da bezantiis mimarT.
mM niSvnelovani msjelobis sagania imperato-
ris sakralizaciis Tema, eklesiisa da saxel-
mwifos SeerTebis ideiT, romelic aseve amo-
ativtivebs bizantiuri basilevsis models.
yvela am ideis Tavmoyra moxdeba axal reli-
giur xelovnebaSi, romelic swored bizan-
tiaze, misi tradiciebis aRorZinebaze iqneba
orientirebuli. amasve erTvis zogadad, ev-
ropuli mecnierebis interesis zrda Suasau-
kunivani qristianuli xelovnebisadmi15.
evropaSi bizantiuri nimuSebis proto-
tipebad gamoyenebam XIX saukunidan Tavda-
pirvelad arqiteqturaSi iCina Tavi, Semdeg ki
ferweraSi. is neo-bizantiuri stilis saxiT
damkvidrda. mN arTlmadidebel sivceSi neo-bi-
zantiuri stilis SemuSavebaSi da damkvidre-
baSi mniSvnelovani wvlili ruseTs miuZRvis.
aP xali saeklesio nimuSebis Seqmnis pir-
61
velma talRam XIX saukunis 50-ian_60-ian
wlebSi iCina Tavi, rodesac am sferoSi akade-
misti mxatvrebi _ g. gagarini, f. a. bruni, t.
a. fon neffi _ CaerTnen16. ruseTis imperiis
farglebSi neo-bizanturi stilSi Sesrule-
buli mxatvrobis pirveli magaliTi grigo-
ri gagarinis mier Sesrulebuli Tbilisis
sionis moxatulobaa, romelic 1848 wliT
TariRdeba17 (sur. 2). XIX saukunis 90-iani wle-
bidan rusul saeklesio mxatvrobaSi mosul
mxatvarTa meore talRa (v. m. vasnecovi, m. v.
nesterovi, m. a. vrubeli) (sur. 3, 4) amocane-
bis ufro siRrmiseuli gadaWris gzebs eZebs.
aA m droisaTvis tradiciuli memkvidreoba
ukve ukeT iyo Seswavlili (Tumca mainc jer
mxolod ufro istoriul aspeqtSi) da axali
pleadis saeklesio mxatvrebsac daJinebiT
Txovdnen Zveli Suasaukunovani mxatvrobis
saguldagulo Seeswavlas. miuxedavad ni-
Wieri mxatvrebis mcdelobisa da enTuziazmi-
15
Н. Катсон, Симфония священства и царства, Сб. „Иконостас“,
М., 2000.
16
А. Бенуа, Русское искусство Х1Хв., CПб, 1902.
17
П. Иоселиани, Описание Сионского Храма, Описание древ­
него Тифлиса. Тиф., 1866.
 ana mgalobliSvili
sa, isini mainc Sors aRmoCndnen marTlmadi-
debluri tradiciuli xelovnebis arsobrivi
gagebisagan. aA m periodis eklesiebis moxatu-
lobebs bizantiuri programa udevs safuZv-
lad, mxatvrul-stilisturi midgomis Tval-
sazrisiT ki dasavleTevropuli mxatvrobis
principebia warmmarTveli.
XX saukunis dasawyisSi s. trubeckois18,
p. florenskis19 xatwerasTan da saeklesio
mxatvrobasTan dakavSirebuli Teoriuli
naSromebis gamoCena miuTiTebs imas, rom ru-
suli sazogadoeba am droisaTvis ukve Zali-
an axlosaa misuli tradiciuli mxatvrobis
gagebasTan, misi Sinagani bunebis gaxnasTan.
Tumca, 1917 wels ganviTarebuli istoriuli
movlenebi da maT kvalze komunisturi wyobi-
lebis damkvidreba, xels SeuSlis saeklesio
mxatvrobaSi mimdinare istoriuli procese-
bis bunebriv ganviTarebas.
XIX saukune qarTuli saxelmwifoebri-
obis, saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis
dakargvas20 da saqarTvelos ruseTis impe-
62
riis qveSemdomobaSi moqcevas daukavSirda.
Sesabamisad, XIX saukune CvenSi rusuli gav-
lenebis momZlavrebis niSniT warimarTa.
XIX saukunis I nax. qarTuli monumenturi
saeklesio mxatvroba, (saimdrood is ukve mT-
lianad zeTis ferwerazea gadasuli) saqarT-
veloSi profesiuli mxatvruli skolebis
ararsebobis pirobebSi, evropul-rusuli
gagebiT, araprofesionali mxatvrebis xelSi
aRmoCnda. egreTwodebuli `xalxuri~ nakadi
erTaderT mimarTulebas warmoadgns21, rome-
lic TavisTavSi moicavs rogorc tradiciu-
li mxatvrobisaTvis niSandobliv Tavisebu-
rebebs, ise axali, dasavluri mxatvrobisaT-
vis damaxasiaTebel niSnebsac22.
ruseTSi XIX saukunis meore naxevridan
saeklesio mxatvrobisadmi gazrdili inte-
18
Е. Трубецкой, Три очерка о русской иконе, М., 1991.
19
П.Флоренский, свящ. Соб. Соч. I. Статьи по искусству,
Париж, 1985.
20
g.rogava, qristianuli eklesia saqarTveloSi (1801-
1917), Tb., 1997.
21
m.janjalia, wm. ninos cxovrebis cikli bodbis taZris
moxatulobaSi, sakandidato disertacia, Tb., 1994.
22
i.Zucova, mxatvari gegeliZeebi, Jurn. Zeglis mego-
bari, #5, 1977.
resi, `neo-bizantiuri~ ganwyobilebebi da
axali rusuli stilis Seqmnis gzebis Zieba
garkveulwilad, ruseTis imperiis Semadgen-
lad qceul saqarTveloSic aisaxa.
am periodSi saeklesio mxatvrobaSi
saqarTveloSi Camosuli da moRvawe uc-
xoeli23, profesiuli ganaTlebis mqone,
mxatvrebi muSaoben (g. gagarini, p. kolCini,
l. lL ongo)24. qarTveli mxatvari-profesio-
nalebi mxolod XIX saukunis 80-90 wlebSi ga-
modian asparezze.
mM anamde arsebuli, axleburi TvalTaxed-
viT `araprofesiuli~ mxatvroba am movlene-
bis paralelurad kvlav ganagrZobs arsebo-
bas, oRond misi warmomadgenlebi axla ukve
TviTnaswavl mxatvar-xelosnebad gadaiqce-
vian25.
1873 w. TbilisSi gaixsna samxatvro sko-
la26, 80-90-ian wlebSi ki saqarTveloSi ev-
ropaSi miRebuli umaRlesi samxatvro ga-
naTlebis mqone mxatvarTa pirveli pleada
iwyebs moRvaweobas (g. gabaSvili, al. beriZe,
m. ToiZe)27.
mM xatvarTa am Taobas qarTuli mxatvru-
li azrovnebis ganviTarebaSi evropul da
rusul mxatvrobasTan SedarebiT arsebuli
CamorCenis gadalaxvis da axali qarTuli
mxatvrobis safuZvlebis Seqmnis rTuli da
metad mniSvnelovani roli daekisra28. qar-
Tuli saeklesio mxatvrobis problematikiT
daintereseba am Taobam ver moaswro.
saqarTvelos mimarT gatarebulma ru-
sulma reaqciulma politikam qarTul sazo-
gadoebaSi protesti da sakuTari erovnuli
Rirsebis dacvis saWiroebis survili dabada.
23
T. feraZe, rusi da ucxoeli mxatvrebi saqarTveloSi
(XIXs.), Tb., 1964.
24
a. varTagava, rogor cxovroben freskebi, Tb., 1991.
25
i. Zucova, mxatvari gegeliZeebi, Jurn. Zeglis mego-
bari, #5, 1977.
26
g.javaxiSvili, samxatvro ganaTleba saqarTveloSi
XIX s. II nax da XX s. I nax., sakandidato disertacia,
Tb., 1997.
27
В.Беридзе, Н. Езерская, Искусство Советской Грузии
(1921­1970гг), М., 1975.
28
i.arseniSvili, ZiriTadi mxatvruli da stilisturi
tendenciebi qarTuli dazgur ferweraSi (XVIIIs-is mM eo-
re naxevari _ XX saukunis pirveli meoTxedi), sadoq-
toro disertacia, Tb., 2002.

X
M IX saukunis 60-iani wlebidan qarTul saero
da sasuliero sazogadoebaSi erovnuli su-
liskveTebis gamoRviZebisaken qarTvel mamu-
liSvilTa mizanmimarTulma moRvaweobam XX
saukunis dasawyisSi sruliad konkretuli
moTxovnebis saxe miiRo da sabolood saqarT-
velos istoriaSi umniSvnelovanesi movlene-
biT _ saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis
aRdgeniTa29 da 1918 w. saqarTvelos damouki-
deblobis gamocxadebiT dasrulda.
XX saukunis dasawyisSi asparezze qarT-
vel mxatvarTa axalgazrda Taoba gamovida
(d. SevardnaZe, l. gudiaSvili, v. sidamon-ers-
Tavi da sxva)30. qarTuli saxviTi xelovneba
am periodSi ukve mTlianad eTanadeba Tanad-
roul evropul xelovnebaSi arsebul mowi-
nave midgomebs31. aA mave dros, saqarTveloSi
Seqmnili istoriul-politikuri viTareba
ganapirobebs qarTul mxatvrobaSi erovnu-
lobis sakiTxis aqtualobas.
XX saukunis dasawyisSi erovnulma ganw-
yobebma da qarTuli samRvdeloebis sazoga-
doebrivma gaaqtiurebam32, sruliad bunebri-
vad gamoiwvia qarTveli profesionali mxatv-
rebis saeklesio mxatvrobis sferoSi Cabma.
XX saukunis dasawyisis saeklesio mxatv-
robaSi momuSave mxatvarTa sami jgufi ga-
moiyofa:
1. profesiuli ganaTlebis mqone ucxo-
eli mxatvrebi (m. nesterovi).
2. adgilobrivi TviTnaswavli mxatvar-
xelosnebi (g. zaziaSvili)
3. profesionaluri ganaTlebis mqone
qarTveli mxatvrebi (v. sidamon-erisTavi, d.
SevardnaZe)
amgvarad, XIX saukunis dasawyisSi saqar-
TveloSi saeklesio mxatvrobaSi moRvawe or
jgufs, XIX saukunis bolos qarTvel pro-
fesionalTa saxiT, mesame rgoli SeuerTda.
29
s.vardosaniZe, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri ek-
lesia (1918-1922), Tb., 2000.
30
Ю. Хускивадзе, Г. Хоштария, Этапы становления новой
грузинской живописи, Тб., 1977.
31
i.arseniSvili, ZiriTadi mxatvruli da stilisturi
tendenciebi qarTuli dazgur ferweraSi (XVIIIs-is mM eo-
re naxevari _ XX saukunis pirveli meoTxedi), sadoq-
toro disertacia, Tb., 2002.
32
k. cincaZe, mogonebebi mogonebebidan, Tb., 2001.
ana mgalobliSvili
XX saukunis dasawyisis saeklesio mxatv-
roba teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT inarCunebs
erTgulebas zeTis ferwerisadmi.P programis
TvalsazrisiT is ZiriTadad, bizantiuri,
tradiciuli sistemis mimdevaria. stiluri
TvalsazrisiT ki didi mravalferovnebiT
gamoirCeva da XIX-XX saukuneebis evropuli
mxatvruli mimdinareobebis gavlenebs asa-
xavs (sur. 5,6).
zemoaRniSnul tendenciebTan erTad gan-
xiluli periodis saeklesio mxatvrobisaT-
vis damaxasiaTebelia metad mniSvnelovani
aspeqti, es erovnul TviTmyofadobasTan da-
kavSirebuli sakiTxebis xazgasmisa da warmo-
Cinebis survilia, rac Tavis mxriv qarTuli
marTlmadidebluri tradiciuli xelovnebis
Seswavlisa da gaTavisebis aucileblobas gu-
lisxmobs. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom mxatvre-
bi, romlebic saeklesio mxatvrobis sferoSi
moRvaweoben (h. hrinevski, d. SevardnaZe, v. si-
damon-erisTavi) paralelurad aqtiurad ari-
an Cabmulni qarTuli siZveleebis, qarTuli
kedlis mxatvrobis Seswavlisa da dacvis saq-
63
meSi. am mimarTulebiT sainteresoa isic rom,
Tu 10-iani wlebis dasawisSi mxatvrebis qar-
Tuli siZveleebiT dainteresebas individu-
aluri xasiaTi aqvs (h. hrinevski, d. kakabaZe),
an qarTveli mecnierebisa da mxatvrebis in-
dividualur TanamSromlobas iTvaliswinebs
(eqvTime TayaiSvili da dimitri SevardnaZe)33,
1916 wels d. SevardnaZis TaosnobiT Camoya-
libebuli qarTvel mxatvarTa sazogadoeba
qarTvel mecnerebTan erTad ukve sruliad mi-
zanmimarTul koleqtiur koordinaciaze muS-
aobs34, rac qarTuli qristianuli mxatvrobis
Seswavlis da moxatulobaTa kopirebis mizniT
metad mniSvnelovani eqspediciebis (nabaxtevi,
1916w.)35 mowyobis safuZveli gaxda36.
samwuxarod, 1921w. saqarTveloSi komu-
nisturi mmarTvelobis damyareba xels SeuS-
lis XX saukunis dasawyisis qarTul saekle-
33
i.abesaZe, q. bagratiSvili, dimitri SevardnaZe, Tb.,
1998.
34
v.beriZe, kultura da xelovneba damoukidebel saqar-
TveloSi, Tb., 1992.
35
i.lorTqifaniZe, nabaxtevis mxatvroba, Tb., 1973.
36
Ш. Амиранашвили, История грузинской монументальной
живописи, т. 1. 1957.
 ana mgalobliSvili

sio mxatvrobaSi dawyebuli metad saintere- ANNA MGALOBLISHVILI

so procesebis Semdgom ganviTarebas. Ap. Kutateladze Tbilisi State Academy of Art
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom XIX
saukunis dasawyisisaTvis saberZneTSi, rus-
eTsa da saqarTveloSi tradiciuli marlT- SO M E F E A T U R E SO F T H E
madidebluri mxatvroba TiTqmis sruliad D E V E L O PM E N T O F C H U R C H PA I N T I N G
miviwyebulia. XIX saukunis II naxevridan iwye- I N T H E E A ST E R N O R T H O D O X W O R L D
ba axali saeklesio mxatvrobis istoria. am A T T H E E N D O F T H E 19t h A N D
etapze saeklesio moxatulobebi programis B E G I N N I N G O F T H E 20t h C E N T U R I E S
TvalsazrisiT Suasaukunovan qristianul
midgomebzea dafuZnebuli, xolo mxatvrul- Su m m ary
stilisturi TvalsazrisiT dasavleT-evro-
pul mxatvrobis principebze. XIX saukuneSi One of the significant aspects of the age-long history of
dawyebulma procesebma XX saukunis dasaw- Orthodox culture has been the quest for a universal art
yisidan saeklesio mxatvrobis raobis ufro language which was to ensure mutual understanding
siRrmiseuli wvdomis xasiaTi miiRo da iq, sa- and reciprocal enrichment among nations of different
dac procesebs bunebrivi ganviTarebis saSu- origins.
aleba mieca (saberZneTi) ukve 20-30-ian wleb- By the early 19th century, traditional church paint-
Si tradiciuli freskuli ferweris raobis ing in Greece, Russia and Georgia had fallen into
axlidan gaxsniT dasrulda. oblivion, but from the middle of the 19th century, a his-
amdenad, miuxedavad gansxvavebuli is- tory of new church painting that would last till the ear-
toriuli garemoebebisa, romlebSic zemoaR- ly 20th century began.Talented artists, who had a clas-
64

niSnul qveynebs mouxdaT ganviTareba, mainc
SesaZlebelia XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi _
XX saukunis dasawyisSi saeklesio mxatvroba-
Si mimdinare procesebis garkveul epoqalur
Tanxvedraze saubari.
sical European art education, tookpart in this process.
The forgotten Byzantine system of church decoration
became the object of wide-ranging historical and theo-
retical studies, though descriptivelanguage was once
again based on Western art values.
The 20th century brought a serious challenge to
most Eastern European Christian countries, which
were subject to Bolshevist rule. The only important
Orthodox Christian country left outside the Soviet re-
gime was Greece, whereecclesiastical art continued to
develop steadily and by the 1920s-30s, the essence of
the traditional Orthodox Church painting with its re-
lated elements – materials, techniques and symbolic
content – had been revived.
 ana mgalobliSvili

1. fotis kontuglu. Qqriste pantokratori,

wm. lusias taZari, 1937
P. Kon t ogl ou . C hrist Pan t ocrat or, C hap el of t he Z aim is
f am il y , 1937

65

2. g. gagarini. Tbilisis sionis taZris afdidis konqi, 1848 w.

G . G agar in . Sion i C at hedral in T b il isi, 1848
66 ana mgalobliSvili

3. v. vasnecovi. rusi episkoposebi, kievis vladimiris

taZari, 1885-1896 ww.
V . V asn et sov . R u ssian B ishop s, St . V l adim ir’ s C at hedral in Kiev ,
1885- 1896

4. m. nesterovi. jvarcma, abasTumnis

aleqsandre nevelis eklesia, 1902-1904
M. Nesterov. Crucifixion, Church of St. Alexsander
N evs ky i n A b ast u m an i, 1902- 1904
 ana mgalobliSvili

67
5. h. Hhrinevski. wm. nino, qaSveTis eklesiis
kankeli, 1910 w.
H . H ryn evs ki. St . N in o, Kashve t i C hu rch C han cel -
b arrier in T b il isi, 1910

6. d. SevardnaZe. ori meomari,

WiaTuris samTo-teqnikuri saswavleblis
eklesiis kankeli, 1912 w.
D . Shevar dn adze. St . W ariors, C han cel - b arrier
of t he C hiat u ra M in in g- T echn ical C ol l ege , 1912
 Tamar belaSvili
g. CubinaSvilis sax. qarTuli xelovnebis istoriisa
da ZeglTa dacvis kvlevis erovnuli centri
ap. quTaTelaZis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo
samxatvro akademia
speqtaklis `kaci-masa~
scenografiis avtoris
dadgenisaTvis
TiTqmis erTi saukune gavida rusTavelis Te-
atrSi toleris piesis `kaci-masa~ premieri-
dan. es kulturuli movlena gasuli sauku-
nis dasawyiss, ufro zustad ki 20-iani wlebis
pirvel naxevars ukavSirdeba. am warmodgenis
Sesaxeb Cvenamde moRweuli informacia arc
gansakuTrebuli siuxviT da arc TvalSisa-
cemi mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva, Tum-
ca werilobiTi Tu vizualuri dokumenta-
ciis safuZvelze zust, dawnexil, utyuar
68
faqtobriv masalas vflobT. mag., cnobilia
speqtaklis reJisori, musikis avtori, pre-
mieris TariRi, moqmedebebis raodenoba da
a.S., magram bundovania speqtaklis mxatvris
vinaoba. XXs-is 60-ian wlebamde arsebul do-
kumentur masalaze dayrdnobiT, mkvlevarTa
erTi nawili miiCnevs, rom dadgma kiril zda-
neviCma gaaforma; 50-iani wlebis bolodan am
warmodgenis mxatvruli versiis avtoroba
irakli gamrekels miewera (ucnauria, Tum-
ca amas aravin gauocebia). bolodroindel
samecniero-popularul teqstebSi ki sul
ufro xSirad vxvdebiT am mxatvrebis Tanaav-
torobis versias. miT ufro mas Semdeg, rac
XX saukunis 80-ianebis dasasruls zdanevi-
Cisa da gamrekelis Tanaavtoroba am ukanask-
nelis Sesaxeb arsebuli samecniero kvleviT
`dadasturda~. ufro metic, SemorCenili es-
kizebis raodenobis mixedviT dadginda, rom
is speqtaklis mxarvrul-vizualuri inter-
pretaciis ZiriTadi xazis avtoric gaxldaT.
kiril zdaneviCi da irakli gamrekeli im
qarTveli modernistebis ricxvs ganekuTvne-
bian romelTa Semoqmedebas erTi speqtaklis
avtoroba-Tanaavtorobis sakiTxi verc rai-
mes avnebs da verc Sehmatebs. maTi mxatvru-
li azrovnebis masStabi da mniSvneloba XXs-
is qarTuli xelovnebis istoriis erT-erTi
Zireuli sayrdenia. oRond, istoriuli sa-
marTlianobis gaTvaliswinebiT, aseve imis
sailustraciod, Tu ra vneba-ziani SeiZleba
moutanos mxatvars arasworad warmarTulma
kvlevam, memkvidreebis mikerZoebulma damo-
kidebulebam da gadaumowmebeli masalis ga-
moyenebam vTvliT, rom aRniSnuli speqtaklis
scenografiis zusti avtoris dadgena au-
cilebelia. miT ufro Tu gaviTvaliswinebT
speqtaklis mniSvnelobas ara marto qarTuli
scenografiisa da Teatraluri xelovnebis,
aramed zogadad qarTuli kulturis isto-
riisaTvis.
movlenebi ki, Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT vi-
Tardeboda. toleris piesa `kaci-masa~ rusTa-
velis TeatrSi pirvelad 1923 w-is 4 dekembers
warudgines sazogadoebas. erTi TviT adre, 23
noembers, presa ukve iuwyeboda mosalodneli
premieris Sesaxeb1.
warmodgenas mayureblis araerTgvarova-
ni reaqcia mohyva, kritikosebi frTxilobd-
nen. axladfexadgmuli qarTuli Teatralu-
ri eqspresionizmi2 saTanado Sefasebas saWi-
roebda.3 amitom sapremiero Cvenebis Sesaxeb
1
«В груздраме ближайшей постановкой явится «Человек-
Масса» Толлера. Ставит пьесу М.Корели, декорации
К.Зданевича.» газ. «Заря Востока»,№270, 1923.23.X.
2
ai erT-erTi magaliTi imisa Tu rogor ganmartavda
imdroindeli qarTuli presa eqspresionizmis raobas:
`... eqspresionizmis mxatvroba (nu SevexebiT mis abso-
liutur Teoriul dasabuTebas) upirvelesad unda
iyves erTgvari rebusi, romelic aRsnas moiTxovs, ma-
Sinac ki, rodesac suraTi garegnulad Sesrulebulia
Zalian `gasagebad~. es suraTebi TiTqmis yovelTvis
Seicaven mxatvrul mTlianobis gamarTulebel ama Tu
im raodenobis ucnob elementebs, romelnic mnaxvel-
ze stoveben, SeTvisebis bundovanobas, mxatvris siSo-
ris grZnobas mnaxvelis qveynisagan.... eqspresionizmis
`algebruli~ buneba... eqspresionizmis formaluri
miRwevani arsebiTad Sesdgebian frangul kubizmis...
Zvel impresionistul tendenciebis, calke ostate-
bis (xodleri, matisi) da bolos `primitivebis~ ekleq-
tiur gadatanisagan germanul niadagze. eqspresioniz-
mis sakuTari miRwevebi ki mxatvrobaSi didi ar aris.~
eqspresionizm. gaz. `qarTuli sityva~. 8.07.1924.
3
rusTavelis TeatrSi imxanad dadgmul eqspresio-
nistul piesebs Soris toleris `kaci-masa~ 1923 erT-
erTi pirveli iyo (amasTan `gazi~ da `kaci-masa~ orT-
viani SualediT daidga).

arsebul publikaciebSi avtorebi Tanamedro-
ve mxatvrul tendenciebze ufro mets msje-
lobdnen, vidre sakuTriv speqtaklze. tole-
ris es piesa 1919 wliT TariRdeba da rogorc
literaturis mkvlevarebi miiCneven klasiku-
ri gagebiT eqspresionistul nawarmoebTa
ricxvs ganekuTvneba.
piesa konkretuli istoriuli faqtebis
safuZvelzea Seiqmnili Tumca aq Zneli saTq-
melia sad aris zRvari sinamdvilesa da war-
mosaxuls Soris _ usaxelo adamianebiT, mxo-
lod socialuri Tu sqesobrivi kuTvnilebiT
diferencirebuli arsebebiT organizebuli
garemo da `qorosa da protogonistis~ uZve-
lesi istoria, amjerad Sinaarsis Sesabamisad
transformirebuli da saxecvlilia. indivi-
dualobadakarguli personaJebi, romlebsac
bevri aqvT saerTo jer georg grosis, mogviane-
biT ki maleviCis gmirebTan, sadac TavisTavad
ikiTxeba de kirikosa da karlo karas namuSev-
rebis reminiscenciebi _ nawarmoebis origi-
nalSic da mis marjaniSviliseul interpreta-
ciaSic personificirebuli ideis datvirTvas
iZenen. adamiansa da masas Soris polarizebis
miuxedavad, orive es cneba, mudmivad zogadis
kategoriaSia SenarCunebuli. arc erTi moqme-
di gmiris saxeli ar viciT. isini mamebi, Svile-
bi, qalebi, qmrebi da moqalaqeebi arian. xSirad
SeuZlebelia moqmedebis adgilis zusti gan-
sazRvrac ki, radgan ar arsebobs realobisa da
xilvebis mijnaze myofi samyaros aRmniSvneli
raime saxeli, imdenad ramdenadac ar arsebobs
misi erTi konkretuli modeli an varianti.
aseTia samoqmedo sivrce, pirovnebisa da masis
(oRond ara brbos) urTierTmimarTebis war-
moCenis arealad rom SeurCevia da SemouTava-
zebia avtors. Sualeduri are _ or sibrtyes
Soris da adamianisa da masis urTierTdapiris-
pirebis maradiuli dilema.
`drama `kaci-masa~ aris xilva or naxevar-
dReSi. ori Rame, romelic gavatare patimro-
baSi, iyo autaneli tanjva. mawvalebda aCr-
dilebi. diliT macaxcaxebda cieb-cxeleba.
davjeqi da vwerdi manam, sanam Cemma akankale-
bulma TiTebma uari ar Tqves weraze~4.
4
m. kiknaZe, eqspresionizmi qarTul TeatrSi (20-iani
wlebi), sadisertacio naSromi, Tb., 1994, gv. 28.
Tamar belaSvili
am piesis literaturul-dramatuli Ta-
viseburebebis gaazreba-gaanalizeba imJa-
mindeli qarTuli TeatrisaTvis metad rTu-
li aRmoCnda5. speqtaklze muSaoba mixeil
qorels daevala. TavisTavad ucnauri ga-
dawyvetileba iyo, radgan, qoreli mudmivad
kategoriulad ewinaaRmdegeboda rogorc
eqspresionizms, aseve nebismier sxva moder-
nistul tendencias, rasac TanamedroveTa
mogonebebis garda,6 misive publikaciebic
mowmobs7. ufro metic, xelovanis msgavsi
damokidebuleba aRniSnuli mimdinareobe-
bisadmi mxolod TeatriT ar ifarglebo-
da da xSirad qarTuli saxviTi xelovnebis
cnobil warmomadgenlebzec vrceldeboda.
ai ras wers is kirile zdaneviCis tiloebis
Sesaxeb: `mozrdil tiloze mxatvris mier
mimobneulia mravali sibrtyeebi yovelnair
geometriuli formisa. mayureblisTvis am
sibrtyeebis tiloze mimobnevis sistema ar
sCans... avtori awers suraTs: `ballerina~
da TiTqos ambobs: SexedeT da Tu ver daina-
xavT `ballerinas~, es Tqveni ganuviTarebe-
69
li mxedvelobis da gonebis bralia~8.
an kidev daviT kakabaZis parizuli peri-
odis namuSevrebze: `Zalian mindoda sityviT
gadmomeca, amewera am suraTebis Sinaarsi.
magram miuxedavad Cemi sruliad obiektiu-
ri survilisa, me es ver SevZeli. sagnebi,
romelnic am suraTebzea moTavsebuli, arc
erT CemTvis nacnob sagans ar waagavs, ase
rom maT gadmosacemad Sesaferi sityvebi ver
mipovnia~9. rogorc cnobilia, Tanamedrove
5
ix. iqve.
6
`vinc am reJisoris Semoqmedebas icnobs, dameTanx-
meba, rom eqspresionistuli dramaturgiis stilis-
turi Tavisebureba ar eTanxmeba mis bunebas da ro-
gorc mxatvars ar izidavda.~, ak.vasaZe, mogonebebi.
fiqrebi. Txzulebebi, Tb., 1977, gv.141.
7 `
xolo rodesac 1924 welSi k.marjaniSvilma qarTul
TeatrSi formalisturi da konstruqtivistuli mi-
marTuleba SemoiRo. me, rogorc realistma da mosko-
vis samxatvro Teatris mimdevarma, mivatove Tbilisis
Teatri da gadavedi samuSaod saqarTvelos sxva adgi-
lebSi. 3-5/IX.45w.~; m.qorelis avtobiografia. misive
xelnaweri qarTul enaze. Teatris, musikis, kinosa da
qoreografiis sax. muzeumi, f.I. saq. 88. x _ 16367.
8
mixeil qoreli `,Cveni Teatris dRevandelobis
garSemo~, mnaTobi, 1924, 2# , gv.179.
9
ix. iqve.
 Tamar belaSvili
xelovnebis Sesaxeb, daaxlebiT analogiuri
mosazreba axladfexadgmuli reJimis ide-
logiis Semadgenel erT-erT mniSvnelovan
nawils qmnida. ai nawyveti lunaCarskis weri-
lidan `Cveni saxelovno politika~, romelic
imave 1924 wliT TariRdeba: `yvelaze ufro
dawyevlili beWedi futuristuli xelovne-
bis is aris, rom is uazroa. maT ara aqvT mi-
zani da... ara aqvT Sinaarsi... erTi mxatvari
suprematisti movida CvenTan moskovSi 1918
welSi da ganacxada, rom mas unda mogvyidos
Tavisi daxatuli suraTi. es suraTi Seadgen-
da erTfurcel lurj qaRalds, romelsac
Sua adgilas dasmuli hqonda wertili. roca
me mas vuTxari, rom aseT suraTebs me TviT
davxatav ramdenic unda, man mipasuxa: `Tqven
iciT gana, ramdeni xani vifiqre me Tu sad
damesva es wertili?~10 rogorc cnobilia,
am droisaTvis eqspresionizmi TiTqmis ukve
memarcxeneobis sinonimad ganixileboda, pe-
riodul gamocemebSi amis gamo marjaniSvils
Riad sayvedurobdnen, Tumca TeatrSi eqspe-
rimentebi jer isev Tamamad grZeldeboda.
70
Tanamedrove mxatvruli tendenciebi-
sadmi qorelis aRniSnuli damokidebulebis
miuxedavad, speqtaklisaTvis `kaci-masa~ Se-
morCenili eskizebi da foto-masala (rac
Tavis mxriv, am namuSevrebis scenaze ganxor-
cielebis faqtis namdvilobas adasturebs),
speqtaklis scenografiuli versiis swore-
dac, rom eqspresionistul-futuristul-
konstruqtivistuli maxasiaTeblebiT uxvad
gajerebulobas cxdyofs. erTi SexedviT pa-
radoqsuli situacia ikveTeba, Tumca Tavis
sadisertacio naSromSi `eqspresionizmi qar-
Tul TeatrSi~, maia kiknaZe am dadgmis Taobaze
wers: `speqtaklis gasinjvis Semdeg Teatris
xelmZRvanelobam gadawyvita, rom speqtakl-
ze kote marjaniSvils emuSava. man Svidi repe-
ticia Caatara, speqtaklic mniSvnelovanwi-
lad Seicvala. reJisoris TxovniT Seicvala
dekoraciebic~11. swored kote marjaniSvilis
surviliT scenaze `oTx kedels Soris momwyv-
deuli adamianebis meqanizmiseburi moZraobi-
10
a.lunaCarski, Cveni saxelovno politika, Jur.
xelovnebis droSa, 2# , damateba, 1924, gv.48.
11
m. kiknaZe, eqspresionizmi qarTul TeatrSi (20-iani
wlebi), sadisertacio Sroma, Tb., 1994, gv. 57.
sa da moqmedebis ritmi Seiqmna~12. srulad teq-
nicizirebuli garemo, sadac Tavisuflad sun-
Tqvis saSualebac ki aRar arsebobda, `manqanis~
nawilebiT gaWedili kompozicia, axlos mota-
nili amodidebuli kadris efeqti, uwyveti
ritmis gancda, da niRbebs amofarebuli moxe-
leebi _ aseTi iyo speqtaklis saboloo saxe.
am warmodgenis Sesaxeb Cvenamde moR-
weuli masala mravlad moicavs istoriulad
mniSvnelovan faqtobriv informacias, maT
Soris sanaxaobis Teatralur-dekoraciuli
gaformebis _ scenografiis Sesaxebac. amas-
Tan, TiTqmis yvela mogonebisa Tu recenziis
avtori yuradRebas amaxvilebs warmodgenis
vizualur mxareze. ai magaliTad, `Cveni re-
cenzia sruli ar iqneba, Tu ar aRvniSnavT
axalgazrda mxatvar k.zdaneviCis mSvenier
dekoraciebs. ubralo martiv ferebSi moce-
mulia damTavrebuli mxatvruli miRweva. me-
tad lamazia sinaTlis efeqtebic~13.
speqtaklSi gamoyenebuli ganaTebis
efeqtebi, albaT, marTlac gamorCeuli iyo,
radgan amaze sxvebic miuTiTebdnen: `mxatv-
rulad gamarTlebuli da STambeWdavia
k.zdaneviCis dekoraciebi, aseve pirvelad
mTeli sezonis manZilze yuradReba eTmoba
sinaTlis efeqtebs, romelTa avtoric amje-
rad mxatv. i.karsliania~14. an kidev: `dadgmaSi
farTod gamoyenebulia sinaTlis efeqtebi,
rac mistiur elfers aZlevs suraTebs da aZ-
lierebs STabeWdilebas~15.
speqtaklis Sesaxeb werda 20-iani wlebis
Tbilisis TiTqmis yvela perioduli gamoce-
ma. yvela werilSi speqtaklis mxatvrad mxo-
lod kirile zdaneviCi moixsenieboda.
`axalgazrda mxatvar zdaneviCs sauc-
xovo ferebi da xuroTmoZRvreba gauSenebia
scenaze. es mTeli simdidre iyo scenisa~.16
12
S.spanioli, `adamiani masa~, Jur. Teatri da cxovre-
ba, 1923, #1, gv. 4.
13
S. spanioli, qarTuli Teatri, Jur. Teatri da
cxovreba, 1923, #1, gv.15.
14
Ф. Театр Руставели. `Человек-масса~. газ. Заря Востока,.
№282, 1923,7.XII. `Очень хороши и художественно просты
декорации К.Зданевича и впервые обращено внимание за
сезон на световые эффекты принадлежащие на этот раз худ.
И.Карслиани».
15
S.spanioli, Jur., Teatri da cxovreba, 1923, 1# , 9.XII, gv.4.
16
leli, saxelmwifo akademiuri drama, `adamiani-mas-
sa~, gaz. komunisti, 1923,16.XII, 2
# 81.

an kidev: `reJisor mixeil qorelis dad-
gma da mxatvar k. zdaneviCis dekoraciebi
saucxovoa. piesis yovelive naklovaneba da-
faruli iyo am dadgmiT. aq usaTuod orive xe-
lovnebis gamarjveba iyo. mxatvris perspeq-
tiva, kubikuri-arqiteqtonuli mSenebloba
da reJisoris kombinaciebi harmoniuli dam-
Tavreba iyo mTliani~17.
`kaci-masas~ dadgmis Sesaxeb, vrceli we-
rili gamoaqveyna grigol robaqiZem (mwerali
imxanad, umetesad, givi golendis fsevdoni-
miT ibeWdeboda), masve ekuTvnis toleris am
piesis qarTuli Targmani, romelic kote mar-
janiSvilis TxovniT Seasrula. Sesabamisad,
gasakviri araa, rom grigol robaqiZe xSirad
eswreboda `kaci-masas~ repeticiebs rusTa-
velis TeatrSi. amas sarepeticio dRiurebis
Canawerebic mowmobs18. mwerali speqtaklis
mzadebis urTulesi procesis uSualo Ta-
naziari iyo. gazeTSi `qarTul sityva~ ga-
moqveynebul recenziaSi grigol robaqiZe
aanalizebs imJamad evropul xelovnebaSi
mimdinare procesebs, msjelobs qarTuli
eqspresionizmis ganviTarebis Semdgom SesaZ-
leblobebze da dasZens, rom toleris piesis
rusTavelis TeatrSi gasceniurebuli ver-
siis mxatvruli gaformeba `k. zdaneviCis de-
koratiuli kubebi qalaqis natexebia TviTon.
yoveli xazi aq mozomilia. yoveli feri gamo-
angariSebuli. araferi meti. araferi nakle-
bi. sityvis ritmsac aq maSinis daRi azis~19.
is erTxelac ar axsenebs sxva mxatvars, rac
vfiqrobT, aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, ub-
ralod SeuZlebeli iqneboda.
speqtaklis Sesaxeb SemorCenili vizu-
alur-dokumenturi masala TavisTavad mdi-
dar informacias moicavs toleris am dad-
gmis scenografiis mxatvrul-stilisturi
analizisaTvis; Tumca amjerad mxolod imiT
SemovifarglebiT, rom SevniSnavT _ speq-
taklis TanamedroveTagan aravin arc erT-
17
v. garriki, rusTavelis Teatri, `adamiani-masa~, gaz.
tribuna, 1923, 6# 39.
18
sarepeticio dRiuri. sezoni 1923-24ww., rusTave-
lis Teatris muzeumi, invent # 3048
19
g. golend. qarTuli drama, `kaci_massa,. gaz.
qarTuli sityva, 1923, 16.XII.
Tamar belaSvili
xel arsad moixseniebs sxva mxatvars, garda
kiril zdaneviCisa, maT Soris TavisTavad
arc irakli gamrekels.
arsebiTia, arc Tavad irakli gamreke-
li uTiTebs `kaci-masas~ Tavis namuSevrebs
Soris. 1941 w.-s mxatvarTa kavSiris moTxov-
niT Sedgenil avtobiografiaSi xelovani
rusTavelis TetrSi mis mier gaformebuli
speqtaklebis CamonaTvals `malStremiT~ iw-
yebs20. SesaZloa, vifiqroT, rom Tanaavtoro-
biT Seqmnili speqtaklis (igulisxmeba `kaci-
masa~) dasaxelebas Tavs aridebs, Tumca ro-
gorc cnobilia, `malStremi~, sworedac, rom
zdaneviCTan erTad aqvs gaformebuli da amas
araerTi dokumenturi wyaroc adasturebs.
`kaci-masas~ Tbilisuri premieridan aT-
wleulebis Semdeg am ambebis erT-erTi mTa-
vari monawile kiril zdaneviCi Tavis mogo-
nebebSi dawers: `veswrebodi toleris piesis
samagido kiTxvasac da reJisorisgan zust
miTiTebebsac vRebulobdi.
me nanaxi maqvs Tqveni suraTebi da Canaxate-
bi _ miTxra kote marjaniSvilma _ da momw-
71
ons isini. maT Soris bevria misaRebi, Tumca
aris iseTebic romelTa naxva arc ki Rirda (is
xumrobda)21. visurvebdi raRac Sualedurs gasa-
gebsa da gaugebars Soris, oRond iseTive axals,
rogoricaa Tqveni nebismieri namuSevari...
rogorc iqna eskizebi mzad aris da magi-
debzea gaSlili. kote marjaniSvili Cafiq-
rebuli aTvalierebs Wrel furclebs, svams
kiTxvebs, amjobinebs zogi detalis Secvlas,
Tumca mTlianobaSi kmayofilia da ambobs
`Seasrule~. rogorc iqna Teatralur xelov-
nebaSi gza xsnilia. sixaruls TeatrSi myof ti-
cian tabiZes vuziareb... (aqve davZen, rom didi
xnis Semdeg gamocemul wignSi `iraki gamreke-
li~ speqtaklebi `kaci-masa~ da `gazi~, romel-
Ta gaformeba mTlianad mxolod me mekuTvnis
SecdomiT ir. gamrekels aqvs miwerili)~22.
savaraudod, avtori gulisxmobs 1958 w.
n.gudiaSvilis avtorobiT gamocemul wigns
20
irakli gamrekeli. piradi saqme. saq., centraluri
arqivis masalebi. f.10. aR.3 saq.12.
21
citataSi arsebuli yvela SeniSvna avtorisaa.
22 kirile zdaneviCi, mogonebebi, mogoneba kote mar-
janiSvilze, xelnaweri rusul enaze, saq. xelovnebis
sax. muzeumis xelnawerTa fondi, saq.#12.
 Tamar belaSvili
`irakli gamrekeli~, sadac mxatvris ZiriTa-
di namuSevrebis nusxaSi Setanilia rogorc
`kaci-masa~, aseve `gazi~23.
moxmobili dokumenturi masalis siuxve,
erTi SexedviT, gaugebars xdis Tu ratom
SeiZleba ir.gamrekeli speqtaklis `kaci-ma-
sa~ scenografad dasaxelebuliyo. TiTqos-
da amis aranairi winapiroba da safuZveli ar
arsebobda. ufro metic amaSi eWvi ar Separvia
qarTuli Teatrisa da scenografiis sakiTxeb-
ze momuSave arc erT mkvlevarsa Tu mecniers
XX s-is 70-iani wlebis bolomde. gaiane alibe-
gaSvili Tavis cnobil publikaciaSi qarTuli
scenografiis Sesaxeb, rusTavelis TeatrSi
ganxorcielebuli toleris aRniSnuli piesis
mxatvrad, kirile zdaneviCs asaxelebs24. ana-
logiuri monacemebia motanili n.SvangiraZis,
S.afxaiZisa da nodar gurabaniZis kvlevebSic
da TiTqos arc araferia saorWofo-safiqra-
li, Tumca n.gudiaSvilis wignSi gamoTqmuli
mosazreba, amjerad, cisana kuxianiZis mono-
grafiaSi irakli gamrekelis Sesaxeb (rome-
72
lic missave samecniero naSromis safuZvelze
Seiqmna), marTalia, odnav Secvlili saxiT, ma-
gram kidev erTxel meordeba.
rusTavelis Teatris 1923 wlis dad-
gmis `kaci-masa~ scenografiis avtorebad
c.kuxianiZe kiril zdaneviCsa da irakli gam-
rekels asaxelebs. am varaudis utyuarobas ki
akaki vasaZis mogonebebis mixedviT agebs, sa-
dac msaxiobi gakvriT aRniSnavs: `... irakli gam-
rekelisa da kirile zdaneviCis kubisturi de-
koraciebi mizanscenebs ise moergo, rom sav-
sebiT gamarTlebuli aRmoCnda am speqtaklis
mxatvruli gadawyveta. es ki bevrs moaswaveb-
da Ziebis gzaze mdgari koleqtivisaTvis~25.
vasaZis mogonebebSi sxva araferia naTqvami am
speqtaklis mxatvrobis Sesaxeb, Tumca moyva-
23
Ираклий Гамрекели, Автор текста Н.Гудиашвили,.М.1958.
gv.70.
24
«…Сама пьеса, ее «дух», характер образов подсказывали
формы изобразительного решения. Именно с этой точки
зрения особенно интересны декорации к пьесе Э.Толлера
Человек-масса, выполненные Кириллом Зданевичем.» Г.А-
либегашвили. Оформление постановок театров им.Руставе-
ли и Марджанишвили (1922-1966гг.), Ars Georgica. seria
B.7, Tb., 1974. gv. 30.
25
a.vasaZe, mogonebebi. fiqrebi, Tb., 1977 gv.141.
nili fraza sakmarisi aRmoCnda, rom kiTxvis-
niSnisqveS damdgariyo manmade arsebuli,
Cvens mier ukve moxmobili yvela dokumentu-
ri Tu samecniero wyaro. c.kuxianiZe am faqts
presaSi gaparuli uzustobiT xsnis, ramac
dasaxelebuli avtorebi TiTqosda Secdoma-
Si Seiyvana: `presis uzustobebs mkvlevarebi
xSirad Sehyavs SecdomaSi. uTuod amiT aixsne-
ba is faqti, rom mkvlevarebi: g.alibegaSvili,
n.SvangiraZe, S.afxaiZe, n.gurabaniZe da sxvebi,
mxolod k.zdaneviCs Tvlian `kaci _ masas~
mxatvar gamformeblad~26. ucnauria ratom
ugulebelyofs avtori sakuTriv TeatrSi da-
culi repertuaris nusxas, sadac speqtaklis
mxatvrad, isev da isev mxolod kiril zdanevi-
Ci saxeldeba27; an Tundac Tavad mxatvar kiril
zdaneviCis mogonebebs.
akaki vasaZis es erTi fraza, albaT, aseTi
damajereblobis mainc ver iqneboda, rom ara
c.kuxianiZis mier xelovnebis muzeumsa da
pavle kandelakis pirad arqivSi mikvleuli
irakli gamrekelis ori eskizi Seqmnili (kos-
tiumis da tipaJis eskizebi) speqtaklisaTvis
`kaci-masa~. savaraudod, swored es iqca va-
saZis mosazrebis utyuarobis mTavar argu-
mentad da ubiZga mkvlevars eWvi Seetana man-
made arsebuli yvela wyaros namdvilobaSi.
marTlac irakli gamrekels toleris
piesisaTvis `kaci-masa~ araerTi eskzi aqvs
Seqmnili da Tan misTvis Cveuli Sesrulebis
zedmiwevniTi skurpulozurobiT. cnobi-
lia, speqtaklis mxatvrul gaformebaze muS-
aobisas, scenografi erTidaimave moqmedebis
dekoraciis ramdenime dazgur variants qmni-
da da yvelas bolomde Camoqnil-CamoZerwi-
li, dasrulebuli eskizis saxe qonda.
1981 wels, rodesac c. kuxianiZis wig-
ni `irakli gamrekeli~ gamoica, avtors jer
nanaxi ar hqonda saq. Teatris muzeumSi da-
culi ir. gamrekelis namuSevrebi speqtakli-
saTvis `kaci-masa~ (amjerad ukve dekoraciis
eskizebi) (sur. 3). amis Taobaze is Tavadve aR-
niSnavs _ masalis simwiris gamo sakiTxi Semd-
gom kvlevas saWiroebso28. Tumca ukve 1988 w-s
26
c.kuxianiZe, ir.gamrekeli, Tb., 1981 gv.95.
27
SoTa rusTavelis sax. akademiuri Teatris muzeumi,
Teatris repertuari.
28
c.kuxianiZe, ir.gamrekeli, Tb., 1981.

mis mier gamoqveynebul werilebSi vkiTxu-
lobT: `rac Seexeba `kaci-masa~ dekoraciebis
TerTmet eskizs, romlebic saqarTvelos Te-
atris, musikisa da kinos muzeumis fondSia
daculi, sami maTgani Savi fanqriTaa Sesru-
lebuli, uTuod variantebia, romlebmac ver
hpoves ganxorcieleba. guaSiT Sesrulebuli
danarCeni rva eskizidan mxolod or maTgan-
zea miTiTebuli moqmedebis Sesabamisi nome-
ri irakli gamrekelis xelweriT. esenia mes-
ame da mexuTe moqmedebebi. meore moqmedeba
muzeumis mieraa gansazRvruli. piesaSi sul
Svidi moqmedebaa. remarkebTan eskizebis Se-
darebisas aRmoCnda, rom irakli gamrekls
gauformebia `kaci-masas~ eqvsi moqmedeba,
meoredan moyolebuli meSvides CaTvliT,
xolo k.zdaneviCs erTi moqmedeba.~29
aq arsebiTia mivuTiToT, rom toleris am
piesis rusTavelis Teatris dadgma ara Svid
moqmedebad, rac albaT fizikuradac SeuZ-
lebeli iqneboda, aramed Svid suraTad iyo
dayofili da Tu irakli gamrekels ekuTvno-
da aqedan eqvsis gaformeba, maSin ucnauria
ratom moixseniebda speqtaklis dekorato-
rad imdroindeli Tbilisuri presa mxolod
kirile zdaneviCs, romelsac msgavsi Ta-
nafardobis SemTxvevaSi, isic ki rTulia, Ta-
naavtori uwodo.
Tumca gamrekelis avtorobiT am piesi-
saTvis Sesrulebuli 13 eskizis arseboba,
amasTan maTze arsebuli minawerebi, SeuZle-
bels xdis im faqtis ugulebelyofas, rom
mxatvars am sapeqtaklze namuSevari aqvs da
Tan qronologiurad swored im periodSi,
rodesac rusTavelis TeatrSi `kaci-masas~
premiera mzaddeboda. gaumarTlebeli iq-
neba es movlena mxolod axalbeda, damwyebi
scenografis axirebas mivaweroT, an ubralo
gaugebrobiT avxsnaT. aSkaraa rom mxatvari
am speqtaklze didxans, safuZvlianad muS-
aobda da fiqrobda.
gamosavali mxolod erTi SeiZleba iyos.
ukve dasaxelebuli yvela faqtis namdvilo-
bas Tu davuSvebT, aRmoCndeba, rom `kaci-ma-
sa~ daaxloebiT erTsadaimave dros gaafor-
29
c.kuxianiZe, ir.gamrekeli, Tb., 1981.
Tamar belaSvili
ma rogorc zdaneviCma, aseve gamrekelma,
amasTan TiTqmis yvela wyaros mixedviT zda-
neviCma imuSava rusTavelis TeatrSi; maSin
isRa gvrCeba, vivaraudoT, rom igive piesis
mxatvrul versias gamrekeli SesaZloa sxva
TeatrSi qmnida. swored es niuansi gamorCa
c.kuxianiZes, ramac kvlevis Semdgomi gezi
Secvala kidec.
1923-24 w-is TbilisSi arc Tu bevri Te-
atraluri dasi moRvaweobda. oRond pavle
kandelakis kerZo koleqciaSi irakli gam-
rekelis namuSevaris arsebobam, konkretu-
li datvirTva SeiZina. es msaxiobi rusTave-
lis TeatrSi muSaobis dawyebamde `qarTuli
dramatuli studiis~ dasSi moRvaweobda. Se-
sabamisad, Ziebis procesic gaiolda.
imxanad axladdaarsebuli `qarTuli
dramatuli studiis~ repertuaris mixed-
viT ki `kaci-masa~ marTlac idgmeboda stu-
dielebis mier swored 1923 w-s, Tumca do-
kumentaciaSi mxatvari miTiTebuli ar aris.
repertuaris sizustes sxva wyaroebic adas-
73
turebs. erT-erT interviuSi akaki faRava
SeniSnavs, rom mis mier 1922 w. daarsebul
`qarTul dramatul studiaSi~ (1923 w-idan
Teatraluri instituti) sxvadasxva piese-
bis nawyvetebTan erTad idgmeboda toleris
`kaci-masa~30.
Tu 1923 w-s reJisori mxolod piesis naw-
yvetebze saubrobs, erTi wlis Semdeg Jur-
nalisaTvis `xelovnebis droSa~ micemul
interviuSi is aRniSnavs: `erTi Tvis Semdeg
saxelmwifo saTeatro institutis drama-
tul skolas daamTavrebs 30 axalgazrda
qal-vaJi,... Tu SarSan es axalgazrdoba Cven
vixileT mokle _ mokle nawyvetebSi, wels
maTve mTeli piesa ( `adamiani _ massa~) war-
moadgines samjer da warmoadgines iseTi mw-
yobri ansambliT da eqspresiiT, rom mTeli
darbazi piesis Svidive suraTis ganmavloba-
30
`Cems mier daarsebuli da Seqmnili dramatuli
studia, am Jamad, Tanaxmad saqarTvelos saxalxo ko-
misarTa sabWos 10 oqtombris dadgenilebisa, gada-
keTda saxelmwifo saTeatro institutad... vamzade-
bT:... me _ tolleris piesas `adamiani Tu massa?!~ es
ukanaskneli TiTqmis mzadaa.~ akaki faRava, intervÁu,
Jur. Teatri da cxovreba, 1923, 1# , gv.10.
 Tamar belaSvili
Si xelSi yavdaT da TviTeuli suraTis Sem-
deg aplodismentebs iwvevdnen~31.
qronikebidan vgebulobT imasac, rom
studielebi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva rego-
nSi gegmavdnen sagastrolod mogzaurobas,
sadac umTavresad swored `kaci-masa~ unda
eCvenebinaT32.
gamodis, rom 1920-ian wlebSi TbilisSi
toleris piesaze mxolod kote marjaniSvi-
lis dass ar umuSavia.
ai ras wers pavle kandelaki Tavis mogone-
bebSi: `institutSi mravalferovani swavleba
iyo; ori wlis manZilze ocamde sagani gve-
kiTxeboda: anatomia, kostiumebis istoria,
saqarTvelos istoria, qarTuli da rusuli
ena, grimi, plastika-ritmika, akrobatika da
sxva mravali. mecadineoba rogorc dRis, ise
saRamos saaTebSi tardeboda. institutis Za-
lebiT momzadda e.toleris piesa `kaci masa~,
romelSiac erT-erT mTavar rols (qmris) me
vasrulebdi~33 (sur. 2). `qmris~ tipaJis eski-
zi am mogonebebs Tan erTvis da masze naTlad
74
ikiTxeba mxatvris xelmowerac.
swored es namuSevari naxa c.kuxianiZem kan-
delakis kerZo koleqciaSi. stilisturad ana-
logiuria `colis~ tipaJis eskizi, romelic
sxva eskizebTan erTad saq. Teatris, kinos, musi-
kisa da qoreografiis muzeumSi inaxeba (sur. 4).
pavle kandelaks igive rolze muSaoba
rusTavelis TeatrSi aRar gaugrZelebia. am
rols akaki vasaZe asrulebda34. Sesabamisad,
mis kerZo koleqciaSi daculi gamrekelis na-
muSevari da masTan dakavSirebuli mogonebe-
31
saxelmwifo saTeatro instituti, interviu akaki
faRavasTan, Jur. xelovnebis droSa, 1924, 1 # , gv.11.
32
`ivnisis ganmavlobaSi sax. saT. institutis drama-
tiuli studia akaki faRavas xelmZRvanelobiT api-
rebs mogzaurobas aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarT-
veloSi. mogzaurobis dros studia estumreba: siR-
naRs, Telavs, gors, xaSurs, zestafons. WiaTuras,
quTaiss, tyibuls, xons samtredias, senaks, abaSas,
foTs, lanCxuTs, ozurgeTs da baTums, sadac gamar-
Tuli iqneba studiis saCvenebeli saRamoebi da war-
modgenil iqneba tolleris piesa `adamiani _ massa~.
qronika, dramstudiis mogzauroba, Jur. xelovnebis
droSa, 1924, 1# , gv.33.
33
p. kandelaki, mogonebebi, Tb., 1978. gv.78-89.
34
sarepeticio dRiuri, sezoni 1923-24ww., rusTave-
lis Teatris muzeumi, invent. # 3048.
bic, savaraudod, mxolod studiaSi msaxio-
bis swavla-moRvaweobis periods SeiZleba
ukavSirdebodes35.
SesaZloa, swored studielebTan gaa-
forma irakli gamrekelma speqtakli `kaci-
masa~, romlis reJisoric akaki faRava ga-
xldaT. faqtebis qronologias Tu gaviT-
valiswinebT, aRmoCndeba, rom es procesi,
rusTavelis TeatrSi amave piesaze kote mar-
janiSvilisa da kirile zdaneviCis muSaobis
paralelurad mimdinareobda. amas eskizebze
arsebuli minawerebi da repertuaris mona-
cemebic adasturebs.
yvelaferi logikurad lagdeba. arc 20-
iani wlebis qarTuli presa tyuis da arc Te-
atris saarqivo masala. c.kuxianiZes udaod
qonda daeWvebis sababi, kirile zdaneviCs ki
`ganawyenebis~, irakli gamrekels `kaci-ma-
sas~ mxatvrobaze marTlac namuSevari aqvs,
oRond zdaneviCi am speqtaklis rusTavelis
Teatris versiis erTaderTi mxatvari iyo.
dRes rusTavelis TeatrSi dadgmuli
`kaci-masas~ dekoraciis eskizebidan mxolod
erTia SemorCenili. masze muSaTa amboxis
scenisaTvis gankuTvnili sivrcea mxatvru-
lad gaazrebul-dagegmarebuli (me-3 sura-
Ti) (sur. 1). arsebobs am scenis amsaxveli fo-
toc gadaRebuli speqtaklis msvlelobisas,
rac kidev erTxel abaTilebs c.kuxianiZis
mosazrebas imis Taobaze TiTqosda zdane-
viCs mxolod pirveli suraTis mxatvroba
ekuTvnoda speqtaklSi. oRond ucnaurobebi
amiT ar sruldeba.
gadasaxlebidan dabrunebulma kirile
zdaneviCma aRniSnuli dekoraciis eskizis
ori saavtoro asli Seqmna, xeli moawera, daa-
TariRa (1924-59) da Tavis qaliSvilebs usa-
xsovra. aqedan erTi amJamad rusTavelis Te-
atrSia daculi, meore ki, am ramdenime wlis
win, kerZo koleqcionerma Teatris muzeums
gadasca. msgavsi tiraJirebuloba TavisTavad
saintereso faqtia nebismieri mxatvris Semo-
35
pavle kandelaki 1968 wels gardaicvala, Sesaba-
misad c.kuxianiZes, romelmac 80-ian wlebSi teqstSi
moxseniebuli ir. gamrekelis eskizebi naxa msaxiobis
kerZo koleqciaSi, informaciis gadamowmebis saSu-
aleba ar qonda.

qmedebaSi da albaT calke kvlevas saWiroebs,
Tumca sagulisxmoa, rom garda `kaci-masas~
aRniSnuli eskizisa kirile zdaneviCi kidev
erTi speqtaklis `gazis~ Cvenamde moRweuli
dekoraciis eskizs imeorebs mxolod (am na-
muSevris originali versia amJamad Teatris
muzeumSia daculi, saavtoro asls ki analo-
giurad 60-ian wlebSi Seqmnils, rusTavelis
Tetris muzeumi flobs). miuxedavad imisa,
rom kirile zdaneviCis Sesaxeb monografiu-
li kvleva ar arsebobs, Cvenamde moRweuli
mxatvris SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreoba Tama-
mad iZleva imis Tqmis safuZvels, rom seri-
uloba, miT ufro Teatralur eskizebTan mi-
marTebaSi xelovanisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
ar iyo. Zalauneburad gaxsendeba, fragmenti
misi mogonebidan... es is ori speqtaklia, ro-
melTa avtorobac ir.gamrekels miewera. Tum-
ca msgavsi mxolod ganwyobismieri interpre-
tacia, bunebrivia, sakmarisi ver iqneba mov-
lenis sruli sicxadiT warmoCenisaTvis.
faqtobrivi masalis sisrulis Tval-
sazrisiT saWiroa aRiniSnos, rom `kaci-ma-
sas~ ukve dasaxelebuli dekoraciis eskizis
kidev erTi, aseve 1924 w-iT daTariRebuli
da xelmowerili, meoTxe versiac arsebobs.
gviandeli, 60-ianebSi Sesrulebuli namuSev-
rebisagan gansxvavebiT es varianti srulad
imeorebs kompoziciuri TvalsazrisiT `ka-
ci-masas~ Tavdapirveli dekoraciis eskizs,
sxvaobrivia feradovani gama, Tumca eskizebi
praqtikulad identuria. sirTules am namu-
SevarTan mimarTebaSi masze arsebuli warwe-
ra warmoSobs. xelmowerisa da TariRis gver-
diT arsebobs minaweri `wina dRiT~. Cveuleb-
riv am formiT namuSevarze speqtaklis sa-
xelwodebis miTiTeba xdeba, Tumca msgavseba
imdenad didia, rom gviWirs davuSvaT, TiTqos
es eskizi sxva speqtaklisaTvis iyo gankuTv-
nili da ara `kaci-masasTvis~. maSin SesaZloa
minaweri mizanscenis an calkeuli suraTis
aRmniSvneli saxelwodeba yofiliyo. Tumca
piesaSi iseve rogorc sarepeticio dRiureb-
Si aseTis ar arsebobis gamo am sakiTxs Riad
vtovebT, miT ufro rom is Cveni amJamindeli
kvlevis Temis arealSi ar Tavsdeba.
Tamar belaSvili
dRemde, akaki vasaZis mogonebebze da
c.kuxianiZis kvlevebze dayrdnobiT, speq-
taklis `kaci-masa~ scenografias gamreke-
lisa da zdaneviCis erTobliv namuSevrad
miiCnevs qarTuli Teatrisa da scenogra-
fiis sxva araerTi mkvlevaric. arada isto-
riuli realoba bevrad ufro saintereso
suraTs gvTavazobs. erTsadaimave periodSi
Tbilisis or sxvadasxva TeatrSi, gansxva-
vebuli mxatvruli esTetikiT interpreti-
rebuli toleris aRniSnuli piesa 20-iani
wlebis qarTul xelovnebaSi mimdinare zo-
gadkulturuli movlenebis fonze uamravi
kiTxvis da imavdroulad aRmoCenis safuZ-
veli SeiZleba gaxdes. amis sailustraciod
gamrekelis mier `kaci-masasTvis~ Seqmnili
kostumis eskizis da k.zdaneviCiseuli dada-
istebis kostumebis Canaxatebis Sedarebac
ki kmara. radiaklurad gansxvavebuli xelwe-
ris miuxedavad mkafioa epoqiseuli swrafva
asimetriis, disfunqciurobis, geometriz-
mis da danawevrebulobisadmi. amiT isini Za-
75
lian hgvanan urTierTs. amasTan cnobilia,
rom aRwerili movlenebidan cota xanSi,
orive xelovanma erTad imuSava spqtaklze
`malStremi~. `kaci-masa~ ki orivesTvis is wi-
napiroba aRmoCnda, ramac eqspresionistul-
kontruqtivistuli Ziebebi dadaizmisken
mimarTa. cxadia, aRrniSnuli speqtaklebis
scenografiuli interpretacia erT-erTi
organuli Semadgeneli nawilia im zodag-
kulturuli sivrcisa, sadac evropuli Ta-
namedrove tendenciebis kvaldakval qar-
Tul modernistul mxatvrul azrovnebasac
eyreboda safuZveli.
 Tamar belaSvili

TAMAR BELASHVILI
G. Chubinashvili National Research Centre for Georgian
Art History and Heritage Preservation
Ap. Kutateladze Tbilisi State Academy of Art

D E T E R M I N A T I O N O F T H E
SC E N O G R A PH Y A U T H O R O F T H E
T H E A T R I C A L PE R F O R M A N C E
O F `KA C I -M A SA ~

Su m m ary

In 1923,Qoreli-Marjanishvili put Toller’s play `Kaci-

Masa~ on the stage. There are a lot of materials about
this performance, but we don’t know who the decorator
of this theatrical show was. Some researchers think that
it wasKirileZdanevich, while others think it wasIrak-
liGamrekeli. On the basis of thorough research, carried
out by us, of documentary materials which provide in-
formation about this particular subject that are kept in
the theatre archive or private collections, memories of
76

contemporaries, and visual materials, we can conclude

that: the decorator of `Kaci-Masa~ performed at the
Rustaveli Theatre in 1923 was KirileZdanevich, and
IrakliGamrekeli decorated the same play in the same
period of time but in the Georgian Drama Studio. One
and same play – the above-mentioned `Kaci-Masa~ by
Toller – was performed simultaneously in two theatres
with absolutely different aesthetics and interpretations
against the background of general cultural current
events in the Georgian Art of the 1920s which can lay
the foundation for multiple questions and discovery at
the same time.
 Tamar belaSvili

1. kiril zdaneviCi. kaci-masa, dekoraciis eskizi, me-3 suraTi, 1923 w. (Teatris muzeumi)
Kiril Z dan evi ch. Kaci- M asa ( M asse- M en sch ), Sket ch of scen ery , 1923 ( T he G eorgi an St at e M u seu m of
T heat re, M u sic, C in em a an d C horeogr ap hy)

77

2. irakli gamrekeli. tipaJis eskizi,

qmari, 1923-24 ww. (kerZo koleqcia)
I rakl i G am rekel i. Kaci- M asa ( M asse- M en sch),
H u sb an d, 1923- 24 ( Privat e C ol l ect ion )
 Tamar belaSvili

3. irakli gamrekeli. kaci-masa, dekoraciis eskizi, 1923-24 ww. (Teatris

muzeumi)
I rakl i G am rekel i. Kaci- M asa~ ( M asse- M en sch). Sket ch of scen ery . 1923- 24 ( T he G eorgi an
78

St at e M u seu m of T heat re, M u sic, C in em a an d C horeogr ap hy)

4. irakli gamrekeli. tipaJis eskizi, coli,

1923-24 ww. (Teatris muzeumi)
I rakl i G am rekel i. Kaci- M asa ( M asse- M en sch ), w if e,
1923- 24 ( T he G eorgi an St at e M u seu m of T heat re, M u sic,
C in em a an d C horeogr ap hy)
cisia kilaZe
g. CubinaSvilis sax. qarTuli xelovnebis istoriisa
da ZeglTa dacvis kvlevis erovnuli centri
didi qalaqis, urbanuli
garTobis Tema Salva qiqoZis
SemoqmedebaSi
U didi qalaqis, urbanuli garTobis Tema _ ka-
feebi, barebi, kabare, cirki da sxva evropul
modernistul mxatvrobaSi Zalze popula-
rulia da CvenSic pirvelad modernistebTan
Cndeba. evropaSi es Tema 1908 wlidan gavr-
celda, gansakuTrebiT eqspresionist mxat-
varTa SemoqmedebaSi (l. kirxneri, m. pexStai-
ni, e. hekeli). T
E umca Tavdapirvelad man XIX
saukunis frangul mxatvrobaSi iCina Tavi da
TandaTan moipova popularoba. mM ag., gavixse-
noT o. domie, e. mane, a. de tuluz lotreki,
Ta SemoqmedebiT arian STagonebulni. Tumca
ra Tqma unda, es Tema ukve maT Tanamedrove
cxovrebasac warmoadgenda da epoqiseuli
ganwyobis Sesabamisad, kidev ufro mZafr,
ironiul da zogjer groteskul gamoxatu-
lebasac iZenda.
qarTveli modernistebisTvis es Tema
maTi parizSi yofnisas da muSaobisas gaxda
aqtualuri. kafeebi, gasarTobi TavSeyris
adgilebi maTTvisac iqca gamoxatulebad Ta-
namedrove cxovrebisa, didi qalaqisa, daun-
dobeli urbanuli civilizaciisa, sadac ada-
mianebi martod da miusafrad grZnoben Tavs.
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia am mxriv,
Salva qiqoZis parizis Temaze Seqmnili namu-
Sevrebi, romelnic swored rom didi qalaqis,
Tanamedrove cxovrebis simboluri asaxulo-
baa Tavisi kafe-barebiT Tu baRis kuTxeebiT.
Salva qiqoZe, geronti qiqoZis sityvebiT `iyo
satiruli an tragikuli azrovnebis mxatva-
ri... parizis qaosma etyoba didi STabeWdi-
leba moaxdina am mgrZnobiare adamianze~1.
marTlac, mis namuSevrebs Tu gadavxedavT,

79
e. dega, J. siora, mogvianebiT k. van dongeni
davinaxavT, rom parizis yofisa da bohemis am-
da fovistebi (sur. 1,2,3). o
O . domiesa da e. ma-
saxveli scenebi gansakuTrebuli eqspresiiTa
nes SemoqmedebaSi mxatvris metadre, rogorc
da dramatulobiT gamoirCeva: `evropeli eqs-
damkvirveblis pozicia igrZnoba, e. degas-
presionisti mxatvrebis msgavsad, misTvisac
Tan ki xSiria dramatuli kontrastis SegrZ-
miuRebeli aRmoCnda didi qalaqi misi cxovre-
neba, erTgvari daZabuloba _ mayurebelsa
bis wesiT. SeiZleba iTqvas, Salva qiqoZem Ta-
da kulisebs Soris dapirispirebis SegrZne-
visi daxvewili, keTilSobiluri bunebidan ga-
ba. frang mxatvarTa SemoqmedebaSi am Temam
momdinare, sxva qarTvel mxatvrebTan Sedare-
erTgvari simboluri Seferiloba SeiZina da
biT, gacilebiT mZafrad ganicada epoqiseuli
Tanamedrove cxovrebis metaforul asaxu-
sulis krizisi, romelic mis Tanamedrove
lobad iqca. es gansakuTrebiT sagrZnobia,
evropul kulturaSi samyarosTan individis
mag., tuluz lotrekTan, romlis Semoqmede-
gaucxoebis umTavresi mizezi iyo~2. parizul
baSi Cndeba gariyulTa, ucxoTa Tema _ eseni
garTobis adgilebs –kafeebsa Tu baRebs tra-
arian msubuqi yofaqcevis qalebi, jambazebi,
gikuli elferi dahkravs da raRac gamou-
kabares mocekvaveebi, kafesa da gasarTobi
valobis gancdiTa da sevdiTaa aRsavse. mM ag.,
dawesebulebebis stumrebi, romlebic iqneb
suraTi `mxatvrebis yavaxanaSi parizSi~ (1920
TviT mxatvris rogorc gariyulis, martosu-
w). aq adamianebis ieri groteskulia, maTi Ri-
lis simbolodac warmogvidgebian (mxatvris
mili naZaladevi da TiTqos sasowarkveTilic,
rogorc bohemis wamomadgenlis roli, rome-
saxeebi niRbebs mogvagonebs, yoveli maTgani
lic xSirad konfliqtSia sazogadoebasTan,
TiTqos martoobiTaa daRdasmuli.
xom swored am dros Cndeba).
g
G ermaneli eqspresionistebi da XX sau- 1
m. ciciSvili, n. WoRoSvili, qarTuli modernizmi
kunis dasawyisis sxva evropeli mxatvrebi am 1910-1930, Tb., 2005 w., gv 115 -116.
2
m. ciciSvili, n. WoRoSvili, qarTuli modernizmi
siuJetebis asaxvisas swored frang mxatvar- 1910-1930, Tb., 2005 w., gv. 114.
 cisia kilaZe
aA qve kvlav unda aRiniSnos, rom kafe, ro-
gorc martosuli adamianebis TavSeyris ad-
gili, ukve XIX saukunis mxatvarTa Semoqmede-
baSi xdeba aqtualuri _ e. degas, v. van gogis,
a. tuluz lotrekis Semoqmedebidan dawyebu-
li k. van dongenis da p. pikasos namuSevrebis
CaTvliT3 (sur. 1,2,3,4,).
aRsaniSnavia, rom es Tema swored pP ablo pi-
kasos SemoqmedebSi iZens axal JReradobas. is
1901 wels Cadis parizSi da 20 wlis asakSi qmnis
Tavis absentis moyvaruli qalebis ramdenime
variants. proporciebis utrireba, figurebis
deformacia, kidurebis dagrZeleba _ es yove-
live, iseve rogorc kompoziciuri wyoba _ ax-
los motanili kA edlisa da magidis sibrtyeebi,
koloritis eqspresia, figuris utrirebuli
poza, g A amZafrebuli groteski, gamosaxulebis
fsiqologiuri xasiaTis gaxsnisTvisaa gamoye-
nebuli. ganwyoba personaJis piradi tragediis
SegrZnebiTaa aRsavse (sur. 4).
kA afe-barebisa da bohemuri cxovrebis am-
saxveli evropuli magaliTebis am rigSi ase-
80
ve iwereba Salva qiqoZis suraTi `mxatvarTa
yava-xana parizSi~ (sur. 6). aqac, iseve rogorc
pikasos, lotrekis an degas SemTxvevaSi aSka-
3
mag., vinsent van gogi Tavis `Ramis kafe~-ze wers, rom
misi mizani iyo eCvenebina kafe, rogorc adgili, sa-
dac adamiani SesaZloa gakotrdes, Wkuidan SeiSalos
an danaSauli Caidinos. wiTeli da mwvane ferebiT mas
surda adamianTa sazareli vnebebis gadmocema. aseve
erTgvari tragizmiTaa aRsavse edgar degas kafec
suraTSi `absenti~(1876), sadac dramatul muxts ukve
suraTis kompoziciuri struqtura qmnis. gulgrili,
uimedo da Camqralia qalis mzera, misi sxeuli modu-
nebulia, mxrebi CamoSvebuli, fexebi winaa wamoweuli,
mamakacic sadRac sxvagan iyureba.Ffigurebi cent-
ridan marcxnivaa gadaadgilebuli, rac efemerul,
wamier situacias qmnis. aSkaraa adamianTa izolacia,
erTmaneTisgan gaTiSuloba. aqve gagvaxsendeba tu-
luz lotrekis mulen de la galetis scenebi, absent-
Tan mjdomi martosuli adamianebi manes, pikasos Tu
sxvaTa SemoqmedebaSi. kafeebis scenebi uyvarda van
dongensac. mis personaJTa utrirebuli figurebi
wagrelebuli proporciebiT, esTetizmi, artistu-
loba da Teatraluroba S. qQ iqoZis an l. gudiaSvilis
namuSevrebs mogvagonebs. kK . van dongenis mxatvro-
ba garkveuli impulisi aRmoCnda. eqsresioniste-
bisTvis. Tumca, mis SemTxvevaSi formisa da kompozi-
ciis esTetizirebasa da manerulobis xazgasmasTan
gvaqvs saqme, eqspresionist mxatvrbTan ki Sinaarsis
dramatuloba matulobs, Cndeba mkveTri groteski,
satira (l. kirxneri, e. nolde da sxv. (sur. 1,2,3,4,)).
raa adamianTa erTmaneTisgan izolacia, ga-
TiSuloba _ adamianebi erTad arian da, ama-
ve dros, yoveli maTgani gancalkevebulad
aRiqvams Tavs da martoobiTaa moculi. ro-
gorc 1901 wels parizSi axlad Casuli pP ablo
pikasosTvis aRmoCnda didi qalaqi adamian-
Ta martoobis da gaucxoebis adgili, iseve
_ da ufro metadac _ Salva qiqoZisTvisac
parizi daundobeli da miusafaria. mas nana-
xi eqneboda aRniSnuli evropuli nimuSebi _
albaT, pikasos absentis moyvaruli qalic.
misi suraTi, erTi mxriv, evropuli nimuSebis
STagonebiT da, meore mxriv, mis irgvliv ar-
sebuli realobiTa da, ra Tqma unda, mxatvris
subieqturi aRqmiTaa nakarnaxevi. Salva qaqo-
Zis mier `mxatvarTa yavaxanaSi~ gamosaxuli
zurmuxtisferqudiani qali aseve absentis
moyvaruli unda iyos. mM is magidaze zustad
iseTive absentis boTli dgas, rogoric pika-
sos suraTzea. SeiZleba iTqvas, es Salva qiqo-
Ziseuli `absentis moyvaruli qalia.~ oRond
misgan gansxvavebiT, is sakuTar fiqrebSi Ca-
Ziruli ki ar warmogvidgeba, aramed mnaxvel-
Tan kontaqtSi. is suraTis centraluri per-
sonaJia da kompoziciis fokuss warmoadgens.
misi xelebis moZraoba, saxe mkafiod ikveTeba
ukana planze gamosaxuli mimtanis winsafris
TeTri laqis fonze.
mxatvars am namuSevris Sesasruleblad
winaswari eskizic Seuqmnia (sur. 5). CanaxatSi
kompozicia sami figurisgan Sedgeba da ufro
asimetriuladaa agebuli. garemoze miniSneba
minimaluria _ mxolod karadis monaxazi uka-
na planze. iseTi STabeWdilebaa, rom figure-
bi scenaze imyofebian. gansakuTrebiT masSta-
buria suraTis marcxena nawilSi gamosaxuli
qalis figura, romelic reituzs isworebs.
centraluri, absentis moyvaruli qali aq im-
denad ar dominirebs, rogorc dasrulebul
ferwrul tiloze. s M cenis marjvena mxares,
siRrmeSi sasmeliT xelSi gamosaxuli qalis
figurac ufro momcro zomisaa. ironia, gro-
teski da eqspresia CanaxatSic aSkaradaa ga-
moxatuli. Canaxats da ferwerul tilos Tu
erTmaneTs SevadarebT, davinaxavT ramdenad
ufro struqturuli, mowesrigebuli gaxda

sabolood kompozicia da ramdenad daimux-
ta namuSevari Sinagani eqspresiiT. kompozi-
cia ufro gaiSala da centralizebuli gax-
da, ukana plani Seivso gamosaxulebebiT da
garTulda ritmic. gamoikveTa erTgvri Te-
atralurobis gancda _ absentis moyvaruli
qali Tavis TavTan ki aRar aris, aramed ici-
nis da rogorc aRvniSneT, mnaxvels umzers.
reprezentaciuli da Teatraluria misi Jes-
ti _ es-es aris sigarets unda moukidos _
is TiTqos mayureblisTvis pozirebs, misgan
elis raRacas. aRniSnul evropel xelovanTa
Tavis TavSi an suraTis sivrceSi CaZiruli
absentis moyvaruli qalebisgan gansxvavebiT
(k. van dongeni, pikaso da sxva), S. qiqoZis per-
sonaJi mnaxvels esaubreba, mas iTvaliswinebs
da amiT kidev ufro amZafrebs eqspresias da
aiZulebs mayurebels scenis Tanaganmcdeli
Tu Tanamonawile gaxdes.
aRsaniSnavia erTgvari Tu SeiZleba iTqvas
ambivalenturoba _ erTi mxriv Zlieri Sina-
gani eqspresia, evropuli mxatvruli gamoc-
dilebis codna, rogoricaa TiTqos moulod-
nelad gadaWrili gamosaxulebebi, SemTxvevi-
Tobis SegrZneba, ritmis simZafre, formebis,
proporciebis utrireba. mM agram, amave dros,
kompoziciis saocari mTlianobisa da struq-
turulobis gancda. es simwyobre TiTqmis
klasikur principebzea agebuli _ kompozi-
cia centrulia da, rogorc iTqva, mnaxvelis
Tvali centralur personaJzeH fokusirdeba.
kideebSi moTavsebuli figurebi monoliTu-
ria da kompoziciis myar safuZvels warmoqm-
nis. mTlianobaSi samkuTxa monaxazebi iqmneba,
rogorc vertikalze, ise siRrmeSi magidebis
ganlagebis meSveobiT. figuraTa sagangebod
wagrZelebuli kidurebis moZraobiT Seqmnili
mkveTri, maxvili ritmi am kuTxovan monaxa-
zebs exmianeba da eqspresiiT muxtavs kompozi-
cias. eE s maxvili ritmi ukana planzec meordeba
qudebisa da profilebis mkveTri monaxazebiT,
moniSnuli siluetebiT, romlebic suraTis
siRrmis gagrZelebaze mianiSnebs. aA seve erTg-
var dramatulobas da moulodnelobas sZens
kompozicias ukana planze, centralur na-
wilSi moTavsebuli oficiantis gadaWrili
cisia kilaZe
figura, romlis TeTri winsafris fonze gan-
sakuTrebiT mkafiod gamoiyofa absentis mo-
yvaruli qali. d D ramatulobisa da eqspresiis
ganwyobas amZafrebs figuraTa utrirebuli
proporciebi, niRbiseburi saxeebi da erTiani,
muqi feris, sada koloriti, romelSic mkafio,
kontrastul laqebadaa amonaTebuli TeTri
feris laqebi, cisfris mJReri aqcenti, xelov-
nur ganaTebaze mimaniSnebeli amonaTebuli da
CaCrdiluli areebi saxeebsa da sxeulze. am
Ria feris laqebis ganawileba SedarebiT muq,
monoqromul tonalobaSi Sinaarsobriv aqcen-
tebs svams da, amave dros, mxatvruli STabeW-
dilebis mxrivac ganmsazRvrel rols asru-
lebs _ idea da forma Salva qiqoZis mxatvro-
baSi erT ganuyofel mTlianobas warmoadgens.
sagulisxmoa, rom aq asaxuli scena mxo-
lod romeliRac erTia kafe-barebis cxov-
rebis epizodTagan. amas mianiSnebs suraTs
marcxena kideSi mamakacis gadaWrili xelis
mtevani, rac TiTqos suraTis gagrZelebas
gulisxmobs, aseve oficiantis gadaWrili
81
figura, an mkrTali siluetebi siRrmeSi _
es konkretuli scena didi ambis nawilia, ro-
melic grZeldeba suraTis miRmac. amiT aS-
kara xdeba, rom mM xatvari konkretul, wamier
scenas, erT garkveul kadrs asaxavs, Tumca,
rogorc davinaxeT, kompoziciis xasiaTiTa da
mowesrigebiT am kadris ganzogadebas, SeiZ-
leba iTqvas, idealizacias axdens, anu uwes-
rigo bohemur garemoSi wesrigi da simwyobre
Seaqvs. wamieri situacia SeCerebulia da ga-
nyenebul iers iZens. kompoziciis struqtu-
ruloba amZafrebs Teatralurobis ganwyo-
bas da, amave dros, erTgvari absurdulobis
SegrZnebas qmnis, TiTqos scena sagangebodaa
dadgmuli da mTavri personaJic mayurebels
ucqers da misgan Sefasebas elis. amave dros,
rogorc Cans, mxatvari garkveul simbolur
datvirTvasac aniWebs scenas. simboluria
kideebSi gamosaxuli ori qalis figuris Se-
pirispireba, romelTagan erTi Ria ferebiT
mosili axalgazrdaa, meore ki, muq samosSi,
melanqoliuri gamometyvelebiT _ asakovani.
absentis moyvaruli qali TiTqos am ori qa-
lis saxes sakuTar TavSi aerTianebs, rakiRa is
 cisia kilaZe
aris am SemTxvevaSi bohemuri, parizuli cxov-
rebis simbolo, im cxovrebisa, romelic Salva
qiqoZis sityvebiT: ` sasowarkveTili ram aris.
ugemuroba da fuqsavatoba mefobs yvelgan.
ar aris arsad azri da grZnoba. yvelaferi da-
pirdapirebulia jibesTan da bazarTan~4. an
`omi! cxovrebis dapyrobiT mogonilma manqa-
nam TviTon adamiani daamarcxa. es aris evro-
pis saSineleba. saSineleba is aris, rom, evro-
pis manqanas Cqara SeeZleba adamiani gaakeTos.
iketeba gza. aRaraferi aRar sCans. amisTvis
aris, rom evropaSi aRara Cans adamiani. is
ganadgurebulia. aA q saWiroa adamianis nebis
ganTavisufleba manqanis simZimisgan~5.
kidev ufro meti da aSkara dramatizmiTaa
aRsavse suraTi `qalaqi~(1920w.) (sur. 7), sadac
aRniSnuli Teatralurobis ganwyoba paTeti-
kasa da erotizmSia gadazrdili. is Sinagani
eqspresia, romliTac damuxtulia suraTi
`mxatvarTa yava-xana parizSi~ ukve aSkara, mZ-
lavr dinamizmsa da garegnul eqspresiaSia
gadazrdili. am SemTxvevaSi mxatvari kidev
82
ufro cxadad gamoxatavs Tavis damokidebu-
lebas parizuli yofisadmi _ satirasa da
grotesks, romelsac tragizmis elferi dah-
kravs. isev groteskuli saxeebi da adamianTa
martoobis da miusafrobis ukiduresi sim-
Zafre dinamikuri, TiTqos erotiuli scenis
miRma. niSandoblivia suraTis saxelwodeba
_ `qalaqi~, romelic am Temisadmi mxatvris
simbolistur midgomas asaxavs. qQ alaqi masTan
qaossa da martoobasTanaa asocirebuli. `ex-
landeli, axali parizi, saZagelia. swavla aq
arafris ar SeiZleba... garyvnileba, gaxrwna
yvelaferSi _ es aris jer is parizi, romel-
sac gavecani~6.
dramatulobisa da eqspresiis STabeW-
dileba Seqmnilia kompoziciis wyobiT, moZ-
ravi ritmiT, groteskuli, deformirebuli
formebiT, koloritiT, romelic gamTliane-
bulia monoqromulobiT, magram amave dros
4
i. abesaZe, q.bagratiSvili, Salva qiqoZe kulturuli
memkvidreoba, Tb., 2005, gv 42.
5
i. abesaZe, q.bagratiSvili, Salva qiqoZe kulturuli
memkvidreoba, Tb., 2005, gv., 47.
6
i. abesaZe, q.bagratiSvili, Salva qiqoZe kulturuli
memkvidreoba, Tb., 2005, gv., 30.
amonaTebuli da CaCrdiluli, muqi laqebis
mkafio kontrastiTac gamoirCeva. aA mgvari
feradovani gadawyveta damaxasiaTebelia S.
qiqoZis mxatvrobisTvis. iseve rogorcA wag-
rZelebuli kidurebis eqspresiuli ritmi,
sxeulis plastika, monumenturoba, romelic
amonaTebebiTa da mkafio, moqnili konture-
biTaa Seqmnili. saerTod, formis monumentu-
robis SegrZneba da ganzogadebisken midre-
kileba S. qiqoZis TiTqmis yvela namuSevarSia
aSkarad gamoxatuli (es gansakuTrebiT sag-
rZnobia guriis Temaze Seqmnil namuSevrebSi).
es ara mxolod modernistuli tendenciebiT,
aramed erovnul tradiciasTan ganuyofeli
kavSiriT aixsneba da Sua saukuneebis qarTu-
li kedlis mxatvrobis nimuSebs mogvagonebs.
Sua sukuneebis mxatvrobas ukavSirdeba aseve
mxatvris xelwerisTvis damaxasiaTebeli xa-
zovaneba, romelic am suraTSic iCens Tavs da
amZafrebs ritmis eqspresias.
eqspresias qmnis wina planis TiTqos day-
iravebuli, mkveTr moZraobaSi asaxuli kom-
poziciuri masebi, gadaWrili gamosaxule-
bebi, aqcenti moZraobaze da amavdroulad
suraTis dayofa-ganawileba damoukidebel
jgufebad, planebad, romlebic TavisTavad
dasrulebulia da, Tanacve, ganuyofel kav-
SirSia erTmaneTTan. wina planis asimetria
da eqspresia wonaswordeba suraTis marjve-
na kuTxeSi gamosaxuli wyviliT, romelic
ganaTebiTaa aqcentirebuli, xolo siRrmeSi
gamosaxuli wyvilebi kvlav awonasworeben,
amTlianeben da, amasTanave agrZeleben kom-
pozicias, romelic sul siRrmeSi TiTqos
amonaTebuli aqcentiT sruldeba. aA qac sagrZ-
nobia samkuTxa monaxazebis ritmi, romelic
awesrigebs kompoziciur masebs da siRrmeSic
iWreba. es Zalze dinamikuri, boboqari scena
mainc inarCunebs struqturulobas. mkveTri
moZraobebi, paTetikuri saxeebi da gamomety-
elebebis utrireba, saxasiaTos groteskamde
gamZafreba, aSkara satira, suraTis siRrmeSi
dekoraciis msgavsi CanarTi Teatralur el-
fers aniWebs kompozicias, rac Tavis mxriv
irealur ganwyobas sZens scenas. aseve ire-
aluri da gansakuTrebiT gamZafrebulia mar-

toobisa da gamouvalobis SegrZneba. saerTod
modernizmisTvis sakvanZo Temebi _ martoo-
ba, sasowarkveTa da gaucxoveba aq mTeli sim-
ZafriTaa asaxuli (ase rom, SesaZloa, e. munkis
suraTi `yvirili~-c ki gagvaxsendes). eroti-
kul momentebs mxatvari groteskisa da sati-
ris gasamZafreblad mimarTavs. mM ag.,Qironias
amZafrebs qalis dominanturad warmoCena da
kontrasti SiSveli qalis figurebsa da Se-
mosil mamakacebs Soris. esec Tanadrouli
evropuli mxatvrobis erT-erTi aRsaniSnavi
aspeqtia. msgavsi gadawyveta gvxvdeba dawye-
buli e. manes suraTidan `sauzme mdeloze~ da
dasrulebuli, mag.,L l. kirxneris suraTiT `pa-
risis gansja~ (sur.8), sadac mxatvari antikur
Temas iyenebs da aTanamedrovebs mas (mxatvari
tradiciul ikonografias efuZneba da pari-
sis rolSi sakuTar Tavs asaxavs, moqmedebac
sakuTar saxelosnoSi gadaaaqvs).
S.QqiqoZesTvis damaxasiaTebeli erotiku-
li momentebis ironiiTa da groteskiT asaxva
an SesaZloa, swored groteskis Sesaqmnelad
erotikuli scenis gamoyeneba mis Canaxateb-
Sic Cndeba. suraTs `qalaqi~ SeiZleba davuka-
vSiroT Canaxati qalisa da mamakacis SiSveli
figurebiT (daculia kerZo koleqciaSi da
aqamde ar gamoqveynebula. warweris mixedviT
Sesrulebulia parizSi 1920w.). (sur. 9) aqac
rogorc aRniSnul suraTSi mamakacisa da qa-
lis figurebi kompoziciur jgufs qmnis, ro-
melic gamTlianebulia, rogorc kompozici-
uri wyobiT da ritmiT, msubuqi moZraobisa
da dinamikis SegrZnebiT, aseve erTgvari sar-
kazmisa da ironiis ganwyobiTac. es Canaxati
ara mxolod SiSveli figurisadmi interesi
an Studiaa, aramed eskizi (SesaZloa mxatvris
mier Cafiqrebuli ferweruli tilosTvisac
yofiliyo Sesrulebuli), romelic fsiqo-
logiuri simZafriT, garkveuli SinaarsiTaa
gamsWvaluli, TiTqos erTgvari alegoriis
elferic dakravs.
S. qiqoZis qarTuli dReobac mkveTri
groteskiTa da dramatizmiTaa aRsavse. miu-
xedevad imisa, rom suraTi `dReoba~ (sur.10)
rogorc Cans, guriaSi gamarTul qorwils
asaxavs, mainc mizanSewonilad gveCveneba misi
cisia kilaZe
ganxilva urbanuli Tematikis nimuSebis gver-
diT, radgan is kvlav garTobis Temas exeba da
Tanac evropuli mxatvrobiT STagonebuli
unda iyos.
kompoziciis centrSi mxatvari baxusis
alegorias warmogvidgens, romelic yrmis
saxiTaa gadmocemuli. is Rvinis tikze zis da
moqeife da mocekvave xalxiTaa garemoculi.
suraTis Tema kvlav evropuli mxatvrobiTaa
STagonebuli, Tumca Taviseburia misi inter-
pretacia. simbolizmi, alegoriuloba, ro-
melic zemoT aRniSnul nimuSebze Cndeba, am
SemTxvevaSi kidev ufro sagrZnobia. saerTo
ganwyobiTa da kompoziciiT is p. breigelis
iseT suraTebs mogvagonebs, rogoricaa mag.,
`glexebis cekva~ _ (1568 w.). baxusis msgav-
si alegoria ki SeiZleba mraval mxatvarTan
vnaxoT: mag., guido reni, `baxusi~ (1623 w.), fi-
lips koniki, `baxusis dReoba~ (1664 w.) (sur.
11), sadac Rvinis kasrze mjdomare SiSveli
baxusi glexebis figurebiTaa garemoculi.
g
G roteski da ironia aq TiTqmis karikaturu-
83
lobamdea misuli. mxatvari Tavis Tanamedro-
veebis garemoSi asaxavs baxuss, iseve, rogorc
Salva qiqoZe.
am SemTxevevaSic, rogorc suraTSi `qa-
laqi~, kompozicia mZafr dinamikur, eqspre-
siul ritmzea agebuli. eE qspresias amZafrebs
axlos motanili figurebi, saxeebis da moZra-
obebis groteskuloba, gadaWrili formebi
da fragmentuloba, kadris gaWedva gamosa-
xulebebiT. es kvlav mianiSnebs, rom mxatvari
didi ambis mxolod erT konkretul scenas
asaxavs. wriul da naxevarwriul monaxazebze
agebuli kompoziciis ritmi moZraobisa da
dinamikis STabeWdilebas qmnis. Tumca es mra-
valfiguriani kompozicia mainc centrire-
bulia. centri mkafiodaa moniSnuli ganaTe-
biT da sufris TeTri laqiT _ baxusis SiSve-
li figuriT, romelic kompoziciis fokusia.A
ukana planze aseve mkafio aqcentad ikiTxeba
qalisa da mamakacis (rogorc Cans, nefe da
patarZali) mocekvave figurebi TeTr samos-
Si, romlebic TiTqos kompoziciis (marjvena
kuTxidan marcxniv) diogonalur ritms asru-
leben. rTuli da asimetriuli ritmis miuxe-
 cisia kilaZe
davad kompozicias kvlav planebad dayofa
awesrigebs, rac tipuria Salva qiqoZis mxatv-
robisTvis.
SeiZleba iTqvas, qarTuli xalxuri simRe-
ris mravalxmianobis msgavsad, aq kompoziciu-
ri masebi mravalxmiani da nairgvaria, magram,
amave dros, erT mTlianobad organizebuli.
miuxedavad qaosisa, romelsac mxatvari asa-
xavs, cnobierad Tu aracnobierad, masSi mainc
Sinagani wesrigis gancda igrZnoba. kompozicia
kvlav garkveul klasikur elementebsa da xasi-
aTs atarebs. miuxedavad mravalnawilianobisa,
yoveli kompoziciuri jgufi da TiToeuli
figura calke, damoukideblad, makafiod aRq-
madi, srulyofili da TviTkmaria, rogorc
agebulebiT, ise daxasiaTebiT, ganwyobiT, Sina-
gani eqspresiiT, amasTanave, mTlianobaSi isini
ganuyofel erTianobas qmnian.
kvlav unda aRvniSnoT koloriti, rome-
lic S.qiqoZisTvis damaxasiaTebel princip-
zea agebuli. mM uqi feris tonalobaSi mkveTr
aqcentebad amonaTebuli sibrtyeebi kompo-
ziciis xasiaTs qmnis da qiqoZieseul esTeti-
84
kaze metyvelebs. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom
es zogadad qarTul avangardsa T Y u erovnul
mxatvrul gemovnebasac axasiaTebs7.
es amonaTebuli areebi ganaTebis asaxva-
caa da gadamwyvetic koloritisa da saerTod
nawarmoebis mxatvruli formis, eqspresiisa
da gamomsaxvelobis Seqmnisas. sinaTlis es
aqcentebi garkveuli saxis dekoratiulobis
miuxedavad, Salva qiqoZis mxatvrobaSi mniSv-
nelovan rols asrulebs da xSirad Sinaarsis,
ideis da eqspresiis gasamZafrebladac ga-
moiyeneba.
zemoT aRniSnuli namuSevrebis CaTvliT
amis kargi magaliTia kvlav urbanuli gar-
Tobis TemasTan dakavSirebuli suraTi _
`luqsemburgis baRi~ (1920 w.) (sur. 12) sadac
mxatvari TiTqos ganaTebis impresionistul
7
msgavs mxatvrul xerxs vxvdebiT lado gudiaSvil-
Tan- mag., `sadRegrZelo alionze~, 1920, `avtoport-
reti~, 1919, `qristine~, 1919 da sxva; Ria feris laqa
ganaTebis rols asrulebs muq, monoqromul kolo-
ritSi da gansakuTrebul dramatizmsa da eqspresias
sZens namuSevars. msgavsi midgoma gvxvdeba firosma-
nis mxatvrobaSi da saerTod Sua saukuneebis qarTul
mxatvrobaSi, xatweris nimuSebze, mag., svanur xatebze.
xerxs iyenebs da aTinaTebiT avsebs suraTis
sibrtyeebs. Tumca ganwyoba, ra Tqma unda,
Sorsaa raime impresionistulisgan da kv-
lav eqspresionizmTan iCens siaxloves. aqac
amonaTebulia garkveuli aqcentebi, kom-
poziciis centri da siRrme marcxena uka-
na planze, riTic TiTqos organizebuli da
gamZafrebulia kompoziciis xasiaTi, misi
ganwyoba da dramatuloba. TuU sxva aRniSnul
namuSevrebSi zogadi ganwyoba an miniSnebaa
simbolur-alegoriul Sinaarsze, am suraT-
Si ukve pirdapir aris gamoyenebuli TiTqos
gaugebari da alogikuri elementebi, romle-
bic sizmrisa da irealobis gancdas iwvevs _
mag., qalis biusti xis Ziras, aA seve silaSi mo-
TamaSe bavSvebis figurebi, romelTa propor-
ciebi sagangebodaa utrirebuli,Q qalis fexi,
romelic mianiSnebs, rom suraTidan TiTqos
axlaxan viRac gavida. aseve suraTis marcxena
mxares, siRrmeSi asaxuli wagrZelebuli, sti-
lizebuli figurebi, maneruli, paTetikuri
moZraobebiT. rogorc sxva aRniSnul fer-
werul tiloebze, aqac kompozicia kargad
gaazrebuli da struqturulia, dayofilia
planebad, centri aRniSnulia, magram ama-
ve dros ZiriTadad figuraTa moZraobebiT
Seqmnili dinamikuri, xSirad diogonalur,
irib monaxazebze agebuli ritmi mRelvarebi-
sa da mousvenrobis STabeWdilebas qmnis. Tu-
mca kompoziciis centrSi SeyvarebulTa ga-
mosaxulebebia warmodgenili, misi namdvili
fokusi, romelic mayureblis mzeras ipyrobs
mxatvris avtoportretia, romelic ukana
planze, damkvirveblis rolSia warmodgeni-
li.Kkompoziciis ZiriTadi masebi isea ganla-
gebuli (qalis fexi, bavSvebis jgufi da Sey-
varebulTa figurebi mkafio diagonalur mi-
marTulebas qmnis, romelic sruldeba mxatv-
ris figuriT), rom suraTis siRmisken, kerZod
mxatvris figurisken mihyavs mnaxvelis mzera.
mM xatvris arseboba suraTSi TiTqos misi su-
bieqturi xedvis damowmebaa. is Tavad aris mis
mier aRqmuli parizuli cxovrebis nawili da
amave dros damkvirvebeli da Semfasebelic. E
msgavsK kompoziciur agebas anu siRmeSi
planebad ganviTarebas S. qiqoZis mier baRis

Temaze Sesrulebul CanaxatebSic vxedavT
(sur. 13, 14). SesaZloa, es ferweruli ti-
losTvis Sesrulebuli eskizebia. aq kargad
Cans mxtavris ostatoba _ erTiani, Zlieri
monaxaziT Seqmnili figuris plastika, eqs-
presia. minimaluri formebiT Seqmnili zusti
da Seucdomeli struqtura, ganwyoba. es eski-
zebi kompoziciurad sruliad dasrulebuli
da mTliania, iseve, rogorc ganxiluli fer-
weruli tilo. suraTSi aSkaraa erTi mxriv,
kompoziciis centruloba, struqturuloba
da meore mxriv, SemTxveviTobis, dinamizmis,
eqspresiis gancda. Tumca qaosi aqac wesrig-
Sia moyvanili, TiTqos da garkveul logikas
daqvemdebarebuli. aY mis Sedegad kvlav Cnde-
ba Teatralurobis STabeWdleba, romelic
Salva qiqoZis sxva namuSevrebSic arsebobs.
eE s TiTqos SemTxveviTi, parizuli cxovrebis
yoveldRiuri scena sagangebo dadgmas ems-
gavseba, rac kvlav mianiSnebs mis simboluro-
basa da garkveul farul Sinaarsze. G
iqneb S. qiqoZe cxovrebis erTgvar Teat-
ralizebas axdens? d D a, egeb es Teatrisadmi
misi siyvaruliTac an misi artistuli bu-
nebiT iyos ganpirobebuli? (mis avtoport-
retebSic aSkarad Cndeba Teatralurobis,
pozirebis momenti). amasTanave, SesaZloa, es
cxovrebisadmi misi filosofiuri midgoma
iyos _ is TiTqos gviCvenebs am cxovrebis da,
am SemTxvevaSi, gasarTobi epozodebis, ro-
gorc Teatraluri warmodgenis warmavalo-
basa da efemerulobas.
uTuoa, rom garTobis Tema masTan tra-
gikomikur iers iZens. es kidev ufro cxadad
Cans mis seriaSi _ `tikinebi~ (sur. 16). TviT
amgvari Temis arCeva da `Tojinebis cxovre-
bidan~ scenebis asaxva ukve cxadhyofs mxatv-
ris damokidebulebas da ironias _ Tema kv-
lav TeatrTan, dadgmasTanaa dakavSirebuli.
CvenTvis ucnobia Tu risTvis Seasrula
man es seria, Tumca rogorc mxatvrobaSi, ise
am periodis literaturaSi, gansakuTrebiT
simbolistebTan Tojinebis, tikinebis Tema
Zalze aqtualuria da mas filosofiuri,
alegoriuli datvirTva aqvs. mM ag., h. fon kla-
sitis, m. meterlinkis, a. blokis dramatur-
gia, aseve r. m. rilkes da val. gafrindaSvilis
cisia kilaZe
poeturi saxeebi. es sakiTxi kvlevas saWi-
roebs, ris Sedegadac SesaZloa gamoikveTos
da aixsnas S.QqiqoZis mier Sesrulebuli am se-
riis mniSvneloba da Sinaarsi.
eE vropul mxatvrobaSi am Temis paraleli
da winasaxe eqspresionist mxatvrebTan gvxv-
deba, radgan mimdinareobis koncefciidan ga-
momdinare, Tojinis, tikinis Tema maTTvisaq-
tualuria. mag., erix hekelma Seqmna scenebi
Tojinebis cxovrebidan, `jambazi da Toji-
na~ (1912 w.) (sur. 17), l. kirxnerTan da georg
grosTanc gvxvdeba varieties Temaze Seqmni-
li suraTebi, sadac mocekvaveebi komikuri
elferis mqone Tojinebs hgvanan (sur. 18). S.
qiqoZe uSualod Tojinebs, marionetebs asa-
xavs, romlebic sagangebo scenaze arian war-
modgenilni. masTan ufro gamZafrebulia
komediisa da absurdis ganwyoba. is uSualod
Teatralur warmodgenas asaxavs da ueWvelia,
rom Tojinebis usulo figurebs garkveuli
SinaarsiTa da simbolikiT muxtavs. erTi mx-
riv, aSkaraa misi ironia da SarJi da, meore mx-
85
riv, tragizmi, gamouvalobis SegrZneba, iseve
rogorc didi qalaqis qaosSi Cakargul ada-
mianTa SemTxvevaSi. TavianT yofa-cxovrebas
isini gamofitul tikinebad gadauqcevia.
zemoT ganxilul namuSevrebTan daka-
vSirebiT aRsaniSnavia S. qiqoZis suraTi _
`niRabi~ (sur. 19), romelic TiTqos mimimo-
xiluli Temis simbolur Tu konceftualur
gamoxatulebad Cndeba. eE s namuSevari abstra-
girebul kompozicias warmoadgens. ovalu-
ri da kuTxovani monaxazebis miRma ikiTxeba
qalaqis Tema, qalis sxeuli _ SiSveli mker-
di, matareblis vagonebi da centrSi, ufro
mkafiod da aSkarad, niRbis gamosaxuleba,
romelic sarkastulad icinis da almacerad,
suraTis miRma iyureba. T Q anamedrove cxov-
rebis, didi qalaqis qaosi, erotizmi, rac
vnaxeT suraTSi `qalaqi~, sarkastuli sici-
li absentis moyvaruli qalisa, niRbiseburi
saxeebi suraTidan `dReoba~ da `mxatvarTa
yavaxana~, qalis butaforiebi luqsemburgis
baRidan, Teatraluroba misi atributebiT
_ es yvelaferi TiTqos am kompoziciaSia
abstragirebuli da simboluri niSnebis sa-
 cisia kilaZe
xiT gadmocemuli. aA m SemTxvevaSi, Salva qiqo-
Ze ukve aSkara simbolikiT agebs kompozici-
as, Tumca mainc, risi Tqma unda zustad ver
davakonkretebT. erTia aSkara _ ironia da
satira, romelic mis mTel Semoqmedebas gas-
devs da gasarTob Temaze Seqmnil namuSevreb-
Si Cndeba am SemTxvevaSi pirdapiri niSnebis
saxiTaa motanili. niRbis gamosaxulebiT da
mxatvruli formiT, dekoratiul-sibrtyob-
rivi gadawyvetiT, es namuSevari Teatralur
afiSasac mogvagonebs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
Salva qiqoZis mxatvrobaSi urbanuli garTo-
bis Temas swored es kompozicia agvirgvinebs.
mis mxatvrul formaSi kvlav Cans evropuli
gamocdilebis codna _ gamosaxulebis piro-
biT-abstragirebul sibrtyeebad qceva. Tu-
mca aqac mZafr eqspresiul ritmTan erTad,
mainc sagrZnobia klasikuri principis mixed-
viT formaTa ganawileba (centruloba, eqs-
presiuli, diogonaluri ritmi, gansxvavebu-
li sibrtyeebis, rogorc sxvadasxva planebis,
erTmaneTze dadeba). SeiZleba iTqvas, didi
86
qalaqis Salva qiqoZiseuli aRqma da idea aq
yvelaze metad ganzogadebulad da simbolu-
radaa gadmocemuli.
aA mgvarad, am mokle mimoxilvidanac Cans,
rom garTobis Temaze Seqmnil aRniSnul namu-
SevrebSi S.QqiqoZis mxatvrobisTvis damaxasai-
Tebeli saerTo aspeqtebi Cndeba _ erTgvari
opoziciebi _ SemTxveviTobis gancda (gadaW-
rili gamosaxulebebi, dinamika, TiTqos nagu-
lisxmevi ambis gagrZelebis SesaZlebloba)
da kompoziciis mkafio struqturuloba da
simwyobre, uryeobis da mudmivobis gancda;
uwesrigoba da qaoturi situacia da kompo-
ziciuri wyobiT Seqmnili wesrigi; mkveTri
eqspresia, emociuri simZafre da mxatvruli
xerxebis klasikuri principi da racionalu-
roba; tragizmi, dramatuloba da iumoris
grZnoba da mZafri ironia; kvlav adamianTa
yofis namdvili tragizmisa da sevdis SegrZ-
neba da Teatraluroba, paTetika da erTgva-
ri absurdulobac.
yY ovelive es Salva qiqoZis simbolistur
xedvaze metyvelebs _ cxadia, is ganazoga-
debs movlenebs, Temebs da garTobis amsaxve-
li scenis miRma cxovrebis tragizmsa da misi
sazrisis dauokebeli Ziebis asaxvas cdilobs.
Tumca, bolos isic unda aRiniSnos, rom
misi simbolisturi xedva gansxvavdeba evro-
puli sibolizmisa da eqspresionizmisgan,
romlis warmomadgenladac mas evropaSi mii-
Cneven. cxadia S. qiqoZis Semoqmedeba, iseve
rogorc saerTod qarTuli modernizmi, war-
moudgenelia evropul modernizmTan mimar-
Tebis gareSe, magram am SemTxvevaSi, aSkara
paralalebi evropul nimuSebTan ufro Tema-
tikis mxriv Cndeba. mxatvruli formis Tval-
sazrisiT S. qiqoZe TiTqos analitikur gaaz-
rebas axdens evropuli gamocdilebisa da
kidev ufro ganzogadebul saxeebs qmnis. misi
simbolur-ganzogadebuli xedva raime konk-
retuli niSniTa da aspeqtiT ver gamoicnoba,
is TiTqos realobis farglebSia moqceuli
_ realur-obieqturi formebiT asaxuli,
magram, amavdroulad samyaros realisturi
gadmocemisgan Zalze Sors dgas da sakuTar,
TviTkmar realobas qmnis.
SM . qiqoZis eqspresionistuli midgomac
Taviseburia. is ar mimarTavs ukidures sax-
viT saSualebebs (rogorc, mag., germanuli
eqspresionizmi) da aA rc raime irealur-fan-
tasmagoriul saxeebs qmnis. eqspresiuloba
aq ufro msoflmxedvelobrivia da mxatvris
Sinagani temperamentidan momdinareobs, anu
Sinagani muxtia da garegnul formebSi Seda-
rebiT naklebadaa gamoxatuli.A am SemTxvevaSi
qarTul, erovnul gemovnebasTan gvaqvs saqme,
romelic, rogorc araerTxel aRniSnula, zo-
mierebisa da harmoniisken swrafviT gamoir-
Ceva. tradicia da erovnuli formis Zieba ki
aSkaraa mis, am TiTqos kosmopolitur Tema-
ze Seqmnili namuSevrebis magaliTzec. misive
sityvebi rom davimowmoT _ `yoveli xelov-
neba, yoveli eri iqmneba erovnul CarCoebSi,
mxolod maSin aqvs mas fasi da gamarTleba...
mxolod erovnul farglebSi aRmocenebul
formas eZleva saerTaSoriso mniSvneloba... `
 cisia kilaZe

TSISIA KILADZE
G. Chubinashvili National Research Centre for Georgian
Art History and Heritage Preservation
T H E T O PI C O F T H E C I T Y ;
U R B A N E N T E R T A I N M E N T
I N T H E W O R KS O F SH A L V A KI KO D Z E
Su m m ary
The theme of the big city, of the urban entertainment
— cafes, bars, cabarets, the circus and other places —
is extremely popular in European modernist art, and in
Georgian painting it first appears with the modernists.In
French painting,this topicalready in the 19th century ac-
quireda symbolic shade which increased in a subsequent
age, and now the image becomes metaphorical.
For Georgian modernists, the cafe, places for enter-
tainment, a large city were the embodiment of ruthless city
civilization, where a person felt lonely and shelterless.
In this respect, particularly interesting are the
All this testifies to the symbolic vision of the au-
thor. Of course he summarizes phenomena, themes and
scenes of entertainment, but in the background is hid-
den the tragedy and unquenchable attempt to compre-
hend the meaning of life.
His symbolism differs from European symbolism
and expressionism, the representative of which he is
considered in Europe. His creativity, as well as Geor-
gian modernism in general, is impossible to imagine
without the influence of European modernism, buthis
case is to a great extent determined by thematic paral-
lels.In terms of the artistic form, the author conducts
a reflection on the European experience and creates
moregeneralized images. It is impossible to determine
by specific aspects his symbolically generalized vision,
as though it is within a reality of certain real-objective
forms, but at the same time all this is far from the real
world and creates its own distinctive reality.

87
works of ShalvaKikodze, dedicated to the Paris theme,
which from the one side were influenced by European
masters, but at the same time they have a distinct per-
sonality and an expressive, ironic and grotesque nature.
During the study of ShalvaKikodze’s works, de-
voted to the urban topic and entertainment, arise the
characteristic of this artist’s aspects – some kind of
opposition (dynamics, a possibility of continuation of
what is happening)and a clear structuring of the com-
position and consistency, the sense of firmness and
constancy;Mess and disorder and compositionally cre-
ated order;Expressed expression and emotional stress
and classical principles of artistic reception and ratio-
nalism; Tragic, dramatic and a sense of humor and ex-
acerbation of irony; The real tragedy of human exis-
tence and sense of anguish, theatricality, pompousness
and a kind of absurdity.
Particularly noteworthy is the theatricality of the
works, which is probably due to the artistry of the au-
thor or his love of the theatre; but at the same time may-
be it is his philosophical vision of life – he is showing
us this life and this episode as a inconstant and effective
theatrical action.
 cisia kilaZe

1. edgar dega. absenti, 1876 w.

E . D egas . L ’A b sin t he, 1876
88

2. anri tuluz lotreki.

mulen ruJi, 1892 w.
H .T ou l ou se- L au t rec.
M ou l in R ou eg , 1892
 cisia kilaZe

3. k. van dongeni. bari kairoSi, 1920 w.

Kees van D on ge n . T he C airo B ar, 1920

89

4. pablo pikaso. absentis moyvaruli

qali, 1901 w.
P.Picasso. T he A b sin t he D rin ker, 1901
 cisia kilaZe

5. Salva qiqoZe. mxatvarTa yavaxana

parizSi (eskizi), 1920 w.
Sh.Kikodze. Pain t in g- A rt ist s’s C of f e- H ou se in
Paris (Skech), 1920
90

6. MSalva qiqoZe. mxatvarTa yavaxana

parizSi, 1920 w.
Sh. Kikodze. A rt ist s’s C of f e- H ou se in
Paris, 1920
 cisia kilaZe

7. QSalva qiqoZe. qalaqi, 1920 w

Sh.Kikodze. C it y , 1920.

91

8. l.kirxneri. parisis gansja, 1912 w. 9. Salva qiqoZe. Canaxati, 1920 w.

E .L .Kirchn er. T he Ju dge m en t of Paris, 1912 Sh.Kikodze. Skech, 1920
 cisia kilaZe

10. Salva qiqoZe. dReoba, 1920 w.

Sh.Kikodze. F east (B acchu s), 1920
92

11. f. koniki. baxusis dReoba, XVII s-is Sua xana.

P.Kon on ck. T he F east of B acchu s, M iddl e Y ears of t he 17 th
C en t u ry
 cisia kilaZe

12. Salva qiqoZe. parizi, luqsemburgis baRi, 1920 w.

93
Sh.Kikodze. Paris, L u xe m b u rg G arden , 1920

13. Salva qiqoZe. parizi, baRSi (Canaxati), 1920 w. 14. Salva qiqoZe. parizi (Canaxati), 1920 w.
Sh.Kikodze. I n t he G arden (Skech), 1920 Sh.Kikodze. Paris (Skech), 1920
 cisia kilaZe

15. a. make. restorani baRSi, 1912 w.

A . M acke. G arden R est au ran t , 1912
94

16. Salva qiqoZe. tikinebis cxovrebidan, 1920 w. 17. e. hekeli. jambazi da Tojina, 1912 w.
Sh. Kikodze. F rom t he L if e of t he Pu p p et s, 1920 E . H eckel . C l ow n an d D ol l , 1912
 cisia kilaZe

18. l.kirxneri, variete, 1911 w.

E .L . Kirchen r. V ariet e, 1911

95

19. Salva qiqoZe. niRabi, 1921 w.

Sh. Kikodze. M ask, 1921
 ana kldiaSvili
ap. quTaTelaZis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo
samxatvro akademia
g. CubinaSvilis sax. qarTuli xelovnebis istoriisa
da ZeglTa dacvis kvlevis erovnuli centri
mxatvari _ paraziti
(citaciis meTodis
Sesaxeb Tanamedrove
qarTul mxatvrobaSi)1
yvelaferi ukve naTqvamia; sabednierod,
yvelaferze nafiqri ar aris.
stanislav eJi leci
yvelafer imaze, rac ukve naTqvamia, yoveli
epoqa Tavisas `fiqrobs~. Cveni Tanamedro-
veobac yvelafers, rac naTqvamia, sakuTar
prizmaSi atarebs, ixmobs ra Zvels, `kargad
96
daviwyebuls~, interteqstualur kulturas
qmnis. interteqstualurobis sxvadasxva sa-
xiT gamovlineba uZvelesi droidanve gvxvde-
ba sxvadasxva epoqaSi, magram am terminis ga-
Cena da Tavad interteqstisa da, Sesabamisad,
interteqstualurobis Sesaxeb Teoriis Ca-
moyalibeba rom swored Cvens epoqaSi, XX s-is
bolo mesamedSi moxda, SemTxveviTi rodia2.
poststruqturalistebi interteqstu-
alurobas ukavSireben adamianis cnobierebas,
romelsac, Tavis mxriv, `werilobiT teqst-
Tan~ aigiveben. yvelaferi, rac adamianis
cnobierebaSi aRibeWdeba werilobiTi teqs-
tia: istoria da kultura, filosofia da li-
1
statia dawerilia 13 wlis win (2001 w.), Tumca, is
dRemde ar gamoqveynebula. vfiqrobT, rom masSi mox-
mobil masalasa da Tavad statiis problematikas
dResac ar daukargavs aqtualoba, ris gamoc mizan-
Sewonilad CavTvaleT misi gamoqveyneba.
2
termini _ interteqstualuri, interteqstualu-
roba _ pirvelad gamoiyena da xmarebaSi Semoitana
poststruqturalizmis frangma Teoretikosma iu-
lia kristevam, daeyrdno ra m. baxtinis sxvadasxva
drois `teqstebs Soris dialogis~ Teorias. Semdeg
ki am sakiTxs Seexnen sxva poststruqturalistebic
(r. barti, m. grese, J. derida).
teratura, xelovneba, sazogadoeba da adamia-
ni. es yovelive ikiTxeba rogorc globaluri
teqsti. amgvarad, poststruqturalistebi
Slian sazRvrebs da samyaros erTian `kosmiur
biblioTekad~, usazRvro, ukidegano teqstad
aqceven. J. derida teqstis miRma gasvlaze,
nawarmoebis (teqstis) CarCoebis garRvevaze
saubrobs da teqsts nakvalevTa, analogiaTa
da asociaciaTa labirinTad ganixilavs3.
amgvarad, poststruqturalistebTan
interteqstualurobam, m. baxtinisagan gan-
sxvavebiT, ufro farTo mniSvneloba SeiZi-
na. maTTan termini interteqstualuroba
gamoiyeneba ara mxolod teqstis garkveuli
xerxiT organizebis dasaxasiaTeblad (teqs-
tebs Soris dialogi, m. baxtini), aramed, aseve,
Tanamedrove adamianis azrovnebis wesis gan-
sasazRvrad. maTi azriT, am wesis safuZvels
warmoadgens Tanamedrove mxatvruli azrov-
nebis mudmivi TviTrefleqsia, misi midreki-
leba universaluri TemebiTa da sistemebiT
operirebisaken, maTiT TamaSisaken. faqtob-
rivad, azrovnebis es wesi sazrisobrivi kav-
Sirebis variaciebiT TamaSia, romlis drosac
qreba dro da sivrce, ar arsebobs `adre~ da
`gvian~, `Sors~ da `axlos~ da yvela drois Ta-
naarsebobis gancda ibadeba. amgvar teqstSi
yvelaferi kaleidoskopuri principiTaa aR-
reuli da axlis Seqmna mxolod ukve arsebu-
lis sxvadasxvagvari kombinaciebis awyobis
saSualebiTaa SesaZlebeli, anu citaciis me-
TodiT. e.w. `citaturi azrovneba~, romelic
interteqstualurobis princips asaxavs,
srulad vlindeba postmodernizmis praqti-
kaSi; `aqtualur formebSi naTeliqmneba gan-
sxvavebul sawyisTa tipobrivi postmodernu-
li Serwyma da urTierTSeRweva~4. Tanamedro-
ve teqstis mudmivi mimarTeba drosa da sivr-
ceSi arsebul sxva teqstebTan Tanamedrove
xelovnebis ganmsazRvrel niSnad iqceva5.
3
Лексикон нонкласики, Художественно-эстетическая куль-
тура XX века, М., 2003, gv. 204.
4
v. velSi, `postmoderni~. erTi sakamaTo cnebis ge-
nealogia da mniSvneloba, kr. `postmoderni, rogorc
aseTi~, Tb., 1999, gv. 21.
5
Лексикон нонкласики, Художественно-эстетическая куль-
тура XX века. М., 2003, gv. 205.

xelovnebis nawarmoebTa xelmisawvdomo-
bis gazrdam, masiurad gavrcelebam, tira-
Jirebam, masobrivi komunikaciis saSualeba-
Ta farTod gavrcelebam migviyvana adamia-
nis cxovrebis Zlier semiotizaciamde, imis
SegrZnebamde, rom axlis Seqmna ukve SeuZle-
belia da Tu mainc xerxdeba raRac siaxlis
Semotana, es mxolod imisTvis xdeba, rom
axali sazrisi Zvelis pirispir dadges; Zve-
lis meSveobiT axal sazrisTa Ziebis procesi
Tanamedrove artSi aqtiurad mimdinareobs
da citaciis meTods am SemTxvevaSi wamyvani
mniSvneloba eniWeba.
citacia mxatvrobaSi sayovelTaod aRi-
arebuli warsulis qmnilebis (teqstis), xe-
lovnebis nawarmoebis Tanamedrove mxatvris
mier garkveuli mizniT gamoyenebas gulisx-
mobs; esaa gamoyeneba da ara ubralod moxmo-
ba, an damowmeba saavtoro uflebaTa dacviT,
rogorc es literaturaSia miRebuli. amas-
Tan, gamoyeneba ar gulisxmobs kopirebas,
kalkirebas6; mxatvari am SemTxvevaSi gamodis
improvizatoris, interpretatoris rolSi.
Tavisufali nebis mqone artisti iRebs wina-
re epoqis kulturul monapovars, romelsac
sakuTar, individualur mxatvrul formaSi
moaqcevs, axal azrobriv-ideur konteqstSi
svams, axleburad iazrebs da axali proble-
matikiT msWvalavs, riTic Tanamedroveobis
Sesabamis aqtualobas aniWebs mas. mxolod
am SemTxvevaSi iqceva citatis momyvani sru-
luflebian, SeiZleba iTqvas, erTpirovnul
avtorad; `winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi igi sxvas
(pirvelad avtors) uTmobs pirvelobas da
Tavad plagiatori xdeba. e.i. sxvisi univers-
aluri raobis stiluri miTvisebis, misi `meo-
6
arsebobs citaciis ramdenime forma: 1. Tavad cita-
cia, romelic gulisxmobs pirvelwyaros kompozici-
uri struqturis an/da mxatvruli elementebis pir-
dapir gameorebas, gadmotanas; 2. stilizacia _ sti-
luri formebis cnobierad gadamuSaveba; 3. aluzia
_ miniSneba, xumroba, xSirad ironiuli, parodiuli
an sarkastuli qveteqstiT; 4. reminiscencia _ in-
tuiciuri citaturi forma; gamoZaxili, mxatvru-
lad gadamuSaveba; citaciis yvelaze SemoqmedebiTi
forma, romlis drosac mxatvari mas gaucnobiereb-
lad mimarTavs, rogorc mogonebas romelime stilze
an konkretul nawarmoebze.
ana kldiaSvili
bis~ miTvisebis gzas adgeba~7. anu citacia
aris ara gauazrebeli, meqanikuri mibaZva,
sxvaTa namoRvawaris miTviseba-misakuTreba,
aramed, rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivi Semoq-
medebiTi procesi, romlis miRmac Tanamed-
rove mxatvris strategia dgas. es strategia
moicavs Semoqmedis individualobas, misgan
momdinare arCevans da mxatvrul gadawyve-
tas, romelSic citacia-perifrazirebis sa-
boloo mizani ixsneba.
citirebis meTodi sufTa, `klasikuri~
formiT metwilad XX saukunis, kerZod, post-
modernis kuTvnilebad SeiZleba miviCnioT.
man farTod daimkvidra adgili Tanamedrove
kulturaSi, radgan Tavisi Sinagani struq-
turiTa da logikiT zustad epasuxeba Cvens
droebas. misi, rogroc mxatvruli xerxis,
aqtiurad gamoyenebis gamomwvevi mizezic XX
saukuneSi unda veZioT.
liotaris azriT, XX saukunis xelovne-
ba, Tavisi damanawevrebeli da pluraluri
struqturiT, tradiciuli arsis rRvevas
97
warmoadgens. is gacda xelovnebis tradici-
ul mniSvnelobas. aRar iqmneba xelovnebis
qmnilebebi xelovnebis tradiciuli, erTia-
ni cnebis mniSvnelobiT.... modernizmis mSve-
nierebas daSorebuli xelovnebebi sakuTari
energiis fokusirebas axdenen ngrevaze, da
ara sinTezze. Tanamedrove mxatvroba xasi-
aTdeba obieqtebis, formebis, konfigura-
ciebis, sivrceebis, im ZiriTadi maxasiaTeb-
lebis daSliT, romlebic institucionalu-
ri mxatvrobis kuTvnileba iyo8. Tanamedro-
ve mxatvroba gadaaxalisebs realobasTan
sakuTar urTierTobebs, raTa aCvenos, `ra
pataraa realuri realoba~9, is ver aRiqvams,
ar iRebs warsulis xelovnebas misi droSi
ganfenilobis gamo, Tumca ki aqtiurad mi-
marTavs mas, magram radgan dabruneba Zvel
xelovnebasTan, ganxorcielebuli samyaros
Zvel silamazesTan, klasikur normebTan
7
g. buRaZe, citirebebi xelovnebaSi, fiqrebi warma-
valze, Tb., 1994.
8
Jean Francois Lyotard, Essays zu einer affirm ative Asthetik,
Berlin, 1985, gv. 51.
9
Jean Francois Lyotard, Beantwortung der Frage: Was ist
Postmodern?, Berlin, 1982, gv. 199.
 ana kldiaSvili
SeuZlebelia, aRtacebis nacvlad, agresia da
nihilizmi iCens Tavs (n. berdiaevi). Tanamed-
rove xelovneba mxolod citirebul `nagle-
jebs~ iTvisebs warsulis wiaRidan da axlebu-
rad gaazrebulsa da gadamuSavebuls awmyoSi
amkvidrebs, qmnis sakuTar subieqtur realo-
bas. Zveli xelovneba TanamedroveobisaTvis
TiTqos sufTa nedleulia, romelsac artis-
ti Tavisi saWiroebisamebr `moixmars~.
es procesi, rogorc aRvniSneT, Tanamed-
rove xelovnebaSi gansakuTrebiT aqtiurad
XX s-is meore naxevarSi iCens Tavs. arc qar-
Tuli xelovneba rCeba am procesis miRma10.
XX saukunis meore naxevridan, gansakuT-
rebiT ki, ukanaskneli meoTxedidan citaciis
meTodi aqtiurad Semodis qarTul mxatv-
robaSi. mas sakmaod xSirad mimarTaven Ta-
namedrove qarTveli mxatvrebi11. maT Soris
sagangebod unda gamovyoT mixeil Sengelia,
romelic 1990-iani wlebidan moyolebuli,
intensiurad iyenebs citaciis meTods. swo-
red am mxatvruli meTodis wiaRSi yalibdeba
98
da TandaTanobiT formirdeba m. Sengelias
mxatvroba, ikveTeba misi ZiriTadi niSnebi.
masTan citacia scdeba meTodis farglebs.
m. SengeliasTvis es samyaros miseuli xedvis,
misi msoflaRqmis Sesatyvisi formaa. citi-
rebis meTodiT Seqmnili namuSevrebi calke
etaps qmnis m. Sengelias SemoqmedebaSi.
dasawyisSive unda aRiniSnos, rom m. Sen-
gelia citirebisaTvis arasdros mimarTavs
qarTul xelovnebas, rac qarTvelis pozicii-
dan mxatvrisTvis, albaT, ukeTes SemTxveva-
Si `sakuTari Tavis citireba~, uaresSi ki _
10
XX s-is qarTul xelovnebaSi citaciis sxvadasxva
formis magaliTebi gvaqvs. l. gudiaSvilis grafiku-
li seria `omis saSinelebani~, SesaZloa, goias ofor-
tebis seriebis (kapriCos, disastres da disparates)
reminiscenciad ganvixiloT; 1950-iani wlebis e.w.
axali Taobis mxatvrebis interesi impresionizmis
mimarT, aseve, SeiZleba, citaciis meTodis erT-erT
gamovlinebad miviCnioT; a. varazis SemoqmedebaSi el
grekosa da sezanis saxe-xatebis gamoyeneba da maTi
transformacia, aseve, citaciis erT-erTi formaa,
magram citacia, rogorc postmodernuli fenome-
ni, mxolod gasuli saukunis ukanasknel meoTxedSi
iCens Tavs qarTul xelovnebaSi.
11
am meTods aqtiurad iyeneben o. timCenko, n. cecx-
laZe, m. cecxlaZe da sxv.
tradiciis gagrZeleba iqneboda. am Tvalsaz-
risiT m. Sengelia tipuri postmodernisti
avtoria, romelic yvelaze metad tradiciis
uwyvetobas gaurbis. misi mzera citirebisas
yovelTvis `Soreuli dasavleTiskenaa~ mopy-
robili. msoflio xelovnebis monapovari is
`sakredito bankia~, saidanac mxatvari Tavi-
suflad sesxulobs citatebs. avtors Tavisi
favoritebi yavs. gansakuTrebuli `privile-
giiT~ sargebloben masTan piero dela fran-
Ceska da fransisko goia. xiluli samyaros
maTematikuri kanonzomierebebis maZiebeli
XV saukunis italieli ostati, romelmac,
sxva mxatvrebTan erTad, safuZveli moumza-
da adamianis idealis, Tu idealuri adamianis
damamkvidrebel italiur renesanss da ga-
momwvevad Tamami da erTdroulad sarkastu-
li da dramatuli XVIII s-is espaneli mxatvari,
romelmac mravali aspeqtiT mniSvnelovnad
gauswro dros, ufro metic, Zalze axlos
movida TanamedroveobasTan, is ori sapiris-
piro polusia, samyaros xedvis is ori gansx-
vavebuli modelia, romelTa saSualebiTac
advildeba citatis momxmobi avtorisaTvis
adgilis miCena. ase SeiZleba avagoT m. Senge-
liaseul citataTa kriteriumebis Skala, ro-
melzec TvalnaTliv gamoCndeba ori ZiriTa-
di tendencia _ nihilizmi, mimarTuli pirve-
lis (piero dela franCeskas) klasikurobis
mimarT da gaziareba meoris (fransisko goi-
as) ironiisa, romlis utrirebasac eweva mxat-
vari. am or midgomas Soris sxvaobas konkre-
tuli namuSevrebi warmoaCens.
m. Sengelia citatad ixmobs piero dela
franCeskas federiko montefeltros port-
rets da am Temaze mraval variants qmnis, ro-
melTagan Cven erTs, yvelaze tipurs ganvixi-
lavT.
renesansis epoqis yvelasTvis kargad
cnobili am namuSevris xsnebisas Tvalwin
gvidgeba suraTis wina planze, mnaxvelTan
axlos motanili wiTelsamosiani da wiTel-
qudiani darbaiseli mamakacis profilSi we-
lamde gamosaxuli figura. misi saxe srul
simSvides da simtkices asxivebs. montefelt-
ros saxasiaTo uxeSi da tlanqi nakvTebi:

sakmaod grZeli kexiani cxviri, masiuri ni-
kapi, Txeli tuCebi da meWeWebic ki adamia-
nuri Rirsebis niSnebad ufro warmogvidge-
ba, vidre garegnul naklad. montefeltros
arcTu sasiamovno garegnobis miuxedavad,
mnaxveli aSkarad grZnobs, rom mis winaSe
RirsebiT aRsavse, Zlieri, darbaiseli pirov-
nebaa. ukana planze gaSlili peizaJi _ zemo-
dan danaxuli Soreuli mTebi, velebi, mdina-
re masSi mocurave ialqniani navebiT _ Ta-
visebur lirikul, mSvid ganwyobilebas qmnis
da wina planisaTvis erTgvari akompanimentis
rols asrulebs. anu namuSevris erTaderTi
gamosaxuleba da misi foni srul harmoniaSia
erTmaneTTan. ras vxedavT amis sanacvlod m.
SengeliasTan? absoluturad sada, masteqi-
niT gadaglesil TeTr fonze wiTel samosSi
gamowyobili, maRali wiTeli, wopwopa qudiT
mosili, profilSi gamosaxuli mamakacis fi-
guras, romelic sasuraTe sibrtyis marjvena
mxares ikavebs ise, rom sada fonis naxevarze
meti Tavisufalia. mamakacs TvalSisacemad
grZeli kexiani cxviri, Txeli, mokumuli tu-
Cebi, Rrmad Camjdari Tvalebi, Savi Tma da
tuCs qvemoT Zlierad CaWyletili, aqcenti-
rebuli nikapi aqvs. garegnuli msgavseba am or
namuSevars Soris aSkaraa, magram ara absolu-
turi, Tumca, savsebiT sakmarisi imisaTvis,
rom m. Sengelias namuSevarSi kvatroCentos
xanis italieli mxatvris Sedevri amovicnoT.
m. Sengelia mxolod im aucilebel minimums
iRebs dednidan, romelic misi suraTis piero
dela franCeskas qmnilebasTan identifika-
ciisaTvisaa saWiro. magram originalTan Se-
darebisas naTlad Cans, rom m. Sengelias bev-
ri detali aqvs `gamotovebuli~, Tu sagange-
bod ignorirebuli. samagierod, zogi ram mis
namuSevarSi gazviadebuli, utrirebuli da
xazgasmiT aqcentirebulia. mokled, aSkaraa,
rom aq saqme ar gvaqvs ubralo aslTan, rom XV
saukunis ostatis namuSevari erTgavari pro-
toteqstia, romlis warsulidan moxmobiT da
gacocxlebiT, mxatvars raRac axlis Tqma, anu
metateqstis Seqmna surs. ramdenad gamosdis
mas es da ras warmoadgens Tavad misi saTqme-
li? ramdenad adeqvatur formas irCevs igi?
ana kldiaSvili
dasawyisisTvis SevecadoT, vipovoT is
niSnebi, is Zireuli gansxvavebani, romlebic
m. Sengelias am suraTs, piero dela franCes-
kas SedevrTan msgavsebis miuxedavad, Tavisi
drois kuTvnilebad aqcevs. cxadia, martoo-
den garegnuli formis saxecvliT, dedanTan
Tavisufali midgomiT, misi Tavisufali, ara-
zusti gameorebiT axali nawarmoebi ver Seiqm-
neba. is `raRac~, rac m. Sengelias saSualebas
aZlevs piero dela franCeskas qmnilebidan,
rogorc warsulisgan boZebuli `Wupridan~,
dabados sakuTari axali metateqsti, romel-
sac aRaraferi aqvs saerTo warsulTan da
romelSic ukve XX saukunis majiscema igrZ-
noba, unda veZeboT Sesrulebis maneraSi, im
formebSi da saxviT xerxebSi, romliTac av-
tors Cvenamde moaqvs saTqmeli. ase mag., re-
nesansis ostatisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic
guldasmiT Zerwavs moculobas da erTnairi
rudunebiT asaxavs rogorc portrets, ise
mis ukan gaSlil peizaJs, m. Sengelia saerTod
aqrobs peizaJs fonze, romelsac erTiani
99
TeTri feriT uxeSad, masteqinis farTo mo-
nasmebiT amuSavebs da masze montefeltros
figuris siluetur gamosaxulebas gvaZlevs.
saxis nakvTebze _ cxvirTan, yvrimalebTan,
nikapTan dadebuli gamoTeTrebebiT Cans
formis damrgvalebisa da plastikurobis
STabeWdilebis Seqmnis mcdeloba, magram XX
saukunis miwurulis mxatvars es arc ise da-
majereblad gamosdis, miT ufro, rom msgavsi
ram arc aqvs miznad. moculoba, rogorc rea-
lobis gamoxatuleba, mas ar sWirdeba. saxis
zedapiri masTan faqturulobas ufro iZens,
vidre moculobas. gamosaxuleba mnaxvelis-
ken amoburcul, xolo Signidan futuro
formas iZens da niRabs emsgavseba, romelsac
xazgasmiT wiTlad Seferili tuCebis, wopwo-
pa qudis, Tavze parikiviT dadebuli Tmisa
da cxvirTan dasmuli xalis wyalobiT sagan-
gebod groteskuli ieri eniWeba. piero dela
franCeskas mamakacuri RirsebiT aRsavse,
Zlieri da darbaiseli pirovneba, aristokra-
tuli federiko montefeltro m. Sengelias
namuSevarSi faqtiurad `gaqra~; montefelt-
ros es Tvisebebi mxatvris mier sagangebod
 ana kldiaSvili
dakninda da maT arara, sicariele Caenacvla.
sicariele sufevs fonzec; piero dela fran-
Ceskas namuSevarze adamianisa da peizaJis
harmoniul Tanaarsebobas m. SengeliasTan
wina da ukana planis `harmoniuli sicariele~
Caenacvla da amiT warsulis kidev erTi pa-
radigma `daingra~. amdenad, m. Sengelia gaaz-
rebulad, mizanmimarTulad qmnis adamianis
niRabs, `ukacriel~ sibrtyes mis garSemo da
Sedegad angrevs rogorc adamianis renesan-
sul xats, romelic miuRebelia Tanamedro-
veobisaTvis, postmodernuli samyarosaTvis,
aseve, samyarosTan mis harmoniul kavSirs.
m. Sengelias simkvrivedakarguli, fu-
turo formis niRbad aRqmas aZlierebs Ta-
vis sxeulTan dakavSirebis xerxic. mxatvris
mier namuSevarSi damatebiT Semotanili ma-
siuri TeTri sayelo (montefeltros wiTel
samoss dayolebuli viwro TeTri arSiis
erTgvari avtoriseuli hipertrofizacia)
fonis TeTrs erwymis da Tavsa da sxeuls So-
ris pauzas qmnis. iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba,
100
TiTqos Tavi gamocalkevebulia tanisagan,
mowyvetilia mas; maT Soris ar aris logiku-
ri bma, ris gadmocemasac ase eswrafvoda da
ostaturad axerxebda XV saukunis mxatvari.
m. Sengelias arc aqvs miznad sxeulis nawi-
lebis logikuri bma gviCvenos; ufro metic,
m. Sengelias am namuSevarSi arsad igrZnoba
moculoba, `xorciT savseoba~ formisa, rac
dednis aSkara Tvisebaa. mag., Tu kvatroCen-
tos xanis mxatvarTan montefeltros mklavi
mkvriv masas warmoadgens da samosis qveS aS-
karad igrZnoba misi moculoba, Tanamedrove
avtorTan is erTiani, daunawevrebeli brty-
eli aplikaciuri laqaa.
Tanamedrove mxatvars arc adamianis
sxeulis moculobiTad gadmocema, arc for-
mis monumenturi sisavsis da arc sivrce-sa-
myaros asaxva ainteresebs. mas srulebiT ar
izidavs is problemebi, romlebic renesan-
sis epoqis paradigmidan gamomdinare, pie-
ro dela franCeskas mTavari sazrunavi iyo.
piriqiT, XX saukunis mxatvari xelis erTi
mosmiT uaryofs da upirispirdeba Zveli
drois principebs, ukuagdebs maT, oRond
mxolod misi garegnuli formis da calkeu-
li detalebis safuZvelze sakuTar mxatv-
rul formas qmnis, romelSic naTlad gamos-
Wvivis nihilisturi damokidebuleba war-
sulis idealebisadmi. mxatvari aSarJebs da
ironiis sagnad aqcevs ara marto pirovnebis
renesansul xats, aramed Tavad renesansul
mxatvrul xerxebsac ki, is faqtiurad qmnis
parodias moculobaze. avtori sagangebod
irCevs `gaumarTav~ mxatvrul formas, ri-
Tic aZlierebs nawarmoebis groteskul xa-
siaTs da amwvavebs masSi dasmul problemas.
ironiuli damokidebuleba da groteski gaZ-
lierebulia calkeuli detalebis saxecv-
lilebiTac, mag., qudi, romelic piero dela
franCeskasTan dabali cilindruli masaa da
romelSic cxadad igrZnoba formis simyare,
misi struqtura da logikuri konstruqcia,
m. SengeliasTan trapeciis formis didi fuye
Tavsaburavia, iseTive fuye, rogorc mTeli
figura. qudis amgvari gadawyveta erTgvar
karikaturulobasac ki aniWebs gamosaxule-
bas da mxatvris ironiul damokidebulebas
kidev ufro aTvalsaCinoebs.
marTalia, m. Sengelia piero dela fran-
Ceskas namuSevris motivze qmnis axals, mag-
ram ar gvawodebs mas rogorc alternativas,
rogorc magier idealur saxes, axal ideals.
mxatvars citata moyavs ara imisTvis, rom
daimowmos, aramed imisTvis, rom daupiris-
pirdes. m. Sengelias es portreti aRebuli
aqvs rogorc zogadi, mza formula, romel-
sac igi sakuTari axali `Teoremis~ dasamt-
kiceblad iyenebs; Teoremisa, romelic ua-
ryofs warsulis Rirsebebsa da faseulobebs,
amsxvrevs Zveli drois ideals. amitomac ar
sWirdeba mas Tavis namuSevarSi dedniseuli
detalebi, niuansebi; ufro metic, isini xe-
lis SemSlelic kia misTvis, rogorc xelov-
nebiT manipulatorisTvis. mxatvari ar ibo-
Weba originalis `aqsesuarebiT~ da Tamamad
axdens maT ignorirebas Tu transformire-
bas. swored amis xarjze eniWeba citirebul
saxe-xats axali JReradoba da simZafre. am
gziT iqmneba da yalibdeba namuSevris axali
konteqsti. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, am gziT

ibadeba axali namuSevari, romelic aqtu-
aluri swored am epoqaSia. esaa axali teqsti-
sivrce, romelSic axal sazrisTa warmoqmna
mimdinareobs. es axali sazrisebi ki, rogorc
davinaxeT, Tanamedrove mxatvris mier citi-
rebuli saxe-xatis transformirebul mxatv-
rul formaSia kodirebuli. faqtiurad, m.
Sengelia citaciis erT-erT formas, aluzi-
as mimarTavs; igi arapirdapir, miniSnebebiT,
ironiul-parodiuli qveteqstiT saubrobs.
rodesac mxatvrobaSi ironiis Tema
JRerdeba, fransisko goisaTvis gverdis
avla ar xerxdeba. m. Sengeliac aqtiurad da-
ewafa misTvis ase axlobeli ironiisa da sar-
kazmis uSret wyaros _ goias Semoqmedebas.
magram aq Tanamedrove mxatvars sul sxva
niadagi dauxvda. goiasTan saqme aRar gva-
qvs klasikur mxatvrul formasTan, uryev
idealTan, romelsac mTeli mondomebiT
daupirispirdeboda Tanamedrove artisti.
piriqiT, XVIII saukunis samefo karis espane-
li mxatvari Cveni droisTvisac ki SesaSur,
ukompromiso kritikulobas iCens. amitom,
am SemTxvevaSi m. Sengelia gansxvavebuli
mxatvruli koncefciiT moqmedebs. mas sxva
araferi darCenia, Tu ara gaiziaros goias
midgoma da Tavis mxriv aCvenos, `ra Sors wa-
vida mas Semdeg kacobrioba~.
fransisko goias perifrazirebiT Seqm-
nili namuSevrebi m. Sengelias SemoqmedebaSi
calke jgufad SeiZleba gamoiyos. maTi ricxvi
sakmaod didia, magram radgan isini, ZiriTa-
dad, saerTo ideisa da intonaciis matarebe-
lia, Cvenc mxolod erT, maT Soris tipursa
da metyvel magaliTze SevCerdebiT. esaa zo-
miT arcTu didi (40X50 sm.) horizontalurad
wagrZelebuli suraTi, romelic qalisa da
mamakacis wyviled portrets warmogvidgens.
pastozuri monasmebiT daweril sada iisfer
fonze ori mxramde figuraa mocemuli. maT
Tanabrad aqvT mokavebuli sasuraTe sibr-
tye: marjvena mxare mamakacis gamosaxulebas
uWiravs, marcxena ki _ qalisas. TviT am or
figurasa da suraTis kideebs Soris Tanabari
intervalia da rom ara erTimeorisaken odna-
vi bruni, am figurebs araferi eqnebodaT sa-
ana kldiaSvili
erTo. araferi akavSirebT am gamosaxulebebs
gare samyarosTanac. Cvens winaSe ori iner-
tuli da uiniciativo warmonaqmni warsdge-
ba, romelTac pirobiTad qalsa da kacs varq-
mevT. sinamdvileSi es sakmaod gaurkveveli,
adamianismagvari arsebebi arian XVIII saukunis
CacmulobiTa da varcxnilobiT. qals gula-
moRebuli kaba mosavs, zemoT aweul Tmas ki
Zvirfasi diadema umSvenebs. TeTrparikian ma-
makacs epoletebiani mundiri acvia. amaze me-
tad detaluri aRweris saSualebas namuSeva-
ri ar iZleva, radgan gamosaxulebebi TiTqmis
ar ikiTxeba. isini weris Zalze Tavisufali,
SeiZleba iTqvas, `nebismieri~ maneriTaa Ses-
rulebuli. aq erTdrouladaa gamoyenebuli
masteqini, romliTac saRebavi erTiani, sqeli
da farTo monasmebis saxiT daitaneba tiloze
da e.w. `lisirebis~ meTodi. es ukanaskneli m.
SengeliasTan uCveulo saxecvlilebiT gvxv-
deba. Tu tradiciulad lisirebis meTodis
gamoyenebiT Txeli monasmebi gamoiyeneba da
isini praqtikulad ar Cans tilos zedapirze,
101
m. SengeliasTan lisirebisas zeTis saRebavis
sqeli fenebi isea erTmaneTSi gadaRvrili,
rom lisirebuli fenebis qveS monasmebi ar
ikargeba. garda amisa, m. Sengelia aqve iyenebs
kidev erT teqnikur xerxs, romelsac piro-
biTad `Txupna~ SeiZleba vuwodoT. saRebav-
Si Cawobili `gafarCxuli~ funjiT mxatvari
msubuqad exeba tilos zedapirs da masze sak-
maod pastozur ferwerul fifqebismagvar
laqebs tovebs. am xerxiT asrulebs igi per-
sonaJTa Tmebs, samosis aqsesuarebs. sxvadas-
xva teqnikuri saSualebebiT gamdidrebuli
weris amgvari manera sagrZnoblad acocx-
lebs suraTs; misi ferweruloba damouki-
debel mniSvnelobas iZens, TiTqos sakuTari
cxovrebiT cxovrobs tiloze, namuSevris
ferweruli zedapiri ufro cocxalia, vidre
Tavad gamosaxulebani. vizualur masalasa da
mis gamomsaxvel saSualebebs Soris amgvari
uTanabroba swored goiasTvisaa Cveuli. misi
SemoqmedebisTvis damaxasiaTebel am Sinagan
logikas zustad iWers m. Sengelia da sakuTar
mxatvrul maneraSi gansxeulebuls gvawvdis.
SesaZloa, esecaa mizezi imisa, rom konkretu-
 ana kldiaSvili

li msgavsebis ar arsebobis miuxedavad, m. Sen- xelovnebis nimuSebiT manipulacia,

gelias namuSevarze Tvalis erTi Sevlebac
ki sakmarisia, rom mnaxvelma citatis wyarod
Seucdomlad amoicnos goias Semoqmedeba,
magram Tu igi konkretuli suraTis moZie-
bas moindomebs, uTuod drois fuWi flangva
SerCeba xelT. m. Sengelia goias personaJebis
zogad, krebiT saxes qmnis da maTgan sakuTar
kompoziciebs agebs. goias figurebTan maT sa-
erTo mdidruli Cacmuloba da saxis xazgas-
miT uazro, utyvi gamometyveleba aqvT, rac
orive SemTxvevaSi adamianis Sinagani sica-
rielis gamoxatulebas usvams xazs. Tanamed-
rove avtorTan es ukidures zRvramde midis:
daWyetili Tvalebisa da dingiviT farTo,
boloabzekili cxviris gamo m. Sengelias per-
sonaJebi cxovelebs, konkretulad ki, Ro-
rebs emsgavsebian, riTic mxatvari Tavad goi-
asTan naCvenebi adamianis Sinagani siRaribis,
sacarielisa da siyalbis utrirebas axdens
da mocemul problemas met simwvaves aniWebs.
amdenad, federiko montefeltros portre-
102
prototeqstis interpretaciis saSuale-
biT metateqstis Seqmnis da axal sazrisTa
warmoqmnis procesi m. Sengelias Semoqme-
debis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi niSania.
m. Sengelia xelovnebis aRiarebuli nimuSis
citirebisas mTlianad `STanTqavs~ proto-
teqsts; mas praqtikulad citata sWirdeba
rogorc sakvebi sakuTari mxatvruli formis
Sesaqmnelad da axal sazriTa sawarmoeblad.
am procesSi faqtiurad, mxatvari im `orga-
nizms~ emsgavseba, romelic sxva `organiz-
mis~ xarjze cxovrobs da misiT sazrdoobs.
swored amgvarad ganisazRvreba biologiaSi
`parazitis~ cneba. vfiqrobT, SesaZlebelia,
es cneba _ `mxatvari _ paraziti, artisti _
paraziti~, kritikis sferoSic damkvidrdes.
es sityvaTSeTanxmeba arc Tu momxiblavad
JRers da, SesaZloa, vinmesTvis uaryofiT
konotaciasac Seicavdes, magram sagangebod
unda aRiniSnos, rom mocemuli termini ara-
mc da aramc ar aris SefasebiTi xasiaTis; is

tisagan gansxvavebiT, am SemTxvevaSi aSkarad mxolod TavisTavad mravalmxrivi da rTuli

ikveTeba prototeqstisa da metateqstis Ri- mxatvruli movlenis saxeldebis mcdelobaa.
rebulebiTi poziciebis Tanxvedra. Tu pir- es mxolod saxelia, romelic zustad gamoxa-
vel SemTxvevaSi Tanamedrove mxatvari aSka- tavs Tanamedrove postmodernul kultura-
rad upirispirdeboda prototeqstis Rire- Si fesvgadgmuli movlenis arss.
bulebebs da angrevda Zvel idealebs maTdami
ironiuli damokidebulebiT, goias SemTxve-
vaSi, aSkaraa, rom m. Sengelia eTanxmeba da
iziarebs prototeqstis ironiul-sarkas-
tul paToss. magram orive SemTxvevaSi mxat-
vari gamoxatavs protests, romelic erTgvar
agresiad formdeba. agresia ki mimarTulia
ara mxolod warsulis, aramed, Cveni Tanamed-
roveobiskenac. warsulis xelovnebis nawar-
moebTa citirebiT m. Sengelia Tanamedrove
epoqis msoflaRqmis ZvelTan kontrasts, am
or, savsebiT gansxvavebul msoflgancdaTa
Soris konfliqts usvams xazs; igi mtkivneu-
li da aqtualuri problemebis demonstri-
rebas ironiuli da zogjer sarkastuli for-
miT axdens. rogorc vxedavT, qarTuli kul-
turisaTvis ucxo xili _ ironia da sarkazmi
XX s-is miwuruls am artistis SemoqmedebaSi
aqtiurad iWreba.
 ana kldiaSvili

ANA KLDIASHVILI of another “organism” - which in turn gave rise to the

Ap. Kutateladze Tbilisi State Academy of Art
G. Chubinashvili National Research Centre for Georgian
Art History and Heritage Preservation
notion of the “parasite” artist. The word “parasite” may
not be very flattering, but it seems to be the most precise
expression of this particular artistic phenomenon.

T H E “ PA R A SI T E ” A R T I ST -
R E G A R D I N G T H E C I T A T I O N M E T H O D
W I T H I N C O N T E M PO R A R Y
G E O R G I A N A R T

Su m m ary

The citation method, in its purest “classical” form, is the

product of 20th century post-modernism, which actively
penetrated the Georgian art scene in the early 1990s and
is often referenced by contemporary Georgian artists,
namely Mikhail Shengelaia, whose citation goes beyond
method, becoming a form that is more reflective of his
own personal worldview.
Shengelaia never refers to Georgian art for cita-
tion and prefers to escape from the continuity of tradi-
tion, which marks him as a typical post-modern author.

103
During citation, his “gaze” is always directed toward the
“distant west”, where for him, the greatest contribution
to the art world is “The Credit Bank”, from where he
freely “borrows” citations. A citation, for Shengelaia, is
a possibility to express protest, which often tends to take
on an aggressive form and which is directed not only
toward the past, but also toward contemporaneity. He
cites the art of the past, only to underline the conflicting
perceptions of the “old” and the “new”; he turns to the
forms that are filled with irony and sarcasm, only to dem-
onstrate the painfulness and actuality of the surrounding
reality. Irony and sarcasm, once “exotic” concepts for
Georgia, are fully assimilated into the Georgian art scene
by the end of the 20th century.
Manipulating the art-works, creating meta-text
through interpretations of proto-text, and creating a pro-
cess that enables constant formation of new concepts, is
one of the most important features of Mikhail Shenge-
laia’s art. During the entire citation process of an already
created masterpiece, he fully “absorbs” the proto-text,
using citation as “the product” that nourishes its only
“consumers” - the new artistic forms and concepts.
During the citation process, the artist starts to close-
ly resemble an “organism” that lives off the life essence
 Tamar xosroSvili
g. CubinaSvilis sax. qarTuli xelovnebis istoriis
da ZeglTa dacvis kvlevis erovnuli centri
qarTuli saeklesio mxatvrobis
uaxlesi tendenciebi
(i. cincaZis mxatvrobaTa
magaliTze)
ager ukve oc welze metia, rac samocdaaTw-
liani dumilis Semdgom qarTuli qristianu-
li xelovnebis `aRorZineba~ daiwyo. `aRorZi-
neba~ pirobiTad, Torem xom aravis daudgenia
ra cnebiT unda ganvsazRvroT movlena, ro-
melsac ucnauri maxasiaTeblebi gamoarCevs.
arc maTi Sefasebis kriteriumebi arsebobs
jerjerobiT. Tanamedrove saeklesio qmni-
lebebi, zogierTis mier mowonebuli, Tum-
ca mravalTa mier dawunebuli, xSirad xdeba
104
xolme msjelobis, gakicxvis, gakritikebis
sagani. amgvari msjelobebisas gansakuTre-
bulad Cndeba kvlevis saWiroeba, raTa odnav
mainc gamoikveTos am movlenis ragvaroba.
mniSvnelovania ganisazRvros dRevandeli
saeklesio xelovnebis stili da is raime kri-
teriumiTac Sefasdes. amisTvis erTi mxriv,
am qmnilebaTa ieri unda ganisazRvros, meore
mxriv ki, am oci wlis manZilze maTSi momxda-
ri, Tundac umniSvnelo stilisturi cvli-
lebebisTvis Tvalis gadevneba mimaCnia mniSv-
nelovnad. rogori iyo axladgamoRviZebuli
qarTuli saeklesio xelovneba 1990-ian wleb-
Si da ra cvlilebebi ganicada dRevandel
dRemde. rogor viTardeba, an saerTodac vi-
Tardeba Tu ara igi?
Tanamedrove saeklesio xelovnebis ten-
denciebze samsjelod, kedlis mxatvroba
SevarCie, kerZod ki irakli cincaZis sami
moxatuloba, romelic misi moRvaweobis oc
weliwads moicavs da sawyis, Sualedur da
amJamad, bolo etapzea Sesrulebuli. pirve-
li _ avlabarSi, wm. petre-pavles sasafla-
oze mdebare mociqulTa TavTa wm. petresa
da pavles saxelobis eklesiis moxatulobaa,
romelic 1990-96 wlebSia Sesrulebuli da
amavdroulad mxatvris pirveli namuSevari-
caa am sferoSi, meore _ vakis yovladwminda
samebis saxelobis eklesiis mxatvrobaa (2004-
2008ww.), mesame ki, sul axlaxans dasrulebu-
li, sapatriarqos ezoSi mdebare yovladwmin-
da RvTismSoblis xarebis saxelobis eklesiis
moxatuloba (2007-2010ww.).
***
wm. petresa da pavles eklesiis moxatu-
loba erT-erTi pirvelia, sabWoTa kavSiris
daSlis Semdgom Sesrulebul saeklesio mo-
xatulobebs Soris. eklesia darbazuli tipi-
saa, mas erTaderTi Sesasvleli dasavleTidan
aqvs, mTavar sivrceSi narTeqsis gavliT vxv-
debiT. eklesia mTlianadaa moxatuli. Sesv-
lisTanave TvalSisacemia sxvadasxva scenaTa
da wmindanTa simravle. SedarebiT lakoniu-
ria sakurTxevlis moxatuloba, romlis konq-
Sic aRsaydrebuli Cviledi RmrTismSobelia
gamosaxuli, ori mTavarangelozis Tanxle-
biT (sur.1). qveda registrSi wmida mociqul-
ni petre da pavle moaTavsa mxatvarma, isini
zomiTac da adgilmdebareobiTac gamoirCe-
vian danarCen mociqulTgan, romlebic imave
rigSi, magram am wyvilisgan sakmaod moSore-
biT dganan. sakurTxevlis afsidis Seisrul
Sublze wreSi Cawerili piri RmrTisaa ga-
mosaxuli, romlis orsav mxares, TaRze war-
weraa: `uxrwnelsa xatsa Sensa Tayvanis vcemT
qvelismoqmed~.
moxatuloba kedel-kamarebze oTx re-
gistradaa ganawilebuli. kamarisa da misi
momdevno registri sauflo dResaswaulebs
eTmoba (sur. 5). mesame _ qarTvel wmindanebsa
da maTTan dakavSirebul siuJetebs, qveda,
meoTxe ki _ ferweruli fardaa. sauflo
dResaswaulebi istoriuli TanamimdevrobiT,
wriulad ikiTxeba. eklesiis didi zomis, da-
bla ganTavsebul sarkmlebzec da dasavleT
kedelzec sxvadasxva wmindanTa cxovrebania
asaxuli. zemoT ki, patronikes kedelze gan-
kiTxvis scenaa centrSi vedrebis gamosaxule-
biT. moxatulia sakurTxevlis kankelic.

gamosaxulebaTa simravlesa da Tematur
mravalferovnebaSi gansakuTrebul yurad-
Rebas kamaris moxatulobaze gavamaxvileb.
aq sami xatebaa_ macxovari Zveli dReTa,
qriste pantorkratori da saydari ganmza-
debuli, romelzec Saravandiani mtredi zis
(sur. 2). es sqema imTaviTve ubisis kamaris ga-
mosaxulebebs gagaxsenebT da cxadia, swored
maTiTaa nasazrdoebi (sur. 3), Tumca yurad-
Rebis miRmaa datovebuli is umTavresi deta-
lebi, romelTa daxmarebiTac eniWeba ubisis
cnobil da CvenSi Zalze iSviT gamosaxulebas
Tavisi Teologiuri sazrisi.
ubisis kamaraze daaxloebiT imgvarive
kompozicias vxedavT, rogorsac Cvens mier
ganxilul petre-pavleSi _ centrSi mac-
xovaria, mis orsav mxares ki, Zveli dReTa
da saydari ganmzadebuli, Tumca rogor?
esaa mniSvnelovani! Zveli dReTa qerubime-
bis mier tvirTuli rombisebri mandorlis
fonzea gamosaxuli, aseve _ Ze RvTisac, ma-
gram misi mandorlis oTxiv kuTxidan oTxi
maxareblis simboluri gamosaxuleba gamo-
dis, mTlianad ki, mandorliani macxovari da
maxareblebi wreSi arian Cawerilni. dasav-
leTisken mdebare monakveTSi angelozebiT
garemoculi saydari ganmzadebulia wreSi
moqceuli. suli wminda, am segmentidan gama-
vali sxivebiT, kamaris registrSi, am scenis
aqeT-iqiT arsebul sauflo scenebSi vlin-
deba _ CrdiloeTiT naTlisRebaSi, sadac
sxividan gamomaval mtredad gvevlineba: `da
naTel-iRo iesu. da meyvseulad aRmovida raÁ
wylisa misgan, da aha ganexunes mas cani, da
ixila suli RmrTisaÁ, gardamomavali, viTar-
ca tredi, movida da daadgra mas zeda~ (mT.
3,16) da mopirdapire mxares feriscvalebaSi
Rrublis saxiT: `...aha Rrubeli agrilobda
maT da xmaÁ iyo RrubliT gamo: ese ars Ze Cemi
sayuareli, amisi ismineT ` (mT. 17,5).
wm. petresa da pavles eklesiis moxatu-
lobaSi, TiTqos igive gamosaxulebebi sru-
liad sxvagvari ieris matarebelia _ Zveli
dReTa Sreebian medalionSia Cawerili, uman-
dorlod, qerubimebis gareSe. macxovaric
umandorlodaa, arc maxarebelTa garemoc-
Tamar xosroSvili
va axlavs. ganmzadebuli saydari aRar aris
sxivmfeni, masTan aRar dgas angelosTa dasi
da masze Saravandiani mtredi zis, romelic
suli wmidadaa nagulvebi. misabaZi nimuSis-
gan gansakuTrebulad es gamosaxuleba gan-
sxvavdeba. aq Saravandiani mtredi sruliad
damoukideblad, saydarze mjdomad gamoisa-
xeba, ubisSi ki im centraluri kompoziciidan
(sadac ganmzadebuli saydaria gamosaxuli)
gamomdinareobs kamaris ori sauflo scena,
orives is aerTianebs Tavis TavSi rogorc
mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT (isini araa gamij-
nuli registris xazebiT), iseve Sinaarsobri-
vad, da, pirvel rigSi, RvTismetyvelebiTad.
naTlisRebaSic da fericvalebaSic xom same-
bis gancxadeba moxda, naTlisRebaSi _ ganka-
cebuli Ze, xma mamisa da suli wminda mtredis
saxiT (mT. 3,16; mar.1,10; ioan.1,32) _ `mamisa
mier suli wmidaÁ, gardamomavali qristes
zeda, ixila ioane, romlisa mier wmidaÁ same-
baÁ gancxadebul ars~1. meore SemTxvevaSi ki,
gankacebuli Ze, xma mamisa, suli wminda ki,
Rrublis saxiT (mT.17,5; luk.9,35).2
105
ubisSi, kamaris centrSi, rogorc ukve
aRvniSneT, ufali yovlisampyrobeli _ gan-
kacebuli Zea gamosaxuli, mis orsav mxares ki,
is scenebi, romlebic uSualod mas miemarTeba
da misgan gamomdinareobs. arc aqaa siuJetebi
centraluri gamosaxulebisgan registrebiT
gamoyofili, piriqiT, isini mxatvruladac
da Sinaarsobrivadac erTian gamosaxulebas
warmoadgens. CrdiloeTi kamaris registrSi
mirqmaa, mopirdapire mxares ki, lazares aRd-
gineba _ ori umniSvnelovanesi movlena, ro-
melic uflis gankacebis periodSi aRsrulda
_ pirvelSi aqcentirebulia misi kacebrivi
buneba, meoreSi ki _ RvTaebrivi. mirqmaSi igi
Cveni codvebisTvis gankacebuli da Sewiruli
1
uZvelesi iadgari, Tb., 1980, gv. 42.
2
feriscvalebaSi rom swored suli wmindaa mov-
lenili Rrublis saxiT, amis dasturad moskovis
didi krebis dadgenilebis erT-erTi monakveTic
gamodgeba, romelSic pirdapir weria, rom suli
wmindis gamoCineba sxvadasxvagvaria: naTlisRebis
dros _ mtredis saxiT, Taboris mTaze _ Rrublis,
sulTmofenobisas ki cecxlis enebis saxiT-o. Деяния
московских соборов 1666 и 1667, Л. Успенский, Богословие
иконы, Большой Московский Собор и образ Бога Отца,
гл.XV http://nesusvet.narod.ru
 Tamar xosroSvili
msxverplia, lazares aRdginebaSi ki, cxovre-
bis mimniWebeli ufali da yovlisSemZle msa-
julic, romelic `kvalad momaval ars dide-
biT gansjad cxovelTa da mkvdarTa, romlisa
sufevisa ara ars dasasrul~ (mrwamsi).
Zveli dReTas orsav mxares, kamaris re-
gistrSi xareba da Sobaa, anu gankacebasTan
dakavSirebuli is ori movlena, romelSic
uSualod samebis pirveli hipostasi _ mama
RmerTi monawileobs. es mesame xateba, TiTqos
mamis gamosaxulebad ikiTxeba Ze RvTisas da
suli wmindis simbolur gamosaxulebasTan
erTobaSi. miuxedavad imisa rom, mama RmerTis
gamosaxva marTlmadidebluri tradiciiT
araa gamarTlebuli, cnobilia, rom same-
bis imgvari gamosaxulebebi mag., Отечество,
Сопрестолье da sxv., romlebSic moxuci kaci
swored mama RmerTad moiazreba, mravlad
arsebobda da arsebobs3. arada, Zveli dReTa
Zis xatebas warmoaCens da ara mamisa, oRond
am gamosaxulebiT aqcentirebulia Ze, ro-
gorc `pirmSoi xati mamisa~, `Sobili uwinares
yovelTa saukuneTa~ da `Tanaarsi mamisa~ _
106
`Sen romeli mamisa mier uJamod da dedisagan
gamouTqmelad Jamier xar~4; `romel igi ars
xati RmrTisa uxilavisaÁ, pirmSoÁ yovelTa
dabadebulTaÁ. rameTu mis mier daebada yove-
live caTa Sin da queyanasa zeda (kol.1,15-16).
Cndeba kiTxva: ra konteqstSia gamosaxuli
ubisis kamaraze Zveli dReTa? imav xazze ga-
mosaxul yovlisampyrobelisa da suli wmin-
dis gaTvaliswinebiT, aSkaraa, rom es xateba
samebis mesame hipostasad _ mamad moiazreba
magram, saqme isaa, rom mamis xats aq calke aRe-
buli Zveli dReTa ki ar qmnis, aramed isa da
mis orsav mxares arsebuli xarebisa da Sobis
gamosaxulebani. iseve rogorc ganmzadebu-
li saydari da naTlisReba da feriscvaleba
mis orsav mxares qmnian simbolur xats suli
wmindisa. amgvari ikonografiiT metyveli es
sami gamosaxuleba ki, erTianobaSi ubisis ka-
maris qimze wm. samebis xatad ikiTxeba.
axla kvlav petre-pavles eklesiis kama-
ris gamosaxulebebze gadavideT. upirvele-
3
ix. Л. Успенский, Богословие иконы, Большой Московский
Собор и образ Бога Отца, гл.XV http://nesusvet.narod.ru
4
uZvelesi iadgari, Tb., gv 264.
sad, kamaris dasavleT nawilze gavamaxvileb
yuradRebas. ubisis msgavsad, aqac ganmzade-
buli saydaria gamosaxuli, magram im gansx-
vavebiT, rom masze Saravandiani mtredi zis.
Tu ubisSi, suli wmindis xateba hetimasiis,
naTlisRebis da fericvalebis gamosaxule-
baTa erTianobiT iqmneba, aq samebis mesame hi-
postass Saravandiani mtredi ganasaxierebs.
ramdenad gamarTlebulia suli wmindis ase
calke gamosaxva? suli wminda Tavisi arsebiT
RmerTia, RmerTi ki, aravis arasodes uxila-
vs. suliwmida naTlisRebis dros gamoCnda
mtredis saxiT, iseve rogorc fericvalebaSi
Rrublis, sulTmofenobaSi cecxlis saxiT.
amitomac sruliad marTebulia, mag., naTlis-
RebaSi misi mtredad gamosaxva, magram calke,
sxva dros es iseve saorWofo sakiTxia, ro-
gorc mama RmerTis daxatva moxucis saxiT.
amgvarad, petre-pavles kamaraze ubisis
kamaris moxatulobas minabaZi samebaa. Tumca
aris is RvTismetyvelebiTad Tu mxatvrulad
gamarTuli? aq xom dResaswaulebi istoriu-
li TanamimdevrobiT, wriuladaa ganlagebu-
li kamarebze, amitom, ZiriTadi gamosaxule-
bebis orsav mxares esa Tu is scena SemTxveviT
eqceva da aSkara xdeba, rom specialur SerCe-
vas kamaris mTavar gamosaxulebebTan mimar-
TebiT adgili ar hqonia. amitom, sadao xde-
ba wm. samebis ikonografiac, romelSic zemo
msjelobidan gamomdinare samebis im sakamaTo
gamosaxulebebs emsgavseba rogoricaa mag.,
`Отечество~. amdenad, TiTqos ubisis mixedviT
gameorebuli es kompozicia sruliad sxvag-
vari ierisa da Sinaarsis matarebeli xdeba.
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna kamarasa da mis
momdevno registrSi istoriuli Tanmimdev-
robiT macxovris amqveyniuri cxovrebis amsa-
xveli scenebia ganlagebuli, sakurTxevlis
konqSi RmrTismSoblis dideba, mis qvemoT,
afsidis centrSi wm. petre da pavle _ Tavni
mociqulTa da kerZod am eklesiis patronni,
imave registrSi danarCeni mociqulebi, sat-
riumfo TaRSi ki, piri RmrTisa anu yvela is
gamosaxuleba, romliTac aqcentirebulia
uflis gankaceba, misi amqveyniuri cxovreba,
eklesiis dafuZneba. aSkaraa, rom Cvens mier

ganxilul eklesiaSi, erTi mxriv, gankacebu-
li RmerTis mier dafuZnebuli samociqulo
eklesia, meore mxriv ki, meored mosvlis Ja-
mia (dasavleTi kedlis moxatuloba) xazgas-
muli. Tumca, moxatulobis programis mTavar
kvanZad kamaris registrSi, aTormet dResas-
waulTa ciklSi CarTuli `lazares aRdgi-
nebis~ cota ar iyos ucnauri gamosaxuleba
gvevlineba (sur. 4).
standartuli ikonografiuli sqemebis
msgavsad, aqac gumbaTiani nagebobidan gamo-
maval, armenakSi Segragnil lazares mis sapi-
rispirod mdgomi macxovari akurTxebs, qris-
tes ukan sami mociquli dgas, lazares gver-
diT ki msaxurs vxedavT. iesos winaSe marTasa
da mariams mouyriaT muxli, maT gverdiT ki
mesame deda dgas da swored misi arseboba iq-
cevs am scenaSi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas.
sami varskvlavi advilad migaxvedrebT, rom
es yovladwminda RmrTismSobelia (arada, mas
ar gamosaxaven lazares aRdginebis scenebSi).
kidev ufro gagaocebT caSi sayviriani ange-
lozis danaxva. magram odnav Sors mdgomi gum-
baTiani eklesia naTels hfens mTeli am kompo-
ziciis Canafiqrs, deda RmrTisas, sayviriani
angelozis da eklesiis erToba meored mosv-
lis Jams RmrTismSoblis wilxvedr saqarT-
velos gabrwyinebaze migvaniSnebs. es idea ki,
pirvel yovlisa ioane zosimes nawarmoebiTaa
STagonebuli: `damarxul ars enaÁ qarTuli
dRemde meored mosvlisa... da saxarebasa Sina
amas enasa lazare hqvian. da axalman nino moaq-
cia da helene dedofalman, ese arian orni
dani viTarca mariam da marTaÁ...~5 sagulisx-
moa, rom lazares aRdginebis saswauli kan-
kelzecaa gameorebuli, axla ukve Cveuli iko-
nografiiT, mis mopirdapired ki, iveriis Rmr-
TismSoblis xatis aTonis mTaze gadabrZanebis
scenaa _ isev meored mosvlis Jams saqarTve-
los mniSvnelobaze aqcenti! moxatulobis am
erovnul xasiaTs ki, petre-pavles eklesiis
kedlebze gamosaxul qarTvel Tu saqarTve-
los mfarvel wmindanTa xatebebi aZlierebs,
isini vedrebad dganan konqSi gamosaxuli Cvi-
ledi RmrTismSoblis winaSe da meoxebas sT-
5
ioane zosime, qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai, qa-
rTuli mwerloba, t. I, Tb., 1987, gv. 47.
Tamar xosroSvili
xoven misi wilxvedri saqarTvelosTvis. 1990-
96 wlebSi Sesrulebuli es moxatuloba im
periodSi saqarTveloSi arsebul rTul md-
gomareobaze bunebriv reaqciad ikiTxeba da
sityvierad ase gamiTqmis `...ese enai, Semkuli
da kurTxeuli saxeliTa uflisaiTa, mdabali
da dawunebuli _ moelis dResa mas meored
moslvisa uflisasa~6. es ganwyobileba misdevs
im TiToeul Tanamedrove qarTul saeklesio
moxatulobas im droidan moyolebuli vidre
dRevandel dRemde, nacionaluri Tematika
TiToeulSi gansakuTrebuladaa aqcentire-
buli. es Semdgomi ori moxatulobis magaliT-
zec kargad gamoCndeba.
wmida petresa da pavles eklesiis mxatv-
roba ekleqturia formis mxriv da feradov-
nadac Zalze araerTgvarovania. ama Tu im
scenaTa stili arabunebrivad gansxvavdeba
erTmaneTisgan. es ki fundamenturad gansxva-
vdeba `SemoqmedebiTad~ wodebuli Ziebisgan
da amitom Sedegsac sruliad sxvagvars bade-
bs. Tumca, petre-pavles am adrindel moxa-
tulobaSi SemoqmedebiTi Ziebebis kvalic aS-
107
karaa, rac vfiqrob, moxatulobis ucnaurad
gadawyvetil programaSic gamoCnda. stilis-
turad ki, am mxriv, konqis RmrismSoblis ga-
mosaxuleba minda movixmo magaliTad (sur.1).
aq gamosaxuli RmrTismSobeli cota sx-
vanairia _ `arastandartuli~! es TiTqosda
`mouxeSavi~ xateba yvelaze metad izidavs
Tvals. odnav miamiti, uSualo, keTili gamo-
metyveleba yrmisa da dedisa (saxe Cveuleb-
rivi qalisas ufro miugavs) siTbos aRZravs
mnaxvelSi. RmrTismSobeli muq cisfer fon-
zea gamosaxuli. igi Zvirfasi qvebiT mooWvil,
muTaqian saydarzea dabrZanebuli. marcxena
xelze yrma hyavs dabrZanebuli, meore xeli
ki vedrebis niSnad misken aqvs gawvdili. deda
RmrTisas samefod Semosili ori angelosi
ganadidebs. figurebi sakmaod araproporci-
ulia, gansakuTrebiT mTavarangelozebisa _
maT didi Tavi, maRali tani da mokle fexebi
aqvT. Tumca es specialurad miznad dasaxuli
disproporcia ki ar aris, aramed konqis speci-
fikuri formidan gamomdinare, SemTxveviT ga-
mosuli deformaciaa. mjdomare RmrTismSob-
6
iqve, gv.47.
 Tamar xosroSvili
lis figurac odnav `dangreulia~. am xarvezs
kidev ufro gamokveTs mewamuli maforiumis
tlanqi drapireba, romelic erTmaneTis ga-
damkveT xSir, cota gafuyul, xist xazebad eS-
veba wvivze. Tumca aqve sruliad gansxvavebul
drapirebasac vxedavT: marjvena muxlTan, sa-
dac qsovili zemoTaa aziduli yovladwmida
qalwuls lurji stola mouCans. stolas dra-
pireba imTaviTve ipyrobs yuradRebas, radgan
sruliad gansxvavdeba am taZarSi arsebuli,
sxva yvela drapirebisgan. kabis am nawilze na-
oWebi Teatralur fardaze warmoqmnil tal-
Rovan naoWTa asxmas emsgavseba. es ovalebad,
ganapira mxareebSi ki `gofresaviT~ dafenili
odnav maneruli, TiTqos Teatraluri dra-
pireba ieriT uaxloesi warsulis nimuSebs
ufro mogagonebT, kerZod k. ignatovisa7 da a.
banZelaZis xatebebs. am kuTxiT yvelaze mar-
Tebuli, albaT, al. banZelaZis mier moxatuli
didubis eklesiis gaxseneba iqneba8.
iqneb SemTxveviTi ar aris petre-pavles
konqis gamosaxulebaSi 80-iani wlebis qarTu-
li monumenturi mxatvrobis ucnaurad, Tun-
108
dac sustad warmoCenli maxasiaTeblebi?
es eklesia ramdenime wlis manZilze ixa-
teboda, SesaZloa konqis gamosaxuleba yve-
laze adrec kia Sesrulebuli. i. cincaZesTan
piradi saubrisas erTi ram meniSna sagulisx-
mod: igi gaocebiT ixsenebda, ra Tamami viyavi
maSin, gabedulad Sevudeqi xatvas, kargad ar
mqonda gacnobierebuli ramxela pasuxism-
geblobis winaSe videqio. swored es siTamame,
gabeduleba, meCveneba mizezad RmrTismSob-
lis amgvari, gansxvavebuli ierisa. ierSi,
romelic Tavad metyvelebs imaze, rom masSi
naklebia Zveli nimuSebis kalkireba da me-
tia SemoqmedebiToba. petre-pavles moxatu-
lobaSi garkveuli saxis maZiebloba aSkarad
SeiniSneba, TiTqos gzajvaredinze mdgomi
mxatvari arCevanis winaSea, ra gzas daadges
amieridan _ akeTos e.w. `Tavisufali aslebi~
(formiseulad Zvels minabaZi), Tu is, rac bu-
nebrivad ufro axlosaa masTan.
7
q. kinwuraSvili, koka ignatovi, moskovi, 2007.
8
misi moxatva 1978 wels daiwyo, 1988-Si ki, dasrulda.
ix. T.inwkirveli, saeklesio monumenturi mxatvroba
komunisturi epoqis saqarTveloSi, samagistro naS-
romi, Tb., 2007.
petre-pavles eklesiis mxatvrobis rag-
varobaze saubrisas, misi Sefasebisas Zalze
mniSvnelovania moxatvis TariRi _ 1990-96
wlebi gavixsenoT. sabWoTa kavSiris samoc-
daaTwliani tyveobidan axlad gaTavisufle-
buli saqarTvelos `sudaragadafarebuli
eklesia~ (ase axasiaTebs xolme saqarTvelos
kaTolikos patriarqi sabWoTa periodiSi
eklesiis mdgomareobas) nel-nela iwyebs xe-
laxal gamoRviZebas. magram ra hqondaT xelT
maSindel axalbeda xatmwerebs? aRarsad iyv-
nen Zveli ostatebi, romlebsac daemowafe-
bodi, erTaderTi rac, sabednierod, gvqonda
da gvaqvs, winaparTa danatovaria. ra gasakvi-
ria, axalbedebma swored am nimuSebisken Tu
mimarTes mzera, swored maT Tu daemowafnen.
irakli cincaZe ixsenebs, rom maSin saWi-
ro pigmentebic ki versad iSoves da moxatu-
loba sxvadasxva adamianis mier Semowiru-
li saRebavebiT Sesrulda. es `uqonloba~,
codnis nakleboba, dabneuloba namdvilad
igrZnoba am freskebSi, Tumca am xarvezebSi
TiTqos ufro kargad moCans is gulwrfeli
damokidebuleba, rac axlad wamowyebuli
saeklesio saqmiT anTebul adamianTa guleb-
Si sufevda. moCans jer CanasaxSi arsebuli
gzajvaredinic, mxatvris arCevani, Tu ra
gzas misdios _ gaimeoros ukve arsebuli
formebi Tu Seqmnas axali?
albaT pirvelma imZlavra, rac Zalze kar-
gad gamoCnda aTi wlis Semdgom moxatul vakis
yovladwminda samebis saxelobis eklesiaSi.
vakeSi mdebare yovladwmida samebis sa-
xelobis jvargumbaTovani eklesia 1999-2002
wlebSi aSenda, 2004-2008 wlebSi ki, moixata.
interieri mTlianad freskuli mxatvrobi-
Taa dafaruli. SexedvisTanave TvalSisace-
mia gamosaxulebaTa simravle. aq aTormet
dResaswaulTa ciklTan erTad sxva calkeu-
li kompoziciebic mravladaa CarTuli. maT-
gan zogierTis mdebareoba, urTierTmimar-
Teba, ikonografia SesaZloa uCveulod mo-
geCvenoT, gansakuTrebiT ki, sakurTxevlis
konqisa _ arada masSi TiTqosda savsebiT
tradiciuli vedrebaa warmodgenili (sur.
6). am scenaSi yuradRebas ipyrobs sakurTxe-

velsa da bemas Soris, SeRrmavebuli kamaris
centralur nawilSi wreSi Cawerili Zveli
dReTa, romlis Tavzec mtredi eSveba. konq-
Si gamosaxuli vedrebis am TiTqosda erTi
SexedviT tradiciul ikonografias mtredi
da Zveli dReTa sruliad sxvagvar elfers
sZens da yovladwmida samebaze migvaniSnebs.
es kompozicia dodorqis eklesiis konqis ga-
mosaxulebas mogvagonebs, sadac, vfiqrob,
rom swored wm. samebis xatad ikiTxeba Ze Rmr-
Tisa, mtredis da makurTxeveli marjvenas
erToba. magram gasaTvaliswinebeli isaa, rom
dodrqis gamosaxuleba naTlisRebis gar-
dasaxuli ikonografiiTaa warmodgenili.
uZvelesi gamosaxuleba Teologiur WrilSi
savsebiT logikurad ikiTxeba. vakis samebis
es kompozicia ki, Zalze hgavs petre-pavles
eklesiis kamaraze gamosaxul samebis sakama-
To xatebas, amitom iseTive kiTxvebs badebs,
rac zemoT ukve petre-pavles kamaris moxa-
tulobasTan mimarTebiT gaCnda.
Zveli dReTas orsav mxares, TaRis Ca-
moyolebaze sam-sami winaswarmetyveli dgas
gaSlili gragnilebiTa da saxarebiT xelSi.
gragnilebze warmodgenili, maTive winas-
warmetyvelebebidan amonaridi teqstebi Si-
naarsobrivad sakurTxevlis gamosaxulebas
esdageba. afsidSi mociqulTa ziarebaa, qve-
da, mesame registrSi ki wm. mamaTa rigi dgas.
satriumfo TaRze warweraa: `aRmosavaliT-
gan mzisaÁT vidre dasavaladmde kurTxeul
ars saxeli uflisa.~
gumbaTis kamaraSi varskvlaviani cis
fonze, oTxi angelozis mier amaRlebuli oq-
ros gamSvenebuli jvaria gamosaxuli. masve
ganadidebs eqvs sarkmels Soris mdgomi eqvsi
mTavarangelozi, romelTa qvemoT Tayvansa-
cemad Tavmodrekili angelozebi amave rigSi
gamosaxuli ganmzadebuli saydrisken mibru-
nebulan. afrebSi medalionebSi Cawerili ma-
xareblebis naxevarfigurebia. dasavleTi mk-
lavis dasavleTi kedeli saSinel samsjavros
eTmoba, amave mklavis kamara _ ki, mTlianad
amaRlebas. gverdiT mklavebSi moxatuloba
oTx registradaa gaSlili. sauflo dResas-
waulTa cikli CrdiloeTi mklavis zeda are-
Si iwyeba da TiTqos istoriul Txrobas mis-
Tamar xosroSvili
devs. Tumca zogan es rigi darRveulia (sur.
7, 8) _ mag., naTlisRebas ratomRac sulTmo-
fenoba mosdevs, RmrTismSoblis Sobasa da
taZrad miyvanebas ratomRac jvarTamaRleba.
scenebis ganawileba zogadadac ramdenadme
SemTxveviTia _ miZinebis orsav mxares sve-
ticxovlis amaRleba da aTonis mTaze iveriis
RvTismSoblis xatis zRvidan amobrZanebaa
moTavsebuli; lasia qalaqis saswaulis gver-
digverd ki RmrTismSoblis mier wm. andri-
asTvis da wm. ninosTvis jvrisa da xatis gada-
cema da winaswarmetyvel elias amaRleba.
mklavTaSorisebic uxvadaa datvirTu-
li gamosaxulebebiT. aq qarTvel wmindanTa,
dedaTa da mamaTa calkeuli figurebi (wmm.
ioane zedazneli, grigol xanZTeli, eqvTime,
ilarioni, SuSaniki, sidonia, nino, qeTevani),
bibliuri scenebi (sami yrma saxmilsa Sina, io-
nas saswauli, winaswarmetyveli mose Seuwve-
li mayvlis winaSe da iakobis sizmari), `qebaÁ
da qeba yovladwminda RvTismSoblisaÁa~ da
`nikeis saklesio krebaa~ gamosaxuli.
es Tematurad mravalferi moxatulo-
109
ba, mraval kiTxvas badebs. pirvel rigSი, ra
principiT lagdeba vakis samebis moxatulo-
baSi aTormet dResaswaulTa cikli? Tu Cr-
diloeTi mklavis kamaraSi xareba, Soba da
mirqma erTmaneTs miyolebiTaa, ratomaa sa-
mxreT mklavSi naTlisRebis Semdgom sulT-
mofenoba? ratom Tavsdeba xarebis, Sobis
da mirqmis qvemoT istoriulad gacilebiT
adre momxdari ambebi _ RvTismSoblis Soba
da taZrad miyvaneba da ratom xatavs am oris
gverdiT mxatvari jvarTamaRlebas? iqneb, aq
scenebi liturgiul cikls misdevs? aSkaraa,
rom ara, radgan maSin Txroba xarebiT, SobiT
da mirqmiT ar daiwyeboda. ucnauria calke-
ul scenaTa da wminidanTa gamosaxulebebis
ganlageba da urTierTmimarTebac. marTa-
lia, aq garkveuli scenebi garkveuli ideis
Semcvelia, magram isini erTmaneTTan ar imyo-
feba mWidro kavSirSi da amitom mTlianobac
irRveva. SexedvisTanave gaCnda STabeWdile-
ba, rom vakis samebis moxatulobas ar hqonia
winaswar SemuSavebuli programa da ama Tu
im scenaTa SerCeva etapobrivad xdeboda. am
yovelivem bunebrivia moxatulobis ierzec
 Tamar xosroSvili

moaxdina gavlena. mxatvroba erTianobaSi
araerTgvarovania, damabnevlad Wreli. Tu-
mca igive araerTgvarovneba calke, TiTeul
scenaSic Zalze aSkaraa. vakis samebis moxa-
tulobis stilis Taviseburebebze samjelod
samxreT mklavTaSorisSi gamosaxuli nikeis I
saeklesio krebis amsaxveli freska SevarCie
(sur. 9). es gamosaxuleba dRevandel saekle-
sio xelovnebaSi mimdinare tendenciebis ga-
movlenis TvalsazrisiT erT-erT mniSvnelo-
van nimuSad mimaCnia.
vakis samebaSi rom nikeis kreba gelaTis
narTeqsSi gamosaxuli saeklesio krebebis
mixedviTaa Sesrulebuli, amas erTi Tvalis
SevlebiTac mixvdebiT (sur.10). gelaTSi ar-
sebuli Svidive kreba daaxloebiT erT sqemas
imeorebs _ kompozicia ornawiliania, zeda
areSi mefe da mRvdelmTavrebi sxedan, qve-
moT ki marTal da mwvalebel mamaTa jgufe-
bia ganTavsebuli.
samebis momxatvelma TiTqmis `sityva-si-
tyviT~ gaimeora misabaZi nimuSis sqema, Tum-
110
wm. mamaTa Tavebi, Sesabamisad ki maTi Sa-
ravandebic erT swor xazzea ganlagebuli.
wm. mamebi imdenad axlo-axlos sxedan erT-
maneTis gverdigverd, rom maTi Saravandebi
urTierTs kveTs. nimbebze furclovani oq-
roa dadebuli, romlis isedac TvalSisacemi
feri da faqtura lurj, gaumWvirval fonze
kidev ufro ikveTeba. TiToeul am oqros wres
Semovlebuli jer yavisferi, zemodan ki TeT-
ri konturi saerTodac `gamoWrilis~ iers
sZens am gamosaxulebebs. amitom, es urTierT-
gadamkveTi Saravandebi mRvdelmTavrebis
Tavebs ukan mixatul, maT damoukideblad
arsebul oqros diskoebad ufro ikiTxeba,
romelTa gadasanawileblad TiTqosda sak-
marisi adgili ar aRmoCnda sibrtyeze. erTi
SexedviT, TiTqos gelaTis moxatulobaSic
msgavsi suraTia. iqac wm. mamaTa Tavebi TiTq-
mis erTmaneTs exeba. magram rigi niuansebisa,
yovelives sxvagvarad warmogviCens. gelaTSi
TiToeuli jgufis SemadgenlobaSi oTx-oT-
xi mRvdelmTavaria, samebaSi ki xuTi (sakama-

ca mxolod misi zeda registri gadmoitana

To araa, rom raodenobac garkveul rols as-
kedelze _ centrSi mjdomi mefe da mis or-
rulebs). wm. mamaTa Saravandebi Tanamedrove
sav mxares Sejgufebul wm. mamaTa gundebi _
gamosaxulebisgan gansxvavebiT oqroTi ki
meore registri ki, romelSic marTali da mw-
ara, Ria oqriT aris daferili. es feri fonis
valebeli mamebia gamosaxuli saerTod amoi-
TeTr ferTanac ar imyofeba kontrastSi, sa-
Ro scenidan. aRsaniSnavia rom vakis samebis
xeebs ki, maTze gamoyenebuli msgavsi tonebis
freska mxolod kompoziciurad miuyveba ge-
gamo TiTqmis organulad erwymis. da kidev
laTis moxatulobas, stilisturad ki gansx-
erTi mniSvnelovani detali _ Tu vakis same-
vavebuli nimuSebis gavlenas ganicdis. mefisa
baSi wm. mamani erT mkacrad swor xazze arian
da danarCeni figurebis sxeulisa da samosis
ganawilebulni, gelaTSi ori Sua odnav maR-
modelireba ZiriTad tonze imave feris TeT-
laa. amgvarad ganlagebuli es oTxi nimbi ki
ranarevi saRebavis dadebiT xorciledeba.
erT wriul rkalad lagdeba Tavebs zemoT da
saxis damuSavebis aseTi mxatvruli xerxe-
ganuyofels xdis am gansxvavebul adamianTa
bi maSinve komnenosTa periodis bizantiuri
erTi mrwamsiT SekavSirebul jgufs. gela-
saeklesio mxatvrobis mogviano nimuSebs mo-
Tis narTeqsis moxatulobaSi xom, swored am
gagonebT9. am periodis gviani gamosaxulebe-
sxvadasxva pirovnebaTa sarwmunoebrivi er-
bis `saxeTa damuSavebaSi... farTo xazebi ga-
Tobaa naCvenebi.
moiyeneba, romlebic imdenadaa stilizebuli
erTi mxriv, ra dasaZraxia momxatvels
rom damoukidebel ornamentad aRiqmeba~.10.
klasikuri nimuSebiT esargebla? adgilob-
9
ix. В. Н Лазарев, История византийской живописи, М., rivi Tu zogadad samarTlmadidebloSi arse-
1986. buli nimuSebiT xelmZRvaneloba arc Zvelad
10
В. Н Лазарев, Приемы линейной стилизации в византий-
iyo ucxo. T. virsalaZis kvlevam isic aCvena,
ской живописи X-XII веков и их истоки, сб. Византийская
живопись, М., 1971, gv.157. rom gelaTis narTeqsis momxatveli ukve Se-

muSavebuli sqemiT xelmZRvanelobs, Tumca
imasac dasZens, rom igi misabaZ nimuSs inter-
pretirebas ukeTebs da qarTuli monumen-
turi mxatvrobis darad gadaamuSavebs11. es
rom marTlac asea, sxva qveynebis `saeklesio
krebebisTvis~ Tvalis gadavlebac dagarwmu-
nebT. axla gavaanalizoT, ras akeTebs igive
siuJetis Seqmnisas Tanamedrove momxatveli?
aris mis freskaSi Zveli sqema axleburad `ga-
daxarSuli~ da Tanamedroveobis darad gad-
moRvrili kedelze? pasuxs kvlav erTi konk-
retuli dakvirveba gagvcems.
rogorc aRvniSneT, vakis samebis Cvens
mier ganxilul freskaze mefeca da wm. mame-
bic kompoziciurad ise arian ganawilebul-
ni, rogorc gelaTis narTeqsis freskebSi,
amitom, sjobs jer misabaZi nimuSi gavixse-
noT sur.10). gelaTSi, TiToeuli saeklesio
krebis amsaxvel scenaSi wm. mamani mefis or-
sav mxares, mogrZo taxtebze ganawilebulan:
TiToeul skamze `or-ori wminda mama zis; ta-
xtebs ukan aseve or-ori wminda mama dgas, ro-
melTa Tavebic msxdomareTa Tavebs Soris mo-
Cans da amgvarad isini erT rigs qmnian~12. Cvens
Tanamedrove freskazec, erTi SexedviT, igi-
ve suraTs vxedavT, aqac mamaTa Tavebi erT
simaRlezea, TiTqos mxolod raodenobrivi
gansxvavebaa TvalSisacemi _ oTxis naclad
xuTi, Tumca dakvirvebis Semdgom erTi uc-
nauroba vlindeba: gelaTis moxatulobisgan
gansxvavebiT, aq xuTive mama taxtze mjdomad
moiazreba, sxeuli ki mxolod samia, danarCeni
oris sxeuli mxrebamde moCans, arada isinic
rom taxtze msxdomebad igulisxmebian skamis
sazurge migvaxvedrebs, romlis aqeTacaa da-
xatuli am ori figuris tani da ara mis miRma.
xSirad, ase meqanikurad gadmoxatul ga-
mosaxulebebSi SesaZloa mravali sxva Seusa-
bamobac SeniSnoT, rogorc garegnuli, ise Si-
naarsobrivi. mag., CvenSi axla sibrtyovan-xa-
zovani gamosaxulebebi miiCneva kanonikurad.
paradoqsi ki isaa rom formalurad, meqani-
kurad daxatuli xazi Tu sibrtye SesaZloa
11
Т. Вирсаладзе, dasax. naSr, gv. 127.
12
Т. Вирсаладзе, dasax. naSr, gv.101.
Tamar xosroSvili
sapirispiro Sedegad iqces. vakis samebis ga-
mosaxulebaTa mxatvrul-stilisturma ana-
lizma gviCvena, rom aseTi midgomiT daxatul
TiTqosda sibrtyovan-xazovan gamosaxule-
baSi xSirad mxatvrisda uneburad SesaZloa
moculoba da sivrce gaCndes, swored is, ra-
sac ase ufrTxis dRevandel saeklesio mom-
xatvelTa umetesoba.
amrigad, Cvens mier ganxiluli freska
klasikad qceuli gelaTis narTeqsis moxa-
tulobaSi organulad urTierTSemsWvaluli
elementebis daSliT da zogierTi maTganis
gamoyenebiT, Semdgom ki ukve sxva nimuSebidan
aRebuli detalebis SezavebiT Seiqmna. amitom
SesaZlebelia kia, is originalur, TviTmyo-
fad Tanamedrove nawarmoebad movixsenoT?
petre-pavlesa da vaki samebis moxatulo-
baTa Sedarebisas Cndeba kiTxva: Seicvala ki
raime am wlebis manZilze ukeTesobisken? Cans
rame winsvla? es ukanaskneli, bevri raimeTi
SesaZloa ufro `daxvewili~ mogeCvenoT, Tun-
dac teqnikuri SesrulebiT, proporciebiT,
111
feradovnebiT. petre-pavleSi ferebi, TviT
fonis cisferi feric ki sxvadasxva adgilas,
sruliad sxvadasxva tonisa da faqturisaa.
erTmaneTisgan Zalze sxvaobs ramdenimegzis
gamosaxuli RmrTismSoblis, macxovris xate-
bebic, drapirebebi, fonebi da a.S. figurebic
zog monakveTSi `dangreulia~, arapropirci-
uli. vakis samebaSi aseTi `xarvezebi~ TiTqos
naklebadaa, radgan `Secdomebis~ Tavidan asa-
cileblad yvelgan kalkirebuli formebi da
kompoziciebia gamoyenebuli. albaT am wle-
bis manZilze saSemsruleblo donec daixve-
wa da gamocdilebamac imata. magram, erTi da
igive kia, gawafuli xeliT qmna da Semoqmede-
ba? Semsrulebeli xom ukve arsebul formas
imeorebs, SemoqmedebaSi ki yovelTvis axlis
dabadeba igulisxmeba!
da sanam mesame, xarebis eklesiis moxatu-
lobaze gadavinacvlebT, minda mokled ga-
vaanalizoT Tu ra moxda im 1990-ian wlebSi?
ram ganapiroba dasabamSive Zveli nimuSebis
mizanmimrTuli, formiseuli mibaZva? pasuxi
1990-ian wlebSi unda veZioT da cota adrec!
 Tamar xosroSvili
amasTan dakavSirebiT modiT yovladwminda
samebis sakaTedro taZris mSeneblobasTan
dakavSirebuli ramdenime garemoeba gavix-
senoT. rodesac, 1989 wels, saqarTvelos ka-
Tolikos-patriarqma ilia II-m yovladwminda
samebis saxelobis sakaTedro taZris aSene-
ba ganizraxa, gamocxadda konkursi, romlis
daxmarebiTac unda SerCeuliyo Sesabamisi
proeqti eklesiis asaSeneblad. konkursze wa-
modgenilma nimuSebma Zalze cxadad gamoaaS-
karava is savalalo, TiTqmis rom uimedo md-
gomareoba, rac am samocdaaTwliani wyvetis
periodSi moxda da amitom, saeklesio xelov-
nebaSi Semotanili yovelgvari siaxlisadmi
sakmaod skeptikuri damokidebuleba ganamt-
kica. es gancda inerciiT modis dRevand-
lamde da xSirad xelisSemSlelad aisaxeba
xolme Tanamedrove saeklesio namuSevrebze.
rogorc Cans sabWoTa periodSi Sesrulebul
qaSveTis, didubisa da sionis moxatulobeb-
Si arsebuli rigi sakamaTo sakiTxebic gaxda
mizezi siaxlisadmi iWvneuli damokidebule-
112
bisa. am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT sionis abstraq-
tul xatebebs gamovarCevdi.
axla ki, mesame, 2010 wels moxatul xa-
rebis eklesiaze gadavinacvloT. es patara
gumbaTiani eklesia, oTxafsidiania _ tet-
rakonqis tipisa, romelic erTi SexedviT X
saukunis kveteras taZris aslad aRiqmeba,
rasac msgavs arqiteqturasTan erTad, cis-
feri feris gadaxurvac ganapirobebs. vi-
naidan eklesia mcire zomisaa, Sesabamisad
lakoniuri programiT gamoirCeva da mci-
rericxovani scenebiTaa Semkuli. sakurT-
xevlis konqSi aRsaydrebuli RvTismSobe-
lia warmodgenili ori mTavarangelozis
TanxlebiT (sur.11). mis qvemoT mociqulTa
ziarebaa, bolo, mesame registrSi ki, _ wmi-
da mamani. danarCen sam afsidSi moxatuloba
oTx registradaa. TiToeulis konqi TiTo
sauflo dResaswauls eTmoba _ xarebas, So-
bas, da miZinebas. xarebis qvemoT, afsidSi wm.
ioakimesa da annas xareba da maTi karibWesTan
Sexvedraa gamosaxuli. SobasTan _ marTali
iosebisadmi angelozis movlineba da maria-
misa da elisabedis Sexvedra. miZinebasTan ki,
RvTismSobelTan dakavSirebuli ZvelaRTq-
miseuli ori ambavi _ erT mxares sinas mTa-
ze moses mier cecxlwakidebuli mayvlova-
nis xilva, iqve mosesTvis kanonis gadacemis
scenaa gaerTianebuli, mis sapirispirod ki
iakobis sizmari (sur. 12, 13).
mesame registrSi qarTvel wmindanTa
welszeiTi gamosaxulebebia. maT Sorisaa wm.
demetre I-is figurac, romlis gaSlil grag-
nilzec, mis mier dawerili iambikos _ `Sen xar
venaxi~-is teqstia datanili, moxatulobis
meoTxe registri ferwerul TaRnars eTmo-
ba. erT-erT aseT TaRSi samxreT-aRmosavleT
kuTxeSi muxlmodrekili qtitori _ saqarT-
velos kaTalikos-patriarqi ilia meorea ga-
mosaxuli (sur. 16). igi sakurTxevlisken aris
Sebrunebuli, mzeraca da mavedrebeli xelis
Jestic aRmosavleTisken aqvs mimarTuli,
marjvena xelSi ki gaSlili gragnili uWiravs,
romelzec misive locva weria: `yovladwmin-
dao samebao, erTarsebao Semoqmedo da gamge-
belo orsav samyaroTao dideba Senda~. iqve,
mis zemoT, wreSi Cawerili wm. spirodon tri-
mifuntelia gamosaxuli13.
gumbaTSi jvris dideba (sur. 14). oqros
gamSvenebuli jvari Sreebian didebSia Caweri-
li, romelsac sami angelozi aamaRlebs. gum-
baTis yelSi, sarkmlebs Soris wm. winaswarme-
tyvelni dganan gaSlili gragnilebiT xelSi.
gumbaTSi gamosaxuli jvari esqatolo-
giuri Sinaarsis matarebelia da upirvele-
sad, swored meored mosvlas ukavSirdeba14.
Tavad am ikonografias erTi mxriv, konstan-
tine didis xilvasTan akavSireben da Semdgom
ukve ierusalimSi eleonis mTaze jvris gamo-
13
vinaidan saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis aR-
saydrebis dRe wm. spiridon trimifuntelis xsnebis
dRes emTxveva (25 dekemberi axali stiliT), vfiqrob,
swored am garemoebas unda ukavSirdebodes misi ga-
mosaxva am scenaSi.
14
amis Sesaxeb ixileT: Т. Вирсаладзе, Грузинские куполь-
ные схемы зрелого средневековья, Избранные труды, Тб.,
2007; Е.Л.Привалова, Роспись Тимотесубани, Тб., 1980;
T.virsalaZe, qarTuli mxatvrobis istoriidan, Tb.,
2007; m. didebuliZe, sadisertacio naSromi: yincvi-
sis wm. nikolozis taZris ferweruli ansamblis mxatv-
ruli saxe, Tb., 2006.

CenasTan, saqarTveloSi ki, mis gansakuTre-
bul popularobas, sulTmofenobis dResas-
waulze, mcxeTis Tavze jvris gamoCenasTan
aigiveben. vinaidan, qarTul eklesiebSi, gum-
baTSi gamosaxuli jvari jer kidev uadresi
droidan moyolebuli gvxvdeba, amitom, misi
gamoCena Tanamedrove saeklesio mxatvroba-
Sic savsebiT logikuria. Tumca, Tu xarebis
gumbaTis moxatulobas daukvirdebiT, erT
ucnaurobas aRmoaCenT _ winaswartyvelTa
gaSlil gragnilebze, tradiciuli, esqato-
logiuri SinaarsiT ganmsWvaluli teqste-
bis nacvlad, RmrTismSoblisadmi miZRvnili
winaswarmetyvelebebia dawerili, iqvea daxa-
tuli RmrTimSoblis simboloebic, mag., wm.
moses gragnilze Seuwveli mayvali, wm. da-
nielis gragnilze _ klde, wm. iakobis grag-
nilze _ kibe, rac sruliad cvlis gumbaTis
moxatulobis Sinaarss da vfiqrob, meore
planze swevs jvris didebis umTavres sazri-
sis. xazgasmiT minda aRvniSno, imisTvis rom
saeklesio mxatvrobaSi mimdinare procesi
sworad warimarTos, siaxleebi dasaZraxi ki
ara _ aucilebelicaa. magram, sasurvelia esa
Tu is, axladSemuSavebuli koncefcia Teo-
logiurad iyos gamarTuli, mxatvris mier ki
saTanadod gaazrebuli, raTa es ganaazri man
axal formad dabados Tavis xatebebSi.
rac Seexeba moxatulobis iers, is
TiTqos sagrZnoblad daixvewa petre-pavle-
sa da vakis samebasTan SedarebiT. marTlac,
figuraTa ageba, proporciebi, saxeTa Tu sa-
mosis damuSaveba, feradovneba bevrad ufro
maRali ostatobiT aris Sesrulebuli. mag-
ram, Tu davukvirdebiT, aRmovaCenT, rom ta-
Zaris qveda registrSi gamosaxul wmindanT
isev komnenosTagan `nasesxebi~ maneriT aqvT
saxeebi damuSavebuli (sur. 22), ubralod, va-
kis samebis moxatulobisgan gansxvavebiT, es
stilizacia ufro `daxvewili~, `rafinire-
buli~ gaxda, magram ufro sqematuri, ufro
mSrali xasiaTic rom SeiZina? axla, vakis
samebis gamosaxulebebSi gaCenili sivrce-
moculobanic gavixsenoT, igive maxasiaTeb-
lebs aRmoaCenT xarebis eklesiis moxatu-
Tamar xosroSvili
lobis TiTqosda mkacrad sibrtyovan ga-
mosaxulebebSi. es maxasiaTeblebi Cvens mier
gansaxilveli eklesiis TiToeul scenaSi
ikveTeba, Tumca gansakuTrebiT CrdiloeTi
afsidis konqSi gamosaxul xarebas gamovar-
Cevdi (sur. 23). am gamosaxulebaSi, imTaviT-
ve atenis xarebis angelozs amoicnobT. mar-
Talia, Tanamedrove nimuSSi angelozs ise
aRar ufrialebs kabis bolo, rogorc atenSi
(mraval moxatulobaSi es niuansic gameore-
bulia xolme), kverTxic odnav sxvagvarad
uWiravs, magram misi win wadgmuli fexi, fr-
Tebis mimarTuleba, samosis feradovnebac
ki imTaviTve im Zvel Sedevrs gaxsenebT. Tu-
mca axal moxatulobaSi siuJeti arqiteqtu-
ris fonze iSleba _ konqis mTels siganeze
mravalTaRediani dabali galavania gadaWi-
muli, romelis orsav mxares, konqis kideeb-
Si ori nagebobaa amozrdili. upirvelesad,
yuradRebas xarebis scenaSi arsebuli uc-
nauri, gadametebuli sixalvaTe ipyrobs.
angelozsa da deda RvTisas Soris TiTqos
113
zedmetad didi distanciaa, konqis ganapira
kideebze gadatanili nagebobebi ki saerTo-
dac, siSoris gamo am siuJetSi CarTulad
Zlivs Tu ikiTxeba. aseT sixalvaTes vgoneb,
sityva `sicariele~ ufro miesadageba, rad-
gan am daSorebebSi, iseve rogorc vakis same-
bis freskebSi sivrcec SemoWrila _ miznad
dasaxulma xazobriobam Tu sibrtyovanebam
aqac sapirispiro Sedegi dabada, magram am
uaxles moxatulobaSi es sivrce ufro usas-
ruloa da ukidegano, gacilebiT TvalSisa-
cemic. aqac, iseve rogorc samebaSi, sivrcis
gaCenis umTavres mizezad moculoba SeiZle-
ba dasaxeldes. Tu xarebis scenaSi mTels si-
ganeze gadaWimul, TaRedian galavans daak-
virdebiT, aRmoaCneT, rom is sakmaod ilÁu-
zorulad aris daxatuli _ tonaluri gra-
daciiT, romelsac forma zemoT amohyavs,
moculobiTia aqeT-iqiT mdgomi orive nage-
bobac, Tanac orive rakursSia. sicarielis
SegrZnebis kidev erT, umTavres mizezad fo-
nis Ria fers davasaxeleb. aseTi Ria feris
foni sruliad axleburad warmogvidgens
 Tamar xosroSvili
rig niuansebs da moxatulobasac manamdeli
nimuSebisgan mkveTrad gansxvavebul iers
aniWebs. unda aRiniSnos, rom Tu 1990-iani
wlebisa da momdevno moxatulobebic muqi
tonalobebiT gamoirCeva uxles moxatulo-
bebs piriqiT, Ria tonalobebi gamoarCevs. vi-
naidan es muqi fonebi ZiriTadad gaumWvirva-
lea xolme da `yru~, Ria feris fonebiT maTi
Canacvleba am problemasTan `SebrZolebis~
mcdeloba mgonia. Tumca aris ki muqi tonis
RiaTi Secvla gamosavali? marTlac, xarebis
eklesiis moxatulobis mtredisferi foni
erTi SexedviT sakmaod momxiblelia. Zalze
Svenis mas alag-alag acimcimebuli oqroc
_ gumbaTSi, Saravandebze, wmindaTa samossa
Tu maT atributebze, romlebic, Tavis mx-
riv, konqis oqroTi dafarul fons exmianeba.
Tumca, am ferma `gaumWvirvalobis~ proble-
ma mainc ver daZlia, sxva ki gaaCina _ Seqmna
meti sixalvaTis SegrZneba. ramac figurebs
Soris arsebuli distanciis da moculobiTi
formebis gaCenis Sedegad is cariel, usas-
114
rulo sivrced aqcia. da Tu iseT adreul
moxatulobebs gavixsenebT, romelSic aseve
Ria feris fonia gamoyenebuli, mag., Tund-
ac, berTubans, atenis sionis xarebis scenas,
aRmoaCenT, rom es siTeTre radikalurad
gansxvavdeba Tanamedro moxatulobis fera-
dovnebisgan.
dasasrul, Tqveni yuradReba xarebis
eklesiaSi arsebul kaTolikos-patriarqis,
ilia II-is gamosaxulebaze minda SevaCero
(sur.20). am gamosaxulebas ucnauri foni ga-
moarCevs, romelic sxvadasxva feris saRe-
bavebiTa da funjis Tamami monasmebiTaa Ses-
rulebuli. aseTi monasmebis analogi moder-
nistul namuSevars mogagonebT, tradiciul
saeklesio moxatulobaSi ki versad naxavT.
vgoneb, aseTi stilisturi maxasiaTeb-
lebis gamoCena erTi mxriv, SesaZloa Sedare-
biT Tavisufal midgomas davabraloT, rac
RmrTisa Tu wmindanTa ki ara, cocxali ada-
mianis gamosaxviTaa ganpirobebuli. magram,
dasafiqrebeli isaa, ratom mounda, Tun-
dac `daZabulobisgan~ `gaTavisuflebul~
mxatvars modernizmTan ase axlos mdgomi,
saeklesio moxatulobisgan ki radikalu-
rad daSorebuli xerxebis gamoyeneba? iqneb,
dRevandeli saklesio mxatvroba am movle-
nis gagrZeleba ufroa, vidre tradiciuli
saeklesio xelovnebisa?
***
uaxlesi qarTuli saeklesio xelovnebis
Sesaxeb mravali urTierTsawinaaRmdego azri
arsebobs. TumcaRa, im imediT rom dro yve-
lafers ukeT gamoaCens, zogierTi mkvlevari
dRes Seqmnil namuSevarTa Sefasebas naad-
revad miiCnevs. arada, TiToeuli, Tundac
Cveulebrivi saubrisas gamoTqmuli azri am
namuSevarTa mimarT xom ukve garkveul Sefa-
sebas gulisxmobs. marTalia, TiTqmis yvela
erTxmad aRiarebs, rom Tanamedrove saekle-
sio xelovnebaSi mravali sakmaod seriozuli
problema ikveTeba, Tumca, ratomRac, maTi
gadaWrac isev momavals aris xolme xSirad
mindobili, im imediT, rom didi xnis win, ara-
bunebrivad Sewyvetili procesi, romelic
sul ramdenime wlis win ganaxlda, droTa
manZilze daixveweba da Cveul kalapotSic
Cadgeba. arada, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom
xSirad, sneuleba gankurnebadi mxolod das-
awyisSia. mere, SesaZloa yoveli cda dagviane-
buli da unayofo aRmoCndes!
dasasrul, minda aRvniSno rom zemoT gan-
xiluli sakiTxebi mxolod qarTuli movlena
araa, msgavsi problemebia sxva qristianul
qveynebSic. amitom, erTxans isic megona, rom
zogadad, Tanamedrove adamiani iyo uZluri
qristianul xelovnebaSi raime axali Seeqm-
na. Semdeg ki aRmovaCine, rom mraval `meqani-
kurad~ qmnil formas Soris `dabadebuli~
formebic arsebobs, marTalia, mcireric-
xovanebis gamo es namuSevrebi mniSvnelovan
gavlenas ver axdens dRevandel situaciaze,
Tumca imediT ki gvavsebs, rom `Cixidan~ ga-
mosavali arsebobs.
 Tamar xosroSvili

TAMAR KHOSROSHVILI
G. Chubinashvili National Research Centre for Georgian
Art History and Heritage Preservation

T H E L A T E ST T R E N D S
I N G E O R G I A N C O N T E M PO R A R Y
E C C L E SI A ST I C A L PA I N T I N G

Su m m ary

To discuss the issues of contemporary ecclesiastical art,

three samples of church mural painting created by Irakli
Tsintsadze have been selected. These three works were
made in three different periods of the artist’s creative
activity – the initial, middle and (current) last stages.
The first is the painting of Saint Peter and Paul Church
performed in 1990-1996; at the same time this is the
first work by the artist in this sphere. The second work
was made in the Church of Holy Trinity (2004-2008) in
Vake district; and the third – recently completed – the
painting of the Church of the Annunciation of the Vir-

115
gin Mary in the yard of the Patriarchate (2007-2010).
These three paintings created by Irakli Tsintsadze
are stylistically analyzed. Simultaneously the evolution
of the works of the artist over twenty years was also
focused on.
It is more than twenty years since Georgian Chris-
tian art initiated a “restoration” after seventy years of
silence; the term “restoration” is conditional as nobody
has defined the notion determining the event, that may
be distinguished for its strange characteristic; guidance
by its old samples has become the priority, which con-
sequently gives the subject of discussion, criticism,
censure and condemnation. The discussion process es-
pecially emphasizes the necessity of research in order
to separate the nature of this event, even slightly, and to
establish the criteria to assess them.
 Tamar xosroSvili

1. wm. mociqulTa petresa da pavles saxelobis eklesia.

sakurTxeveli
C hu rch of St s. Pet er an d Pau l . A p se
116

2. wm. mociqulTa petresa da pavles 3. ubisi. kamaris moxatuloba

saxelobis eklesia. kamaris moxatuloba U b isi. M u ral s on t he V au l t
C hu rch of St s. Pet er an d Pau l . M u ral s on t he V au l t
 Tamar xosroSvili

4. wm. mociqulTa petresa da pavles saxelobis eklesia.

lazares aRdgineba
C hu rch of St s. Pet er an d Pau l . R aisin g of L azaru s

117

5. wm. mociqulTa petresa da pavles

saxelobis eklesia. samxreTi kedlis
moxatuloba
C hu rch of St s. Pet er an d Pau l .
M u ral s on t he Sou t h W al l
 Tamar xosroSvili

6. vakis yovladwmida samebis saxelobis

eklesia. sakurTxeveli
T he chu rch of H ol l y T rin it y i n V ake. A p se
118

7. vakis yovladwmida samebis saxelobis eklesia. 8. vakis yovladwmida samebis saxelobis

samxreTi mklavis moxatuloba eklesia. CrdiloeTi mklavis moxatuloba
T he C hu rch of H ol l y T rin it y i n V ake. M u ral s in t he T he C hu rch of H ol l y T rin it y i n V ake.
Sou t h C ross- arm M u ral s in t he N ort h C ross- arm
 Tamar xosroSvili

9. vakis yovladwmida samebis saxelobis eklesia. nikeis I msoflio saeklesio kreba

T he C hu rch of H ol l y T rin it y i n V ake. F irst E cu m en ical C ou n cil in N icaea

119

10. gelaTis monasastris mTavari taZris narTeqsi. nikeis I msoflio

saeklesio kreba
N art hex of t he G el at i Kat hol ikon . F irst E cu m en ical C ou n cil in N icaea
 Tamar xosroSvili

11. sapatriarqos yovlawminda RvTismSoblis xarebis saxelobis eklesia.

sakurTxeveli
C hu rch of t he A n n u n ciat ion . A p se
120

12. sapatriarqos yovlawminda RvTismSoblis 13. sapatriarqos yovlawminda RvTismSoblis

xarebis saxelobis eklesia. dasavleTi xarebis saxelobis eklesia. CrdiloeTi
afsidis moxatuloba afsidis moxatuloba
C hu rch of t he A n n u n ciat ion . M u ral s in t he W est A p se C hu rch of t he A n n u n ciat ion . W al l Pain t in g o f t he
N ort h A p se
 Tamar xosroSvili

14. sapatriarqos yovlawminda RvTismSoblis xarebis saxelobis

eklesia. gumbaTi
C hu rch of t he A n n u n ciat ion . D om e

121
15. sapatriarqos yovlawminda RvTismSoblis
xarebis saxelobis eklesia. wm. mefe daviT
aRmaSenebeli (fragmenti)
C hu rch of t he A n n u n ciat ion .
St . Kin g D avi d I V t he B u il der (f ragm en t )

16. sapatriarqos yovlawminda

RvTismSoblis xarebis saxelobis
eklesia. kaTalikos-patriarqi ilia II
C hu rch of t he A n n u n ciat ion .
C at hol icos- Pat riarch I l ia I I
 rati CiburdaniZe
baTumis xelovnebis saswavlo universiteti
`samoTxis~ cikli
esma onianis mxatvrobaSi
SesaniSnavi mxatvris, poetis da eseistis esma
onianis Semoqmedeba erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
movlenaa Tanamedrove qarTul xelovnebaSi.
1980–90-iani wlebi misi Semoqmedebis gvian
periods moicavs. am droisaTvis mkafiod Ca-
moyalibebul saxes iZens sakuTari mxatvru-
li meTodis damkvidrebis, samyarosa da misi
sivrcul-droiTi maxasiaTeblebis avtori-
seuli gaazrebis intensiuri procesi. sura-
TebSi dominirebs samyaros, rogorc erTiani
mTelis ferwerul-poeturi gancda, matu-
lobs filosofiuri gansjis, monumenturo-
bis SegrZneba.
122
ideis vizualur-plastikuri xorcSesx-
mis Cinebul nimuSebs warmoadgenen e. onianis
namuSevrebi ciklidan `samoTxe~: `aha, RmerT-
ma evac Seqmna~, `raca RmerTsa ara swaddes...~,
`gaoceba~, `mdinaresTan~ da sxv., romlebSic
mxatvari pirvelqmnili samyaros harmonii-
Ta da simSvidiT aRbeWdil ganzogadebul
suraT-xatebs qmnis. niSandoblivia, rom am
Suqmfinar tiloebze gaSlili intensiuri
mowiTalo-movardisfro, moyviTalo-mooq-
rosfro ferebi erT mTlianobaSi warmoad-
gens rogorc formas, aseve mis garemomcvel
sivrcobriv areals. irealur, Ria, usazRvro
sivrceSi gansxeulebuli, faqtiurad Suq-
Crdilis gareSe dawerili figurebi, sagne-
bi, pirobiTi reliefi TavianTi adgilisa da
mniSvnelobis mixedviT gadanawildebian ver-
tikalur sibrtyeze, rac abstrahirebul-mo-
numentalizebuli kompoziciebis simyaresa
da Sinagan wonasworobas gansazRvravs. Temisa
Tu motivebis originaluri interpretacia,
gamartivebuli mxatvruli formebisa da kaS-
kaSa mewamuli koloritis maqsimaluri gamom-
saxveloba `samoTxis~ avtoriseul suraTebs
ganumeorebel emociur JReradobas, raRac
fantastikur elfers aniWebs.
am seriis qronologiurad yvelaze adre-
uli namuSevari `samoTxed~ iwodeba (125X110.
1987) (sur. 1). simaRleSi wagrZelebuli kom-
pozicia moyavisfro-mowiTalo garemoSi Ca-
weril or SiSvel figuras warmoadgens. fi-
gurebs kompoziciis mTeli simaRle uWiravT,
win gamosaxuli personaJi odnav dabalia mom-
devnoze da Zalze Zunwad miniSnebuli forme-
biT qals ganasaxierebs, mis zurgs ukan ki ase-
ve frontalurad gamosaxuli mamakacis figu-
raa. es albaT, adami da eva arian. sada, martivi,
erTi SexedviT banaluri kompozicia erTgvar
reprezentaciul xasiaTs atarebs. figure-
bi TiTqos sagangebod warsdgebian mayureb-
lis winaSe da gulisxmoben kidec mas. amasTan
isini Taviseburi pirvelqmnili sisadaviT,
erTgvari gulubryvilo, naivuri ganwyobiT
xasiaTdebian. isini mSvidad dganan, maTi sta-
tikuri pozebi erTgvari garindebis STabeW-
dilebas qmnis. wiTliT dawerili sxeulebi
maqsimalurad ganzogadebulia, ar aris mka-
fiod gamokveTili arc erTi nakvTi, saxeeb-
zec ki. miuxedavad amisa es figurebi TiTqos
xelSesaxebia, masStaburia, maTi formebi dau-
nawevrebeli, mTliania; TiToeuli forma Ta-
visebur blokurobas iZens da mnaxvelSi erT-
gvari masiurobis SegrZnebas badebs. Tumca
iqmneba garkveuli paradoqsuli situacia _
laqebiT, Tavisufali monasmebiT dawerili
forma wesiT sibrtyobrivi unda iyos; igi arc
Suq-CrdiliT muSavdeba, arc mkafio sazRvre-
bi aqvs, miuxedavad amisa mis miRma masa igrZ-
noba da plastikurobis elementebic gamos-
Wvivis. magaliTisaTvis adamis marjvena xeli
SeiZleba moviyvanoT, romelic feriT odnav
aris diferencirebuli, SedarebiT muq zols
ufro Ria tonis wiTeli enacvleba. amgvarad
am umartivesi xerxiT mxatvari erTgvari pi-
robiTobis farglebSi aRwevs simrgvalis, mo-
culobis iluziis Seqmnas.
figurebis garSemo moyavisfro-mowiTa-
lo foni win wamoswevs da gamokveTs perso-
naJebs Camuqebuli `garemodan~. Tavad garemo

Zalze pirobiTia. dakonkretebuli aqac ara-
feria. fF aqtiurad es aris muqi foni, romel-
zec suraTis kuTxeebSi samoTxis mimaniSne-
beli yvavilebia gamosaxuli. suraTis oTxive
kuTxe TiTqmis Tanabrad aris datvirTuli
am gamosaxulebebiT, rac kompoziciis simet-
riul da gawonasworebul xasiaTs ganapiro-
bebs. sagulisxmoa, rom arc mcenareebis we-
ris manera gamoirCeva gansakuTrebuli konk-
retulobiT. zeda kuTxeebSi, muq yavisfer
mozrdil laqebze dadebulma mrgvalma for-
mebma, wiTelma laqebma SeiZleba sxvadasxva
asociacia gamoiwvios maSin, rodesac qveda na-
wilSi gamosaxuli yvavilebi SedarebiT ufro
detalurad aris amoxatuli. Sesrulebis amg-
vari xerxiT mxatvari TiTqos suraTis qveda
nawils wina planad ganacdevinebs mnaxvels,
Tumca ki aq realurad planebze saubari faq-
tiurad SeuZlebelia. yvavilebis garemoc-
vaSi daxatuli qalisa da mamakacis figurebi
aRiqmebian rogorc adami da eva, magram isini
saRamos bindSi iZirebian. uCveulo da arat-
radiciulia samoTxis saRamos xati, magram es
e. onianiseuli samoTxea.
kompoziciaSi `aha, RmerTma evac Seqm-
na~ (100X80. 1988) (sur. 2) simaRleSi mocemul
formatze suraTis mTeli vertikali or fi-
guras uWiravs. namuSevari cecxlisfrad Rvi-
vis da am saerTo wiTel feradovnebaSi erTi
SexedvisTanave ikveTeba yavisfriT moniS-
nuli, erT monoliTad Sekruli ori figura,
romelic simaRleSi mTlianad avsebs sasura-
Te sibrtyes, erTgvarad iWedeba kidec masSi.
suraTis geometriul centrSi qalis figu-
raa warmodgenili, romelsac marcxnidan da
odnav ukan misken mobrunebuli mamakacis fi-
gura udgas. Cven vsaubrobT figurebze, mag-
ram aq maTi uzogadesi konturebia gamokveTi-
li, romlebic faqtiurad daxatuli ar aris.
maTi masiuri, monumenturi formebi dasazRv-
rulia odnav gadRabnili, arakonkretuli
yavisferi `konturebiT~. saxisa da mkerdis
monakveTebi mxolod am konturebs Soris
moqceuli wiTeli sibrtyeebis saxiT warmog-
vidgeba. personaJebs Tavebi erTmneTze aqvT
midebuli. mxrebis xazi TiTqos wriulad eS-
rati CiburdaniZe
veba qvemoT da welTan maTi xelebi erTmaneTs
xvdeba. Tumca konkretulad arc xelebia ga-
mosaxuli da arc xelis mtevnebi. am jgufis
zeda nawili erTgvarad wreSi Caketili mo-
noliTia, romlis centrSic iribad datanili
yavisferi laqebi evas mkerds gamohyofs. ase-
Tive, odnav ufro muqi yavisferi laqebiT
aris moniSnuli evas Tma misi marcxena mxris
gaswvriv. am Caketili erTiani wriuli for-
midan qvemoT dinamikuri yavisferi farTo
monasmebiT Zalze pirobiTad miniSnebulia
am formebis masiuri, tlanqi qveda kidurebi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom am monoliTuri jgufis
konkretuli formebi mkafiod dasazRvruli
ar aris, isini mainc erTgvari simZimisa da ma-
terialurobis STabeWdilebas qmnian, wiTe-
li sibrtyis miRma figurebis erTgvari xor-
cieleba mainc SeigrZnoba. aRsaniSnavia, rom
namuSevarSi arc erTi detali plastikurad
modelirebuli ar aris da verc iqneba, imitom
rom wiTeli sibrtyis feria, magram mxatvari
mainc axerxebs wonadobis SegrZnebis gadmo-
123
cemas. amaSi gansakuTrebul rols TamaSobs
erTi SexedviT uxeSi da gadRabnili, magram
amave dros Zalian zusti da maxvili yavisfe-
ri laqebi, romliTac mxatvari mxolod mia-
niSnebs da ar amodelirebs formas. amgvari
xerxiT mnaxveli erTgvarad asrulebs for-
mas sakuTar warmosaxvaSi, is TiTqos erTg-
vari Tanamonawile xdeba suraTis saboloo
saxis CamoyalibebaSi. damjdari, jmuxi pro-
porciebis mqone figurebi, formebi erTgva-
ri masiurobis, monumenturobis SegrZnebas
iZleva sainteresoa isic, rom maT saxeebze
arc erTi detali ar aris miniSnebuli, figu-
rebi absoluturad impersonalurni arian,
rac azrobrivad albaT, samoTxis Temas ex-
mianeba, Tumca maT midebul TavebSi, gadaW-
dobil xelebSi Taviseburi sufTa impulsi
gamosWvivis, Cans am tlanqi arsebebis erTg-
vari siaxlove, organuli kavSiri, adamianuri
Tanaziaroba. amrigad, erTi mxriv, aq ikveTeba
impersonaluroba, meore mxriv, adamianuri
Tanagancda, urTierTkavSiri, Semodis Tavi-
seburi grZnobismieri elementi. miuxedavad
imisa, rom mxatvari konkretulad ar amoxa-
 rati CiburdaniZe
tavs arafers, am ganzogadebulobaSi is cal-
keuli niuansebiT axerxebs gadmosces figu-
rebis urTierToba da am urTierTobis emo-
ciuri muxti.
am STabeWdilebis gaZlierebas emsaxu-
reba ramdenime fonismieri detali suraTis
qveda marcxena da marjvena kideebSi. esaa Zal-
ze Tavisufali, energiuli monasmebiT dade-
buli muqi lurji, TeTri da yviTeli laqebi,
romlebic kargad dakvirvebisas samoTxis
yvavilebad warmogvidgeba. marjvena mxares
ufro mkafiod ikiTxeba moyviTalo-moTeTro
yvavili _ SroSani, romelic Sua saukuneebSi
ubiwoebis simbolo iyo da bunebrivia, rom igi
evas fexebTan aris gamosaxuli. xolo marcxe-
na mxares am laqebSi Tvalma yvavilis bundo-
vani forma SeiZleba dalandos. aRsaniSnavia,
rom es ori laqa suraTis qveda nawilSi erT-
gvar simyares aZlevs da saZirkvels uqmnis
figurebis zeda masiur monumentur nawils.
suraTis marjvena are Sevsebulia Zalze Ta-
visufali, pastozuri, moyviTalo-mocisfro,
124
moyavisfro monasmebiT, romlebic kidev
ufro aZlierebs namuSevris eqspresiul ga-
momsaxvelobas. wiTeli am namuSevris domi-
nanti feria, masSi alag-alag CawveTebuli
yviTeli, narinjisferi, lurji Tu TeTri
Taviseburad acocxlebs, amravalferovnebs
suraTis kolorits, ametyvelebs wiTels.
garkveuli TvalsazrisiT am namuSevars
enaTesaveba `gaoceba~ (120X78. 1989) (sur. 3).
simaRleSi gaWimuli vertikaluri formatis
centrSi gamosaxulia ori erTmaneTis piris-
pir mdgomi figura. maTi uzogadesi siluete-
bi aqac gamokveTilia muqi feris gadRabnili
laqebiTa da didi zomis moyavisfro-mowi-
Talo monasmebiT. qalisa da mamakacis monu-
menturi figurebi pirispir dganan. es ori
figura, win gadaxrili TavebiT, erTmaneTis
mimarT TiTqos mowiwebas, rids gamoxatavs da
amiT erTmaneTTan kavSirs amyarebs, romelsac
mnaxveli Zalian cxadad SeigrZnobs. qalis fi-
gura 3/4-iT aris odnav mobrunebuli, mamaka-
ci TiTqos profilSi aRiqmeba. yovelive amiT
isini qmnian Sekrul kompoziciur birTvs,
romlis garSemoc viTardeba foni. formaTa
moculobiT-plastikuri damuSaveba zedmi-
wevniT pirobiTia. yovelnairi Suq-Crdilis
gareSe, Taviseburi amonaTebebis da Camuqebe-
bis saSualebiT mxatvari gamohyofs sxeulis
calkeul nawilebs. qalis figura SedarebiT
ufro `damuSavebulia~. garkveuli ferado-
vani modelirebiT aris gamokveTili misi
mkerdi, tani, daSvebuli xeli, qveda kidurebi
saocrad gamartivebuli da pirobiTia. mama-
kacis gamosaxuleba faqtiurad sruli efeme-
rulobiT xasiaTdeba. gverdebidan figurebi
isazRvreba muqi yavisferi laqebiT. amdenad
es aris sakmaod didi, mkveTrad gamoyofili
Caketili struqtura sasuraTo sibrtyeze.
gansakuTrebiT metyveli da gamomsaxvelia
mamakacis idayvSi moxrili xelebis Jesti. xe-
lis mtevnebi ar aris dakonkretebuli, igi
ganzogadebuli da utrirebulia, sxeulTan
SedarebiT proporciulad sakmaod didi da
tlanqia, rac xazs usvams am Jestis mniSvne-
lovanebas. aRsaniSnavia, rom nawarmoebis
erTgvar fsiqologiur Tu ideur gasaRebs
swored mamakacis xelebi qmnis, romliTac is
TiTqos raRac Zalian Zvirfass faqizad da
rudunebiT atarebs. suraTis kompoziciuri
ritmi, personaJebis mTeli yuradReba, Sina-
gani impulsi Tu garegnuli dinamika am JestSi
fokusirdeba; swored es motivi exmianeba da
gamoxatavs nawarmoebis saTaursac _ gaoce-
bas, rac TvalnaTliv axasiaTebs am ucnauri
arsebebis mTel plastikas. niSandoblivia,
rom personaJebis erTi SexedviT, statikuri
da mSvidi pozebisa, mnaxveli mTeli sisavsiT
SeigrZnobs maT Sinagan moZraobas, erTgvar
daZabulobasac ki, albaT, iseTs, rogorsac
adamiani raRac amoucnobis amoxsnis Tu sai-
dumlos gaziarebis dros ganicdis. ase Semo-
dis aq adamianuri Tanaziarobis gancda Tu
grZnobismieri sawyisi, riTac mTlianad aris
gamsWvaluli es kompozicia. am STabeWdile-
bis gamZafrebas emsaxureba nawarmoebis foni.
suraTis zeda nawils Taviseburad sazRvravs
farTo moyavisfro monasmebiT Sesrulebu-
li rkaluri sibrtyeebi, rac erTgvari Ta-
Ris STabeWdilebas tovebs. igi Taviseburad
miuyveba personaJebis moZraobas da TiTqos

mfarvelobs maT. TaRis zemoT usasrulo
alisferi sivrcea ganfenili. alisferi mogr-
Zo denadi konturebis mqone laqa, romelic,
erTi mxriv, gamijnavs figurebs da amavdrou-
lad, aerTianebs kidec maT, cecxliviT giz-
gizebs personaJebs Soris. rogorc wina namu-
Sevris SemTxvevaSi, aqac suraTis erT-erTi
Semadgeneli nawilia yviTeli yvavili, rome-
lic evas gverdiT, kompoziciis qveda marc-
xena kideSia warmodgenili. qalis figuris
zemoT, muq yavisfer brutalur zedapirze
moniSnulia vardebi. wiTeli aqac dominantu-
ri feria. mxatvari iyenebs fers mTeli Tavisi
gradaciebiT _ mowiTalo-yavisferidan Ria
vardisferamde.
identuri mxatvrul-stilisturi Tavise-
burebebi vlindeba samoTxis ciklis kidev erT
suraTSi `raca RmerTsa ara swaddes...~ (144X87.
1988) (sur. 4). aqac aRebulia tilos vertika-
luri formati, Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom
figurebs am kompoziciaSi faqtiurad aRar
ukaviaT is centraluri mdgomareoba. sivrcis
umetesi nawili uWiravs pirobiT, ganzogade-
bul garemos, sadac adamiani da buneba erTma-
neTTan srul harmoniaSi modian. pirveli, rac
mnaxvels TvalSi xvdeba, es aris figurebis
erTiani vertikaluri bloki, romelic cent-
ridan marjvniv aris gadaweuli. imTaviTve
naTlad Cans, rom es aris 3/4-iT gamosaxuli
SiSveli figura, magram yuradRebiT dakvirve-
bis Sedegad damTvaliereblis Tvali gaarCevs
erTarsad Sekrul or sxeuls. zurgiT gamosa-
xul figuras gulSi Caukravs meore, romlis
sxeulis mxolod mcire nawili moCans pirve-
li figuris gaswvriv. maTi rakursebi SerCeu-
lia ise, rom qalis frontalurad dayenebul
figuras mayurebeli mxolod fragmentulad
aRiqvams. rbili, muqi moyavisfro konturiT
aqcentirebulia misi mkerdi, intensiuri wi-
Teli laqa ki misi tanis nawils gamoyofs. am-
denad, mas faqtiurad mTlianad faravs mama-
kacis zurgiT mocemuli figura. sxeulebis
calkeuli nawilebi Tavisufali yavisferi
monasmebiT isea damuSavebuli, rom maTi plas-
tika Taviseburad mainc ikveTeba. amasTan, isi-
ni faqtiurad erwymis fonismier garemos, gan-
rati CiburdaniZe
sxeuldeba masSi da erTgvari aramaterialuri
`Crdilebis~ meSveobiT SeumCnevlad warmoiqm-
neba am dausabamo wiTeli wiaRidan. mxatvrul-
ferweruli gadawyvetis Taviseburebebi, rbi-
li naTel-Crdilovani efeqtebiT moniSnuli
detalebi, farTo, lokaluri feradovani
laqebi Tu muqi moyavisfro gadRabnili kon-
turebi qmnian figuraTa mTlianobis, ganu-
yoflobis, TiTqosda erT sxeulad myofobis
saocrad bunebriv SegrZnebas. amavdroulad,
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es monoliTuri jgufi
poetur-romantikuli da grZnobismieri saw-
yisebis aSkara primatiT gamoirCeva.
fonze muSaobisas e. oniani mimarTavs faq-
tobrivad identur mxatvrul xerxebs, ro-
gorsac sxeulis formebis gadmocemisas. erT-
gvari amonaTebebis, Camuqebebis, Taviseburi
Sinagani SuqiT gasxivosnebuli sxvadasxva in-
tensiurobis wiTeli laqebis wyalobiT namu-
Sevari iZens mTlian eTerul substanciuro-
bas _ adamiani da garemo aq erTi wiTeli auriT
aris garemoculi. wiTeli fonis sibrtye arc
125
konkretulia, arc mkvrivi. igi raRac spon-
tanurad manaTobel samyaros warmoadgens, sa-
dac sibrtye-garemo erTgvar sivrce-garemod
transformirdeba. sainteresoa, rom sasura-
To sibrtyeze ganlagebuli gamosaxulebebi,
erTi SexedviT, aranair kompoziciur kanon-
zomierebas ar eqvemdebareba. centraluri,
ideurad mniSvnelovani figurebi simetriis
RerZidan marjvniv aris gadaweuli. yvavilebi,
romlebic aq SedarebiT uxvad aris warmod-
genili, Taviseburi simboluri intonaciebiT
xmianebs, isini TiTqos wiTeli prizmis miRma
ixateba, Tumca mayurebeli cxadliv SeigrZ-
nobs maT spetak siTeTres. suraTis marcxena
darCenil wiTel areze, qveda nawilSi SroSa-
nebis SedarebiT mcire zomis, ufro faqizad
Sesrulebuli Taigulia gamosaxuli, rome-
lic am wiTel sivrceSi livlivebs da erTg-
vari simsubuqis STabeWdilebas tovebs. amis
sapirispirod, suraTis zeda marcxena kuTxeSi
ufro mozrdili zomis SroSanebis Taiguli
sruliad sxva efeqts qmnis _ yvavilebi zo-
miT didia da tlanqi, mouxeSavi monasmebiTaa
datanili, maT garSemo ki yavisferi laqebi
 rati CiburdaniZe
TiTqos erT jgufad kravs SroSanebs. mT-
lianobaSi es `Taiguli~ simZimis STabeWdile-
bas qmnis. ucnauria, rom qvemoT mxatvarma sim-
subuqis efeqti Seqmna, xolo zemoT piriqiT _
simZimis. am SegrZnebas kidev ufro aZlierebs
zeda Taigulis sapirispirod marjvena zeda
kuTxeSi datanili iribi, sqeli yavisferi mo-
nasmi, romelic erTgvarad figuris Tavisa da
zurgis moxazulobas ritmulad epasuxeba da
saboloo jamSi am TaigulTan erTad awveba
suraTis zeda nawils. es, rogorc Cans, avto-
ris mier sagangebod Cafiqrebuli mxatvrul-
kompoziciuri xerxia, romlis saSualebiTac
igi TiTqos codvis simZimes amJRavnebs.
kompoziciuri da koloristuli Tval-
sazrisiT nawarmoebi mTlianobisa da harmoni-
ulobis saocar sinTezs qmnis. yovlismomcve-
li, mokaSkaSe wiTeli feri Tavisi Suqmfinari
gamosxivebiT moicavs mTel am mistikur sa-
myaros, igi gadmoscems figurebs, formebs,
asaxavs movlenebs, romlebic uSfoTveli da
amavdroulad dramatulia.
`samoTxis~ ciklis iseT namuSevarSi, ro-
126
goricaa `mdinaresTan~ (100X60. 1989) (sur. 5).
e. oniani TandaTan mxatvruli formis ukidu-
resi abstrahirebisaken midis. nawarmoebis
ideur, kompoziciur da koloristul domi-
nants vertikaluri formatis centrSi gans-
xeulebuli sxvadasxva JReradobis wiTliT
Sesrulebuli didi zomis ganzogadebuli
forma _ erTgvari pulsirebadi substan-
cia warmoadgens, romelSic erTiani sabur-
velis qveS myofi ori figura ilandeba. isini
erTmaneTs mWidrod ekvrian da monoliTur
jgufs qmnian, riTac maTi erTarsoba kidev
ufro xelSesaxebi xdeba. `gaerTebulad yo-
fnis, simTlianis gemos xsovna adamianis ars-
Sia. erTisaken, mTelisaken Sinagani, Tundac
gauazrebeli ltolva, wyurvili, adamianuri
arsiTaa ganpirobebuli~1. es aramaterialu-
ri, impersonaluri figurebi dawerilia ise,
rom Tavisi Sesrulebis maneriT, Taviseburi
CamuqebebiT da amonaTebebiT garkveuli mo-
culobis, plastikurobis iluzias qmnis, ra-
sac realobasTan aranairi kavSiri ara aqvs.
figurebis siluetebis naTeli Tu muqi deta-
1
esma oniani, ferwera, poezia, eseebi, Tb., 2003, gv. 133.
lebi, romlebic pirobiT, bundovan formebs
avlens, TiTqos erTi ideiT gamTlianebul
arsebebs gadmoscems. am STabeWdilebas kidev
ufro aZlierebs maTi `sivrceSi~ ganTavseba.
am seriis wina namuSevrebisagan gansxvavebiT,
mxatvars forma mnaxvelTan Zalian axlos
miaqvs, rac gaWedilobis efeqts badebs miu-
xedavad imisa, rom sasuraTe sibrtyeze sxva
elementebisTvisac rCeba adgili. bunebrivi
da logikuria, rom nawarmoebis fonismieri
garemo aq erTgvari metafizikuri landSaf-
tis iersaxes iZens. suraTis mdidari, Sinagani
sinaTliT gajerebuli ferweruli faqtura,
farTo, Tavisufali monasmebi qmnis Tavisebur
mistikur `peizaJs~, sadac yovelive gamosaxu-
li savsebiT damoukidebel, TviTkmar mniSv-
nelobas atarebs. sainteresoa monoliTis
centrSi, odnav marcxniv datanili yviTeli
faqturuli monasmebi, romlebic erTgvari na-
Tebis efeqts qmnis. es manaTobeli substancia
SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos da igi garkveul ide-
as unda gamoxatavdes. am monoliTuri blokis
marcxena kideSi gamozneqili arc Tu mkveTri
xazi Zalian Soreulad TiTqos qalis sxeulis
natif monaxazs ganasaxierebs. rogorc Cans, es
ukve siyvarulis ZaliT sruliad erT arsad
qceuli qali da mamkacia, romlebic samoTxis
vaSlis gasinjvis Semdeg TiTqos axal sicocx-
les udeben saTaves. es naTeba swored axali si-
cocxlis niSnad SeiZleba hqondes gaazrebuli
mxatvars. Cvens am mosazrebas ganamtkicebs Ta-
vad e. onianis erTi Canaweri, romelic mis al-
bomSicaa gamoqveynebuli: `suli Cemi Cafrinda
Cems dedad da mamad arCeul sxeulebSi, imitom,
rom maTgan siyvarulis araCveulebrivi sinaT-
le-sikaSkaSe molivlivebda. me sixaruliT gab-
rwyinebuli, RimiliT, cekva-TamaSiT CaveSvi
Cems adamianur navsayudelSi, me vigrZeni Cemi
sulisaTvis adamianad gasafurCqni keTilmyo-
feli adamianuri gansazRvruloba......madloba
da didi madliereba Cems qarTvel dedad da
mamad ganxorcielebul sulebis siyvaruls,
romlis sinamdvilemac ganapiroba gamosxive-
bis is Zlieri sikaSkaSe, Cems suls rom daena-
xa da gaxarebuli, farTxafurTxiT miizida~2.
2
esma oniani, ferwera, poezia, eseebi, Tb., 2003, gv. 125.

es Canaweri pirdapir exmianeba suraTis zemoT
aRweril motivs. SesaZloa Tavad mxatvars
nawarmoebis Seqmnis procesSi arc ki axsovda es
gancda da cnobierad ar daukavSirebia igi mas-
Tan. magram, rogorc Tavad mxatvris teqstidan
Cans, es azri imdenad cocxali iyo, imdenad ga-
Sinaganebuli, rom suraTSi intuiciurad `gad-
moiRvara~ amgvari xatovani formiT.
aA damisa da evas gadaWdobili figurebi av-
tors gaazrebuli aqvs rogorc erTmaneTTan
siyvaruliT dakavSirebuli ori arseba cod-
viT dacemis Semdgom. kompoziciis marjvena
kides ayolebuli forma sqeli taniTa da mrg-
vali varjiT samoTxis vaSlebiT daxunZlul
xes mogvagonebs _ esaa erTgvari `xe cnobadi-
sa~. suraTis marjvena mxare zeda da qveda kuT-
xeebSi muqi laqebiT aris Sevsebuli. analogiu-
ri struqtura aqvs suraTis marcxena kidesac.
qvemoT, marcxena kuTxeSi muqi moyavisfro
laqebi Tavisuflad, TiTqosda uwesrigod
aris dadebuli, xolo zeda marcxena kuTxeSi
yru yavisfer laqaze kvlav mowiTalo-moTeT-
ro monasmebiT Sesrulebuli yvavilebis mo-
tivi Cans. am or ukanasknel laqas Soris ki ma-
naTobeli Tbili yviTeli sibrtyea moqceuli,
romelic centralur jgufs win wamoswevs.
amgvarad, seriis am zedmiwevniT gamomsa-
xvel da idumal suraTs sruliad gaazrebuli
kompoziciuri da feradovani gadawyveta axa-
siaTebs _ didi centraluri wiTeli mono-
liTi, zeda da qveda kuTxeebi saTanadod gan-
Tavsebul yavisfer laqebs uWiravs. wiTlisa
da moSavo-yavisferis mkveTri dapirispireba,
romelic namuSevars erTgvar dramatul into-
nacias aniWebs, Taviseburad neldeba suraTis
Sua nawilSi, kideebSi gamoyenebuli manaTobe-
li yviTliT, narinjisfriTa da Ria mwvaniT.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `samoTxe~ esma onia-
nis Semoqmedebis Taviseburi epilogia. mxatv-
rul-stilisturi da ideuri TvalsazrisiT
igi mTlian serias warmoadgens, romelsac Ta-
visi gansakuTrebuli niSnebi aqvs. intensiuri
JReradobiT gamsWvaluli wiTeli am ciklis
dominanti feria, igi aris misi ganmsazRvreli
ferTametyvelebiTi komponenti. saintereso
da ucnauria, rom mxatvari samoTxes wiTliT
xatavs. es aris samoTxis e. onianiseuli inva-
rati CiburdaniZe
rianti, romlis analogi CvenTvis ucnobia.
rogorc cnobilia qristianul ferTamety-
velebaSi wiTeli mijnis feria3. es aris ganw-
mendis feri, cecxlovani mijna, romelsac
adamiani gadis wuTisoflidan miRmier sa-
myaroSi gadasvlis dros; rogorc Cans, mxat-
vars intuiciurad hqonda amis gancda da igi
samoTxes TiTqos cecxlovani fardis miRma
aRiqvams. iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom aq gamosa-
xuli figurebi, sagnebi, formebi am cecxlis
alis nakadSi inTqmeba, kargavs konturebs,
konkretulobas da yovelive erTgvar arama-
terialur substanciurobas iZens.
cxadia, rom am nawarmoebebs wiTeli aer-
Tianebs, magram feradovani TvalsazrisiT is
ar aris erTgvarovani. ase magaliTad, Tu `sa-
moTxeSi~ koloriti agebulia muqi yavisferi-
sa da civi muqi wiTlis harmoniul Sexamebaze,
iseT namuSevrebSi rogorebicaa `aha, RmerT-
ma evac Seqmna“, `gaoceba~, intensiuri Tbili
alisferi da gaRvivebuli wiTlis gradaciebi
dominirebs. aRsaniSnavia `raca RmerTsa ara
swaddes...“ koloristuli gaazreba, sadac ya-
127
visferis qveSidan amomavali mewamuli qmnis
Tavisebur mistikur garemos da aramateri-
alur siRrmes aniWebs suraTs. wiTeli feris
erTgvari spontanuri amonaTebebiT Tu Camuqe-
bebiT mxatvari aerTianebs fonismier garemos,
figurebs da maT manaTobel koloristul ga-
maSi aTavsebs. ciklis bolo namuSevarSi `mdi-
naresTan~ avtori upiratesad wiTlis muqi da
Ria tonebis dapirispirebas mimarTavs, Tumca
namuSevarSi gansxvavebuli feradovnebac Se-
moaqvs. is iyenebs yavisfer, narinjisfer, yvi-
Tel, momwvano laqebs, Sindisfer, movardis-
fro-moTeTro monasmebs, rac koloristuli
TvalsazrisiT bevrad ufro mravalferovans
xdis am nawarmoebs, Tumca wiTlis ZiriTadi
JReradoba aqac SenarCunebulia. amdenad, am
seriaSi feri avtoris saTqmelis gadmocemis
mTavari saSualebaa. misTvis samoTxe wiTelia,
maSin, rodesac Cveulebriv samoTxis xati idi-
liur, naTel sawyisTan asocirdeba. SesaZloa
es iyos im dramis erTgvari winaTgrZnoba, ro-
melic adamisa da evas siyvaruls moyveba.
3
a. oqropiriZe, wiTeli feris simboluri gaazrebis
erTi aspeqti Sua saukuneebis qarTul mxatvrobaSi,
macne, #3, 1985, gv. 156-176.
 rati CiburdaniZe
es seria kompoziciuri Tvalsazrisi-
Tac erT princips efuZneba, Tumca erTgvari
evolÁucia aqac SeimCneva _ namuSevrebis ver-
tikalur formats mTel simaRleSi avseben
figurebi, magram yvela kompoziciaSi ikiT-
xeba individualuri, specifikuri midgoma.
centralur gamosaxulebebad mxatvari yvel-
gan adamianis figurebs gaiazrebs, romlebic
scenebSi umniSvnelovanes vertikalebs qmnian
da TiTqmis avseben sasuraTe ares. isini zogan
frontalur da reprezentaciul xasiaTs ata-
reben, riTac TiTqos gulisxmoben mnaxvels
(`samoTxe~, `aha, RmerTma evac Seqmna“), zogan ki
mayurebelTan aranair kontaqts ar amyareben
da TiTqos Tavis TavSi iZirebian (`gaoceba~,
`raca RmerTsa ara swaddes...~, `mdinaresTan~).
adreul suraTebSi reprezentaciuloba ufro
metia, TandaTan Caketiloba matulobs, bolos-
ken personaJebi Caketil, mTlian monoliTebad
warmosdgebian da damTvalierebeli maT erT
arsad aRiqvams. suraTis kompoziciuri struq-
turis CamoyalibebisaTvis mniSvnelovan rols
128
TamaSobs gmirebis `sivrceSi~ ganTavsebac.
mxatvars xan win, Zalian axlos moaqvs figure-
bi, rac erTgvari gaWedilobis Tu gadidebuli
kadris efeqts badebs ( `mdinaresTan~), xan ki maT
Sors, siRrmeSi aTavsebs, TiTqos suraTis wiaR-
Si Sehyavs isini (`raca RmerTsa ara swaddes...“).
rogorc wesi namuSevrebSi figurebi centrSi
arian gamosaxuli, suraTis kideebi ki muqi ya-
visferi laqebiT ifareba, riTac kompoziciebi
garkveul Sinagan wesrigs eqvemdebareba.
`samoTxis~ ciklis namuSevrebi formis
damuSavebis mxrivac ganicdis garkveul modi-
fikacias. Tavidan, adreul stadiaze, es aris
sruli pirobiTobis farglebSi, Suq-Crdilis
gareSe `Sesrulebuli~, faqtiurad daumuS-
avebuli efemeruli substanciebi ( `samoTxe~,
`aha, RmerTma evac Seqmna“), Tumca formebi
garkveulwilad jer kidev inarCunebs Tavise-
bur konkretikas da mnaxvelSi erTgvari plas-
tikurobis SegrZnebas iwvevs. Semdgom garemo
da figurebi absoluturad erTi meTodiT
sruldeba _ figura ixateba iseve, rogorc
abstraqtuli, neitraluri, ganyenebuli
foni da rCeba SegrZneba, rom samoTxe erTi
substanciisagan Sedgeba_ foni da figurebi
erTmaneTs absoluturad erwymis (`gaoceba~,
`raca RmerTsa ara swaddes...“). sxvadasxva Tvi-
sebebis matarebeli Tavisufali monasmebi,
zogjer faqturuli, zogan SedarebiT gluvi,
sqlad Tu Txlad dadebuli laqebi erTgvari
energetikuli velis matareblia da Tavise-
bur eTerul morevs qmnis. logikuria, rom
aseTive energetikuli nakadebis matareblebi
arian figurebic. garemo da figura aq erTgva-
rovani konsistenciis, `Semcvelobis~ xdebian,
amitom isini am `sivrceSi~ livlivebs da sru-
liad erwymis mas. cxadia es ar aris realuri
sivrce, es metafizikurTan wilnayari, mis-
tikuri sivrcea, romelic arsebobs mxatvris
warmosaxvaSi, sadac realuri samyaros kano-
nebi Zaldautaneblad irRveva.
rac Seexeba sivrcis fenomens, erTi mxriv,
SeiZleba miuRebelic mogveCvenos am sura-
TebTan mimarTebiT sivrceze saubari, magram
miuxedavad pirobiTobisa Tavad am suraTe-
bis struqtura saSualebas iZleva visaub-
roT sivrcis kategoriazec. vfiqrobT, rom am
SemTxvevaSi formasa da siRrmiseul sazriss
Soris kavSiris moZebna, swored formis da fo-
ni-sivrcis urTierTmimarTebiT SeiZleba ga-
moikveTos, radganac am suraTebSi figurebis
garSemo arsebuli are erTdroulad ganyene-
buli sibrtye-fonia da amavdroulad sivrcec.
esma onianis `samoTxis~ cikli es aris sa-
moTxe codviT dacemis mijnaze. igi gamsWvalu-
lia dramatuli JReradobiT, aRsavsea adamia-
nuri grZnobebiT da emociebiT. es aris samyaro,
aRbeWdili Tanamedrove adamianis xedviT, sa-
dac or adamians erTmaneTi uyvars, sadac isi-
ni sakuTar momavals, axal sicocxles uyrian
safuZvels. pirvelqmnili sisadave, erTgvari
ganwmendiloba, rac am suraTebSi TvalnaTliv
vlindeba, TiTqos amarTlebs kidec codviT
dacemis faqts, radgan mis safuZvelSi mxatva-
ri upirveles yovlisa siyvaruls xedavs, siy-
varuli ki misTvis umaRles Rirebulebas war-
moadgens. amgvaria esma onianis samoTxis xati,
romelSic ganmsazRvreli roli ara edemis
baRs, ara idiliur ganwyobas, aramed ori ada-
mianis urTierTdamokidebulebas eniWeba.
 rati CiburdaniZe

RATI CHIBURDANIDZE
Batumi Art Teaching University

„ PA R A D I SE “ SE R I E S
I N E SM A O N I A N I ’ S A R T

Su m m ary

A significant artist, poetess and essayist – Esma

Oniani’spainting takes one of the important places in
modern Georgian art. The 1980s–90s is the late peri-
od of her creative work. This is the period when she
formed her own artistic method, an intensive process
of understanding space and time related to the world.
In the pictures of this period there dominates pictorial
and poetic experience of the world as a whole, increas-
ing philosophic contemplation and a feeling of immen-
sity. E. Oniani’sworks from the series `Paradise~ are
excellent patterns of visual and plastic realization of
this idea. They are: `Aha, God has Created Eve too~,
`That’s What God doesn’t Wish...~, `Wonder~, `At

129
the River~ and others, where the artist creates general-
ized pictures, impressed by the first-originated world,
peaceful and full of harmony. It is characteristic that
intense reddish-pinkish and yellowish-golden colors
on these radiant canvases represent both the form and
its surrounding spatial area as one whole. Figures,
objects, stylized relief, written practically without
chiaroscuro, and incarnated in unreal, open, endless
space, are allocated on the vertical plane according to
their place and meaning which determine the strength
and inner balance of abstracted and monumentalized
compositions. An original interpretation of topics and
motifs, simplified artistic shapes and ultimate expres-
siveness of bright crimson tones give the pictures of
the `Paradise~ series a unique emotional diapason and
some fantastic shade.
 rati CiburdaniZe

1. esma oniani. samoTxe, 1987 w. 2. esma oniani. aha, RmerTma evac Seqmna, 1988 w.
E sm a O n ian i. Paradise, 1987 E sm a O n ian i. A ha, G od C reat ed E ve t oo, 1988
130

3. esma oniani. gaoceba, 1989 w.

E sm a O n ian i. A st on ishm en t , 198 9
 rati CiburdaniZe

4. esma oniani. raca RmerTsa ara

swaddes..., 1988 w.
E sm a O n ian i. Wh at G od W il l s n ot ..., 1988

131
5. esma oniani. mdinaresTan, 1989 w.
E sm a O n ian i. N ear t he R ive r, 1989
 mariana oklei
g. CubinaSvilis sax. qarTuli xelovnebis istoriisa
da ZeglTa dacvis kvleviserovnuli centri
guranda qlibaZis
xatovani samyaro
Tanamedrove cxovrebis ritmma, teqnikur-
ma progresma, socialurma TuU politikurma
problemebma didi gavlena iqonia sazoga-
doebis sulier mdgomareobaze, mis gemovneba-
sa da aRqmis unarze. dRevandeli mayurebeli
xelovnebaSi umetesad eZebs (an moiTxovs mis-
gan) ufro `zedapirul~ (emociur-fsiqolo-
giur safuZvels moklebul), gamomsaxvelobisa
da Sinaarsisagan daclil mxatvrul nawarmoe-
bebs; amitom igi mxolod garegnul efeqtebs
sjerdeba. saxelovnebo sivrceSi (kerZod, sa-
xviT xelovnebaSi) met-naklebad daviwyebas
132
eZleva avtoriseuli `me~, individualizmi, am
sityvis Rrma gagebiT. ukana planze gadadis is-
eTi SemoqmedebiTi procesebis xilva, romel-
sac gaaCnia zemoqmedebis didi unari.
droiT gamowveulma am moTxovnilebebma
xelovnebaSi didi xarisxobrivi aRreva war-
moSva; amitomac, rodesac am `kitCis~ fonze,
nawilobriv gabatonebul ugemovnebaSi, `daS-
tampulobaSi~, ugulobaSi, xvdebi mxatvars,
romlis xelovneba mognusxavs Sesrulebis
ostatobiT da profesionalizmiT; saqmisadmi
siRrmiseuli damokidebulebiT; azrovnebis,
movlenebis Sefasebis miseuli, ganumeore-
beli gadmocemis unariT, metaforuli enis
flobiT _ es did STabeWdilebas axdens da
emocias aRZravs. aseTad warmoCnda guranda
qlibaZe.
mis SemoqmedebaSi erTmaneTTan aris
Serwymuli akademiuroba da Tanamedrove
xelovanis maxvili Tvali, Sinaarsobrivad
TiTqos advilad gasagebi mxatvruli forma
da misi Rrma emociur-fsiqologiuri gaaz-
reba, xiluli formis konkretuloba, dakav-
Sirebuli saTqmelis saxe-niSnebiT gadmoce-
masTan. monumentalizmi da lirizmi, erTgva-
ri ironia da tkivili, yvelaze mniSvnelovani
ki isaa, rom es aris mxolod misi samyaro, misi
TvaliT danaxuli da gancdili, es ki sabo-
lood mwvave cxovrebiseuli movlenebis mis-
save Sefasebas gamoxatavs.
yvela aRniSnuli niSan-Tviseba uTuod
warmoadgens XXI saukunis xelovnebis, mxatv-
robis zogad tendencias; magram axerxeben ki
Semoqmedni am principebis gatarebas da indivi-
dualizmisa da profesionalizmis gamovlenas?
Cemi azriT, yvelas ar Seswevs amis unari.
guranda qlibaZis namuSevrebis xilvisas
mkafiod gamaxsenda literaturaSi postmo-
dernizmis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani warmomad-
genlis umberto ekos gamonaTqvami `warsuli
ar unda gavanadguroT, saWiroa misi gadaazre-
ba, ironiulad, Tumca `naivurobis~ gareSe~1.
SesaZlebelia mxatvarTan naklebad davi-
naxoT ironia, magram es Tviseba aSkarad gas-
devs mTlianobaSi mis Semoqmedebas. guranda
qlibaZis xelovnebis bazas warmoadgens kla-
sikuri forma, saidanac axali emocia ibadeba,
romelic movlenisadmi Sinagan damokidebu-
lebazea dafuZnebuli. aq vlindeba msoflio
xelovnebis kulturuli memkvidreobis Rrma
codna da gaanalizeba... feradovani simZafre
zogjer ruos palitras gagvaxsenebs, na-
xatis simZlavre _ domies Zlier, metyvel
xazs. amave dros, misi Semoqmedebis arsebiTi
Tvisebaa _ arseboba droisa da sivrcis ga-
reSe, igavuri Txroba, ironiaSi gamosaxuli
kritika. es niSnebi mkafiod gamoavlina 1960-
70-iani wlebis qarTulma Teatrma da kinema-
tografiam _ m. TumaniSvilma, r. sturuam, o.
ioselianma, T. abulaZem da sxvebma; saerTo-
dac es qarTul xelovnebis erT-erTi damaxa-
siaTebeli niSan-Tvisebaa.
guranda qlibaZe xelovanTa ojaxis war-
momadgenelia, ramac Tavidanve ganapiroba
misi profesiuli arCevani. igi muSaobs grafi-
kuli xelovnebis CvenTan naklebad gavrcele-
bul JanrSi _ es aris minaze xatva. mono-tipiis
teqnikiT Sesrulebuli grafikuli suraTe-
bi. minaze Sesrulebuli naxati qaRaldze
1
Умберто Эко, Заметки на полях „Имени Розы“, М.,1983.

erTaderT anabeWdad daitaneba. anabeWdi ar
mravldeba; amiT igi ferwerul namuSevars
utoldeba. qaRaldze yovelTvis mxolod av-
toriseuli xelweraa dafiqsirebuli. samuS-
aod mxatvari tipografiul saRebavs xmarobs.
xelovanis xelwera da mas darTuli anabeWdis
dros miRebuli faqturuloba namuSevrebs
kidev ufro met gamomsaxvelobas aniWebs.
am teqnikis Tavisebureba is aris, rom mi-
naze naxatis Sesrulebis Semdgom, TuU mas ram-
denime saaTSi ar gadaitan qaRaldze, is Sreba
da fuWdeba. garda amisa, sasurveli Sedegis
misaRwevad giwevs erTi da imave kompoziciis
ramdenjerme gadaxatva, es ki Zalze Sromate-
vadi saqmea. yvela misi namuSevari didi zomisaa
da monumenturobiT gamoirCeva. kompoziciebi
ZiriTadad Sav-TeTria. suraTebi _ Zlieri
energetikis matarebeli. mxatvari Tamamad,
gulRiad, gulwrfelad gamoxatavs Tavis po-
zicias da imave moTxovnas uyenebs mayurebels.
guranda qlibaZis suraTebis erT-erTi
wamyvani, mTavari Temaa adamianis warmoCena.
sazogadoebisaTvis garegnulad TiTqosda
miuRebeli, Seuxedavi personaJebis miRma,
maTi grZnobebi, gancdebi imaleba.
isini sxvadasxva formiT _ JestiT, mimi-
kiT, poziT gamoxataven protests maT irg-
vliv Seqmnili garemoebisadmi. amis ukan ki
dgas mxatvrul formaSi xorcSesxmuli TviT
mxatvris damokidebuleba ama Tu im movlenis
mimarT. is Tavisi gadmosaxedidan gvTavazobs
situaciis Sefasebas, Tumca amavdroulad,
mnaxvelSic Tanamonawileobas, gancdis sim-
Zafres, asociaciur aqtiurobas moiTxovs.
figurebi umeteswilad SiSvlad aris war-
mosaxuli. am siSiSvleSia adamianis daucvelo-
ba da, amasTan erTad, misi bunebis daufaraobac.
zog SemTxvevaSi figuris gamosaxvisas
mxatvari TiTqos specialurad, odnav utri-
rebulad mimarTavs adamianis xasiaTis erTi
mxaris xazgasmas, raTa gamoavlinos sapirispi-
ro Tviseba _ bneli-naTeli da am kontrastze
aagos gamosaxuleba. umeteswilad, Sesrule-
bis maneris da cxovrebiseuli faqtorebis
asaxviT, kompoziciebi groteskis zRvramdea
miyvanili da tragikulobis SegrZnebas aCens,
mariana oklei
rac dRevandelobisaTvis Sesaferis, cxovre-
bis tragikomediur aRqmas badebs.
personaJebis Seqmnisas ikveTeba g. qli-
baZis qaluri poziciac _ adamianis adgilze,
mis mniSvnelobaze, qalis rolze dRevandel
cxovrebaSi. amiT guranda Zalian axlos mivi-
da genderul problematikasTan.
suraTSi `adami da eva~ (sur. 1) da `samoT-
xis xe~ (sur. 3) _ es erTi kompoziciis ori na-
wilia _ orsuli eva profilSia daxatuli. is
zogadad qalis saxe-tipia. ganze gaweuli xe-
lebi, romelTagan erTi muWad aqvs Sekruli,
meore ki TiTebgaSlilia; myari dgoma da od-
nav aweuli Tavi xazs usvams mis Zlierebas, da-
moukideblobas, qedmoudreklobas. figuris
Tvalierebisas uceb TvalSi gvxvdeba adamis
figurac, romelic SeumCnevlad evas gverds
aris amofarebuli. adamis saxe moqceulia evas
varcxnilobis, aweuli Tmis, kisris xazsa da
zurgis zeda nawilis moxazulobaSi. misi fi-
gura mokuntulia, SeSinebulic ki, gamoyofi-
lia misi xeli, romliTac evas xels ebRauWeba.
133
adami imaleba qalis figuris ukan, amiT igi
mas sTxovs dacvas. adami SeumCnevelia, eva ki
Seudrekelia da gambedavi. adamisaTvis didi
xania, samoTxesTan erTad dasrulda laRi
cxovreba, samoTxidan gandevnili ki igi ab-
soluturad daucvelad gamoiyureba.
qali ki momarTulia winswrafvisken da
uSiSaria _ gana ar aris es mxatvris pozicia.
erTi SexedviT suraTi erTfiguriani, sa-
daa, Tumca mamakacis saxis amokiTxvis Semdeg
mkafiod vlindeba is rTuli kompoziciuri
`pasaJi~, romelsac mxatvari mimarTavs, erT
figuraSi faqtiurad ori gamosaxulebaa moq-
ceuli. albaT amasac Tavisave axna unda hqon-
des _ qali da kaci ganuyofeli mTlianobaa.
namuSevarSi Cans naxatis flobis osta-
toba _ TviT xazi, saxis mimika, tipaJi, Jes-
tikulacia kompoziciis emociur-saxasiaTo
wakiTxvis simZafres avlens. forma, romelic
Savi Strixebisa da TeTri laqebis dapiris-
pirebazea Seqmnili, cxovelxatulebas da si-
cocxlis unarianobas aniWebs figuras.
kompozicis meore nawili _ `samoTxis xe~
(sur. 3) muq feradovan gamaSia gadawyvetili.
 mariana oklei
mis SigniT mudmivi cvalebadoba aris aqcen-
tirebuli. is Tavisi sicocxliT cxovrobs.
xis totebSi, rogorc xaliCaSi, Caqsovilia
adamianTa da frinvelTa gamosaxulebebi. yve-
laferi Zalian lamazia da, amave dros, erT-
maneTSi areuli, cvalebadic da mudmivic. es
aris xe, romlis nayofma adamians samoTxeSi
codva Caadenina.
mamakacisa da qalis urTierTobis Temas
agrZelebs e.w. `erotikuli suraTebi~ (sur.
2). suraTze warmodgenili adamianebi Tavi-
si siSiSvlis demonstrirebas axdenen, maT-
Si grZnoba mkveTrad aris gamovlenili. zog
SemTxvevaSi es grZnoba ufro amaRlebulia
(klasikuri formis farglebSi), zogan eqspre-
siuli, agznebadi ( `naivuri~, utrirebuli xa-
siaTis mqone kompoziciebSi). erT SemTxvevaSi
is literaturul-prozaulia, poeturi, meo-
reSi _ cocxali da mgznebare.
mxatvari gvesaubreba siyvarulze da gvi-
ziarebs Tavis xedvas _ siyvaruli aris nazi,
daxvewili da, amave dros, mZafri da Tavisu-
134
fali, Tumca orive SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva xa-
siaTis TamaSis elementebiTaa gajerebuli.
mxatvris pozicia mkveTradaa gamoxatuli.
aseTive Sinagani energiiT, dinamikiTa da
eqspresiiT aris savse `satiri~ (sur. 4). gu-
randa daufaravi siTamamiT axasiaTebs per-
sonaJis arss. satirebi _ tyis mcire RvTae-
bebi _ xom dionises amalis mxleblebi arian.
suraTis daTvalierebisas momagonda rusi
mecnieris a. losevis Taviseburi etimolo-
gia am berZnuli sityvisa _ `iRriWeba mTeli
piriT~2. satirebi ar TanaugrZnoben xalxs.
maT ainteresebT mxolod nadiroba, Rvino
da tyis nimfebi _ qalebi, agreTve _ musika
(garToba); isini zarmacebi da TavaSvebulebi
arian. miTologiaSi satirebi bunebisa da ada-
mianis uxeS sawyiss ganasaxiereben.
gurandas satiri mTlianad Seesatyvise-
ba am tradiciul saxes. amave dros, igi Zalian
mamakacuria, Zlieri. mxatvari igavur-mxatv-
ruli formiT avlens zogadad mamakacur saw-
yiss. `satiris~ kompozicia rTulia. figura
spiralurad aris agebuli, igi mkveTr moZra-
2
А. Лосев, Мифология греков и римлян, М., 1996, gv. 159.
obaSia, erT mxares motrialebuli TaviT da
sapirispirod mimarTuli kidurebiT. Zlieri
xeli, Savisa da TeTris Suq-Crdilovani Ta-
maSi moZraobis gancdas iZleva da monumenta-
lizmiT aris gamsWvaluli.
literaturul Temazea Sesrulebuli
`adamiani didi frTebiT~ (sur. 5). is gabriel
garsia markesis imave saxelwodebis moTx-
robis Temazea Seqmnili.
kompozicia ornawiliania _ `angelo-
zi~ da `saqaTme~ (rac siuJetiT aris nakar-
naxevi). es aris markesis tipuri nawarmoebi,
dawerili `magiuri realizmis~ stilSi. mwe-
rali aerTianebs yoveldRiurobas da fan-
tastikis elementebs, TiTqos Slis zRvars
realobasa da magias Soris.
angelozi (rogorc markesTan), beberi
mamakacis saxiT, gaputuli frTebiT aris ga-
mosaxuli. Cans, miwaze daSvebisas igi talax-
Si Cavardnila da saqaTmeSi gadauyvaniaT.
Sav ferSi mocemuli angelozis figura
TeTri frTebiT, Cvens warmosaxvaSi warmog-
viCens adamianebis codvebisagan damZimebul,
ukiduresad daRlil, siqagamoclil, Tavis
frTebze Camokidebul asakovan kacs, rome-
lic kacobriobis mier Cadenil codvaTa sim-
ravlesTanaa gaigivebuli. Cveni Rrma rwmeniT,
namuSevarSi adamianTa codvebis filoso-
fiur aRqmas vawydebiT (literaturul nawar-
moebSic, nawilobriv es azricaa gatarebuli).
individualuria da ganumeorebeli Tavi-
si tipaJebiTa da xasiaTiT `saqaTme~ (sur. 6).
aq metaforuli saxiT gadmocemulia adamian-
Ta cxovreba da maTi Sinagani buneba. dRevan-
del dRes, Cvens realobaSi, samwuxarod, siy-
varulis nacvlad adamianTa Soris SuRlisa
da mtrobis gaRviveba, qiSpoba, sakuTari Ta-
vis warmoCenaze fiqri Cndeba. Cven varsebobT
erT sivrceSi, erT `saxlSi~, magram erTma-
neTis ar gvesmis da nebismier indaurs Tavi
farSevangi hgonia.
am kompoziciaSi didi tkivilic ikiT-
xeba da ironiac. calke aRebuli frinveli
sakmaod sasacilod gamoiyureba. es mxatv-
ris damokidebulebaa Tanamedrove sazoga-
doebisadmi, misi politikuri Sefaseba. eqs-

presiulobis gancdas amZafrebs feradova-
ni Sexameba _ wiTeli, lurji, iasamnisferi.
merkantiluri, gulqva adamianebi, romelnic
saqaTmeSi ketaven `saswauls~, ar imsaxureben
am `saswauls~. amitom sabolood, angelozi
isev tovebs miwas da ubrundeba zecas, sa-
dac mudmivoba da samarTlianoba sufevs. es
gafrTxilebaa _ adamianebi, civilizacia,
romlebic cxovroben siyvarulis, TanagrZ-
nobis, sulierebis poeziis gareSe ganadgu-
rebisaken arian mimarTulni.
adamianis saxis gadmocemaSi Semoqmedi
gaurbis dakonkretebas, iZleva mis zogad
xats, gurandas yvela tipaJi Zalze saxasi-
aToa da mkveTrad individualuri Tavisi Si-
nagani dinamikiTa da sulieri mdgomareobiT.
aseTia misi don kixoti da sanCo pansac _
ornawiliani kompozicia, romelic samyaros
mudmiv Temas gamoxatavs (sur. 7-8). da mas mra-
valma xelovanma miuZRvna Tavisi namuSevari.
Tavdapirvelad daixata `sanCo pansa guberna-
tori~. kompozicia orfiguriania _ sanCo sa-
xedarzea gadamjdari. kaci, romelic yovelT-
vis iyo uqoneli da ubiri, uceb Secvlili _
Tamami da gabRenZili warmogvidga _ guberna-
tor sanCo pansas saxeze TviTkmayofileba da
TviTdajerebuloba aweria. gacilebiT ufro
mimzidvelia da metyveli viris gamosaxuleba.
pirutyvi morCilad dgas. am ori saxis kont-
rastzea dasmuli ZiriTadi aqcenti. viris da-
mwuxrebuli Tvalebi moaswavebs, rom igi dai-
Rala am uazro tvirTis tarebiT. personaJi
Zalze tragikulia da, Cveni azriT, saxea im
samyarosi, sadac usamarTloba mefobs. sanCos
saxiT, rogorc aRniSnavs xelovnebaTmcodne
dali lebaniZe, `Tanamedrove mxatvarma Seqmna
saxe, romelic mas Zalian awuxebda. igi aRmo-
cenda cxovrebis realuri dinebidan, xorci
Seisxa, rogorc konceptualurma obieqtma~3...
SiSveli, ubadruki, sawyali don kixoti
ki absoluturad daucvelia. am namuSevarma
momagona bertold brextis esTetika da misi
sturuaseuli interpretacia. samyaro, ro-
3
d. lebaniZe, sanCo pansa _ gubernatori, ARS
GEORGIKA, eleqtronuli Jurnali, seria B, axali da
Tanamedrove xelovneba, 2013 w.
mariana oklei
melSic yvelaferi erTmaneTSia areuli. sad
aris samarTali, WeSmariteba, vin ganagebs
Cvens cxovrebas? yvelaferi Zalauflebis
mqone adamianebis neba-survilzea dafuZne-
buli. Cven mudmiv farsSi vimyofebiT.
sanCo TiTqos ramdenime saxes aerTianebs.
mxatvari mas xan sam-meoTxedSi, xan profilSi
gvaCvenebs. aqve axali saxis nawilic ikveTeba.
es efeqti qudisa da bumbulebis ganawilebiT
miiReba da rCeba STabeWdileba, rom erTi gmi-
ris ramdenime saxes vxedavT. gana es ar aris
orpirobiT savse Tanamedrove samyaro, sadac,
xSirad, adamianis mravlsaxeobas vawydebiT.
amitom es personaJebi CemTvis droisa
da sivrcis gareSe arseboben, es mudmivobaa,
romelic batonobs dedamiwaze. am ori gmiris
dapirispireba saxviTi formiTac aris gadmo-
cemuli. sanCo sqelia da tlanqi, don kixoti
ki dematerializebulia, sifrifana, TiTqmis
sibrtyobrivi. metyveli, farTod gaxelili,
mrgvali Tvalebi dabneulad, gakvirvebulad,
ususurad gviyurebs; mas erTi nabijiRa aklia
135
daviwyebis samyaroSi gadasasvlelad.
suraTSi mkafodaa naCvenebi mxatvris
gancda da pozicia. mis mier problemis Tavi-
seburi da Rrma xedva _ misi survilia _ Se-
vaCeroT Cveni sulebis vardna, ar davTmoT
WeSmariti faseulobebi, raTa ar aRmovCndeT
katastrofis winaSe. es misi organuli damo-
kidebulebaa, `simboluri~ eniT naTqvami.
rogorc vxedavT, mxatvari axdens sa-
myaros da masSi mimdinare procesebis Rrma
analizs. yvelafer amas sakuTar emociur
Seferilobas aZlevs. maTi erTianobis Sede-
gia Rrmad filosofiur-fsiqologiuri na-
muSevrebi, romlebic mayureblis Tanaganc-
das, mis aqtiur Tanamonawileobas iwvevs.
Semoqmedis Sinagani SegrZnebebi yvela
namuSevarSi ikiTxeba. zogan is xmamaRla mog-
viwodebs _ SevCerdeT da gadavxedoT Cvens
cxovrebas, davfiqrdeT, egeb kidev ramis
Secvlas movaswrebT, sanam sabolood ar wag-
vleka qaosma da aurzaurma da ar mospo Cveni
isedac damaxinjebuli suliereba. zogan ki
is ufro Cumad, mSvidad mogviTxrobs Tavis
cxovrebiseul warmosaxvaze.
 mariana oklei

kompoziciaSi `gemebi~ (sur. 9) is TiTqos MARIANA OAKLEY

adamianTa cxovrebis etapebs asaxavs. dia- G. Chubinashvili National Research Centre for Georgian
gonalze agebul suraTSi pirvel planze Cans Art History and Heritage Preservation
naxevrad dangreuli gemi CamoSlili afriT.
is cxovrebis bolo etaps aRniSnavs, Ruza sa-
bolood aris CaSvebuli, aRar viciT ra mog- T H E A R T I ST I C W O R L D
velis momavalSi. O F G U R A N D A KL I B A D Z E
meore, gemi SuaSi ufro mxned gamoiyure-
Su m m ary
ba. is jer kidev Sua wyalSia, cxovrebiseul
gzas mihyveba. mesame ki _ patara, amayad af-
The individual handwriting and vision of Guranda
rialebuli afrebiT, mxolod gadis did wy-
Klibadze creates an absolutely unique universe.
alSi da mxned, momavlis imediT, zRvis siRr-
Her works combine concrete, visible forms and
misaken miemarTeba.
signs.
metaforuli Txroba, asociaciuri sim-
They also have monumentalism and lyricism, a
boluri azrovneba aqac Rrma SinaarsiTa da
kind of irony and pain. This is a large, expressive life
fsiqologiurobiT gamoirCeva.
with its contradictionsand protests, that is filled with
kompoziciurad namuSevari sadaa, yo-
velgvari TxrobiTi detalebis gareSe. for- love and feelings at the same time.
ma lakoniuria, zogadi, ostaturad Sesru- The artist conveys her attitudes and beliefs to-
lebuli, mZime struqturulobis gamovle- wards life’s current processes analytically, emotionally
niT. naxati sivrculia. and persuasively; She makes us her partners in thought.
mkafiod individualuri xelwerisa da Her art, with its in-depth layers and unrivaled
136

xedvis mqone mxatvarma _ guranda qlibaZem craftsmanship, have a great impression on visitors, that
Tavisi originaluri SemoqmedebiTi samyaro raise discussions and a broad spectrum of views.
Seqmna. es aris masStaburi, gamomsaxvelobi-
Ti samyaro, romelic cxovrebiseul winaaRm-
degobsac gviTvalsaCinoebs; igi maT mimarT
protestsac gadmogvcems.
mxatvari analiturad, emociurad da
damajereblad, mxatvrul-saxviTi saSuale-
bebiT gadmoscems Tavis damokidebulebas
cxovrebaSi mimdinare procesebisadmi; maT
Taobaze igi sakuTar Sexedulebebs gvizi-
arebs da Tavisi nafiqralis Tanamoziaredac
gvxdis. misi xelovneba Tavisi siRrmiseuli
plastebiT da Sesrulebis ostatobiT did
STabeWdilebas axdens mnaxvelze da namuSev-
rebis gacnobis Semdgom bevr rameze dagva-
fiqrebs.
gurandas araerTi Canafiqri gansjisa da
Cafiqrebis farTo speqtrs warmoSobs. uda-
od, kidev mravaljer mogvixdeba msjeloba
mis namuSevrebze da SemoqmedebiT poziciaze.
 mariana oklei

1. guranda qlibaZe. adami da eva

A dam an d E ve

2. guranda qlibaZe. erotikuli scena

G u ran da Kl ib adze. E rot ic Scen e

137

3. guranda qlibaZe. samoTxis xe

G u ran da Kl ib adze. T ree of H eave n
 mariana oklei

4. guranda qlibaZe. satiri

G u ran da Kl ib adze. Sat yr
138

5. guranda qlibaZe.
adamiani didi frTebiT
G u ran da Kl ib adze.
A M an w it h E n orm ou s W in gs

6. guranda qlibaZe. saqaTme

G u ran da Kl ib adze. H en - coop
 mariana oklei

7-8. guranda qlibaZe. don kixoti da sanCo pansa

G u ran da Kl ib adze. D on Q u ixot e an d San cho Pan za

139

9. guranda qlibaZe. gemebi G u ran da Kl ib adze. Ship s

 Tamar SavguliZe
ap. quTaTelaZis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo
samxatvro akademia
Tanamedrove qarTuli sajaro
sivrcis Taviseburebebi da
qarTuli monumenturi
qandakebis funqciebi
i. habermasiseul klasifikaciaSi, saqarTve-
lo, rogorc post-sabWoTa sivrcesa da kapi-
talistur samyaros Soris moqceuli tranzi-
tuli „kulturteritoria“, dRemde, albaT, im
etapze moiazreba, roca sociumi ver ganasxva-
vebs saxelmwifoebrivsa da sakuTars, piradsa
da sajaros; Sesabamisad, mwyobrad formire-
buli Rirebulebrivi sistemis formatSi ver
axerxebs rogorc kritikul TviTrefleqsias,
ise sazogadoebrivi azris formirebas.
bunebrivia, rom aseTi sociumis TviTor-
140
ganizeba simboloebisa da statusebis garSemo
xdeba, rac drosa da sivrceSi sakuTari Tavis
moniSvnis mcdelobas warmoadgens. sivrceSi
sociumis kulturuli da saidentifikacio
markirebis yvelaze naTel magaliTad ki sajaro
sivrceSi gamotanili xelovneba gvevlineba, vi-
naidan sajaro sivrcis xelovneba im vizualur
sistemaTagan erT-erTia, romlis meSveobiTac
kultura Tavis Tavs aRwers da Seimecnebs.
ukanaskneli 50 wlis manZilze Tbilisis
sajaro sivrceSi deklarirebuli xelovneba vi-
zualur formebSi aRadgens da Tanadroulad
asaxavs qarTvel erSi mimdinare Rirebulebrivi
sqemebisa Tu eTnoistoriuli narativis formi-
rebis procesebs. aucileblad aRsaniSnavia, rom
saqarTveloSi da, kerZod, TbilisSic, sajaro
sivrcis xelovnebis erT-erT umTavres formad
bolo aTwleulebamde qandakeba moiazreboda.
imisTvis, rom gamovavlinoT Cvens so-
ciumSi mimdinare procesebi da maT aspeqtSi
wavikiTxoT qarTuli sajaro sivrcis speci-
fika, Sesabamisad, qarTuli monumenturi qan-
dakebis funqcia, upriani iqneba mimovixiloT
qarTvelTa mier gamomuSavebuli identobis
maformirebeli aspeqtebi.
ucxoeli mkvlevarebi qarTuli nacio-
nalizmis da identobis formirebis mTavar
etapad mecxramete saukunes miiCneven, vinai-
dan swored am dros ilia WavWavaZis cnobil
triadaSi „ena, mamuli, sarwmunoeba“ gacxad-
deba nacionaluri identobis dasavluri sa-
myarosTvis gasagebi postulati, romelic
mogvianebiT Cveni erisTvis uryev formulad
gadaiqceva da, misi meSveobiT, qarTveli dro-
Si da sivrceSi sakuTari erovnuli parametre-
bis moniSvnas meoce saukuneSic ki SesZlebs.
dasavleli mkvlevarebisTvis Sua saukee-
bis qarTuli identoba myarad iyo dakavSire-
buli identobis religiur tipTan, amitom,
mecxramete saukunes isini qarTvelTa erov-
nuli formirebis mTavar saetapo epoqad miiC-
neven. Tu qarTul saxviT xelovnebaze aviRebT
orientacias, maSin j.r. gilisis mosazreba mar-
Tebulia, vinaidan saxviT xelovnebaSi nacion-
aluri identobis sakiTxi am droisaTvis jer
ar dgas (xatwera, monumenturi ferwera, Wedu-
roba). saerTod saxviTi xelovneba, meoce sau-
kunemde saqarTveloSi, nacionaluri idento-
bis sakiTxs, cxadia, gamoTiSulia, _ qarTuli
identobis parametrebis formirebisas mTeli
datvirTva istoriografiasa da literatu-
raze modis. viziareb ra l. patariZis mosazre-
bebs qarTuli identobis formirebis Sesaxeb,
teqstSi daverydrnobi mis ramdenime debule-
bas, kerZod: Cveni istoriografia mefe farna-
vazis saxis Seqmnisas ukve gamohyofs ramdeni-
me mTavar aspeqts, ramac yvelas TvalSi unda
moaxdinos misi, rogorc qarTlis mcxovrebTa
_ am konkretuli erTobis mmarTvelad legi-
timacia. mis mier SemosazRvruli teritoria,
ena, damwerloba da religia. samive atributi,
ucvlelad gadmoaqvs istorikoss pirveli
qristiani mefis, mirianis saxis qmnadobisas,
rodesac igi mogviTxrobs mirianze, rogorc
axali religiis mimReb da damamkvidrebel
(wminda nino da qristianobis gavrceleba),
qarTuli enis mimReb (mirianma daiviwya ena
sparsuli da iswavla ena qarTuli) da samefo
dinastiis maRiarebel (farnavazis saflavis
Semkoba) mefeze. aqedan moyolebuli, rogorc
l. patariZe aRniSnavs, Cveni istoriografia

bolomde darCa mefobis institutis erT-
gul, samefo saxlis oficialuri poziciis
gamomxatvel disciplinad, romelmac qarTu-
li saxelmfoebriobis garants, mefes mianiWa
eris TviTdadginebis yvela umniSvnelovanesi
parametri: ena, religia da samefo dinastia
(rac meryevi teritoriuli erTeulis _ ma-
mulis uryevi virtualuri eqvivalenti iyo
saukuneebis maZilze _ T.S.). amieridan saxel-
mwifoebrivi gancdiT formirebuli qarTuli
identoba permanentulad saxelmwifoebrio-
bis farglebis mozomvasa da dadgenaSia. qris-
tianobis miRebis Semdegac, aRniSnuli para-
metrebi mefis ucvlel atributikad Cans, rac
kidev ufro gamyarebulia misi qristianuli
mrwamsiT da RvTaebrivi inspiraciiT. mecxra-
mete saukunemde Cveni identobis parametrebi
mexuTe saukuneSi dadgenil farglebSi rCeba.
mecxramete saukunidan qarTuli idento-
bis parametrebi icvleba, vinaidan, meoce sau-
kunis CaTvliT, istoriulma da socialurma
movlenebma qarTveli eris TviTgancdaSi dama-
tebiT ramdenime parametris gaCena ganapiroba,
rac aseve mocemuli aqvs amerikel mkvlevars
r.j. sans: a) mCagvrelis fenomeni, romelic ru-
seTis politikas ukavSirdeba b) kulturuli
mtris xatis formireba, rac mecxramete-meoce
saukuneebis mijnaze saqarTveloSi mcxovreb,
Cvens kulturaSi ucxos statusiT damkvidre-
bul somexTa poziciiT iyo gapirobebuli da g)
sakuTari Tavis msxverplad moazreba, rogorc
am procesis logikuri nawili.
migvaCnia, rom mocemuli parametrebi kidev
ufro gamyarda da problematuri gaxda saqarT-
veloSi bolSevikuri xelisuflebis damyarebis
da saqarTvelos sabWoTa kavSiris respubli-
kad gadaqcevis Semdeg. sabWoTa xelisfuleba
TiTqos sagangebod amkveTrebda da aRrmavebda
Cvens kulturul travmebs imiT, rom TviTon
rCeboda mCagvrelis poziciaze, xSirad iyeneb-
da somxur kulturas Cveni kulturis Casana-
cvleblad da xelovnurad axdenda am ori eris
urTierTdapirispirebis eskalacias.
bolo ori saukunis manZilze miviReT
mCagvrelis, ucxosa da msxverplis modeli,
romelmac saboloo jamSi Zalian gaamkveTra
Tamar SavguliZe
Cvens cnobierebaSi da kulturaSi gacxadebu-
li diqotomia _ Cven da sxva! mogonebad aqcia
manamde gamomuSavebul qarTul mesianizmSi,
saxelmwifoebrivobis gancdasa da eris rCeu-
lobaSi (Tamar mefis meoTxe hipostasad mo-
azreba rad Rirs) gacxadebuli Cveni idento-
ba, da misi ucvleli formiT dacvis mcdar da
mudmiv reJimSi gadagviyvana. wesiT, dinamiku-
rad ganaxlebadi identobis aseTma hermeti-
zaciam da ucvlelobam, cxadia, droTa ganmav-
lobaSi mas konteqsti daukarga da migviyvana
iqamde, rom dRes cneba _ qarTuli TviTmyo-
fadoba, qarTvelTa umravlesobisTvis ufro
da ufro rTulad gasagebi gaxada.
TumcaRa, meoce saukunis „perestroikis“
Semdgom devalvirebul identobamde iyo 1960-
iani wlebi. zemoT ilustrirebulma proce-
sebma, meoce saukunis meore naxevrisTvis erSi
bunebrivad gamoiwvia survili kvlav moeniSna
sakuTari, eTnikuri da erovnuli kulturis
sazRvrebi. aman xeli Seuwyo e.w. eTno-narati-
vis gaCenas, romlis gamomuSavebac, amjerad,
141
Tavis Tavze ara mxolod literaturam itvir-
Ta _ pirvelad am procesSi aqtiurad CaerTo
qarTuli vizualuri xelovnebac.
qarTuli sajaro sivrcis vizualuri xe-
lovneba pirvelad gaxda eris nacionaluri
identobis formirebis procesis monawile. ma-
namde es fuqcia saqarTveloSi, rogorc ukve
aRiniSna, literaturis da istoriografiis
prerogativas warmoadgenda.
meoce saukunis 50-iani wlebidan moyole-
buli qarTveli moqandakeebi qarTuli da qar-
Tuli sabWoTa kulturis qmnadobis proce-
sis aqtiuri monawileebi gaxdnen. swored maT
mier Seqmnil qandakebas ukavSirdeba saxviT
xelovnebaSi eTno-kulturuli identobis vi-
zualur formaSi transformirebis procesi,
romelic, rogorc produqti, sajaro sivrce-
Si ganxorcielda.
sabWoTa xalxebis saerTo Rirebulebrivi
velis Sesaqmnelad dadgmuli revolucioner-
Ta qandakebebi an sabWoTa kavSirSi Semavali
xalxebis saerTo istoriuli warsulis simbo-
loebi _ obeliskebi nel-nela Caanacvla an
maTze meti sasicocxlo sivrce moipova qarT-
 Tamar SavguliZe
veli eris istoriis amsaxvelma qandakebam.
Tbilisis sivrceSi am qandakebebis gaCena
1960-ian wlebSi, nikita xruSCovis dros, daS-
vebuli e.w. „ottepelis“ Sedegi iyo: „partia-
sac ki ar ZaluZs myari dapirebis mocema, isic
bolos nacias ubrundeba, radgan mas xanmokle
revoluciuri istoria aqvs, nacias ki SeuZlia
iamayos Soreuli waruliT“. partia yvelas
mxolod ideologiiT da koleqtivizaciiT
aerTianebda, ramac, cxadia, amowura Tavi da
didi xniT ver gadafara am fsevdo ideologiis
qveS Zaladobrivad gaerTianebuli naciebis
umTavresi miswrafeba _ „naciam ara marto
unda iamayos Tavisi diadi warsuliT... aramed
unda amoicnos kidec es didebuli warsuli,
wmindanebisa da gmirebis oqros xana“. saqarT-
veloSi, n. xruSCovis mmarTvelobis periodSi,
cxadia, ara partiis nebis winaarmdeg, aramed
misive waxalisebiT, swored gmirebis xanis aq-
tivizacia moxda, rac ase naTlad aCvena saja-
ro sivrceSi dadgmulma qarTulma qandakebam.
meoce saukunis Sua xanebSi saqarTvelo-
142
Si swored urbanulma qandakebam moaxerxa sa-
bWoTa imperiaSi mcxovrebi, saerTo sabWoTa,
_ unificirebul Rirebulebriv sistemaSi
moqceul qarTvelTa erovnuli paradigmis
garSemo konsolidacia. am procesSi qarTuli
ferwerac aqtiuri Tanamonawile da Tanamoaz-
re iyo (mag., e.w. eTnografiuli naturmortebi
(b. berZeniSvili), qarTuli soflis yofa (r.
javriSvili) da sxv). Tumca, urbanuli qanda-
kebisgan gansxvavebiT, sayovelTao wvdoma mas
naklebi hqonda.
swored am konteqstma ganapiroba is, rom
qarTveli moqandakeebi qarTul eTnokul-
turul sivrceSi gaTamaSebuli misteriebis,
miTebis, legendebisa da folkloris asaxvas
Seecadnen da amiT, manamde usistemod mimo-
fantuli Rirebulebrivi marginaliebi mi-
Tologemebad („vaxtang gorgasali“) (sur. 2)
da ideologemebad („qarTlis deda“) (sur. 1),
im imijebad aqcies, riTic Cveni saarsebo da
saazrovno sivrce Seavses. qarTveli eris da
qarTuli kulturis miTologizirebuli is-
toriis sivrcul-moculobiT narativSi gans-
xeulebiT qarTvelma moqandakeebma Tbilisis
toponimSi Semoitanes da „daamagres“ mTeli
saqarTvelo _ maT verbalurad gacxadebuli
qarTvelTa miTologemebi da ideologemebi
qarTuli sivrcis vizualur-moculobiT sim-
boloebad aqcies.
swored zemoT moxmobilma Ziebebma gan-
sazRvra, is, rom qarTulma, sajaro sivrceSi
aRmarTulma qandakebam, rogorc kulturis
artefaqtma, xelaxla gadaanawila kulturis
„teritoriebi“ qveyanaSi da sabWoTa kultu-
ris pirobebSi kvlav moniSna igi, rogorc sa-
erTo qarTuli sivrce, moaxdina yvela im pa-
rametris vizualurad gacxadeba da aqtuali-
zireba, rac iTvleba kidec qarTvelad yofnis,
qarTuli identobis qonis sawindrad _ ena,
mefe, istoriuli gmirebi da samefo dinastia
(romelic, Tavis mxriv, qveynis, teritoriebis
simboloa).
Cveni identobis istoriam da misi uwy-
vetobis aRdgenis survilma meoce saukunis
moqadankeebi 1950-60-ian wlebSi „aiZula“ vi-
zualur formaSi gadmoetanaT qarTveli eris
istoria da literatura, is, ramac Seqmna da
Seinaxa Cveni idenetoba. aRniSnulis maga-
liTs elguja amaSukelis ramdenime qandakeba
warmoadgens, romelSic moqandake erTgvari
plastikuri qronotopis gamomuSavebamde mi-
vida. kerZod, Seqmna monumentebi, romlebSic
cxadad Cans, Tu rogor xdeba droiT katego-
riaSi (literatura) ganfenili da sivrcobriv
kategoriaSi (qandakeba) moazrebuli koor-
dinatebis erT wertilSi Tavmoyra. aseTi ti-
pis vizualur-naratuli da verbalur-nara-
tuli teqstebis zRvarzea Seqmnili skulptu-
rebi: „deda-ena“ (sur. 3), „vefxi da moyme“. Tbi-
lisSi aRmarTuli `deda enis~ Zeglis aRqmisas
cxadia, plastikuri narativia wamyvani, magram
triumfaluri TaRis msgavsi, modernizebuli
kolonebis Sida nawilSi CarTuli literatu-
ruli teqsti, skulpturis azrobrivi aqcen-
tebis literaturuli dazusteba an misi gan-
martebiTi nawilia. aseTive xerxs mimarTavs
moqandake „vefxi da moyme“-Si, sadac skulp-
turuli teqstis qvemoT misi literaturuli
invarianti ikiTxeba. faqtobrivad, amaSukeli-
seuli qandakebebi Tbilisisa Tu sxva qarTuli

qalaqebis urbanul teqstSi CarTuli plasti-
kuri teqstebia, romelTa meSveobiTac iqmneba
qarTuli kulturis teqstebisa da identobis
skulpturuli konotaciebi.
aRniSnuli tendenciebi 1950-iani wle-
bidan TiTqmis 2003 wlamde aqtualuri iyo.
marTalia, procesma bolo wlebSi ufro da
ufro tendenciuri xasiaTi SeiZina, magram ar
Seuwyvitavs arseboba. kvlav e. smiTis citatas
Tu daveyrdnobiT, _ „naciam ara marto unda
iamayos Tavisi diadi warsuliT... aramed unda
amoicnos kidec es didebuli warsuli, wmin-
danebisa da gmirebis oqros xana“ _ vnaxavT,
rom monumentur qandakebaSi gansxeulebu-
li gmirebis oqros xana, romelic 1950-60-ian
wlebSi naciisTvis sakuTari Tavis xelaxla
amocnobis saSualeba iyo, meoce saukunis 90-
iani wlebis istoriuli movlenebis da „pere-
stroikis“ Semdeg dasasruls miuaxlovda da
daiwyo wmindanTa monumenturi qandakebebis
aRmarTvis meore talRa. rac, samarTlianoba
iTxovs, aRiniSnos, rom Tavisi mniSvnelo-
biT da gavleniT bevrad Camouvardeboda e.w.
„gmirebis xanas“. metic, Zalian xelovnuri da
azrsmoklebuli Canda. 1996 wlidan dRemde qa-
laqSi dadgmuli am tipis monumentebi, kerZod
z. wereTlis „wminda nino“ an 2006 wels dadg-
muli imave skulptoris „wminda giorgi“ (sur.
4). orive qandakeba, inarCunebs ra sabWoTa es-
TetikisTvis damaxasiaTebel saxviT niSnebs,
kerZod monumenturobis xarjze sivrceze
prevalirebis survils, is fsevdomonumente-
bia, romelTa arseboba sivrceSi moCvenebiTad
amyarebs qristianuli kulturis poziciebs,
amovardnilia realuri kulturuli proce-
sebidan da ufro fantomebia, vidre ideamata-
rebeli monumentebi. am ramdenime magaliTzec
Cans, rom qarTuli urbanuli qandakeba, reli-
giur Temebze orientirebisas, maT Zvel, ukve
aprobirebul saxviT formebs uZebnis, magram
cxadia ver axerxebs maTi religiuri arsiT
datvirTvas, ris Sedegadac viRebT religiur
formaSi ganxorcielebul sruliad arareli-
giuri konteqstis mqone, profanul xelovne-
bas, romelic aramcTu veRar axerxebs sajaro
sivrceSi qarTuli identobis religiuri gan-
Tamar SavguliZe
zomilebis gaSlas, aramed Tavad aris „kiCuro-
biT“ damZimebuli.
2003 wlidan dRemde, saqarTveloSi saja-
ro sivrcis politika radikalurad Seicvala.
sabWoTa epoqaSi saerTo qarTul sivrced mo-
niSnuli teritoriis decentralizacia daiw-
yo, qarTvelTa mier monumentur qandakebaSi
moniSnuli diskursi, romelic erSi ganamtki-
cebda sakuTari istoriis da kulturis domi-
nanturobis gancdas, ucbad fantomebad iqca.
mTeli aqcenti daisva ramdenime tipis axal
Zeglebze, ufro swored, qandakebaze. kidev
ufro swori iqneba Tu davakonkretebT da maT
sivrceSi ganxorcielebul plastikiur for-
mebs vuwodebT:
pirveli tipis Zglebi 2003 wels xeli-
suflebaSi mosuli axali politikuri Zalis
simbolur da vizualur sayrden niSnebs war-
moadgens, magaliTisTvis, „wminda giorgis“
Zegli, „promeTes“ Zegli. meore tipis Zeglebi
ki socialuri mexsierebiT, eTno-istoriuli
narativiT damZimebul da misiT gapirobebul,
143
erovnuli orientirebis simZimisa da erTgva-
ri imperatiuli JReradobisgan aTavisufle-
ben sajaro sivrces. arbileben da acxroben
qarTuli istorizmis paTetikur JReradobas
sivrceSi. am rigis qandakebebs ganekuTvneba n.
baraTaSvilis xidze „moqalaqeebis“ skulptu-
ruli jgufi (moq. gia jafariZe, 2006) (sur. 7,
8), SoTa rusTavelis gamzirze dadgmuli mci-
re figurebi (moq. l. bujiaSvili, 2010), n. ba-
raTaSvilis quCis Tbiliseli „mefarne“ (moq.
i. wulaZe, 2004) (sur. 5), „axali talRa“ (moq. i.
wulaZe) (sur. 9), „velosipedi“ (moq. J. diupi,
2011) (sur. 10) da sxva. mesame tips ki ganekuTv-
neba axali politikuri diskursis mqone, „po-
litkoreqtuli“ Zeglebi. Tuki ruseTis im-
periis Semosvlas Tan mohyva mefisnacval vo-
roncovis Zeglis aRmarTva TbilisSi, maSin, am
logikiT, iolad aixsneba a. monaseliZis mier
2011 wels Seqmnili ronald reiganis figuris
gaCena dedaqalaqSi (sur. 6).
TbilisSi, gnebavT, saqarTvelos sxva qa-
laqebSi (quTaisi, baTumi, siRnaRi) zemoT
aRniSnuli, sxvadasxvagvari kulturebis da
procesebis citatebiviT Tavmoyrili Zeglebi
 Tamar SavguliZe
nel-nela Slian, marTalia, metismetad ide-
ologizirebul, magram monokulturul si-
vrces, romelsac Tavisi funqcia unda Seesru-
lebina qarTvelTa mier sakuTari Tavis, erTi
kulturis garSemo konsolidirebul erad
gaazrebaSi.
dRevandeli Tbilisis sajaro sivrceSi
ukanaskneli wlebia mesame fenad, sxvadasxva
saxelovnebo aqciebis meSveobiT, aqtiurad
Semodis da Tavis damkvidrebas cdilobs das-
avleTis qalaqebSi ukve didi xnis win gaCeni-
li sajaro xelovnebis forma, romelic arse-
biTad gansxvavebuli filosofiis mqone saja-
ro sivrceSia SesaZlebeli.
dasavluri sajaro xelovnebis sakomu-
nikacio ena Zaldautanebelia. misi ganxor-
cielebisTvis aucilebeli sajaro sivrce ki
ufro met stiqiurobasa da spontanurobas
iTxovs. am sivrceSi ganxorcielebuli nebis-
mieri saxelovnebo aqcia droebiTia, rac um-
Tavresia, vinaidan sivrceSi xangrZlivad pro-
ecirebuli nebismieri idea ideologiad qce-
144
vis saSiSroebas iZens. sajaro sivrcis xelov-
neba dasavleTSi sociumzea orientirebuli,
iseTi Rirebulebrivi sayrdenebis an proble-
matikis win wamowevaze, romelic liberalur
sazogadoebaSia Camoyalibebuli.
dRevandeli Tbilisis sajaro sivrcis
formirebis umTavres problemad gvesaxeba
dasavluri kulturis, rogorc kargad gaaz-
rebuli sistemisa da erovnuli, ufro metad
refleqsirebadi, vidre sistemuri, ufro
metad ideologizirebuli, vidre gacnobie-
rebuli kulturis erT sajaro sivrceSi
Tanxvedra. es Tanxvedra problemuria im-
denad, ramdenadac sajaro sivrceSi dekla-
rirebuli xelovnebis orive forma, rogorc
qarTuli, ise dasavlur kulturaTa adeptebi,
urTierTsapirispiro funqciis matarebelia
da maTi rbili integracia an transformacia
rTulia (Tu ar vityviT, rom, ubralod, SeuZ-
lebeli). dasavluri sajaro sivrce poli-
gonia xelovnebis meSveobiT sakuTar Tavze
kritikulad morefleqsire sociumisTvis,
orientirebulia sociumis gamoxatvasa da ara
mis Seqmnaze, sociumis an arsebuli sistemebis
kritikaze da ara eris gandidebaze, xolo misi
ZiriTadi samotivacio baza demokratiuli
kulturaa. maSin, rodesac adgilobrivi, qar-
Tuli sajaro sivrce da xelovneba masSi, sru-
liad marTvadia da:
• xels uwyobs postsabWoTa sivrceSi
formirebuli politikuri reJimebis ganmtki-
cebas da ar distancirdeba maTgan.
• axdens sivrcis fsevdo demokratiza-
cias, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom demokratiu-
li sivrce xelovnurad da zemodan qvemoT wa-
mosuli iniciativiT yalibdeba (am ukanasknel
wlebSi Cvens qalaqebSi dadgmuli qandakebebis
nimuSebi).
• asaxavs Cveni sociumis winaSe arsebul
realur gamowvevas _ Cvens kulturaSi jer ar
dasrulebula sakuTari Tavis, rogorc eris
da ara rogorc sociumis maidentificirebe-
li orientirebis Ziebis procesi.
dRevandel TbilisSi, erTi mxriv, aris is-
toriul-memoriuli monumenturi qandakebis
mZlavri fena, romelic dRes ukve veRar ewere-
ba Tanamedrove qalaqis ritmSi, ver ewinaaRm-
degeba Rirebulebrivi veqtorebis rTul
kombinaciebs da, Sesabamisad, sajaro Rirebu-
lebis Semcveli azrisgan icleba. meore mxriv,
aqtiurad deklarirdeba sajaro sivrcis xe-
lovnebis rogorc calkeuli gamovlinebebi,
ise art-aqciebi, romelTa problematikisa da,
Sesabamisad, azrobrivi datvirTvebis mimarT
Cveni kultura da sajaro sivrce ugrZnobia.
xSir SemTxvevebSi maTi vizualuri, sakomuni-
kacio ena Cveni sociumisTvis rTulad gasa-
geb niSanTa sistemas an simboloebs eyrdnoba,
romlebic ar iRebs saTaves Cvens kulturaSi
da metic, gansxvavebuli saxviTi kulturis
tradiciebze orientirebuli, Cveni sociu-
misTvis rTulad aRiqmeba rogorc xelovneba.
gveCveneba, rom Cveni Tanamedrove, saja-
ro sivrcis vizualuri xelovnebis magaliT-
ze yvelaze naTlad Cans, rom SeuZlebelia
iyos gaazrebuli mimReoba axali saxelovnebo
formebisa maSin, rodesac bunebrivad ar aris
dasrulebuli ganvlili sulieri da vizualu-
ri memkvidreobis, rogorc misi produqtis,
gaazrebis procesi. aseve, Tanamedrove qarTu-
 Tamar SavguliZe

li sajaro sivrcis xelovneba cxadyofs, rom TAMAR SHAVGULIDZE

dasavluri kulturis parametrebis mqone so- Ap. Kutateladze Tbilisi State Academy of Art
ciumad formireba da Semdeg sajaro sivrceSi
artis meSveobiT sakuTari Tavis deklarireba
SeuZlebelia, Tu sociumis ukan mdgomma erma A B O U T SO M E A SPE C T S
ar gansazRvra sakuTari adgili da mniSvne- O F C O N T E M PO R A R Y G E O R G I A N
loba. Cvens Tanamedrove sociumSi xelovneba PU B L I C SPA C E A N D A B O U T
ideamatareblis rols veRar asrulebs vinai- T H E F U N C T I O N SO F G E O R G I A N
dan, amJamad, sajaro sivrceSi deklarirebu- M O N U M E N T A L SC U L PT U R E I N I T
li xelovnebis swored funqcionalur cvlas-
Tan gvaqvs saqme. Su m m ary
vfiqrobT, Tanamedrove qarTuli sajaro
sivrcis da masSi deklarirebuli xelovnebis, In contemporary Tbilisi, a powerful layer of historical
ufro metad ukve qandakebis, zedapirulobis, and memorial sculptures are presented on the one hand,
spontanurobisa da miuReblobis qvakuTxedi that are out of the city rhythm, that cannot resist compli-
swored Zveli kulturis da identobis ufunq- cated vectors of different values and as a result they lack
ciobis auRiareblobaSi, axali identobisa da publicly valuable meanings. On the other hand, in con-
kulturis vergamomuSavebaSi da, Sedegad, ax- temporary Georgian public space, art-actions and pub-
liT Canacvlebis meqanikurobaSia. lic art are actively declared. Georgian culture is rarely
sensitive to such a kind of Western ways of thinking and
acting in public space. Frequently, their communicative
and visual language is based on signs that do not take

145
place from our culture and, moreover, can be hardly un-
derstandable for Georgians as art.
We consider that, with the example of our con-
temporary public art, is best revealed the impossibility
of accepting new art forms at the time. Especially now,
when the nation has not yet finished the rethinking pro-
cess of spiritual experience. Contemporary art in Geor-
gian public space can serve as evidence that it is impos-
sible to become a Western-values oriented society, and
moreover, have a critical reflection on yourself through
art in public space, if the nation that stands behind so-
ciety won’t clarify its own place and mission. For our
contemporary society, art in public space is meaning-
less due to the shifting process of visual arts’ functions
in Georgia.
We consider that in contemporary public space,
Georgian monumental sculptures’ superficial and spon-
taneous character, as well as their unreceptiveness, lies
on rejecting the fact that old Georgian culture and old
forms of our national identity have already exhausted
their potentiality, that we have not worked out new
forms of identity and culture, and, because of those as-
pects, new culture replaces ours mechanically.
 Tamar SavguliZe

1. elguja amaSukeli.
qarTlis deda, 1958-1995 w.
E l gu j a A m ashu kel i. M ot her of Kart l i,
1958 - 1995
146

2. elguja amaSukeli. vaxtang gorgasali, 1967 w.

E l gu j a A m ashu kel i. V akht an g G orgas al i, 1967
 Tamar SavguliZe

4. zurab wereTeli.
wminda giorgi, 2006 w.
Z u rab T seret el i. St . G eorgi e, 2006

3. elguja amaSukeli. codnis zari, 1983 w.

E l gu j a A m ashu kel i. T he B el l s of Kn ow l edge , 1983

147

5. irakli wulaZe. Tbiliseli

mefarne, 2004 w.
I rakl i T su l adze. T he L an t ern M aker
f rom T b il isi, 2004
 Tamar SavguliZe

6. avTandil monaseliZe. ronald reigani, 2011 w.

A vt an dil M on asel idze. R on al d R eigan , 2011
148

7. gia jafariZe. moqalaqeebi, 2006 w. 8. gia jafariZe. moqalaqeebi, 2006 w.

G ia Jap aridze. T he C it izen s, 2006 G ia Jap aridze. T he C it izen s, 2006
 Tamar SavguliZe

9. irakli wulaZe. axali talRa, 2009 w.

I rakl i T su l adze. T he N ew W ave , 2009

149

10. Jan diupi. fluqsusi, neo-dada, 2011 w.

Je an D u p u y . F l u xu s. N eo- D ada, 2011
 xaTuna xabuliani
ap. quTaTelaZis sax. Tbilisis
saxelmwifo samxatvro akademia
Tanamedrove xelovnebisa da
namuSevris xarisxis Sesaxeb
II nawili
xelovnebis dasasrulis koncefti
Tanamedrove xelovnebis mkvlevarTa Soris
gavrcelebuli mosazrebiT, xelovnebis nimu-
Sebis Rirebulebaze maT irgvliv ganviTare-
buli diskursis xarisxi da mravalSrianoba
mowmobs. Sesabamisad, uyuradRebod ver dav-
tovebT vizualuri xelovnebis interpreta-
ciaTa sakiTxs, romelic dReisTvis inter-
disciplinarul mocemulobaSi viTardeba.
`ACADEMIA~#2-Si gamoqveynebuli statiis
150
pirvel nawilSi1 e.w. postistoriuli xelov-
nebis maxasiaTeblebis mimoxilvisas naxsenebi
iyo artur dantos `xelovnebis dasasrulis~
Tezisi, romelic imsaxurebs ufro detalur
ganxilvas. postmodernistuli xelovnebis
filosofiur interpretaciaTa mimoxilvisas
ver gamovtovebT mis ramdenime mniSvnelovan
mosazrebas, miT ufro, roca misi naSromebi
meoce saukunis miwurulis xelovnebis feno-
menologiur gaazrebas moicavs da amasTan ga-
saTvaliswinebelia TviT avtoris xangrZlivi
praqtikac art kritikis sferoSi –is wlebis
manZilze iyo The Nation –is art kritikosi, Jur-
nalebis _ Naked Punch Review-isa da Artforum–is
damxmare redaqtori. 1999 wels daweril eseSi
`hegelis Tezisi xelovnebis dasasrulis Sesa-
xeb~ danto ganixilavs hegelis cnobil for-
mulirebas xelovnebis dasasrulis Temaze:
`xelovneba Tavisi umaRlesi daniSnulebiT
CvenTvis aris da rCeba warsulis sagnad, rad-
gan man CvenTvis dakarga utyuari WeSmariteba
da sicocxle da ufro metad Cvens ideebSi ga-
1
x. xabuliani, Tanamedrove xelovnebisa da namuSev-
ris xarisxis Sesaxeb, ACADEMIA #2, 2011.
dainacvla nacvlad imisa, rom SeenarCunebina
realobisaTvis misi adrindeli aucilebloba
da daekavebina misi aRmatebuli adgili~2.
danto ambobs, rom am SemTxvevaSi hege-
lis Tezisi ra Tqma unda, Sesabamisia misi xe-
lovnebis filosofiis struqturisaTvis da
naklebad exeba Tavisi drois xelovnebas da
ufro metad mimarTulia sxva filosofosTa
naazrevze xelovnebis Sesaxeb, vidre TviTon
xelovnebaze. misi azriT hegeli xelovne-
baze ar saubrobda obieqturi sulis farg-
lebSi, roca xelovnebis dasasrulis Tezisi
Semoitana, romelic ganacxadia xelovnebis
`umaRlesi daniSnulebis~ mimarT – `xelovne-
bis universaluri saWiroeba. aris adamianis
racionaluri moTxovnileba Sinagani da gare
samyaro aamaRlos mis sulier cnobierebamde
rogorc obieqti, sadac is kvlav sakuTar Tvi-
Tobas Seicnobs~3.(Targm.x.xabuliani) is aseve
ganixilavs haidegeris mosazrebas winasity-
vaobidan naSromisaTvis `xelovnebis nimuSis
warmoSoba~, sadac hegelis TezisTan mimar-
TebaSi naTqvamia, rom iq ar iyo uaryofili is
SesaZlebloba, rom gagrZeldeboda xelovne-
bis nimuSebis Seqmna da axali mimdinareobe-
bis warmoSoba, magram rCeboda kiTxva: `..aris
xelovneba kvlav arsebiTi da aucilebeli
meTodi, romelSic Cveni istoriuli arsebo-
bisTvis aucilebeli WeSmariteba vlindeba,
Tu xelovneba aRar aris amgvari xasiaTisa?~4
dantos azriT haidegeri miuxedavad ar-
tistuli revoluciis saukunisa, mainc mc-
darad Tvlida, rom jer kidev adre iyo xe-
lovnebis dasasrulze laparaki, xolo hege-
lis TezisSi saerTod ar iyo laparaki xelov-
nebis momavalze, aramed is ufro xelovnebas-
2
„Art, considered in its highest vocation, is and remains for
us a thing of the past. Thereby it has lost for us genuine truth
and life, and has rather been transferred into our ideas instead
of maintaining its earlier necessity in reality and occupying
its higher place.“ Hegel’s Aesthetics: Lectures on Fine Arts.
Translated by T. M. Knox. Oxford; 1975
3
„The universal need for art…is man’s rational need to lift the
inner and outer world into his spiritual consciousness as an
object in which he recognizes again his own self.“ Ibid.
4
`.. is art still an essential and necessary way in which truth
that is decisive for our historical existence happens, or is art
no longer of this character?“Martin Heidegger.The Origin of
the Work of Art.

Tan Cvens urTierTobas ganixilavda, vidre
Tavad xelovnebas, radgan es Tezisi exebo-
da adamianebs, romelTa ganviTareba TviT-
gacnobierebaSi imas udrida, rom xelovnebis
mimarT aRarasdros iqneboda iseTi damoki-
debuleba, rogoric Cvens winaprebs hqondaT,
roca xelovnebaSi sulieri moTxovnilebebis
dakmayofilebas xedavdnen da rom CvenTvis
xelovneba ufro inteleqtualuri gansjis
obieqtia `ara im mizniT, rom kvlav xelovne-
ba SevqmnaT, aramed imisTvis, rom gavigoT ras
niSnavs xelovneba filosofiurad.~5
anu, dantos TqmiT, `xelovneba dReisTvis
aris Seswavlisa da filosofiuri analizis
obieqti, magram calke aRar akmayofilebs su-
lis siRrmiseul moTxovnilebebs. Cven mowme-
ni gavxdiT xelovnebis gadamwifebisa~ 6.
postmodernistuli xelovnebis niSnebisa
da misi `dasasrulis~ sakiTxs danto ganixila-
vs im cvlilebebTan mimarTebaSi, rac xelovne-
baSi moxda meoce saukunis dasawyisSi. aq pir-
vel rigSi igulisxmeba modernistuli xelov-
nebis revoluciuri ganacxadi tradiciasTan
kavSiris gawyvetisa da `axali~ xelovnebis
gaCenis Sesaxeb, roca modernisti xelovanebis
radikalurad ganwyobilma nawilma tradiciu-
li xelovnebis sikvdili gamoacxada da dazgu-
ri suraTis krizisi Semdeg ukve mTeli meoce
saukunis manZilze gansjis Temad aqcia. aq ga-
mokveTilia gansxvaveba xelovnebis sikvdilis
modernistul versiasa, (roca `xelovnebis
sikvdilis~ aRmniSvneli posterebi gamoCnda
1920 wels berlinSi dadas pirvel saerTaSor-
iso gamofenaze) da mis sakuTar versias Soris
xelovnebis dasasrulis Sesaxeb (sur.1).
saukunis dasawyisSi naTqvami `xelovneba
mokvda~ misi azriT politikuri deklaracia
iyo, xolo dantos sakuTari versia ki sruli-
ad ar iyo ideologiuri xasiaTisa: `is faqtiu-
rad kontrideologiuri iyo, romelSic war-
modgenili iyo mandatismqone yvela ideolo-
5
`..and that not for the purpose of creating art again, but for
knowing philosophically what art is~.
6
„Art is now an object for study and philosophical analysis, but it
no longer satisfies, by itself alone, the deepest needs of the spirit.
We have outgrown art, so to speak.“ Arthur C. Danto. HEGEL’S
END­OF ART THESIS, 1999.
xaTuna xabuliani
giis dasasruli, romlebic Tvlidnen, rom
fesvebi hqondaT gadgmuli an istoriaSi an xe-
lovnebis filosofiaSi... Cemi azriT, xelov-
nebam Tavisi identobis filosofiur arss
miaRwia, rac daaxloebiT mecxramete sauku-
nis bolos dawyebuli epikuri Zieba iyo, ro-
melic sakiTxis daxurvamde mivida~7. dantos
mosazrebiT, is master narativi, romelmac
gansazRvra tradiciuli da Semdeg ki moder-
nistuli xelovneba dasrulda da ara marto
dasrulda, aramed Tanamedrove xelovnebaSi
sruliad gamoiricxa master narativebis ar-
seboba, romelnic mis prezentacias moaxdend-
nen. anu, es aris xelovneba `post istoriul~
droSi, sadac ar aris `akrZaluli~ raime saxis
forma, mxatvruli gamoxatva da romelsac
axasiaTebs `Rrma pluralizmi da totaluri
tolerantoba.~ artur danto Tavis kriti-
kul ganxilvaSi xSirad aqcents akeTebs kle-
ment grinbergis msjelobisTvis saxasiaTo
sworxazovnebaze modernistuli xelovnebis
gansazRvrisas, sadac SeiZleba romelime sa-
151
xis artistuli praqtika sruliad blokire-
buli da gamoricxuli iyo, roca magaliTad,
grinbergi siurrealizms saerTod ar Tvlida
modernizmisTvis Rirebul mimdinareobad da
xazgasmulad aRiarebda mxolod abstraqci-
as, rogorc istoriul garduvalobas. dan-
tosTvis mniSvnelovania imis gansazRvra, Tu
ra kritikuli principebi SeiZleba muSaobdes
narativebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi da is-
toriulad rogor gaxda SesaZlebeli iseTi
xelovnebis arseboba, rogorc magaliTad, mis
mier sakmaod xSirad moxseniebuli endi uor-
holis `brillo box~-ia, an devid ridis instala-
cia, romlis fotoc misi wignis – `After the End
of Art~ 8 garekanzea gamosaxuli, sadac sastum-
ros oTaxis interieria video namuSevriT mo-
nitorze da reminiscenciiT hiCkokis filmze
7
«..in fact, it was counterideological, in that it imagined the end
of all mandated idiologies that believed themselves grounded in
either the history or the philosophy of art. …My thought was
that art came to an end when it achieved aphilosophical sense of
its own identity, which meant that a epic quest, beginning some
time in better part of the 19th century, had achieved closure.
Arthur C. Danto. Art After the End of Art, ARTFORUM, XXXI,
#8, 1993, p. 62-70; p 64 (Targm. x. xabuliani).
8
Arthur C. Danto, After the End of Art, Princeton, 1997.
 xaTuna xabuliani
`Tavbrusxveva~ (sur.2). amgvari struqturis
mxatvruli namuSevrebis arseboba sruliad
warmoudgeneli iqneboda wina epoqebSi, iseve
rogorc dReisTvis adgili ar iqneba warsul-
Si aRiarebuli mxatvrebis im ostatobisTvis,
romliTac isini Tavis droze fasdebodnen.
anu, dRes romc iyos iseTi mxatvari, vinc Ta-
visi ostatobiT piero dela franCeskas, rem-
brandts, vermeers da a.S. gautoldeboda, misi
namuSevrebi mxolod garkveuli konceftis
farglebSi iqneboda Rirebuli, romelic ra-
tificirebul apropriaciis elements moi-
cavs, garkveul mimarTebas Tu miniSnebas wina
epoqebis mxatvrul gamocdilebaze.
master narativSi danto gulisxmobs
tradiciuli da modernistuli xelovnebis
narativebs, romelTa dasasrulic niSnavs
dReisTvis arsebuli specifikuri xasiaTis
contemporary art –is mocemulobas. tradicias
dasavluri xelovnebisaTvis, pirvel rigSi,
warmoadgenda akademiuri mxatvrobis sko-
la, romelic antikuri nimuSebis renesansu-
152
li interpretaciis Sedegad Camoyalibda da
mSvenierebisa da idealis cnebebis irgvliv
viTardeboda.
narativebis dasawyisad ki renesansuli
diskursis ganmsazRvreli jorjo vazaris
narativia nagulisxmebi, romelSic pirve-
lad moxda mxatvrobis, rogorc damoukide-
beli profesiis legitimacia da mxatvrobis
mTavari miznis gansazRvrac. mTavar mizanSi
aq, pirvel rigSi, iseTi ostatoba igulisx-
meboda, romelsac humanisturi idealebiT
gajerebuli realobis iluzia unda Seeqmna.
jorjo vazari amgvarad aRwerda gadmocemiT
gagebul ambavsa da sakuTar STabeWdilebas
leonardos ostatobaze: `..leonardom Seqm-
na madonas gamosaxuleba, romelic Semdgom-
Si papi klemente VII–is kuTvnileba iyo, aRma-
tebuli xarisxisa, sadac gamosaxul mraval
saganTa Soris iyo wyliT savse doqi ramde-
nime yvaviliT, sadac, rom aRaraferi vTq-
vaT saocar msgavsebaze namdvilTan, ise iyo
gamosaxuli wyliT daorTqlili zedapiri,
rom is moCanda rogorc cocxalze cocxali.
Tavisi axlo megobris antonio saniasTvis
man furcelze daxata neptuni da es naxati
ise gulmodgined iyo Sesrulebuli, rom ga-
mosaxuleba sruliad cocxali Canda...~ 9 (sur.
3). materialuri samyaros iluziis ostatu-
rad Seqmna, `cocxalze cocxali~ gamsaxu-
leba iyo mTavari mizani renesansuli epoqis
mxatvrisTvis. mxatvrobis interesma idealis
modelze agebuli `cocxali~ gamosaxulebi-
dan uSualod cxovrebiseul realizmze ga-
danacvleba daiwyo romantizmis farglebSi,
romelSic modernistuli xelovnebis sawyi-
sebi vlindeba, rogorc kaTolikur–protes-
tantuli konfliqtisa da ganmanaTleblobis
Sedegi, roca mxatvrobaSi mniSvnelovani ga-
xda mxatvris emociebis, iracionaluri gan-
cdebis eqspresiuli gamoxatva da mxatvroba
ukve aRar iyo gaigivebuli eklesiis an samefo
dakveTasTan. es iyo erTgvari `dasasrulis
dasawyisi,~ roca mxatvrobam TiTqmis dakarga
mTavari damkveTi, romelic manamde TavisTa-
vad igulisxmeboda da ixsneboda axali sivr-
ce, sadac mxatvrobis arsebiTi gaazreba dad-
geboda dRis wesrigSi da mxatvars TviTon
unda SeeTavazebina sazogadoebisaTvis Tavad
mxatvrobis axali modeli.
miSel fuko 1971 wels tunisSi wakiTxul
leqciaSi manes Sesaxeb pirvel modernistad
eduard manes asaxelebs imis gamo, rom mis na-
muSevrebSi iluziis Seqmnis survili aRar
aris da suraTi xazgasmulad `daxatulia.~aq
ar aris perspeqtivis kanonebiT agebuli ilu-
zoruli sivrce: ` pirvelad dasavlur xelov-
nebaSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, aRorZinebis peri-
odidan, kvatroCentos droidan, manem pirve-
lad gamoiyena es meTodi da moqmedeba daiwyo
Tavisi suraTis SigniT, imis SigniT, rasac es
suraTebi gamoxatavdnen zedapiris (razec is
9
«Далее Леонардо сделал изображение Мадонны, принадле-
жавшее впоследствии папе Клименту VII, превосходное по
качеству, причем среди разного рода изображенных предметов
он написал наполненный водой графин с несколькими цветами
в нем, изобразив, не говоря уже о чудесном правдоподобии,
так отпотевание воды на поверхности, что она казалась
живее живого. Для Антонио Сеньи закадычного своего друга,
нарисовал он на листе Нептуна, и рисунок был сделан с такой
тщательностью, что изображение казалось совсем живым.“
Джорджо Вазари, Жизнеописания наиболее знаменитых
живописцев, ваятелей и зодчих, М., 2008, Tavi 132.

xatavda) materialur TvisebebTan erTad..~10.
anu mimesisis saukunovani istoriis Semdeg,
roca ferweris amocana bunebis imitacia iyo,
manem daiwyo epoqa, sadac miiswrafvodnen
eCvenebinaT TviTon uSualod ferwera. magram
manes damsaxureba mxolod es ar iyo, fuko aqve
ambobs, rom manem xelaxla gamoigona `sura-
Ti–obieqti, suraTi rogorc materialuroba,
suraTi, romelic raRac ferebiTaa dafaruli
da mis win an irgvliv moZraobs mayurebeli~11.
suraTi–obieqti iyo is axali mocemulo-
ba, romelmac xelovnebisa da misi aRmqmelis
urTierTobis axali modeli gansazRvra. is
aRar iyo Wvretisa da esTetikuri tkbobis
obieqti, romlis aRqma–gaazreba garkveul
distanciaze xdeboda, suraTi–obieqti ufro
aqtiursa da xangrZliv interaqcias iTxovda
da TviTonac amJRavnebda survils `CarCodan
gadmosuliyo~. manes SemTxvevaSi am saxasi-
aTo niSans fuko aRwers rogorc `mayureblis
adgilisamyofelis amoqmedebas suraTis mi-
marT~ da ganixilavs manes tilos `bari foli–
berJerSi~ (sur. 4), sadac gansakuTrebiT
rTulad aRsaweri komunikacia mimdinareobs
mayurebelTan da gamosaxulebis aRqmaSi is
faqtoric monawileobs Tu sad `varaudobs~
mayurebels TviTon suraTi an misi personaJi.
suraTi–obieqti manesTan ukve moaswa-
vebda vizualuri xelovnebis ganviTarebis
sruliad gansxvavebul gzaze gadasvlas, rac
ukve meoce saukunis dasawyisSi aseve radika-
luri formiT gamoCnda formatSi, romelsac
redimeidi ewoda da modernistul xelovne-
baSi revoluciis simbolo gaxda, xolo redi-
meidis pop artistulma versiam ki zustad is
gardatexis momenti daaafiqsira, rasac dan-
to `xelovnebis dasasruls~ uwodebs. es Tema
10
„Мане первым в западном искусстве, по крайней мере со
времён Возрождения, со времён кватроченто, применил и
задействовал, так сказать, внутри своих картин, внутри того,
что они изображали, материальные качества поверхности,
на которой он писал.“ Фуко Mишель, Живопись Мане,С-Пб.,
2011, gv. 21.
11
„..Мане заново изобретает (а может быть, изобретает
впервые?) картину-объект, картину как материальность,
картину как нечто раскрашенное, то, что освещается
внешним светом и перед чем или вокруг чегоможет ходить
зритель.“Ibid
xaTuna xabuliani
ganxilulia hans beltingis naSromSi, romel-
sac dantos wignis daaxloebiT msgavsi saTau-
ri aqvs, da masSic aseve `dasasruli~ figu-
rirebs – `xelovnebis istoriis dasasruli?~
(„The end of history of art?“). saTaurSive gamota-
nili sityva _ `dasasruli~ xelovnebis isto-
riis – narativebis dasasrulze miuTiTebs,
maSin roca danto uSualod teqstSi ganixila-
vs, Tu ras gulisxmobs xelovnebis dasasru-
lis konceftSi. hans beltingis mosazrebiT
`xelovnebis~filosofiuri konceftis dasas-
ruliT aRiniSneba `namuSevris~ hermenevtiku-
li koncefti. problema ki maSin Cndeba, roca
esTetikuri gamocdileba, romelic arse-
biTad winamecnieruli gamocdilebaa, – cxad-
deba mecnieruli kvlevis obieqtad. amgvari
problemebi saTaves warsulidan, esTetikisa
da hermenevtikis wiaRidan iRebs. mas Semdeg,
rac absoluturi esTetika aRar aris Tanmim-
devruli/logikuri, idealuri mSvenierebis
Tema icvleba xelovnebis calkeuli nimuSis
TemiT, romelic sakuTar Tavs xelaxla agebs,
153
rogorc mecnieruli kvlevis sagans~12.
redimeidi da xelovneba filosofiis Semdeg
xelovnebaSi mimesisis batonobis das-
ruleba da suraTi–obieqtis epoqis dasawyi-
si konceptualuri xelovnebis dasawyissac
niSnavda, Tumca konkretuli mimdinareoba
am saxeliT 1960–ian wlebis bolos gamoCnda
da rasakvirvelia, redimeidis gamocdile-
basac aRiarebda da iTvaliswinebda. marsel
diuSanis yvelaze popularuli redimeidi
– `Sadrevani~ (1917) vizualuri xelovnebis,
rogorc disciplinis axleburi gansazRv-
ra iyo da is mkafiod gaemijna tradiciul
mxatvrobaSi ukiduresad mniSvnelovan `xe-
losnur~ nawils _ xatva–ferweris teqnikiT
TviTgamoxatvas. amasTan es gamijvna ar iyo
modernisti xelovanebis mxridan tadiciu-
li xelovnebis sawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli
Cveulebrivi protesti, romelic xelovnebis
sikvdilis deklarirebaSi gamoixateboda da
12
H. Belting, The End of the History of Art?, Chicago, 1987,
gv.20.
 xaTuna xabuliani
momavals utopiur konstruqciebsa da axali
teqnologiebis ganviTarebSi xedavda. es iyo
alternatiuli forma, romelmac xelovnebis
sakiTxis xelaxali gansazRvris aucileblo-
ba aCvena. redimeidis agebis struqtura sru-
liad gansxvavebulia tradiciuli xelov-
nebis keTebisagan, romelic boris groisis
sityvebiT ara–xelovnebisagan imiT gansxva-
vdeba, rom xeliT iyo nakeTebi (τέχνη), xolo
redimeidis SemTxvevaSi xelovani ( `artisti~
da ara `mxatvari,~ romelic ufro specifiku-
ri mniSvnelobisaa) namuSevris avtori xdeba
pirvel rigSi artistuli gadawyvetilebis
xarjze, roca irCevs ama Tu im sagans da ani-
Webs mas `xelovnebis nimuSis~ statuss `nu-
lovani SemoqmedebiTi aqtis~13 safuZvelze,
romelic `realuri artutopiis“ iseTi xa-
risxis dapirebas SeiZleba gautoldes, ro-
goricaa `komunizmis dapirebad~ gamoCndes,
rogorc marqsizmis efeqturi alternati-
va; mosabezrebeli Sromidan gaTavisufleba
xdeba sagnebSi faruli artistulobis, e.i.
154
Rirebulebis arsebobis aRmoCeniT..~ Tumca,
es erTi SexedviT `gaadvilebuli~ xelova-
nis saqme arc ise martivia, radgan xangrZliv
procedurul samuSaos moiTxovs: pirvel
rigSi es aris ukve aRniSnuli `seleqcia,~
romlis Semdgom aucileblad dgeba sworad
SerCeuli prezentaciis sakiTxi ( `Sadrevnis~
SemTxvevaSi ukve `arCeul~ pisuars diuSanma
konteqsti Seucvala — saabazanodan gale-
reaSi gadaitana da amiT funqcia `daukar-
ga,~ odnav iribad dadga da fsevdo xelmowe-
rac daumata); xolo namuSevris SeqmnisTvis
drosa da sivrceSi muSaobis dasruleba ukve
sabolood xdeba dokumentaciiT, iqneba es
foto/video Tu teqstis formati, an rame
sxva tipis produqcia. konceptualuri xe-
lovnebis nimuSs tradiciuli xelovnebisgan
pirvel rigSi droisa da sivrcis kategorieb-
Tan damokidebuleba ganasxvavebs, is `Car-
Cos~ gareSe arsebobs, xazgasmulad efemeru-
lia da gamoiyureba rogorc SekiTxva Tavad
xelovnebis Sesaxeb. swored es SekiTxva_ na-
13
b.groisi, „ra aris Tanamedrove xelovneba“,
http://artgeorgia.blogspot.com
muSevari ganixileba vizualuri xelovnebis
filosofiis kategoriaSi transformaciis
dadasturebad. aqedan gamomdinare savse-
biT logikuria TviTgamoxatvisaTvis iseTi
formatebamde misvla, rogorebicaa video
arti, performansi, instalaciis xelovneba.
yvela es formati specifiuri poziciidan
ikvlevs gamosaxulebas da ar aris gamoxatu-
li myar materialur faqturaSi, is efemeru-
li da xazgasmulad warmavalia; video arti
aris mediumi, romelic gamosaxulebis vi-
deo mediumSi transformacias aRwers, per-
formansis SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs sxeulis
sazRvrebis, misi gamomsaxvelobiT SesaZleb-
lobebsa da tabus sakiTxebTan, instalacia
ki sivrcis bunebiT, misi diferenciaciiT ma-
nipulirebs.
suraTi–obieqtiTa da redimeidiT daiw-
yo im xelovnebis istoria, romlis cent-
ralur sakiTxs TviTon xelovnebis bunebis
kvleva warmoadgens. erT–erTi pirveli Teo-
riuli naSromi, romelic modernistuli xe-
lovnebis mdgomareobisa da zogadad axali
drois xelovnebis gansazRvras ecada, es vasi-
li kandinskis 1912 wels gamoqveynebuli wig-
ni iyo _ `sulierebis Sesaxeb xelovnebaSi,~
sadac avtori Tavisi drois niSnad xangrZ-
livi materialisturi periodis Semdeg `ga-
moRviZebis momentSi myof suls~ asaxelebs,
xolo xelovneba aq sulieri cxovrebis erT–
erT yvelaze Zlieri agentia, romlis `zeviT~
swrafva sakmaod rTulia da Semecnebis pro-
cess gamoxatavs. xelovnebam am gzaze unda
ipovos Tavisi dakarguli `ra,~ romelic aRar
iqneba Zveli xelovnebis ganvlili, materi-
aluri sagani. `es `ra~ aris Sinaarsi, romlis
moxelTebac mxolod xelovnebas SeuZlia da
romlis cxadi gadmocemac mxolod xelovne-
bisTvis, mxolod mis gankargulebaSi myofi
saSualebebiT aris SesaZlebeli~14. mxatvro-
baSi materialuri nawilis dominanturoba
da mis `xelosnur~ mxaresTan gamklaveba kan-
dinskis TeoriaSi SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mxatv-
robis musikasTan dakavSirebiTa da amiT misi
14
v. kandinski, sulierebis Sesaxeb xelovnebaSi, Tb.,
2013.

efemeruli xasiaTis gaZlierebiT gamovlin-
da, sadac `xelovani aris xeli, romelsac ama
Tu im klaviSis saSualebiT adamianis suli
mizanmimarTulad mohyavs vibraciaSi~15. am
miswrafebis Sedegi rasakvirvelia, abstraq-
cia iyo, sruliad materialuri masalebiT
(tilo, zeTi) agebuli efemeruli teqstu-
ra. mxatvrobis es tendencia tradiciuli
mxatvrobis iluzoruli ganzomilebisgan
saboloo gaTavisuflebis survilis garda
stimulirebuli iyo futuristebis STama-
gonebeli industriuli progresiTa da im
droisTvis SedarebiT axali vizualuri teq-
nologiebiT – fotografiiTa da kino/moZra-
vi gamosaxulebiT. tiraJirebuli gamosaxu-
lebisagan mxatvrobis ganmasxvavebel maxasi-
aTeblad valter beniaminim aseve efemeruli
cneba `aura~ daasaxela16. vizualuri xelov-
nebis iluziidan efemeraSi gadanacvleba
erTgvarad avtonomiurobis ganacxadis saw-
yis safexurs aCvenebda. klement grinbergi
Tavis cnobil eseSi `avangardi da kitCi~ mo-
denistuli xelovnebis bunebis gansazRvri-
sas ambobs, rom `arsiT poeti-avangardisti
an mxatvari-avangardisti cdilobs mibaZos
RmerTs, roca qmnis raRac iseTs, rac mxo-
lod sakuTar kategoriebSi aris dasabuTe-
buli – msgavsad imisa, roca buneba poulobs
dasabuTebas Tavisive TavSi, roca esTetiku-
rad dasabuTebuli peizaJia realuri da ara
misi gamosaxuleba~17. grinbergi aqve aRniS-
navs im orazrovnebis Sesaxeb, rac xelovne-
bis avtonomiurobaze avangardist xelovan-
Ta ganacxads axlda Tan. maT Tavidanve uari
Tqves politikasTan rame saerTo hqonodaT
da burJuaziul politikas mkveTrad gaemi-
jnen, Tumca `revoluciur-politikuri Se-
xedulebebisgan moraluri daxmarebis gare-
Se~ naklebad savaraudoa, rom maT es gambe-
daoba hyofnodaT, amasTan, `burJuaziuli
sazogadoebidan bohemaSi emigracia niSnavda
aseve kapitalisturi bazrebidan emigracia-
15
Ibid
16
B. Walter,The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical
Reproduction, 1936, Createspac, 2010.
17
C. Greenberg, `Avant-GardeandKitsch“, Partisan Review,
1939, gv. 34-49.
xaTuna xabuliani
sac, sadac mxatvrebi da mwerlebi gadasro-
lilebi iyvnen mas Semdeg, rac aristokra-
tiis mfarveloba dakarges.~
avangardi fulze iyo damokidebuli
da miuxedavad Tavisi ganacxadisa, is kvlav
Semobrunda da CamoSorda rogorc burJu-
aziul, ise revoluciur politikas. aqedan
gamomdinare, avangardma im gzis Zieba daiwyo,
romelic `kulturis ganviTarebas uzrun-
velyofda ideologiuri SfoTisa da Zala-
dobis pirobebSi~18. am gzaze meoce saukunis
60–iani wlebis bolos xelovani konceptu-
alistebis mier kvlav intensiurad daiwyo
xelovnebisa da filosofiis urTierTobis
Temis ganxilva. iozef koSuti magaliTad,
msjelobs esTetikisa da xelovnebis gancal-
kevebaze naSromSi `xelovneba filosofiis
Semdeg~19. amis aucileblobas is istoriulad
Camoyalibebuli stereotipuli damokide-
bulebidan gamomdinare xedavs. ramdenadac
warsulSi xelovnebis funqciebidan dekora-
tiuli nawili iTvleboda erT–erT mTavar
155
ganmsazRvrelad, filosofiis nebismieri
ganStoeba, romelsac Sexeba hqonda `mSvenie-
rebasa~ Tu gemovnebasTan, xelovnebasTan ka-
vSirSi ganixileboda. `am `Cvevam~ Seqmna cne-
ba, rom xelovnebasa da esTetikas Soris kon-
ceptualuri kavSiri arsebobs, rac ar aris
marTali~20. artistul mosazrebebs es idea
aqamde ar ewinaaRmdegeboda ara mxolod imi-
tom, rom am Secdomis safuZvelze grZelde-
boda xelovnebis morfologiuri maxasiaTeb-
lebi, aramed mxatvrobis sxva funqciebic ki
– religiuri Temebis gamoxatva, aristokra-
tebis portretebi, arqiteqturis detalebi
da a.S., xels uwyobda xelovnebis gadafarvas.
ramdenadac Tu obieqtebs xelovnebis kon-
teqstSi warmovadgenT, isini iseve Sesabamisi
iqnebian esTetikuri gansjisTvis, rogorc
nebismieri sxva obieqtebi samyaroSi.
Tanamedrove xelovnebis Teoriul in-
terpretaciebSi sakamaTo sakiTxi aRar aris,
18
Ibid
19
„Out of this `habit“ grew the notion that there was a concep-
tual connection between art and aesthetics, which is not true“,
J. Kosuth. Art After Philosophy, 1969, Reprinted in Peter Os-
borne, Conceptual Art: Themes and movements, London, 2002.
20
Ibid
 xaTuna xabuliani
rom xelovnebasa da esTetikas Soris koncep-
tualuri kavSiri ar aris, Tumca, konkretul
SemTxvevebSi amgvari kavSiri SeiZleba iyos
gamomdinare aseve konkretuli konteqsti-
danan citirebis SemTxvevebSi, rogorc xdeba
Tundac piter grinueis multimediur namu-
SevrebSi renesansuli Tu barokos mxatvro-
bis Temebze. mag., misi cifruli instalacia
veronezes `qorwili kanaSi~ 2009 wels vene-
ciaSi san jorjo majores eklesiis paladia-
nur arqiteqturaSi warmoadgenda 50 wuTian
process, romelic moicavda xmovan nawils,
suraTis calkeuli momentebis gadidebul
fragmentebs, miniSnebebs kompoziciis ageba-
ze, hyveboda istorias socialuri komunika-
ciebisa da kerZo saubrebis CanarTebiT. namu-
Sevari sruliad Tanamedrove dramas aCveneb-
da konkretuli renesansuli suraTis epoqisa
da istoriis gadakveTaze (sur. 5).
rac Seexeba garegnulad sapirispiro gan-
sazRvrebebs, rogoricaa artur dantos `xe-
lovnebis dasasruli~, romelic gulisxmobs
156
xelovnebis filosofiis kategoriaSi gadasv-
las da meore mxriv jozef koSutis `xelovne-
bas filosofiis Semdeg,~ maTi sakvlevi sagani
erTi da igivea, is xelovnebis funqcias exeba
da orive SemTxvevaSi cxadia vitgenStainis
`filosofiuri gamokvlevebis~ gavlena, ker-
Zod mniSvneloba–funqciis mimarTebaSi: `si-
tyva `mniSvnelobis~ moxmarebis SemTxvevaTa
didi klasisTvis (TumcaRa ara misi gamoyene-
bis yvela SemTxveveisTvis) es sityva SeiZleba
ase ganimartos: sityvis mniSvneloba aris misi
gamoyeneba enaSi~21. jozef koSuti xelovnebis
funqciis Tu bunebis gansazRvrisas im analo-
giis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac xelovnebaSi xde-
ba xelovnebis enad arsebobisas, ambobs, rom
`xelovnebis nimuSi aris erTgvari ganacxadi
warmodgenili xelovnebis konteqstSi ro-
gorc komentari xelovnebaze;~ uSvebs am gana-
cxadTa ufro Rrma versiebis warmodgenasac,
sadac xelovnebis nimuSebi analitikur ga-
nacxadebs warmoadgenen, romlebic sakuTar
konteqstSi ganxilvisas ar gvawvdian aranair
21
l. vitgenStaini, filosofiuri gamokvlevebi.,
Tb., 2003, gv. 57.
informacias romelime sakiTxis Sesaxeb, ara-
med isini xelovanis ganzraxvis prezentacias
warmoadgenen da rogorc donald jadi am-
bobs, Tu viRac ambobs, rom es aris xelovneba,
is aris kidec xelovneba22.
`romantikuli konceptualizmi~ _
konceptualuri xelovneba sabWoTa
istoriis bolo periodSi
1960-iani wlebis bolos sol liuitma
zustad gansazRvra ukve sruliad legitimi-
rebuli konceptualuri xelovnebis arsi:
`konceptualuri xelovneba iqca gamaTavi-
suflebel idead, romelic momdevno ormo-
ci wlis manZilze xelovnebis realuri sti-
mulia... konceptualur xelovnebaSi idea anu
koncefti namuSevris gansakuTrebiT mniSv-
nelovani aspeqtia: roca xelovani mimarTavs
xelovnebis konceptualur formas, es niS-
navs, rom yvelanairi dagegmva da gadawyveti-
lebebi winaswar gansazRvrulia da ganxor-
cieleba mxolod formaluri saqmea. idea iq-
ceva manqanad, romelic qmnis xelovnebas.~
amgvarad, konceptualuri xelovnebis yve-
laze popularuli ganmartebiT is niSnavs xe-
lovnebas, romelSic ganmsazRvreli ideaa da
ukana planze inacvlebs Tu ra mediumiTa da
rogori proceduriT Sedgeba am konceftis
vizualizacia. boris groisis azriT koncep-
tualuri xelovnebis ufro farTo gageba
gulisxmobs nebismier mcdelobas gaemijnos
xelovnebis nimuSebis, rogorc materialuri
obieqtebis keTebas, romlebic gankuTvnilia
Wvretisa da esTetikuri SefasebisaTvis da
gadavides im pirobebis gamovlenasa da for-
mirebaze, romlebic karnaxobs xelovnebis
nimuSebis aRqmas mayureblis mier, mxatvris
mier maTi Seqmnis proceduras, mis urTier-
Tqmedebas garemomcveli samyaros elemeteb-
Tan, maT droebiT statuss da a.S.23. aqve groi-
si saubrobs im ucnaur sityvaT-SeTanxmeba-
22
«If someone calls it art, it’s art.“Donald Judd _ Joseph Ko-
suth. Art After Philosophy, 1969, Reprinted in Peter Osborne,
Conceptual Art: Themes and movements, London, 2002.
23
Б. Гройс, Московский романтический концептуализм,
А-Я, 1979, № 1, 3-11.

ze, rogoricaa `romantikuli konceptua-
lizmi~ da romelic aq qvesaTaurad aris ga-
motanili. werili `moskovis konceptualiz-
mi~ 1979 wels daibeWda da ganixilavs im
droisTvis sabWoTa pirobebSi oficialuri
xelovnebis sapirispiro xasiaTis mxatvrul
tendencias, rogorc sruliad gansxvavebuls
inglissa da amerikaSi ganviTarebuli kon-
ceptualuri xelovnebisagan. rodesac sau-
baria Tanamedrove xelovnebis tendencieb-
ze, romlebic sabWoTa pirobebSi an am piro-
bebis dasrulebis Semdeg warmoiSva, yovelT-
vis dgeba maTi interpretacia-analizisa da
sakvlevi meTodis sakiTxi. calkeul SemTxve-
vaSi gansakuTrebul koncefciaze agebuli
meTodi Tu gamodgeba, radgan erT SemTxveva-
Si gamoyenebuli midgoma savsebiT SesaZlebe-
lia sruliad uZluri aRmoCndes sxva situ-
aciisaTvis. mocemul SemTxvevaSi groiss Se-
moaqvs misive TqmiT, sruliad warmoudgen-
eli termini rogoricaa `romantikuli kon-
ceptualizmi,~ radgan misive TqmiT, im peri-
odis moskoveli mxatvrebis erTi nawilis aq-
tivobas sxvagvarad ubralod ver gansazRv-
ravda. SeiZleba sabWoTa mxatvrebis mier
Seqmnili konceptualuri xelovneba axlos
yofiliyo dasavlursa Tu amerikul nimuSeb-
Tan, magram gansxvaveba mainc didi iyo. Tu
dasavlur-amerikul versiaSi win modioda
mecnieruli eqsperimentis eqsplicituroba,
sadac xiluli xdeboda Cveni SemecnebiTi
unaris sazRvrebi da Tvisebebi, ruseTSi jer
kidev cocxali iyo koleqtiuri sulis er-
Tianoba da mistikuri gamocdileba iseve Ta-
visTavad arsebuli iyo masSi, rogorc mec-
nieruli24. es erTgvarad ucnauri nazavi ra-
cionaluri midgomisa specifikur `lirizm-
Tan~ SesaZlebels xdida im sakmaod rTul
fenomens, rogoric konceptualuri xelov-
neba iyo sabWoTa realobis pirobebsa da re-
Jimis daSlis wlebSic. lublianis Moderna
Galerija-is iniciativiT daiwyo aRmosavleT
evropis neo-avangardist mxatvarTa 1990
wlidan Seqmnili namuSevrebis koleqciis
Segroveba. amave galereaSi misi direqtoris
24
Ibid
xaTuna xabuliani
Jdenka badovinaCis iniciativiT, 2007 wels
moewyo konferencia aRmosavleT evropis
konceptualuri xelovnebis Temaze, sadac
ganixileboda aRmosavleT evropis koncep-
tualuri xelovnebis istoriis gansazRvris
saWiroeba, maSin rodesac dasavleT evropu-
li da amerikuli versia ukve sistematizire-
buli iyo. aq iyo msjeloba imaze Tu ras niS-
navda realurad es termini aRniSnul geo-
grafiul nawilSi da msgavsi gamocdilebis
mqone ruseTsa Tu laTinur amerikaSi im so-
ciopolitikuri konteqstis analiziT, ro-
melmac es fenomeni warmoSva. ra Tqma unda, aq
unda ganexilaT termini `konceptualuri xe-
lovneba~ misi fundamenturi mniSvnelobiT
_ im cnebebis farglebSi, romlebSic is gani-
xileboda dasavlur TeoriebSi da rogori
formulireba xdeboda gansxvavebul sivr-
ceebSi. erT-erT mTavar niSnad dasaxelda
gansxvaveba individualizmsa da koleqti-
vizms Soris, romelic gansakuTrebiT gamo-
kveTili dasavleTsa da aRmosvaleTs Soris
157
civi omis dros iyo. lublianis konferen-
ciis mizani zustad im meTodologiis gan-
sazRvra iyo, romliTac gasagebi gaxdeboda
aRmosavleT evropis konceptualuri xelov-
neba diskursiuli sistemis ganviTarebiTa
Tu saWiro meTodologiis artikulirebiT25.
gamomsvlelTa Soris boris groisic iyo, ro-
melic bunebrivia, kvlav daubrunda mosko-
vis konceptualizmis Temas, romelic ruse-
Tis did qalaqebSi mniSvnelovan movlenad
iqca stalinis sikvdilis Semdeg aRmocene-
bul erTgvar neo-modernistul scenaze da
detalurad ganmarta `romantikuli koncep-
tualizmis~ miseuli gansazRvreba. aRniSnul
periodSi mravali artisti iqca sajaro per-
sonad, romlebic erTgvar romantiul rwme-
nas atarebdnen xelovnebis Zalis, artistu-
li individualobasa da subieqturobasTan
mimarTebaSi, roca `didwilad imeorebdnen
rusul modernistul xelovnebasa Tu meoce
saukunis dasavlur xelovnebas. aq problema
iyo daSoreba ganacxadsa da faqts Soris,
25
Conceptual Art and Eastern Europe: Part I, e­flux journal #40
С december, 2012.
 xaTuna xabuliani
roca amavdroulad neo-modernistuli gana-
cxadebi ukve moZvelebulad gamoiyurebo-
da... moskovis konceptualuri wre ar miisw-
rafvoda oficialuri xelovnebis kritiku-
li refleqsiisadmi- oficialuri xelovneba
ukve warsuli iyo da aRar Seadgenda disku-
siis sagans. ufro metic, is ikvlevda erTg-
var van gogis kompleqss: paradgimatuli xe-
lovanis figuras, rogorc mebrZoli da tan-
juli individisa~ 26. groisis azriT aq gada-
mwyveti gavlena franguli struqturaliz-
midan ufro modioda, vidre ingliseli ling-
vistebisagan da rusuli formalizmisgan,
sadac yvelaferi cneba da ena iyo, moZravi
sistemis SigniT. araferi iyo wmindad indivi-
dualuri da subieqturi; da adamianebic iq-
ceodnen sakuTari warmodgenebis mixedviT
sakiTxze, Tu ras niSnavda yofiliyavi kon-
ceptualuri xelovani. isini Seudgnen tra-
diciuli neo-modernistuli, neo-romatiu-
li artistuli ganacxadebis kritikas. aq iyo
erTgvari analogi 1960-iani wlebis dasav-
158
lur moZraobebTan, magaliTad, rogoric iyo
konceptualizmi xelovneba&ena kriteriu-
mebiT. ra Tqma unda, es garkveul konteqst-
Tan mimarTebaSi iyo marTali. iseve rogorc
marsel brotersisa da hans haakes rogorc
konceptualuri artistebis SemTxvevaSi
institucionaluri kritikisa da subieqtu-
robis kritikis `pirvel safexurze.~ Semdgom
msjelobaSi naTqvamia, rom isini am paradig-
maSi jdebodnen mxolod bundovani azriT:
xelovnebisa da socialuri pirobebis gaaz-
rebiT lingvisturi qmedebebis analogiu-
rad; kritikuli, TiTqmis cinikuri argumen-
tebis gamoyenebiT; da TavianT artistul
praqtikaSi oficialuri `maRali~ kulturis
uaryofiT. groisis daskvniT 1960-1970-iani
wlebis zogierTi rusi artisti Sesabamisi
iyo am ZiriTadi paradigmisa da Teoriuli
CarCosTvis konceptualur Tu naxevrad
-konceptualur xelovnebaSi moqmedebis
strategiisas. miuxedavad yvelafrisa es xe-
lovneba SeiZleboda gangvexila rogorc
26
Ibid
konceptualuri. garda amisa, mniSvnelovani
maxasiaTebeli iyo am periodisTvis cenzu-
ris ukve erTgvarad `formaluri~ xasiaTi
Tundac stalinis represiul drosTan Seda-
rebiT. marTalia, rom araoficialuri xe-
lovneba izolirebuli iyo im TvalsazrisiT,
rom ar ifineboda da ar qveyndeboda, magram
yvelam icoda artisti-disidentebis Sesaxeb,
romelTa SemTxvevaSi akrZalva erTgvari
reklamis rolsac asrulebda: `xalxi yidu-
lobda maT namuSevrebs da midioda maT stu-
diebSi. magaliTad, Tu mixvidodiT kabakovis
studiaSi, iq mTel politikur bomonds na-
xavdiT, politbiuros wevrebis colebisa da
qaliSvilebis CaTvliT. Tu 1960 da 1970 wle-
bis araoficialur scenis SigniT moxvdebo-
diT, iseTi grZnoba gqondaT, rom es yvelgan
iyo~27. Tumca, sajaro debatebi, rasakvirve-
lia ar arsebobda, xolo am mxatvrebis namu-
Sevrebi iyideboda da `isini erTdroulad
privilegirebuliebi iyvnen da araprivile-
girebulebic. es Zalian orazrovani situa-
cia iyo~28. konferenciaze aRiniSna, rom slo-
veniuri jgufis `OHO~-s mimarTebaSic gamo-
yenebuli iyo `romantikul konceptualizm-
Tan~ axlos mdgomi termini _ `transcenden-
turi konceptualizmi~. zogadad termini
`konceptualizmis~ etimologiis gaazre-
bisTvis amave konferenciis monawile Carlz
harisonma terminis gansmazRvreli gamoyene-
ba sol levitis mier 1967 wels gamoqveyne-
bul werilSi dainaxa saTauriT `paragrafebi
konceptualur xelovnebaze~ da mniSvnelo-
vani iyo is konteqstic, sadac es teqsti dai-
beWda. es iyo Jurnali „ARTFORUM,“ _ hari-
sonis TqmiT `modernistuli biblia,~ rom-
lis mocemul zafxulis nomerSi sol levi-
tis xsenebuli teqstis garda iyo amerikuli
minimalizmis mimoxilva, pol morisonis ko-
mentari skulpturaze, robert smiTsonis na-
27
Ibid
„People bought their works and visited their ateliers. For example,
if you went to Kabakov’s studio, you could find the whole
political beau monde, the wives and daughters of the Politburo
members included. If you were inside the 1960s and 1970s
unofficial art scene, you had the feeling that it was everywhere.“
28
Ibid.

muSevari da aseve maikl fraidis ese `arti da
sagnobrioba~29, romelSic gamoCnda, rom mo-
dernistul meinstrimSi winaaRmdegoba arse-
bobda: `fraidis `arti da sagnobrioba~ iyo
mcdeloba gaemarTlebina minimalizmis Tu
`literalizmis~ mzardi nakadi da daecva
erTgvari grinbergiseuli modernizmi _ da-
fuZnebuli xarisxis, wamierobis da gamocdi-
lebis niSnebze im artis sawinaaRmdegod, ro-
melic konteqsts ganixilavda~30. cxadia, rom
konceptualuri xelovneba aRmosavleT ev-
ropasa da ruseTis art scenisgan sruliad
gansxvavebul konteqstebSi viTardeboda, _
orive SemTxvevaSi modernizmTan mimarTeba-
Si moqmedebda, romlis gamocdilebac aseve
gansxvavebuli iyo TiToeul SemTxvevaSi. sa-
bWoTa periodis kulturuli procesebis
centrs, rasakvirvelia ruseTis didi qa-
laqebi warmoadgenda, Tumca saxelovnebo aq-
tivoba yofili respublikebis dedaqalaqeb-
Sic xdeboda, romelTa analizi kidev ufro
rTuldeba lokaluri konteqstebis gaTva-
liswinebiT da kompleqsur kvlevas iTxovs.
29
M. lFried, `Art and Objecthood“, Artforum, #5, June 1967,
p. 12-23.
30
Fried’s `Art and Objecthood“ was an attempt to stem what he
saw as the incoming tide of minimalism, or `literalism“ as he
called it, and to defend a kind of Greenbergian modernism _
based on the notion of quality, instantaneity, and experience _
against art which took context into consideration. Conceptual Art
and Eastern Europe: Part I, e­flux journal #40, С december, 2012.
xaTuna xabuliani
KHATUNA KHABULIANI
Ap. Kutateladze Tbilisi State Academy of Art
A B O U T C O N T E M PO R A R Y A R T
A N D T H E Q U A L I T Y O F A R T W O R KS
Part 2
Su m m ary
In Part 2 (Part 1 was published in ACADEMIA #2.
2011) the philosophical interpretations of art and
some influential concepts are discussed, displaying the
complexity of contemporary artistic issues. One of the
most important theses about the end of artis unfolded
differently in the works by Arthur Danto and Hans
Belting, but both found their origins in Hegel’s aesthetic
judgment, namely the statement that Art, considered in
its highest vocation, is and remains for us a thing of the
past.The picture-object and the readymade defined the
history of art whose central subject became the nature
159
of art itself; and nobody opposes that there is no more
conceptual connection between art and aesthetics except
the cases when this kind of connection is presented as
a citation. The idea of the art work became the most
important aspect of art and “..it means that all the
planning and decisions are made beforehand and the
execution is a perfunctory affair. The idea becomes the
machine that makes the art” (Sol Lewitt). Conceptual
art with its Art&Language criteria was interpreted as
an art after philosophy, and its later version in Soviet
and post-Soviet arthas required special methodology as
it obtained different contents, even in cases when its
visual appearance was similar to the art produced by the
American or Western art scene.
 xaTuna xabuliani

1. dadas pirveli saerTaSoriso gamofena.

oto burCardis galerea. `xelovneba
mokvda _ gaumarjos tatlinis axal
manqanur xelovnebas~, berlini, 1920 w.
“F irst l n t ern at ion al D ada F air”. D r O t t o
160

B u rchard’ s A rt G al l ery . B erl in , 1920: “A rt is dead

—L on g l ive t he n ew m achin e art of T at l in ”

2. devid ridis instalaciis fragmenti 3. leonardo da vinCi. madona mixakiT

kadriT hiCkokis filmidan (fragmenti), 1478-1480 ww.
`Tavbrusxveva~ artur dantos wignis _ L eon ardo da V in ci. T he M adon n a of t he
A f t er t he E n d of A rt garekanze C arn at ion (F ragm en t ), 148–17 480
D av id R eed’ s “ F rag m en t of an I n st al l at ion ” w it h a
film still from Alfred Hitchcock’s “Vertigo” on the
cov er of A rt hu r C . D an t o’ s b ook: ‘ T he E n d of A rt ’
 xaTuna xabuliani

4. eduard mane. bari `foli-berJerSi~, 1882 w.

E dou ard M an et . A B ar at t he “F ol ies- B ergè re”, 1882

161

5. piter grinuei. veronezes qorwili kanaSi, multimedia instalacia,

san jorjo majore, venecia, 2009 w.
Pet er G reen aw ay . V eron ese’ s T he W eddin g at C an a, M u l t im edia I n st al l at ion ,
San G iorgi o M aggi ore, V en ice, 2009
 mzia CixraZe
giorgi CubinaSvilis sax. qarTuli xelovnebis
istoriisa da ZeglTa dacvis kvlevis
erovnuli centri
ukan istoriisken: xelovnebis
axali gza (1930-50-iani wlebis
amerikuli xelovneba) 1
amerikulma xelovnebam didi nabiji gadadga
realisturidan abstraqtuli xelovnebis-
ken, rasac xeli Seuwyo sxvadasxva socialur-
ma Tu politikur-istoriulma pirobebma da
imavdroulad, xelovnebis kritikosebisa da
Teoretikosebis mier abstraqtuli mxatv-
robis mxardaWeram.
1929 wlidan amerikis SeerTebul Stateb-
Si mZime ekonomikuri krizisis xana daiwyo.
sazogadoeba, maT Soris mxatvrebic, iZule-
162
buli iyo fizikuri gadarCenisaTvis ebrZola.
ekonomikurma siduxWirem SemoqmedTa udide-
si nawilis garkveuli politikuri ganwyoba
ganapiroba da Sesabamisad, bevrma maTganma
daiwyo fiqri arakapitalistur samyaroze,
sadac SesaZlebeli iqneboda socialurad sa-
marTliani sazogadoeba ganviTarebuliyo. am
dros amerikel mxatvarTa umravlesoba so-
cialistur ideebs aRiarebda. isini komunis-
turi ideologiiT ikvebebodnen da bevri maT-
gani komunisturi partiis wevric iyo. es Seexo
momavalSi cnobil mxatvrebsac, e.w. ameriku-
li abstraqcionizmis fuZemdeblebs, romel-
Ta Semoqmedeba figuratiuli mxatvrobidan
iRebs saTaves. 1930-ian wlebSi maTi Semoqme-
1
am statiisaTvis ganxorcielebul kvlevas nawilo-
briv mxars uWerda universitetis pedagogTa globa-
luri sagranto programa, romelic dafinansebuli
da adminstrirebulia Ria sazogadoebis institutis
mier. statiaSi gamoTqmuli azrebi ekuTvnis avtors
da uciloblad ar gamoxatavs Ria sazogadoebis in-
stitutis Sexedulebebs.
Research for this article was supported in part by the Global Fac-
ulty Grants Program, which is funded and administrated by the
Open Society Institute (OSI). The opinions expressed herein are
the author’s own and do not necessarily express the views of OSI.
deba socialuri TematikiT sazrdoobda. aR-
niSnul mxatvrTa Soris iyvnen jeqson poloki,
mark roTko, barnet niumani da sxvebi.
Tanamerdove dasavluri xelovneba gan-
manaTleblobis periodidan ganviTarebuli
istoriuli movlenebis kvaldakval Camoya-
libda. xolo XIX saukunis bolos Tanamedro-
ve xelovnebis maxasiaTeblebis formirebac
daiwyo. XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze gamoikveTa
Tanamedrove xelovnebis mravali mimarTule-
ba. modernistulma xelovnebam Tavis wiaRSi
avangardi warmoSva. Tanamedrove dasavluri
mxatvroba swrafad viTardeboda. aseTi in-
tensiuri procesebi dasavlur xelovnebaSi
1930-ian wlebamde gagrZelda, manamde, sanam
dasavluri Tanamedrove xelovnebis centri
evropidan amerikaSi gadainacvlebda. aseT
cvlilebas ki politikurma viTarebam Seuwyo
xeli _ faSizmis aCrdilis gamoCenam evropaSi
da, Semdgom, meore msoflio omis dawyebam.
rogori iyo amerikuli xelovneba 1930-ian
wlebamde? XIX saukunis daswyisSi amerikuli
xelovneba akademisturia da is adgilobrivi,
tradiciuli xelovnebisken ixreba, rasac XX
saukunis dasawyisidan evropuli modernistu-
li xelovnebis sxvadasxva mimdinareobis ele-
mentebi erwymis. im mxatvarTa Soris, romlebic
adgilobriv, tradiciul xelovnebas aviTa-
rebdnen, iyvnen jon sloani, jorj laksi, eve-
reT Sini, uiliam glekensi, jorj belou. maT
xelovnebas zogjer `adgilobriv modernizm-
sac” (Vernacular Modernism) uwodeben. 1920-1930-
ian wlebSi ki amerikul realistur mxatvroba-
Si `regionaluri stili” viTardeba, sadac Zi-
riTadad, agraruli Temebi iyo win wamoweuli.
am mxatvruli mimdinareobis warmomadgenlebi
iyvnen: Tomas benToni, jon kari da grant vudi.
isini mimarTavdnen ra agrarul Tematikas, aaq-
tiurebdnen socialur Temebs. maTTvis mniSv-
nelovani iyo XIX saukunis tradiciebTan kavSi-
ri, `naivuri” da `xalxuri” xelovneba.
1930-iani wlebidan amerikul xelovnebaSi
meqsikuri monumenturi mxatvrobis gavlena ga-
moikveTa. 1870-iani wlebis bolos, meqsikis diq-
tatoruli mmarTveloba Seicvala nacionalis-
turi mTavrobiT, romelsac porfirio diazi

xelmZRvanelobda. xolo 1920-1924 wlebSi meq-
sikis xelisuflebaSi movida alvaro obrego-
ni, romelic xelovnebas didad wyalobda. misi
da ganaTlebis ministris xose vaskonCelosis
xelSewyobiT daiwyo e.w. `meqsikuri xelovnebis
renesansi.” vaskonCeloss da diazs sjerodaT,
rom xelovnebis meSveobiT SeZlebdnen xalxis
masebis ganaTlebas. meqsikaSi gamoCdnen socia-
listuri da komunisturi ideebiT gatacebuli
mxatvrebi, maT Soris iyvnen diego maria rivera,
xose klement orozko da devid alfaro sikie-
rosi. isini Zalian male amerikel xelovanTa sa-
Tayvanebel mxatvrebad iqcnen.
meqsikeli monumentalisti mxatvrebis xe-
lovneba erovnul socialur realizms warmoad-
genda. masSi ikiTxeboda pre-espanuri xelovnebis
niSnebi. Tematurad maT namuSevrebSi adgilob-
rivi meqsikeli gmirebisa da xalxis cxovreba iyo
asaxuli. garda adgilobrivi meqsikuri mxatvru-
li tradiciisa, monumenturi kedlis mxatvroba
gazavebuli iyo italiuri renesansis, neoklasi-
cizmis, kubizmis, eqspresionizmis, postimpre-
sionizmisa Tu surealizmis niSnebiT. es mxatv-
ruli nazavi ki arsobrivad marqsisa da leninis
politikur ideologias efuZneboda.
meqsikaSi monumenturi kedlis mxatvrobis
programas saxelmwifo afinansebda. es progra-
ma 1921 wels daiwyo. manamde ki, 1919 wels rive-
ram da sikierosma meqsikuri xelovnebis soci-
aluri xelovnebis mimdinareobad Camoyalibe-
ba ganizraxes. male rivera italiaSi gaemgzavra
saswavleblad. 1921 wels is dabrunda samSob-
loSi da monumenturi mxatvrobis saxelmwifo
programaSi miiRo monawileoba. 1922 wels rive-
ra komunisturi partiis wevric gaxda.
sikierosis, riveras da orozkos (maT
`did sameulsac~ uwodebdnen) xelovneba re-
voluciuri TemebiT da realisturi stiliT
gamoirCeoda. 1930-iani wlebidan meqsikele-
bis SemoqmedebiT amerikeli mxatvrebic dain-
teresdnen. am periodSi zemoT dasaxelebuli
samive mxatvari dakveTas iRebs amerikaSi da
swored aqedan iwyeba meqsikuri monumenturi
xelovnebis gavlena amerikul mxatvrobaze.
1932 wlis oqtomberSi roqfeleris oja-
xma diego riveras roqfeleris centris ga-
mzia CixraZe
formeba daukveTa. jon roqfeleris meuRle,
ebi eldrisi xelovnebis didi moyvaruli iyo.
is niu iorkis `modern arT muzeumis” (MoMa)
erT-erTi damaarsebeli gaxldaT. ebi rive-
ras namuSevrebis koleqciasac agrovebda.
swored misi inicativiT miiwvies rivera roq-
feleris centris gasaformeblad. mas RCA-
s (amerikis radio korporacia 1988 wlamde)
Senobis foieSi cxra freska unda daexata.
riveram muSaoba 1933 wlis martSi daiwyo
da Seasrula kompozicia `kaci gzajvaredin-
ze.” freska asaxavda mSromel adamians, ro-
melic imedis TvaliT gahyurebda momavls.
aprilSi riveram kompoziciaSi leninis Tavi
Caxata, rasac adgilobriv presaSi didi aJio-
taJi mohyva. mxatvars roqfeleris vaJma, nel-
sonma werili miswera, sadac mas panodan leni-
nis portretis amoRebas sTxovda:
`vadevneb ra Tvals amaRelvebel freska-
ze muSaobis mimdinareobas, SevamCnie, rom uax-
les nawilSi leninis portreti CagisvamT.
es nawili lamazadaa daxatuli, magram
163
meCveneba, rom am ferskaSi gamoCenili misi
portreti Cveni xalxis umravlesobas gaanaw-
yenebs... Zalian ar momwons, rom miwevs Txov-
na, SecvaloT is saxe, sadac leninis Tavia
warmodgenili”2.
am werilis pasuxad riveram leninis gver-
diT sakuTari avtoportreti Caxata. mxatvar-
ma gadawyvita misi mxridan garkveul kompro-
misze wasuliyo da kompoziciaSi amerikeli
gmirebis gamosaxuleba daematebina. `kompo-
ziciis damaxinjebas mirCevnia, mTeli kompo-
ziciis ganadgureba”3, Tqva man da, marTlac, 9
maiss freska gadaRebes, xolo 1934 wlis 10-11
Tebervals namuSevari mTlianad gaanadgures.
am skandalis Sedegad rivera memarcxene
amerikeli mxatvrebis gmirad iqca. es mxatv-
rebi riveras da meqsikeli komunisti mxatvre-
bis xelovnebis did gavlenas ganicdidnen da,
imavdroulad, maTi politikuri Sexedulebe-
biTac ikvebebodnen.
2
H. Foster, R Krauss, Y-A. Bois, B. H.D. Buchloh, Art Since 1900,
Modernism, Antimodernism, Postmodernism, 2004, t. I, gv. 258.
3
H. Foster, R. Krauss, Y-A. Bois, B. H.D. Buchloh, Art Since
1900, Modernism, Antimodernism, Postmodernism, 2004, t. I,
gv. 258.
 mzia CixraZe
rogorc ukve aRvniSne, 1929 wlidan ameri-
kaSi, mZime ekonomikuri krizisis Sedegad, didi
depresiis xana daiwyo. amerikis axali mTavro-
ba ruzveltis meTaurobiT am krizisTan gamk-
lavebas cdilobda. mTavrobam socialuri ke-
TildReobis programebi, maT Soris, mxatvar-
Ta samuSao programa SeimuSava. 1935-1943 wleb-
Si mxatvarebis didi umavlesoba xelovnebis
federalur programaSi CaerTo. aRniSnuli
programa sazogadoebrivi, institucionalu-
ri Senobebis monumenturi freskebiTa da pa-
noebiT gaformebas gulisxmobda. am periodSi
amerikuli mxatvrobis erTiani stili ar arse-
bobda, Tumc umetesi namuSevrebi realisturi,
zogjer naturalisturic ki iyo. erTi ram cxa-
dia _ xelovnebis federaluri proeqti miz-
nad isaxavda amerikuli Temebis win wamowevas,
istoriis gandidebas, amerikeli xalxis Sro-
misa da industrializaciis procesis gamosax-
vas... imavdroulad, `federaluri proeqti an-
ti-modernistuli iyo”4. freskebi, romelic am
proeqtis farglebSi sruldeboda, naratiul
xasiaTs atarebda, maT cxadad unda gamoexataT
164
qveyanaSi arsebul krizisTan da didi qalaqis
gaucxoebul yofasTan erTad, amerikis moqa-
laqe, romelic ruzveltis axal proeqtSi iyo
Cabmuli da axal samyaros aSenebda5.
zemoT aRniSnuli federaluri programis
farglebSi moqmedebda dazguri mxatvrobis
seqciac. es ganayofi mxatvrobis saerTo pro-
gramisgan imiT gamoirCeoda, rom iq abstraq-
tuli xelovnebis propaganda mimdinareobda.
seqcias xelmZRvanelobda abstraqcionisti
mxatvari barjin dileri. amerikuli abstraq-
tuli eqspresionistebis, momavalSi kargad
cnobili mxatvrebis, umetesobac am seqciaSi
moRvaweobda (poloki, kuningi, roTko da sxve-
bi). am SemoqmedTa 1930-iani wlebis namuSevre-
bi gansxvavdeba maT mier mogvianebiT Sesru-
lebuli tiloebisgan.
mark roTko 1930-ian wlebSi qmnis Tavis
cnobil namuSevars `metro” (sur. 1). aq wamo-
weulia urbanuli Tematika, mxatvari gvaCve-
4
Jonathan Harris, Modernism and Culture in the USA, 1930-
1960, Modernism in Dispute, 1991, gv. 17.
5
es niSnebi imdroindel amerikul monumentur mxatv-
robas sabWoTa socialistur realizmTan aaxlovebda.
nebs did qalaqSi, metropolisSi gaucxoebis,
Caketilobis, komunikaciis problemas. qa-
laqis aCqarebuli tempi, urbanizmis zewola
didia adamianebze, amitom isini erTmaneTis-
gan TiTqos gaTiSulni arian. metroSi mata-
reblis momlodine figurebi boZebs amofare-
bian, TiTqos erTmaneTs emalebian. isinic ki,
vinc wina planzea gamosaxuli, erTmaneTisgan
gancalkevebulad dganan, maT Soris kavSiri
ar arsebobs. mxatvari mimarTavs minimumamde
dayvanil gamomsaxvelobiT enas, gamosaxavs
ra sifrifana, gacrecil formebs, figura-
Ta brtyel zedapirebs, sivrce TiTqmis nive-
lirebulia, ferTa moyviTalo-moyavisfro
gama limitirebuli. aq ukve Cans mxatvris sw-
rafva abstragirebisaken. misi gamosaxule-
bebi TiTqos ukve ganwirulni arian `gaqro-
bisTvis”, rac mis Semdgomdroindel namuSev-
rebSi ganxorcieldeba.
jeqson poloki 1934 wels Sesrulebul
`bambis mkrefavebSi” (sur. 2) Sromis Temas war-
moadgens. mxatvari aCvenebs, Tu rogor aris
amerikuli agraruli sazogadoeba CarTuli
momavlis SenebaSi. imavdroulad, xazgasmulia
aseTi Sromis simZimec. suraTi miles namuSev-
rebs (kerZod, mis `mTesavs”) mogvagonebs (sur.
3). anu polokis am namuSevarSi Cans figura-
tiuli ferweris gavlena. Sesrulebis manera
eqsperiulia, monasmi swrafi da energiuli,
ferTa gama naTeli _ mooqrosfro-yavisfe-
ri. figurebi ganzogadebulia, magram jer ki-
dev realisturi. sasuraTo sivrcis gamosaxva
mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs kompoziciur
agebaSi, romelic siRrmeSi viTardeba. es si-
vrce polokis Semdgomdroindel namuSev-
rebSi minimumamde dadis da is sibrtyed gar-
daiqmneba. Tumc mis gviandel namuSevrebSic
ki arasodesaa sruli sibrtyobrivoba. po-
loki mogvianebiT iyenebda ra uzarmazar ti-
loebs, maT ar gruntavda, Sesabamisad, roca
igi maTze (industriul) saRebavebs Rvrida,
isini tiloSi iJRinTeboda da ukan gadioda,
rac, Sesabamisad, siRrmes, gamWolobas da sa-
Rebavis fenebisagan Semdgar mcired sivrces
qmnida. mxatvari adebda ra saRebavze sxva sa-
Rebavis fenebs, `obobas qseliviT” xlarTav-

da ferTa naRvars. am erTmaneTze dadebuli
ferebiT `Txel”, magram mainc sivrces qmnida.
magram es ferebi imdenadaa erTmaneTSi Cazr-
dili da CaRvrili, rom mTliani kompozicia,
garkveuli manZilidan mainc, erTgvarovan
sibrtyed aRiqmeba (sur. 4).
polokis 1934-38 wlebSi Sesrulebuli
namuSevari _ `kompozicia figurebiTa da
droSebiT” (sur. 5) win gadadgmuli nabijia
abstraqtulobisken. feradovani laqebis mo-
nacvleobiT Seqmnili es kompozicia abstraq-
tulobamdea miyvanili, Tumca dakvirvebisas
jer kidev amoicnoba figurebis da droSebis
formebi. lokaluri, JReradi ferebis, ener-
giuli monasmebis monacvleoba kompoziciis
eqspresiul gamomsaxvelobas qmnis.
vilem de kuningi 1930-ian wlebSi asrulebs
rogorc kubistur, abstraqtul, ise figura-
tiul namuSevrebs. 1938 welsaa Sesrulebuli
misi `ori mdgomare kaci” (sur. 6). kompozicia
pikasos figuratiul namuSevrebs mogvagonebs
(`mjdomare arlekini”, sur. 7). am ori mamaka-
cis figuris gamosaxuleba TiTqmis gamqralia,
Sezrdilia fonTan, magram saxeebi realistu-
radaa dawerili. gamomsaxvelobis mTavari ele-
menti Tvalebia, romlebic arabunebrivadaa
gadidebuli da SiSs, SeSfoTebas gamosaxavs.
figurebi erTmaneTisgan gancalkevebulia,
maT Soris kavSiri dakargulia. xazi moZravi da
denadia. mxatvari ZiriTadi kompoziciuri aq-
centebis xazgasasmelad ganaTebas iyenebs. yve-
la es tendencia mis Semdgom namuSevrebSi vi-
Tardeba. miuxedavd imisa, rom mxatvari Tavis
gviandel namuSevrebSi abstraqtulobisken
miiswrafis, realur gamosaxulebasTan kav-
Sirs arc maSin kargavs. misi gamomsaxvelobiTi
ena icvleba, is feradovani laqebiTa da eqs-
presiuli monasmebiT iwyebs metyvelebas, misi
xazi, feri aqtiuri, eqspresiuli, agresiulic
ki xdeba. magram mis abstraqtul tiloebSic ki
zogan figura amoikiTxeba, zogan raime sagani,
ufro xSirad ki misi gamomsaxvelobis mTavari
elementi Tvalebia _ gafarToebuli, eqspre-
siuli, umetesad SiSiT savse...
arSil gorki gamonakliss ar warmoadgen-
da, isic 1930-ian wlebSi qmnida rogorc ku-
mzia CixraZe
bistur, zogjer abstraqtul, ise realistur
namuSevrebsac. magaliTad, misi `avtoport-
reti”, romelic 1937 welsaa Sesrulebuli,
mxatvris saxis realisturad warmodgeniT
da figuris TiTqmis kubisturi gamosaxule-
biT xasiaTdeba (sur. 8). realisturad damuS-
avebuli saxis nakvTebi, figuris feradovan,
ganzogadebul, gamartivebul formebTan da
lokalur ferebTanaa Sexamebuli. sivrce mi-
nimumamdea dayvanili da sibrtyobrivobisken
swrafvac aSkaradaa gamoxatuli.
1930-ian-1950-ian wlebSi amerikuli xe-
lovneba mniSvnelovnad ganviTarda. man na-
biji gadadga SedarebiT Caketili, sakuTar
istoriasa da kulturaze orientirebuli, an-
timodernistuli mxatvrobidan ufro gaxsni-
li, evropul xelovnebasTan integrirebuli,
ganviTarebaze orientirebuli, modernistu-
li xelovnebisa da kulturisken. mxatvruli
TavsazrisiT imdroindel amerikul mxatvro-
baSi gamoixata abstraqtuli xelovnebisken
swrafva. mxatvruli ganviTarebis gza, rome-
165
lic amerikulma xelovnebam am periodSi ganv-
lo kargad aisaxa amerikuli tipis mxatvrobis
warmomdgenel, abstraqcionist mxatvarTa
SemoqmedebaSi (mag., jeqson poloki, mark roT-
ko). maT TavinTi xelovneba realisturidan
abstraqtulamde ganaviTares, gaiares ra
1930-50ian wlebSi amerikuli xelovnebis mier
ganvlili ganviTarebis yvela etapi: maTi rea-
listuri xelovneba, romelic adgilobriv
mxatvrul tradiciebs da meqsikuri monumen-
turi xleovnebis did gavlenebs gamoxatav-
da, Semdgom evropuli xelovnebis gavlene-
biTac jerdeba _ mag., surealizmis elemen-
tebiT. aRniSnuli mxatvrebis xelovnebaSi
aSkarad aisaxeba evropuli fsiqo-analiziT
daintereseba. SemdgomSi maTi socialuri
Temebisadmi interesi da realisturi mxatv-
roba modernistuli azrovnebiTa da antiko-
munistur-antistalinuri ideebiT icvleba.
socialistur-realisturi xelovneba, ro-
melic ukve saxelmwifos mier marTul mimdi-
nareobad aRiqmeboda, am mxatvarTa mier ua-
ryofil iqna da maTi didi nawili (maT Soris,
roTkoca da polokic) antikomunistur ri-
 mzia CixraZe
torikaSi CaerTo. mxatvrobaSi es abstaqtu-
li xelovnebis ganviTarebiT gamoixata, rac
civi omis erTgvar `kulturul xatad” iqca.
amerikuli abstaqtuli xelovneba ganasaxie-
rebs socialistur-komunisturi azrovnebis
istoriul uaryofas, rac sruliad aSkarad
gamoxatul mxatvrul formaSi _ abstraq-
ciaSi gansaxierdeba.
sabWoTa kavSirSi mimdinare politikurma
da mxatvrulma procesebma mniSvnelovanwi-
lad ganapiroba amerikis xelovnebis ganviTa-
rebis gza. amerikis SemoqmedTa SemecnebaSi
momxdari ideologiuri cvlileba pirdapir
kavSirSi iyo istoriul movlenebTan. es pro-
cesebi ki Semdegnairad viTardeboda:
1932 wels sabWoTa kavSirSi komunistur-
ma partiam sabolood aiRo xelSi xelovnebis
ganviTarebis sadaveebi. 1910-1920-iani wlebSi
aq ganxorcielebuli avangarduli proeqti
sazogadoebaze hegemonias gulisxmobda. am
proeqtis mixedviT xelovans unda gardaeqmna
cxovreba sakuTari kanonebisa da wesebis mi-
166
xedviT. avangardis warmomadgenlebis swrafva
xelisuflebisadmi da maTi grandiozuli pro-
eqti, SeecvalaT piriovneba da mTeli samyaro,
saSiSi gaxda sabWoTa saxelmwifosaTvis. bol-
Sevikurma komunisturma partiam, stalinis
meTaurobiT, cxadad dainaxa es saSiSroeba da
maleve mTels sabWoTa kavSirSi xelovnebis
axali da erTad-erTi mimdinareobis `socia-
listuri realizmis~ Camoyalibebisa da ganvi-
Tarebis aucilebloba gamoacxada. es termini
stalinis gamogonebad iTvleba, romelic man
maqsim gorkisTan Sexvedris dros ixmara pir-
velad. Tumc manamde is ukve naxsenebia sabWo-
Ta presaSi (magaliTad, 1932 wlis 25 marti _
`literaturnaia gazeta”)6.
1932 wels 23 aprils moskovSi gamovida
bolSevikuri komunisturi partiis cent-
raluri komitetis dadgenileba `literatu-
rul-mxatvruli organizaciebis gadakeTebis
Sesaxeb”. am dadgenilebiT uqmdeboda yvela
Tavisufali mxatvruli gaerTianeba da iqmne-
boda sayovelTao `sabWoTa mxatvarTa kavSi-
6
H. Foster, R. Krauss, Y.A. Bois, B. H.D. Buchloh, Art Since 1900,
Modernism, Antimodernism, Postmodernism, 2004, t. I, gv. 260.
ri”, romelmac yvela damoukidebeli mxatvru-
li gaerTianeba moicva.
sabWoTa xelovneba daupirispirda avan-
gardis `formalizms”. socialisturi rea-
lizmi aRiarebda socialistur Sinaarss da
realistur formas, romelsac unda aesaxa gmi-
ruli warsuli, awmyo da momavali, rasac so-
cialisturi qveynis mSromelTa masebi qmnid-
nen. socialisturi realizmisaTvis misabaZi
gaxda `peredviJnikebis” xelovneba, romelic
me-19 saukunis rusuli xelovnebis mniSvnelo-
van mxatvrul mimdinareobas warmoadgenda.
es mimdinareoba formiT realisturi iyo da
erTgvarad propagandistul xasiaTs atareb-
da, rac srul SesabamisobaSi modioda sabWoTa
mmarTvelobis moTxovnasTan, SeeqmnaT sayo-
velTao xelovneba `formiT realisturi da
SinaarsiT socialisturi”, romelic xalxTa
masebisTvis gasagebi iqneboda da gmirul war-
sulsa Tu sabWoTa sazogadoebis mier Senebad
`naTel moavals” cxadad warmoaCenda.
politikurad marTvad socialistur
realizms propagandistuli xasiaTi hqonda.
swored amitom warmoaCenda is saxelmwifos
gmirul warsuls, romelic xSirad gadaWarbe-
bulad paTetikuri iyo. sabWoTa sistemis mier
arCeulma socialisturma realizmma avangar-
dis adgili daikava. Sesabamisad, sabWoTa qvey-
nis elitas, nacvlad avangardistebisa, axla
socialisturi realisturi xelovnebis war-
momadgenlebi qmnidnen. xolo mravali avan-
gardisti mxatvari iZulebuli iyo, sakuTari
sicocxlis sanacvlod, Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi
kredo Seecvala. mxatvruli idealebis amg-
varma uaryofam maTi `SemoqmedebiTi kvdoma~
gamoiwvia. msgavsi damokidebuleba mTels sa-
bWoTa xelovnebaze vrceldeboda. socialis-
turi realizmis talRam saqarTveloc moic-
va. 1920-iani wlebis bolos da 1930-iani wlebis
daswyisSi socialisturi relizmis diqtatu-
ra, yvela sxva sabWoTa respublikis msgavsad,
qarTul xelovnebaSic damyarda.
1910-iani wlebis bolos mTels evropaSi
globaluri politikuri cvlilebebi moxda
(I msoflio omi, oqtombris revolucia), saqarT-
veloc ar iyo gamonaklisi. socialur-sazoga-

doebrivi formirebis da evoluciis logikuri
procesi dairRva da man alogkuri mimarTuleba
miiRo. sabWoTa kavSiris politikur da kul-
turul sivrceSi, romlis nawils 1921 wlidan
saqarTveloc warmoadgenda (is daipyres da iZu-
lebiT Seiyvanes ssrk-Si), sazogadoeba sabWoTa
ideologiis mier Tavsmoxveuli stereotipu-
li kliSeebis da ideebis tyveobaSi aRmoCnda.
am axalma ideologiam xelovnebaSi absolu-
turad sxva funqcia da mniSvneloba miiRo _
is aRar asaxavda kulturuli ganviTarebis
adgilobriv, erovnul specifikas. `msoflm-
xedvelobis diqtatura”, romelic yalbi sim-
boloebisa da miTebisgan Sedgeboda, marTav-
da sruliad sxvadasxva eTnikuri, religiuri
da kulturul-tradiciuli maxasiaTeblebis
mqone xalxebs7. xelovneba gaxda xalxTa masebis
marTvisa da ganaTlebis saukeTeso saSualeba.
is Zlier ideologiur iaraRadac iqca.
1935 wels sabWoTa saxelmwifom sayovel-
Tao `saxalxo frontis” strategia SeimuSava,
romelic gulisxmobda yvela mxatvruli Za-
lis faSizmis winaaRmdeg gaerTianebas. mso-
flios mravali xelovani gamoexmaura am mo-
wodebas. axalgazrda, mgznebare Semoqmedni da
inteleqtualebi Tanadgomas gamoxatavdnen
`proletaruli” xelovnebisa da kulturis
mimarT. Tumc iyvnen sxvebic, maT Soris, andre
bretoni, romlebic Tvlidnen, rom es iyo `sta-
linisturi xafangi”. andre bretoni akriti-
kebda sabWoTa kavSiris kulturis politikas,
romelic mxatvruli Tavisuflebis winaaRm-
degi iyo. amis dasturad mas swored is dekreti
mohyavda, romelic ssrk-Si yvela damoukide-
bel mxatvrul gaerTianebas krZalavda.
1936 wlis TebervalSi amerikis SeerTe-
bul StatebSi, niu iorkSi Catarda `amerikel
mxatvarTa pirveli kongresi”, romelic sayo-
velTao saxalxo frontis gaSlas exmaurebo-
da. am kongresze meier Sapirom waikiTxa Tavisi
moxseneba `xelovnebis socialuri safuZveli~,
sadac is xelovnebaSi individualizms akriti-
kebda da mas politikidan gaqcevas uwodebda.
am kongresis Semdeg amerikaSi stalinistebsa
7
B. Groys, The Total Art of Stalinism, London, 2011, gv. 33-74.
mzia CixraZe
da trockistebs Soris naprali Zalian gaizar-
da. es dapirispireba meore msoflio omamde
grZeldeboda. amerikaSi gaCndnen Zalebi, vinc
akritikebda saxalxo fronts. Tumc amerikis
komunisturi partia kvlav stalinur ruseTs
uWerda mxars. amerikel inteleqtualebSi ki
didi iyo sabWoTa ruseTiTa da amerikis umoq-
medo komunisturi partiiT ukmayofileba.
zogierTma xelovnebis istorikosma da
mxatvarma TavianTi damokidebuleba xelov-
nebisa Tu ideologiis mimarT Secvala. ma-
galiTad, Sapirom uari Tqva Tavis adreul
mosazrebebze abstraqtuli xelovnebis Se-
saxeb. Tu adre is abstraqtul xelovnebas
formalisturad miiCnevda da gamoricxavda
mis kavSirs socialur garemosTan, axla is
ukve aRiarebda, rom abstraqtuli xelovneba
mWidro kavSirSia istoriul, sazogadoebriv
konteqstTan, romelSic is warmoiSva da Se-
sabamisad, mas SeeZlo, aranakleb xelovnebis
sxva mimarTulebebisa, mniSvnelovani roli
eTamaSa sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi. faqtob-
167
rivad, aq Sapirom pirvelad scada `idealis-
tur formalizmsa” da socialistur relizms
Soris kavSiris damyarebas. Sapiros statia,
sadac man uaryo Tavisi antiformalizmi, niu
iorkis kolumbiis universitetis yovelkvar-
talur marqsistul broSuraSi `maqrsisT
qvorTarli”-Si 1937 wels daibeWda.
am procesebSi mniSvnelovan rols Ta-
maSobda lev trockic, romelic meqsikaSi
cxovrobda da iqidan cdilobda politika-
ze zegavlenis moxdenas. 1938 wels meqsikaSi
Cavida andre bretoni. masTan Sexvedris Sem-
deg trockim `partizan reviusTan” TanamSrm-
loba daiwyo. es iyo Jurnali, romelic didi
xnis ganmavlobaSi cdilobda trockis ke-
Tilganwyobis mopovebas. is ki mudmivad kri-
tikul misazrebebs gamoTqvamda Jurnalis
mimarT da urCevda mas mxari daeWira yvela
im axalgazrda da imedismomcemi mxatvruli
moZraobisTvis, romelic stalinis winaaRm-
deg brZolis iaraRad gamodgeboda. trockim
Tavis werilSi `xelovneba da politika”, ro-
melic 1938 wlis agvisto-seqtembris `parti-
zan revius” gamocemebisTvis dawera, ambobda,
 mzia CixraZe
rom `xelovneba SeiZleba gaxdes revoluciis
Zlieri mokavSire...”8
male man dawera manifesti `Tavisufali
revoluciuri xelovnebisken”, romelsac
trockis nacvlad rivera awerda xels. maT
CaTvales, rom manifests ufro meti Zala eq-
neboda, Tu mas xels ara politikosi, aramed
mxatvari moawerda. es dokumenti marqsizmi-
sa da froidizmis nazavs warmoadgenda. saer-
Tod, trockis didi zegavlena hqonda mxatv-
rul samyaroze. misi mxatvruli arCevani ki
meqsikur freskul mxatvrobasa da surea-
lizmze Cerdeboda.
1961 wels klement grinbergi werda,
rom `antistalinizmi”, met-naklebad daiw-
yo, rogorc `trockizmi” da moZraoba _ `xe-
lovneba xelovnebisTvis”, xolo amis saSu-
alebiT gza gaexsna imas, rac Semdeg movida
xelovnebaSi”,9 anu saubaria evoluciaze rea-
listuri xelovnebidan abstraqtul eqspre-
sionizmamde.
1939 wlis sabWoTa kavSir-germanias So-
168
ris Tavdausxmelobis paqtis dadebidan sami
Tvis Semdeg, sabWoTa kavSirma fineTi dai-
pyro da amiT saxalxo frontis yvela idea
gaanadgura. amerikeli mxatvrebi, vinc aqam-
de jer kidev idealisturad uyurebdnen sa-
bWoeTis `komunizmisken” svlas, imedgacrue-
bulni darCnen. amerikaSi daiwyo surealis-
turi mxatvrobis masobrivi propaganda _
ikiTxeboda leqciebi, ewyoboda gamofenebi.
surealist mxatvarTa Soris gamoirCo-
da axlagazrda Cileli mxatvari roberto
mata, romelic 1938 wlidan 1948 wlamde ame-
rikaSi cxovrobda da moRvaweobda. mis xe-
lovnebas Zalian afasebda andre bretoni.
1940 wlisTvis matam didi zomis feradovani
biomeqanomorfuli tiloebis Seqmna daiw-
yo (sur. 9). aq misi warmosaxviTi, fantasti-
kuri figurebi kompoziciis dekoratiul
elementebad iyo qceuli. am kompoziciebSi
sizmriseuli, iracionaluri da realuri
erTmaneTs erwymoda. misma xelovnebam didi
8
S. Guilbaut, How New York Stole the Idea of Modern Art, Abstract
Expressionism, Freedom, and the Cold War, Chicago, 1983, gv, 32.
9
Cl. Greenberg, Avant-Garde and Kitch, Art and Culture: critical
essays, 1909­1994, Boston, 1961, gv. 6-18.
gavlena iqonia mis amerikel kolegebze. gan-
sakuTrebiT ki mas Semdeg, rac matas gamofena
`surealizmis pirveli furclebi” moewyo da
amas mohyva mxatvris mier Catarebuli praq-
tikuli muSaobebi. is sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi
aswavlida e.w. suraTovan avtomatizms be-
ziotes, poloks, modervils da sxvebs.
bretoni aseve dainteresebuli iyo ar-
Sil gorkis SemoqmedebiT. 1940-iani wle-
bisTvis gorkim Tavis mxatvrobaSi `Jestur
niSnebs” saRebavis daRvenTeba daamata. 1948
wlisTvis, TviTmkvlelobamde cota xniT
adre, gorkim Seqmna tiloebi, romlebsac is
surealisturs uwodebda, xolo abstarci-
onistebi ki Tvlidnen, rom am namuSevrebSi
gorki surealizmidan abstraqtul eqspre-
sionizmamde mivida (sur. 10).
rogorc Cemi msjelobis dasawyisSi
aRvniSne, amerikuli abstraqtuli eqspre-
sionizmis Camoyalibebasa da ganviTarebi-
saTvis, mraval obieqtur mizezTan erTad,
mniSvnelovani winapiroba xelovnebis kri-
tikosTa da istorikosTa mxardaWerac iyo.
isini qmnidnen Teoriul naSromebs, rome-
lic adasturebda abstraqtuli xelovne-
bis ganviTarebis aucileblobas, rac Tavad
mxatvrobis Sinagani logikiT iyo nakarna-
xebi. aseT kritikosTa Soris mTavari figu-
ra iyo klement grinbergi, romelmac didad
ganapiroba absraqtuli eqspresionizmis
popularoba, Seqmna ra misi warmoSobisa da
mniSvnelobis damasabuTebeli Teoriuli
baza. swored grinbergi iyo, vinc pirvelad
daiwyo saubari ferweris TviTkritikul bu-
nebaze da Sinagan, logikur swrafvaze, rom
ganaviTaros mxatvrobis wminda ena, anu ala-
parakdes feris, laqis, xazis, sibrtyis enaze
da maqsimalurad aametyvelos is. grinbergi
ambobda, rom ferweras aqvs Tviseba, TviT-
kritikis safuZvelze, ganviTardes sakuTa-
ri specifikis maqsimalurad gamovlinebis
gziT. is unda gansxvavdebodes xelovnebis
yvela sxva mimarTulebisgan. ferweras ar
unda hqondes, vTqvaT, qandakebis minareve-
bi, rac ase damaxasiaTebelia realisturi
mxatvrobisTvis. swored amitom miiswraf-

vis ferwera Tavisi `sufTa” enis mosaZeb-
nad da, Sesabamisad, midis is abstraqciamde,
roca gamosaxvis ZiriTadi saSualeba swo-
red ferweris saSualebebi, anu, igive sibr-
tye, xazi, feri, laqa xdeba.“ [abstraqtuli
eqspresionizmi]... miiswrafoda naxatis aSka-
ra sibrtyobrivobisa da gamomsaxvelobiTi
saSualebebis bunebrivi Tvisebebis gamov-
lenisken (anu saRebavis denadoba da zedapi-
ris faqturuloba). sxva mxriv, abstraqtu-
li eqspresionizmi iyo xelovneba,romelic
cdilobda,materialuri metaforis da
simbolos gamoyenebiT,pirvel rigSi, ga-
daelaxa yovelgvari miwieri da banaluri
[xelovnebaSi]”10. meore msoflio omis Semd-
gom Camoyalibebul politikur da ideolo-
giur gansazRvrebebs daemata modernistu-
li kriticizmic. ferweris am kritikul bu-
nebaze dayrdnobiT, amerikul xelovnebaSi
TiTqos garantirebuli iyo svla socialis-
turi realizmidan abstraqtulobisaken.
ufro metic, zogierTi amerikeli mxatvari,
magaliTad, sTuarT devisi, abstraqtul xe-
lovnebas realizmis erT-erT formad aRiq-
vamda da ambobda, rom rogorc `WeSmaritma
Tanamedrove gamosaxulebam... man Seqmna axa-
li realoba...~11. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom am
periodSi (anu, meore msoflio omis Semdeg)
abstraqtuli eqspresionizmi ukve sruliad
gamokveTilad aRiqmeboda, rogorc antisa-
bWoTa, antikomunisturo mxatvruli mimdi-
nareoba. anu ideologiur brZolaSi is erT-
gvar politikur iaraRadac iqca.
grinbergis terminia `amerikuli tipis
mxatvrobac~, romelic man pirvelma ixmara
amerikuli eqspresionizmis aRsaniSnavad.
garda am terminisa, kidev xmaroben `mxatv-
robis niu iorkis skolas~, `Jestur ferwe-
ras”, `moqmedebis mxatvrobas~, `avtograful
ferweras~. CamoTvlili terminebi Tavad axa-
siaTeb am mxatvrobis specifikas, rac gamoi-
xateba narativis uaryofaSi, gamosaxulebis
gaqrobaSi, saRebavis denadi bunebis gamov-
B. Rose, American painting, 1970, gv. 70.
10
11
S. Devis, Quoted in E.V.D’Connor, Art for the Millions, New
York, 1974, Rotko, gv. 126.
mzia CixraZe
lenaSi, mxatvris Jestis, misi moqmedebis,
emociis pirdapir masalaSi asaxvaSi, rac xel-
weris msgavs, avtograful, ganumeorebel Se-
moqmedebaSi aisaxeboda.
abstraqtuli eqspresionizmis namuSev-
rebi teqnikurad Semdegnairad sruldeboda:
didi tilos zedapirze daitaneboda saReba-
vi, xSirad ise, rom mxatvari ar exeboda ti-
los zedapirs, anu is mxolod Jests iyenebda.
zogi mxatvari kvlav xmarobda funjs saxata-
vad, Tumc maTi funjis moZraoba iyo swrafi,
metwilad gaucnobierebeli, Sinagan ganwyo-
basa da emociebze damokidebuli. anu, aq erT-
veboda qvecnobieris elementebi, rac fsiqo-
analizis safuZvels Seadgenda. am niSniT
abstraqtuli eqspresionizmi surealizms
ukavSirdeboda. sainteresoa is faqtic, rom
amerikuli eqspresionizmi gaxda wminda ame-
rikuli movnela, romelmac mniSvnelovani
adgili daikava Tanamedrove xelovnebis is-
toriaSi. man safuZveli moamzada Tanamed-
rove xelovnebis Semdgomi etapebisTvis da
169
gaxda seriozuli safuZveli post-moder-
nizmis Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebisaTvis,
rogorc amerikul, ise mTels dasavlur Ta-
namedrove xelovnebaSi. abstraqtuli eqs-
presionizmi, romelic miiswrafvoda `xelov-
nebis siwmindisaken”, mniSvnelovani faqtori
iyo `Tanamedrove xelovnebis ganviTarebi-
saTvis... [Tavisi] surviliT, kavSiri gaewyveta
imitaciur realizmTan, raTa mieRwia ufro
Zlieri gamomsaxvelobisaTvis, xolo am gan-
viTarebis logika imdenad mtkice iyo, rom
bolos maTi namuSevrebiT kidev erTi nabiji
gadaidga abstraqtuli xelovnebisken”12.
12
Cl. Greenberg, Towards a Newer Laocoon, Art and Cultu­
re, critical essays, 1909­1994, Boston, 1961, gv. 45.
 mzia CixraZe

MZIA CHIKHRADZE cused on evolution, and orientated towards modernist

G. Chubinashvili National Research Centre for Georgian
Art History and Heritage Preservation
B A C K T O H I ST O R Y : A N E W W A Y O F
A R T (A M E R I C A N A R T O F T H E 193 0- 5 0S)
SE A R C H F O R H I ST O R Y
Su m m ary
In American art in the 1930-1950ss a shift from realist
to abstract art was stipulated by social-political-historic
conditions. From 1929 onwards, due to the economic
crisis in America, society fought for physical survival.
This social-political failure affected the mood and at-
titudes of American painters, many of them dreamed of
a non-capitalist world. They wanted to live in a socially
fair society, resulting in believing in socialist ideology.
Moreover, the majority of the artists were feeding on
communist ideas and many of them became members
of the American Communist Party. Therefore, in the
170
art and culture.
Comparing the ongoing processes in Georgia and
the USA, despite the different histories and political-
social situations in these countries, the art of the 1950s
was a very important and essential period for the devel-
opment of a new language of art and the establishment
of new directions in painting in both of these countries.
Therefore, modern art in America and Georgia changed
their language, which strived towards abstraction, ex-
pression and purification of the language of painting,
following the internal logic of the development of art it-
self. One group of artists, namely the New York School
in America, said no to realist, figurative art and directed
themselves towards abstraction. Meanwhile in Georgia,
the so-called Artists of the 1950s turned away from so-
cialist realism and started to search for new ways of
expression and new artistic means. As a result, in both
countries – America and Georgia, above-mentioned
artistic tendencies stipulated the development of post-
modernist arts in the 1960s and 1970s.

1930s, later well-known artists, the so-called Abstract

Expressionists, were working in a realist style and at
the same time the topics of their art were socially en-
gaged.
American art of the 1930s was greatly influenced
by Mexican mural art. The works of Mexican Com-
munist artists inspired the American artists during that
period. In addition, they were affected by the Mexican
artists’ socialist-communist ideas. However, at the end
of the 1930s, their interest in social issues and their re-
alist art changed to anti-communist and anti-Stalinist
ideas. Abstract art in US became a kind of “cultural im-
age” of the Cold War. This particular artistic develop-
ment was well reflected in the creations of the paint-
ers of the American Type, i.e. in the arts of the abstract
expressionists (Jackson Pollock, Mark Rothko, Barnet
Newman and others). They changed their art from real-
ism to abstraction, going through all the stages of de-
velopment of American art of that period. Therefore,
American Art in the in the 1930s-1950s underwent sev-
eral essential changes: It changed from a more closed,
local, historically- and culturally-focused on American
“antimodernist” art, to a more open one which was
integrated with European modern art movements, fo-
 mzia CixraZe

1. mark roTko. metro,1930-iani ww.

M ark R ot hko. Su b w ay , 1930s

171

2. jeqson poloki. bambis mkrefavebi, 1934 w.

Jac kson Pol l ock. C ot t on Pickers, 1934
 mzia CixraZe

3. Jan-fransua mile. mTesavi, 1850 w.

Je an - F ran ç ois M il l et . T he Sow er, 1850
172

4. jeqson poloki. erTi: nomeri 31, 1950 w.

Jac kson Pol l ock. O n e: N u m b er 31, 1950

5. jeqson poloki. kompozicia

figurebiTa da droSebiT, 1934-38 ww.
Jac kson Pol l ock. C om p osit ion w it h F igu res an d
B an n ers, 1934- 38
 mzia CixraZe

6. vilem de kuningi. ori mdgomare 7. pablo pikaso. mjdomare arlekini,

kaci, 1938 w. 1905 w.
W il l em de Koon in g. T w o M en St an din g, Pab l o Picasso. Seat ed H arl eq u in , 1905
1938

173
8. arSil gorki.
avtoportreti, 1935 w.
A rshil e G orky .
Sel f - Port rait , 1935
 mzia CixraZe

9. roberto mata. muqi Suqi, 1940 w.

R ob ert o M at t a. D ark L igh t , 1940
174

10. arSil gorki. usaTauro, 1943-48 ww.

A rshil e G orky . U n t it l ed, 1943- 48
lela firaliSvili
ap. quTaTelaZis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
samxatvro akademia
arqauli miTidan
globalistur miTamde
postkulturuli epoqa Tu raime rigiT aRwe-
ras eqvemdebareba, es SeiZleba amgvari iyos:
1. transpolitikuri (saerTo ekonomiku-
ri sivrce da saerTo fuladi ekvivalenti.
teritoriuli integrireba)
2. transesTetikuri (kulturaTaSorisi
erTiani niSanTa sistema, brendingi, rogorc
zekulturuli niSanTa sistema)
3. transreligiuri (ekumenizmi)
4. transmecnieruli (integraciuli sain-
formacio veli da informaciuli era)
5. transpersonaluri (grofis transper-
sonalizacia da qseluri adamiani)
6. transeTikuri (klonireba)
7. transseqsualuri
Zalze Znelia am yovelives kulturis
axali paradigma uwodo, radgan igi Tavad
kulturis protomdgomareobis (epStei-
nis termini) axal, antiqronotopul aRwe-
ras ufro hgavs. kulturis klasikuri pro-
tomdgomareoba ki RvTiuri tabua, pirveli
kulturSemoqmedebiTi aqti ki _ am tabus
rRvevaa. Tavad tabu amavdroulad pirveli
kulturSemoqmedebiTi aqtia, romelsac dis-
pozicia ar gaaCnia. cocxali miTSemoqmedeba
pirveladi tabus darRvevaa. tabu sastikia,
meore mxriv, igi Sansia, rom aryofnaSi Sebi-
jeba mxolod sakuTari riskis fasad moxdes.
riski ki uCveulo nebelobaa, romelic buneb-
riv yofierebaSi ar moicema. igi RmrTisagan
ganmxoloebis daZabulobaa. amave dros, igi
rwmenis tolfasi religiuri muxtia, rome-
lic ucnauri wesiT axdens TviTrefleqsias.
tabu RvTiuri sisavsis uaryofaa. tabu
iq aris, sadac RvTiuri sisavse aRar aris,
sadac RvTiuri madli da mwvane gza gmirze
aRar vrceldeba; sadac gmiri sakuTar Tav-
Tan uRmerTo sivrceSi marto rCeba; sadac
a–krZaalvaa da dasazRvra RvTiuri wiaRis.
es RvTiuri samoTxis karibWea, romelsac uc-
nauri wesiT miadgebi, magram ukan mobruneba
aRar SegiZlia, radgan iq _ RvTiuri sisavsis
sazRvarsa da TviTuaryofaSi ibadeba Rmer-
Tebis sxva _ gmiri, romelic karibWesTan
mxolod sakuTari xmis amara aRmoCndeba.
metafizikur wiaRsvlebs aRar gavagr-
ZelebT da aTvlis wertilad avirCevT mo-
dernizmis epoqis sasazRvro metaforas _
`RmerTi mokvda~ (nicSe). RmerTis sikvdils
logikurad unda mohyoloda brZola Za-
lauflebis, sakuTrebis, saxelmwifosa da ma-
makacuri batonobis winaaRmdeg. es asec mox-
da (bodriari `civilizaciis dasasruli~).
aristokratuli, rainduli, vityodi _
mefeTa morali nel-nela centristul inten-
cias kargavs da iqceva socialur eTikad da
amiT _ personaluri siRrmisagan gantvir-
175
Tul, marginalur moqalaqed, romlisTvisac
kantis kategoriul imperativze _ `moiqe-
ci ise, rom Seni saqcieli magaliTis Zalas
warmoadgendes garSemomyofTaTvis~ _ anu
`moraluri kanoni CemSi~– gacilebiT miSvne-
lovania socialuri determinanta, `RmerTi
mokvda~-s vakuums morgebuli kanoni, ro-
melmac `uzenaesis~ kompetencia moipova da
marginaluri moqalaqeobrivi koleqtiuri
zneobis determinantad iqca. individuaciis
gza rainduli aristokratiuli zneobisa-
ken mTlianad emTxveoda kulturis Zvel da
mTavar paradigmas _ adamianis arsobrivi
raobis garkvevis cdas, mis adgilsa da rols
samyaroSi, misi arsebis umTavres garkveu-
lobas, `saxe da msgavsi RvTisa~ metaforis
determinacias, `Zveli kulturis~ _ gende-
rulad polarizebul _ qalisa da mamakacis
formebze agebul sazRvrebSi.
adamianis SemoqmedebiTi Tavisuflebis
mopovebis wyevla uZRebi Svilis sruli kra-
xiT damTavrda. socialuri cxovrebis wesi
demokratiul Rirebulebebze aigo, (unda
 lela firaliSvili
gamovtydeT, rom komunizmis idea demokra-
tiis ideis isteriuli saxea), sadac Rirebu-
lebiTi cneba adamiani ki ara, xalxi, sociumi,
koleqtivi da kanonia. sadac iungiseuli sa-
moTxuri koleqtiuri sulis sunTqva ismis,
sadac ganmxoloebisa da individuaciis sur-
vils transpersonaluri Rirebulebebi cv-
lis da sadac iungisuli arqetipuli fanto-
mebi axalma koleqtiurma fantomebma: demo-
kratiam, komunizmma, kanonma, konstituciam
da a.S Caanacvla. sadac persona moqalaqea da
ara adamiani. moqalaqe, romelic `socialuri
cxovelia~ da romelsac mza-mzareul `kanon-
Ta goni~ `axali samoTxis~ srul netarebaSi
daavanebs.
am `samoTxeSi~ ki globalizaciis suli
trialebs _ transpolitikuri, transesTeti-
kuri, transseqsualuri, kulturisa da yo-
velgvari intenciisagan ganZarcvuli, qalisa
da kacis kulturis daZabulobaSi moqceuli
adamianobis sakraluri yofierebisagan Ta-
visufali, SiSveli androgenis suli. is sak-
176
raluri individualuri rituali, romelsac
adamianis individualuri Semoqmedeba erqva,
sainformacio globalizaciama da komunis-
turi Tu demokratiuli revoluciebis tal-
Ram waleka. Tumca revoluciuri araTu ang-
revda da spobda personificirebul sulebs,
aramed piriqiT _ ganawyobda zeerovnulis-
ken, kosmopoliturisaken, zepersonaluri-
saken. revoluciur qariSxlebsac swored
personebi asuldgmulebdnen, imisTvis, rom
daerRviaT SemoqmedebiTi personaluroba
da transpersonalur yofierebaSi rogorme
daevanaT mSfoTvare adamianuri Semoqmede-
biT gadaqanculebs.
iwyeba socialuri cxovrebis epSteini-
seuli `protoepoqa~, sadac, raRa Tqma unda,
adamianTan da avtorTan erTad mkvdaria fi-
losofiac da mas sicocxlis ukanaskneli ni-
Sanwyali _ sociologia da e.w. socialuri
fsiqologia asuldgmulebs. mecniereba ki,
rogorc individualuri saavtoro Semoqme-
debis paradigma `ukanasknelma avtorma~ _
bil geitsma mokla, roca individualuri Se-
moqmedebis ugenialuresi texnes _ damwer-
lobis unificireba moaxdina. mas ki win usw-
rebda axali promeTes _ dageris sinaTlisa
da cecxlis alqimiuri samzareulodan amo-
yvinTuli dagerotipi. sinaTlis simulakru-
li Crdilebis `akaSa-qronika~, romliTac
samaradJamod miajaWvebs axali drois pro-
meTes cecxlisaTvis xelmisawvdom yvelaze
maRal mTas, sadac protoepoqaSi dabrunebis
maradiuli da permanentuli non-finito Ta-
maSdeba, non-finito, romelic dasasrulTan
da sikvdilTan yvelaze Sors dgas, radgan
sakuTari Zalisxmevis maradi da dausrule-
beli intenciaa, veranairad rom ver gascda
`avtoris~, `RmerT-adamianis~, Semoqmedis um-
Zafres da vnebiT aRvsil survilebs (ai, sxva
miTebi ki, swored ase mTavrdeba _ `didxans,
didxans bednierad cxovrobdnen~ _ anu ise ,
rogorc protoepoqaSi: araferi aRar xdeba
da ar arsebobs arc araviTari survili, ase-
rigad rom angrevs samoTxur bednierebas).
kantiseulma transcendenciam is simaRle
gvapovnina, romlidanac SesaZlebeli gaxda
niutonis vaSlis Camovardna, raRa Tqma unda,
im vaSlis, romelsac adami Tavis droze unda
`Sewvdomoda~.
XXX
kulturis istoriis erTi SexedviT uax-
lesi problemebi miTologiur cnobierebasa
da struqturaSi iRebs saTaves. miTosuri sa-
myaro ar aris kosmiuri sivrcidan ganmxolo-
vebuli erTeuli, romelSic dedamiwis ritu-
ali TamaSdeba. meore mxriv –es swored asea.
swored am erTeulSi xorcieldeba dedamiwis
rituali kosmiuri harmoniis cocxal orga-
nizmSi organulad CarTuli samyarosadmi
Riaobis niSniT. am gansakuTrebul formaTa
or ukiduresobaSia mocemuli `misterialu-
ri morCileba~ kosmiuri, ucxo da sruliad
nacnobi RvTaebrivi sufevis winaSe. mocemul
ritualSi, umTavresad, RvTaebrivi arsebis
ori ukiduresi metamorfoza _ mdedri da
mamri forma monawileobs. miTisaTvis da-
maxasiaTebeli Jiniani da vnebiani, sakuTar

emociasTan sruliad identificirebuli, ja-
dosnur qmedebaTa rigi, umTavresad, erTar-
sebis `formalur~ danawevrebaze _ formaTa
metamorfozirebaze muSaobs. am formaTa sa-
xelebi ki mdedri da mamria, romelTa umTav-
resi gansxvavebani formalur gansxvavebu-
lobasTan erTad qcevaSi unda gamoixatos.
qceva ki yovelTvis jadosnuria, miTisaTvis
yovelTvis gasagebi da `racio~–saTvis yo-
velTvis mouxelTebeli.
ritualuri gza es aris gza iniciaciisa-
ken, sakuTar mdedr Tu mamr sawyisTan inicia-
ciisaken, sakuTar pirvelarsebasTan iden-
tifikaciisaken. iwyebs Tu ara `ritualur
svlas~ _ rac miTSi, Sesabamisad, `maqciobis~
identuria, miTosuri personaJi aRmoCndeba
fantasmagoriul sivrceSi, gansacvifreblad
cvalebad da erTgvarovan formaTa sauflo-
Si, sadac mas uwevs `qceva~, `maqcioba~, rac, sa-
boloo jamSi, i–qceva `gzad~, `jadosnur kva-
lad~, romelsac ukve saxeli hqvia –miTosuri
personaJis saxeli. ase iqceva saxe sax–el–ad.
miTSi mamakacuri da qaluri qcevis mo-
tivebi TiTqmis sruliad identuria. isini
monacvleobiT iReben erTsa da imave funq-
cias da sakuTar RvTaebriv sawyisTan iden-
tificirebas cdiloben. `gzis gavla~ gax-
lavT gmiris cda _ rogorc RvTiur `gamo–
cda–Si~ sakuTari nebis dasturi, RvTisagan
gmirisaTvis cdis `gamo–tyuebaSi~, romelic
sabolood iqceva gamocdilebad, cdilo-
bad, mcdelobad, RvTiur jadosnur aqtad.
igi codnis saxiT formdeba. formdeba gzad,
kvalad, RvTisa da gmiris Tanaswor nebelo-
biT aqtad, sadac gmiris neba identificire-
bulia RvTis nebasTan, sadac, qristianobas
rom davesexoT _ `me da mamai erTni varT~,
sadac `TeTr xnulSi Savi Tesli iTeseba~ da
`Tesli mTesvels eubneba~.
am Temis erT–erT yvelaze cnobil da
momxiblav TvalsaCinoebad warmogvidgeba
fsiqeas Zieba dakarguli satrfos _ kupi-
donis mosapoveblad. aq TiTqmis yvela Zi-
riTad rols adgilebi gacvlili aqvs, mag-
ram es mxolod dRevandeli gadasaxedidan,
lela firaliSvili
radgan Tavad miTSi es aqti sulac ar gani-
xileba adgilis gacvlad _ ufro adgilis
monacvleobaa. Seyvarebuli mamri–gmiris
nacvlad (romelic dakargul satrfosa da
sacoles mosapoveblad gasdgomia gzas), sa-
colea, romelic Tavad cdilobs ipovnos
misi Seyvarebuli. eWviani deda ( sastiki mamis
msgavsad) ar uSvebs qals Tavis satrfosTan.
gavixsenoT _ venera Tavis vaJs _ kupidons
_ mis sacoles umalavs. fsiqea TxovniTa
da mudariT mimarTavs veneras. is ki _ ugu-
lo da mrisxane _ TmaSi swvdeba da Tavs mi-
was axlevinebs, Semdeg iRebs xorblis, Wva-
vis, yayaCos, muxudos, ugrexelisa da Svriis
Tesls, erTmaneTSi aurevs maT, uzarmazar
grovad daaxvavebs da ubrZanebs fsiqeas, es
yvelaferi Ramis dadgomamde gadaarCios.
fsiqeas WianWvelaTa mTeli jari exmareba.
veneras Semdegi brZaneba kidev ufro ul-
mobelia: saSiSi, veluri verZebis gakreWva.
verZebs wvetiani rqebi da Sxamiani kbilebi
aqvT. fsiqeam maT oqros bewvi unda moaci-
177
los (oqros bewvis, oqros Tmis metaforas
miTologiur TqmulebebSi gansakuTrebuli
adgili uWiravs. rogorc metafora, igi ukav-
Sirdeba me–20 saukuneSi feministuri moZra-
obis dasawyiss, roca qali misive nebiT iWris
sakralurobis erT–erT umTavres nawils _
mecnierebaSi rudimentad wodebul, miTosSi
_ parcialuri sulis `adgil–samyofels~ _
Tmas da socialuri rolis gansazRvras `axa-
li gzis~ ZiebiT daiwyebs).
oqrosbewviani verZebi uRran da gauval
tyeSi balaxoben. mwvane lerwami aswavlis
fsiqeas , rogor unda moagrovos oqrosT-
miani verZebis oqros bululebis fTilebi,
romlebic verZebma lerwmianSi datoves. amis
Semdeg RvTaeba venera fsiqeas mosTxovs,
moutanos wyali yinulovani wyarodan, rome-
lic kldis usaSvelo simaRlidan uZiro ufs-
krulis Ziras ecema da mudam fxizlad myofi
drakoni icavs. am rTul davalebas fsiqeas
nacvlad arwivi asrulebs. bolo gamocdad
venera fsiqeas zebunebrivi mSvenierebis
mqone zardaxSis motanas mosTxovs. umaR-
 lela firaliSvili
lesma mcvelma aswavla fsiqeas, rogor Casu-
liyo qvesknelSi; misca mas monetebi qaronis
mosaqrTamad da nelsurnelebani _ cerberis
gasabrueblad, Tanac misi gza daaCqara.
Cveni stereotipuli cnobierebisTvis
TiTqos ucxoa qalis aseTi roli, misi amgva-
ri qceva. miTologiuri kosmogonia ki sruli
TavisuflebiT, TiTqos Sinagani `toleran-
tizmiTac~ agebs `genderul struqturebs~.
TiToeuli mdedri da mamri personaJi aq Zal-
ze Tavisuflad icvlis rolebs, ufro metic,
isini qronologiurad uTmoben erTmaneTs
miwier rolebs. androgenul erTarsebas yo-
fierebis srulyofilebis siRrme da ganur-
Cevloba axasiaTebs. mas mudam maradi dedis
surneli asdis, swored mis wiaRSi unda gaTa-
maSdes mdedrsa da mamrs Soris ukiduresad
antagonisturi miwieri Zalauflebis flo-
bis misteriac da sakuTar pirvelarsebasTan
TiToeuli maTganis sruli iniciaciac. mis
wiaRSi mudam mamris janyia, romelic, ro-
gorc kempbeli ityvis, mudam mTavrdeba deda
178
RvTaebasTan, yofierebis sisavsesTan Sexved-
riT. misi aRwera ki mxolod mSvenierisa da
momxiblvelis epiteTebiT SeiZleba. is aris
mSvenierebis yvela SesaZlo arsebobis nimu-
Si. is pasuxia yvela survilze, yvela vnebaze
da Tavis arsebaSi itevs yvela miwieri da ara-
miwieri Ziebis mizans, srulyofil sufevas.
igi–dedaa, daa, Seyvarebulia, sacolea _ yve-
laferia, rac am cxovrebaSi gipyrobs da gaxe-
lebs, yvelaferi rac Soreul netarebas gpir-
deba, maradi da mouxelTebeli xibli ki misi
arsebis ganmsazRvreli niSania, marad ZiebaSi
rom amyofebs gmirs, realur samyaroSi, sa-
kuTar sivrceSi, sakuTar qalaqSi, sofelSi,
tyeSi, RreSi da ararealurSi–sizmris siRr-
meebSi. igi aRqmuli srulyofilebis gansxeu-
lebaa, gmiris arsebaSi datovebuli da andro-
genis arsebidan gaZevebuli gmiris `girao~ .
igi unda daubrundes mas, Tavisi gzis dasas-
ruls. gzis, romelic Sorsaa srulyofile-
bisagan. mas neba da Zalisxmeva adgens da ara
sulis mSvidoba da sufeva. unda daubrundes
Soreul sanaxebze molivlive maradiul So-
reul da madlian dedas, romelsac odesRac
icnobdi, scnobdi da mis Sesaxeb mexsiereba
axla misi arsebis xiblad gadagqcevia, misi
mudmivi Ziebis Jinian Tavgadasavlad. Tumca
ki misi xati yovelTvis sikeTiT aRvsili ar
unda iyos. magaliTisTvis, babilonur miT-
Si _ `enuma eliS~–Si didi deda TiamaTis wi-
naaRmdeg mamrobiTi RvTaebebi janys awyoben,
romlis xelmZRvaneladac marduqs irCeven. am
brZolaSi isini sastikad klaven deda TiamaTs
da marduqss uzenaes RmerTad acxadeben.
qarTul miTologiur warmodgenebSi Zal-
ze sainteresoa mdedr RvTaebaTa mTeli panTe-
oni, romelTa nawili xTonuri Zalebis demo-
nur bunebas gamoxatavs. xTonuri Zalebis um-
Tavresi saxasiaTo niSani maTi jadosnuri Za-
laa, romelic ZiriTadad frCxilebsa da Tmeb-
Sia Tavmoyrili. es Tvisebebi xTonur Zalebs,
rogorc Cans, genderul rolTan akavSirebda.
vendiadis mixedviT, mTeli samyaro sav-
sea orive sqesis demonebiTa da maTi Tayva-
nismcemlebiT. isini jojoxeTis Sesasvlel-
Tan iyrian Tavs, saWiroa gansakuTrebuli
ritualebis SesrulebiT maTgan Tavis dac-
va: gafrTxilebas saWiroebs moWrili Tma da
frCxilebi, romlebic eSmakTa xelSi saSiS
instrumentebad iqceva.
Tqmuleba-warmodgenebSi mdedri demo-
nebi gansakuTrebuli mSvenierebiT gamoir-
Cevian, mamri demonebi ki amazrzeni gareg-
nobisani arian. TuSuri Tqmulebis mixedviT,
saSineli Sesaxedavia doraisxeveli (dora
iqiTa xeveli ?). igi ase gamoiyureba: goliaTi
mTa–kacia, Sublze sacrisodena erTaderTi,
mrgvali, wiTeli `TanTqala~ Tvali uzis,
mxrebze Savi nabadi afaria (gaixseneT home-
rosis `odiseas~ personaJi polifemi. cik-
lopsac erTaderTi Tvali Sublze uzis, mas
Semdeg rac odisevsi ciklops Tvals gamos-
Txris, imarjvebs demonur arsebaze da kmayo-
fili tovebs qveyanas).
aseve sazarelia megrul TqmulebebSi
erT–erTi popularuli demonuri personaJi–
oCokoCi, romelsac maxinj mkerdze uzarma-
zari kuzi aqvs. es maxinji goliaTi tyis ula-
mazes dedofals tyaSmafas emtereba.

XXX
`vefxistyaosani~ srulad imeorebs mi-
Tosuri genderuli sistemebis struqturas.
am nawarmoebSi iseve, rogorc RmerTebis am-
bebSi, xdeba kosmiuri sistemebis Zalaufle-
bis qronologiuri monacvleoba: mamrisa–
mdedriT da piriqiT.
rostevan mefe arabeTis qveynis mflo-
belia. `saxiTa mis (RvTis) mieriTa~ xeldasx-
muli mefe srulyofilebis gansaxierebaa de-
damiwaze. igi Semkulia Tormeti (sakraluri)
saTnoebiT, ukeTilSobilesi TvisebiT, rac
mas meufebis uflebas aniWebs. is gaxlavT
„...mefe RvTisagan sviani,
maRali, uxvi, mdabali, laSqarmravali,
ymiani,
mosamarTle da mowyale, morWmuli
gangebiani,
TviT meomeri uebro, kvla moubari
wyliani.~
arabeTis samflobeloSi rostevani erT-
pirovnuli mmarTvelia, amas adasturebs isic,
rom dedofali arsad Cans. Cans mxolod misi
`martoden marto~ asuli, `soflisa mnaTi mna-
Tobi~. rostevani xvdeba `uflis Canafiqrs~ _
icis, rom asuli misTvis Zea boZebuli RvTis-
gan, romelmac unda gaagrZelos meufeba ara-
beTis samflobeloSi. mefe am faqts sruliad
udrtvinvelad, gansjis gareSe, vezirebTan
SeTanxmebis Semdeg, axorcielebs kidec. Ta-
vad TinaTinisTvisac misi gamefebis erTade-
ri barieri isaa, rom `mamisa taxtsa sajdomad
Tavi ar eRirseboda~. sxva mxriv ki, igi mzadaa
gvirgvinisa da Zalauflebis misaRebad da ma-
mis darigebas `brZnad moisminebda~.
am SemTxvevaSi, mefis gadawyvetileba ar
gaxlavT SemTxveviTi an spontanuri. Tina-
Tini Tavidanve sasaxlis karze mefed izrde-
boda da bavSvobidanve SeiTvisebda saxelm-
wifos uzenaesi xelisufalisaTvis saWiro
unar-Cvevebs. amas mowmobs rostevanis nazir-
vezirTa sityvebi:
„...icis mefoba, uTqvenod gviTqvams
kvla dia,
SuqTa misTaebr saqmeca misi mzebr
ganacxadia.~
lela firaliSvili
rostevanis mTeli samefo karic eTanx-
meba RmerTis nebas: `Tuca qalia xelmwifed,
marT RvTisa danabadia~. `mzeoba~, meufeba
RvTis saxed yofnas niSnavs. mzis simbolo
ki lomia, romelic Zalauflebis simbolo-
caa. Zalauflebis, rogorc saqmis, rogorc
`mzebr ganacxadis~ ganxorcielebis SemTxve-
vaSi _ `lekvi lomisa sworia, Zu iyos, Tunda
xvadia~. sruliad arabeTma izeima TinaTinis
gamefeba, samefoSi saeWvoc araferi gamxda-
ra qalis xelmwifobasTan dakavSirebiT. Ti-
naTinisTvisac sakuTari qaloba mefobasTan
araviTar kavSirSi ar aris. arabeTSi, arc
samefo karze da arc xalxSi zogadadac ki
ar dgeba sakiTxic amis irgvliv. TinaTini im-
denad grZnobs Tavs mflobelis, mefis, ara-
beTis saxis rolSi, rom arabeTis amirbars,
missave satrfos, avTandils Tavis sworad ar
miiCnevs. rodesac igi mas ucxo moymis saZeb-
rad uSvebs, aseTi teqstiT mimarTavs:
„asre giTxra samsaxuri Cemi gmarTebs
amad orad:
179
pirvel, yma xar, xorcieli arvina
gvyavs Senad sworad,
merme Cemi mijnuri xar, dasturia,
ar naWorad.“
Tavad avTandilic sxvagvarad ver xedavs
sakuTar rols TinaTinTan mimarTebaSi. am yo-
velives araferi aqvs saerTo qristianuli mo-
ralis principebTan, sadac qali ara mxolod
`mxevalia RvTisa~, aramed `uflis monisac~
(mamakacis). qveynis amirbari, TinaTinis mijnu-
ri, misi momavali meuRle avTandilic, romel-
sac TinaTini erTgulebas ase Sehficavs –
„Sengan kide Tu SevirTo raca qmari,
mzeca momxvdes xorcieli, CemTvis kacad
Senaqmari,
srulad movwyde samoTxesa, qvesknels
viyo dasanTqari,
Seni mkvlides siyvaruli,
gulsa dana asaqmari~,-
sruliad eTanxmeba Zalauflebis amg-
var ierarqias qalsa da mamakacs Soris. ucxo
moymis saZebrad gamgzavrebuli avTandilis
teqsti aseTia:
 lela firaliSvili
„pirvel yma var, wasvla minda patronisa
samsaxurad,
xams mefeTa erTguleba, yofa gvmarTebs
ymasa ymurad~.
mTeli arabeTis sazogadoebaSi, sadac
sruli harmonia sufevs yvela socialur
rgolSi, aravin miiCnevs qalis gamefebas gan-
sakuTrebul movlenad. ufro metic, iq prob-
lemis donezec ar dgeba mefis sqesis sakiTxi.
aq, am TvalsazrisiT miTosuri Tavisufle-
ba sufevs, sadac ar dagideven RvTaebebis
sqess. `vefxistyaosanSi~ mamakacis meufeba
Zalze Tavisuflad, yvelasTvis umtkivneu-
lod icvleba qalis meufebiT. Zalauflebis
ganxorcieleba araTu SesaZlebelia, aramed
_ mxolod am formiTaa SesaZlebeli, anu Rv-
Tiuri sufeva dedamiwaze xorcieldeba mona-
cvleobiT: Zalauflebis `animuri~ formiT,
romelsac mosdevs Zalauflebis `animusuri~
forma, da ase usasrulod.
aq SegviZlia gavixsenoT amiranis miTis
180
aseTi pasaJi: rodesac RvTaeba dali mSo-
biarobs, igi sulkalmaxs eubneba, Tu qali
daibados, rac ginda is daarqvi; Tu vaJi iyos,
amirani daarqvio. da Semdeg CamouTvlis
im pirobebs, romelic amiranis dabadebis
SemTxvevaSi unda ganaxorcielos sulkalma-
xma, rom kosmosi ar dairRves, rom mamakacis
Zalaufleba Camovides dedamiwaze, romlis
dedac dalia. qalis dabadebis SemTxvevas
dali ar ganixilavs, rogorc mniSvnelovans.
misTvis qalis saxelsac ki ara aqvs mniSv-
neloba. am mniSvnelobiT Rirebulebas igi
mxolod amiranis dabadebas aniWebs. aseT
SemTxvevaSi mas memkvidris saxe da sax-el-ic
esaxeba. misi sikvdilis Semdeg unda movides
mamakacis meufeba da isic miwaze _ zeskneli-
dan sknelSi.
arabeTis sapirispirod, indoeTSi situa-
cia sxvagvaria. aq taxtze mefec gvyavs da de-
dofalic, Tumca indoeTis mefe dedofalze
sax-ieria poemaSi. mefe–dedofali uSviloa
karga xnis ganmavlobaSi
`Ze ar esva mefesa da dedofalsa mzisa
darsa,
Wmunva hqonda, Jami iyo, miT aexvnes spani
zarsa~.
TviTon indoeTi Svid nawilad dasaxs-
ruli qveyanaa. mefe da dedofali pirmSos
elodebian da arCevans akeTeben erT–erTi
samTavros ufliswul tarielze, igi mefis
karze gadayavT da zrdian rogorc indoeTis
taxtis memkvidres. miuxedavad imisa, rom
mefe-dedofals am xnis manZilze uSvilobis
`Wmunva~ hqondaT, ver Caswvdnen RvTis nebas
da tarielis sasaxleSi gadasvlis xuTi wlis
Tavze dabadebul qaliSvils _ nestans ver
iReben rogorc taxtis momaval memkvidre-
sa da mflobels. aqedan iwyeba maTi dramac.
dReniadag momavali mefis Ziebas Seupyria
mefe farsadani, misi nestanic mzeT-unaxa-
viviT sasaxlis karidan moSorebiT, miTiuri
yamariviT fardagebCamoSvebul sasaxleSi
izrdeba, sadac mzis sxivic ver aRwevs. es
mzeTunaxavi izrdeba rogorc dedofali, da
ara rogorc mefe. msoflmxedvelobrivi um-
wifrobac male iCens Tavs _ indoeTi marT-
lac `gardaqadda~. amas ki didi istoria us-
wrebda win.
nestans, TinaTinisagan gansxvavebiT, me-
fis rolSi ar warmoudgenia Tavi. miuxedavad
ufliswulobisa, nestani ar gaxlavT momava-
li erTpirovnuli gamgebeli Tavisi samefo-
si. misma sasaxlis gareT yofnam, misma mzeT-
unaxavobam, misTvisve mZime Sedegi gamoiRo.
ra Tqma unda, mas ar unda xvarazmeli xelm-
wife, romelic ara mxolod mis qveyanas, ara-
med masac daepatroneba. magram gzac ar icis,
rogor moiqces. is tariels, TinaTinisagan
gansxvavebiT, Tavis partniorad aRiqvams da
xvarazmSas Svilis mosaklavad agzavnis ase-
Ti mizandasaxulebiT — `me da Sen davsxdeT
xelmwifed, sjobs yola siZe-sZlobasa.~
nestani ar gaxlavT erTpirovnuli
mmarTveli, is ar da ver eubneba tariels _
`pirvel yma xar xorcielio~. igi verc RvTis
nebas swvdeba am TvalsazrisiT, rom aRarafe-
ri vTqvaT misi mSoblebis politikur umwif-

robaze, romelTaTvisac gafrTxilebasaviT
unda yofiliyo uSvilebis wlebi.
RvTis nebis am miuReblobam umZimesi
Sedegebi gamoiRo. es Seexo, rogorc indoeTis
samefo kars, ise mTel samefos. Cven aRaraferi
viciT indoeTis mefe-dedoflis Sesaxeb. ta-
xtis orive memkvidres ki umZimesi bediswera
ergo. erTi qajeTis tyvea, meore ki _ velad
gaWrili raindi, romelic mxolod Sewevnis
wyalobiT axerxebs daubrundes sakuTar Tavs.
es Sewevna ki isev arabeTis samefodan modis _
gawonasworebuli, mSvidi, harmoniuli qvey-
nis mmarTvelebidan. nestanis mSoblebis ugu-
nurobiTa da RvTis nebis verSecnobiT dar-
Rveuli harmonia indoeTSi aRdgeba mxolod
mas Semdeg, rac isini eziarebian RvTiuri wes-
rigis dedamiwiseul saxes, sadac `vardTa da
nexvTa mze sworad moefinebis~, sadac RvTisa
da mefis neba identuria, yoveli arsi `marT
RvTisa danabadia~ da sadac `saxed RvTisad~,
`saxiTa mis mieriTa~ yofna erTnairad SeuZlia
rostevansac da TinaTinsac _ umaRles xeli-
sufalT, romelTa xelmwifoba `misgan ars~
(RvTisgan ars). albaT, am umaRles WeSmarite-
bas unda ziareboda indoeTic, Tumca am uka-
nasknelma sakmaod rTuli gza ganvlo, vidre
isev RvTis Sewevnasa da nebas Caswvdeboda.
sakmaod saintereso saxea `vefxisty-
aosanSi~ davari. erTaderTi qali, romelic
RvTisagan TviTmkvlelobisaTvis xdeba gan-
wiruli. rac Zalze mniSvnelovania, igi swo-
red im qajebis rZali galdaT, romelTa ty-
veobaSic nestani moxvda _ moxvda indoeTis
ufliswuli, swored imisTvis, rom RvTis
neba ver ganxorcielebuliyo indoeTSi. da-
varis ukanaskneli saqmec esaa _ man unda
gawiros nestani qajebisTvis, rom isedac
mzeTunaxaobaSi gazrdilma qalma TviTon
ver SeigrZnos sakuTari Zalaufleba. dava-
ri qajebidan iRebs im `sibrZnes~, romliTac
nestani unda gaiwiros, samagierod gaxan-
grZlivdes e.w mamrTa mmarTvelobis stagna-
cia. qaji SemTxveviTi metafora ar gaxlavT:
isini marTlac floben sibrZnes, Tumca ara
RvTiurs (rasac vxvdebiT arabeTSi). dava-
lela firaliSvili
ric am `sibrZniT~ xelmZRvanelobs, roca
nestans mavrs atans qajeTSi gadasamalad:
igi mSvenivrad xvdeba sakuTari Zalisxmevis
RvTiuri nebis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebas
da TviTon usjis sakuTar Tavs sasikvdilo
ganaCens. es is ganaCenia, ris Semdegac RvTis
sivrces davari veRarasodes Seexeba.
araordinarulia `vefxistyaosnis~ idea-
lur sivrceSi gulanSaros samefos vaWarTa
uxucesis meuRlis, fatmanis arseboba. fatma-
nis zneobas moralurs ver davarqmevT, magram
igi arc amoraluria (yovel SemTxvevaSi, Rv-
Tis gangebulebis wvdomas is ufro ukeT axer-
xebs, vidre, vTqvaT, indoeTis mTeli samefo
kari). ufro swori iqneboda fatmanis zneoba
morals miRma, i-moralurad gangvesazRvra.
mijnurobis Tema, romelic sakvanZoa `vef-
xityaosanSi~ Zalze saintereso interpre-
tacias iZens fatmanis SemTxvevaSi, romelic
idealur grZnobis gansxeulebas erTi ro-
melime mamakacis saxeSi ar eZebs. `mutribTa
da momReralTa moyvaruli~, `momlxeni da
181
Rvinis msmeli~ fatmani Tavad ganucxadebs
avTandils misdami `ndomis~ Sesaxeb. `siyva-
rulsa malva unda~ aq TiTqmis sapirispiroSi
xorcieldeba: `mijobs, mivhyve, ganRa sadme
vscnob saqmesa damalulsa~. amasTan, fatma-
ni mSvenivrad acnobierebs avTandilisadmi
sakuTari grZnobebis aramaradiulobas _
misTvis sruliad ucxoa puritanuli zneo-
ba, mijnurTa erTguleba da mainc, swored is
xdeba nestanisa da tarielis, maTi ze-drou-
li da ze-moraluri siyvarulis, megobrobisa
da Tanalmobis zneobrivi kategoriebis gam-
tarebeli da pirveli Semwe.
gulanSaros samefo dedoflis fatmanis
logika, romelsac erTgvari disonansi Semoa-
qvs `vefxistyaosnis~ idealurad struqtu-
rirebul sivrceSi, garkveul invariantul
TamaSebriv samyaros agebs. am garemoSi aRar
arsebobs erTxel da samudamod gaqvavebuli,
myari zneobrivi idealebi, aq yvelaferi Ta-
maSebriv relativizms iZens, riTac `vefxis-
tyaosnisaTvis~ esoden Cveul `ucxos~ Temas
kidev ufro mZafrs xdis. es is sivrcea, sadac:
 lela firaliSvili
`aqa mosvliTa gaymdebis, kacica iyos
berebi,
sma, gaxareba, TamaSi, niadagmc ars
simRerebi,
zamTar da zafxul sworad gvaqvs
yvavili ferad-ferebi,
vinca gvicnoben, gvnatrian, igica, vin-a
mterebi.~
aSkaraa, rom aq kulturis sul sxva, ara-
Cveul paradigmaSi vxvdebiT, `TamaSi TamaSi-
saTvis~ am sivrcis mTeli eTosia. amitomaa,
rom avTandili, romelic sibrZnisa da puri-
tanuli zneobis idealad isaxeba mTels po-
emaSi, aq moralur kategoriebs miRma iwyebs
moqmedebas. swored aq aris nestanis povnis
gasaRebic, TamaSis registridan saukeTesod
Cans qmedebaTa yoveli rigi da kosmiuri har-
moniis aRdgenis SesaZlebloba.
XXX
socialuri situacia kulturis mier an-
182
gaJirebuli sivrcea. am situaciis SigniT, Tu
mas garkveul sivrceSi movaqcevT, TiToeuli
persona Tu personaJi erTmaneTs warudgebi-
an rogorc urTierTdakvirvebis subieqtebi.
maTTvis es sivrce garkveuli Sansia perfor-
mansisaTvis, sadac mTeli es socialuri `kre-
buli~, socialuri sivrcis CaTvliT, SesaZ-
loa `krebad~, `yrilobad~ `movnaTloT~.
rogorc Cans, mxolod `kreba~, `yriloba~
aris socialuri situaciisaTvis is ZiriTadi
meqanizmi, romelsac igi eyrdnoba da Semdeg
Tavad iqceva erTgvar zeimad, SesaZloa, ri-
tualad, romelSic formaTSemoqmedi Zalebi
Tavis ukidegano Zalmosilebas aRweven. sxva
araviTari piroba ar arsebobs arc prezen-
tirebisa da arc reprezentirebisaTvis. so-
cialuri struqturis dasaxsvra ieraqiul
struqturad SesaZlebelia mxolod nakle-
badZalmosili sivrculi metaforebiT.
miTo–istoriuli xdomilebebi mxolod
sakuTar idealizebul da kristalizebul
versiebad, xolo konkretul xdomileba-
Ta Tavmoyra gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis
dResaswaulad, an sazeimo viTarebad war-
mogvidgeba. is rogorRac erTveba miTis
struqturaSi miuxedavad imisa, aqvs Tu ara
mas metafizikuri Tu mistikuri safuZveli:
qorwinebis, gardacvalebis rituali (saero
Tu saeklesio), e.w. gamoSvebis saRamoebi,
iubileebi (unda aRiniSnos pirveli oris
sruli ganZarcva ritualis metafizikuri
datvirTvisagan saqarTveloSi). ukanaskneli
aTwlwulebis ganmavlobaSi is cvlilebebi,
romelnic am ritualebma ganicada, aRiniSna
sxva tipis simboluri qmedebiT, magaliTad,
misasalmebeli da gamosaTxovari sityvebiT,
saaxalwlo TavyrilobebiTa da fsevdori-
tualuri sadRegrZeloebiT (amis praqtika
saqrTveloSi didia). es yovelive rituali-
sa da miTis sakralur sferoSi CaRrmavebis
survilsa da mizans Seadgens.
ritualSi CaRrmaveba ar warmoadgens
socialuri situaciis erTaderT TviTmi-
zans. yoveli socialuri rituali moiTxovs
garkveuli tipis resursebs, romelnic konk-
retul identificirebaSi iCens Tavs. soci-
aluri situaciis Seqmnis umTavresi motivi
aris axali formaTSemoqmedebiTi sivrce,
sadac garkveuli iqneba TiToeuli monawi-
lis ierarqiuli roli, socialuri mikuTv-
nebuloba da ZalauflebiTi komunikacia,
romelic sruliad mkveTr saxes swored
sadResaswaulo ritualebSi iZens. konkre-
tulad ki calkeuli rituali warmoadgens
asparezs, sadac personas eZleva saSualeba
pirispir Seeyaros da gadaeyaros sakuTar
reprezenraciasa da reprezentabelobas da
garkveuli wesiT Seerwyas misive arsebobis
prezentacias. Tavad ritualuri viTareba ki
interpersonalurad qceuli transperson-
aluri viTarebaa. igi socialuri situaciaa,
romelic formalurad garkveuli konven-
cionalizebuli aqtia. misi saSualebiT per-
sona xelaxla agebs sakuTar damokidebule-
bas sxvasTan da sxvebTan. mTel ritualur
velSi konkretuli emociuri motivirebuli
qceva formalizebulia. nebismieri qceva
aqcentirebulia da stereotipuli. nebis-

mieri stereotipuli qceva ki moicema da
Tavs gvawvdis niSnebiT _ rogorc garegnu-
li, ise Sinagani. rogorc irein hofmani ityo-
da, isini warmoadgenen garkveul ekrans. es
vizualur–utilitaruli cnebaa, romelic
safuZvlad udevs komunikaciis eTologiur
koncefciebs. nebismier ritualSi cxovelic
ki, misi mizandasaxulebidan gamomdinare,
iRebs im mdgomareobas, im formas, im pozas,
romelic inicirebulia misi momavali qceviT
(magaliTad, risxvas gamoxatavs Tu piriqiT).
es TavisTavad vizualur–utilitaruli ko-
munikaciis formaa, romelic konkretul si-
tuaciaSi niSniT aRiwereba. igi garkveuli
Canasaxi unda iyos socialuri situaciis im
`performansisa~, sadac TiToeuli persona
formalurad struqturirebuli performi-
rebis mcdeli da ganmaxorcielebelia. konk-
retuli vizualur–utilitaruli niSani ki
socialuradaa ganpirobebuli da socialu-
rad ganpirobebuli situaciis mTel siRrmes
moicavs. amdenad, socialuri situaciis Ti-
Toeuli monawile iseTive performatoria,
rogoric socialuri situaciis monawile
nebismieri sxva.
Tu CavTvliT, rom personis nebismieri
qceva, garegnobis CaTvliT, garSemomyofe-
bisaTvis aris garkveuli informacia, rome-
lic Zalze mniSvnelovania rogorc infor-
macia misi socialuri identurobis Sesaxeb,
aRmovaCenT, rom TiToeuli kultura sru-
liad formalizebulia. TiToeul kultu-
raSi yoveli individualuri qceva xdeba
specializebuli, formalizdeba da dadis
yofiT `rutinaze~, Tumca igi Zalze mniSvne-
lovania informaciuli TvalsazrisiT. ase
rom, performansis Tema TiTqmis srulad an
umniSvnelovanesad ejaWveba performirebis
kontrolirebad funqcias, maSinac ki, rode-
sac igi TvalsaCino ar aris. ase rom, hofma-
nis `indikaturi~ xdomilebebi empiriulad
amzadebs safuZvels kontr–aqtebisaTvis,
gamoimuSavebs urTierTobis moduss, stils
da urTierTobis formulas. TiToeuli maT-
gani ki qmnis diskursul garantebs soci-
lela firaliSvili
aluri situaciis yvela monawilisaTvis _
misTvisac vinc qmnis e.w. ekrans da maTTvisac
vinc amis mowme xdeba.
Tu genders ganvmartavT, rogorc sqesis
kulturalad aucilebel korelats, maSin
hofmanis ekrani am korelaciis konvencion-
aluri gamosaxulebis referirebas axdens.
socialuri sistemis aseTi dekonstruq-
ciis Semdeg globalizaciis ganxorcielebis
erTaderTi veli _ transgenderuli xelov-
neba _ fotografia da moda rCeba.
moda, `siyvarulis alqimia~
dRes moda modaSia. igi yvelganaa _ az-
rovnebis formebiTa da leqsikiT dawyebu-
li _ `tusovkebsa~ da politikur Tavyri-
lobebze, bazrobebsa Tu elitur salonebSi
gamofenili yofiTi sagnebiT damTavrebu-
li. me–20 saukunis meore naxevridan moda
xelovnebis sivrceSi iwyebs arsebobas da
mTeli misi struqturis ganmsazRvrelic
183
xdeba. sxeuli _ Tavisi sqesiT, identuro-
biT, socialuri statusiT, samsaxureobrivi
Tu ojaxuri mikuTvnebulobiT modisaTvis
mxolod masalaa, Tavad samosi ki misi kerZo
SemTxveva, romliTac konkretuli identifi-
kaciebi xorcieldeba. Tu Tavis droze samo-
siT aRiwereboda calkeuli eTnosi, kultu-
ra Tu socialuri ierarqia, dRes modis sivr-
ceSi nebismier `rolSi~ SegiZlia gansxeulde
egviptel faraonad, kosmonavtad, qurumad,
jariskacad, momxibvlel romantiul qalad
da mamakacad gadacmul amazonad.
fotografiis dabadebis Semdeg moda
sruliad gansakuTrebul adgils ikavebs
kulturaSi. yvela epoqasa da yvela eTnikur
sazogadoebaSi igi araCveulebrivi sila-
RiT iwyebs TamaSs, amitomac ZiriTadad pos-
tkulturul xelovnebad moiazreba da glo-
balizaciis epoqis xelovnebis erT–erTi
ganmsazRvreli sivrce xdeba.
XX saukunis xelovnebaSi moda fotogra-
fiasTan erTad moipovebs privilegirebul
mdgomareobas. Tu fotografia pretenzias
 lela firaliSvili
acxadebs sinaTlis alqimiaze da warmatebi-
Tac arTmevs Tavs am lamis mistikur process,
moda kulturis gasaRebis funqcias iZens da
zekulturuli gulgrilobiTa da ganurCev-
lobiT cdilobs `mTeli samyaros amoxsnas~
(bodriari). igi daudevar diferencirebul
TamaSs eweva kulturaTa eTnikuri Tu reli-
giuri niSnebiT. kulturaTa niSnebi ar war-
moadgens misTvis araviTar determinacias.
modaSi isini iZenen usasrulo urTierTCana-
cvlebis maradiul Tavisuflebas.
kulturaSi, yoveli kerZo SemTxvevis
konkretul CarCoebSi, moda samoselis for-
mas aRwers. es forma Tavisi Sinagani struq-
turiT _ kulturiT aris ganpirobebuli da
unificirebuli. SegviZlia sxvagvaradac vT-
qvaT: erovnuli samosi konkretul kultu-
ras aRwers da ara am kulturis modas. moda,
rogorc Tavisuflebis usasrulo xarisxi,
nel–nela Tavad Tavisufldeba kulturis
determinantisagan. erovnul samosSi misi
184
`Tavisufleba~ kulturis formaTa umniSv-
nelo variaciiTa da improvizaciiT Semoi-
sazRvreba. erovnuli samosiT unificirebu-
lia yvelaferi, rac konkretuli kulturis
SigniT aris dasaxsruli socialuri Tu wo-
debrivi niSniT. eTnikuri kulturis sazRv-
rebSi sruliad gansazRvruli iyo mefeTa,
didebulTa, sxvadasxva religiis Tu ekle-
siis msaxurTa, glexTa Tu moqalaqeTa sa-
moseli. sxvagvarad eTnikur sivrceSi, raRa
Tqma unda, moda ar arsebobda. arsebobda
kostiumi, romelic mcireoden cvlilebebs
ganicdida konkretuli formis SigniT, cv-
lilebis survilis dauokebeli ZalisxmeviT.
modis funqcia ki mudam ucvleli iyo –
Tavisuflebis mzardi xarisxiT mas SfoTi
unda Seetana droSi arsebul garkveul for-
maTa batonobis im sazRvrebSi, romelnic wina
epoqis `modas~ ganapirobebdnen.
globalizaciis niSniT determinirebul
samyaroSi, sadac yoveli kultura `SiSvlde-
ba~ da iZrobs Tavis TviTmyofad da ganumeo-
rebel samoss, moda epoqis `maestro~ xdeba.
mis sivrceSi aRar arsebobs konkretuli
formebiT gansazRvruli niSanTa sistema,
romelic adre kulturasTan identificire-
bis unikalur da universalur msvlelobas
axorcielebda (rom aRaraferi vTqvaT igive
erovnuli samosiT genderul rolTan iden-
tificirebaze). yoveli eTnikuri Tu droi-
Ti epoqa modam samoselisagan ganZarcva da
`absolururi upasuxismgeblobiT~ aago ze-
kulturuli TamaSis wesebi _ TamaSi kul-
turaTa niSnebiT.
nebismieri erovnuli Tu samsaxurebri-
vi samoseli konkretuli feriTi sistemiT
Tu grafikuli konturebiTaa agebuli. moda
aTavisuflebs kulturebs formaTa sqematu-
ri determinaciisagan da iwyebs diaxac upa-
suxismgeblo da umizno TamaSs, sadac kul-
turaTa niSnebiT monacvleoba mxolod nos-
talgiaa `yofili kulturis~ niSanTa TiTq-
mis `gaxevebuli~ sistemisa. aq aRar arsebobs
formaTa Sinagan logikas daqvemdebarebuli
raime struqtura _ araviTari erovnuli,
kulturuli, ierarqiuli, socialuri, re-
ligiuri da a.S. identificireba, radgan yo-
velive zemoTCamoTvlili znis, konkretuli
zneobis farglebSia moqceuli. swored zne–
Cveulebebis struqturaa, yvela tipis iden-
tifikacias rom ganapirobebs. identifika-
cia ki garkveuli kulturis Tu epoqis miTSi
moqceuli ritualiT (konkretuli eTniku-
ri, religiuri a. S.) miTologiuri ritualiT
aris gansazRvruli.
promeTes miTi fotografiam realur
qronotopSi gadaitana. sinaTlis, cecxlis
moxelTeba frangma dagerma evropaSi `mzis
Casvenebis~ Jams (Spengleri) moaxerxa da kul-
turac aiwewa _ dasrulda Zveli rituali.
dedamiwaze cecxlis (sinaTlis) mopovebis
misteria gadaTamaSda da daiwyo axali miTo-
logiuri era _ `rituali ritualisaTvis~,
sadac umTavresi determinanta aris `TamaSi
TamaSisaTvis~. niSanTa erTmaneTTan usaz-
riso Canacvleba modis srul emansipaciaze
miuTiTebs. am emansipaciisken mimarTul gzas

Tavisi silaRiTa da simsubuqiT (da ara zere-
lobiT) axali miTologiis umTavresi niSani
_ fotografia xsnis, xsnis `akaSa qronikis~
sxeulebrivi Semoqmedi da vizualuri biog-
rafiis alqimikosi, axali miTologiis ritu-
alis `maestro~.
Tavis siRrmeSi moda racionalizmisa da
logikis TiTqmis arc erT elements ar uS-
vebs. is, rac simboloTa sistemis saxiT na-
cionalur, erovnul tanis samosSi arsebob-
da, niSanTa sistemiT, metafizikur siRrmesa
da seriozulobas moklebul niSanTa i–logi-
kuri (logikisadmi indiferentuli) jaWviT
Seicvala. niSanTa formalurad urTierT-
daukavSirebeli saxeebis nebismieri kombina-
cia arakombinirebul ritorikul frazas qm-
nis. am niSanTa sistemaSi aRar arsebobs Rire-
bulebiTi Skala. calkeul kulturaTa konk-
retul niSanTa kodi nebiT modis da nebaSi
iwyebs usazriso TamaSs. am qveyanaze yoveli-
ve misi Zalauflebis qveS eqceva da survilis
TavisuflebiTa da gatacebiT dahyveba mo-
dis `aramotivirebul~ Wirveulobas. am Wir-
veuli TamaSis erTaderTi wesi umisamarTo,
umizno ganmeorebadobaa sawyisi wertilis,
sivrcis da qronologiis gareSe. moda marad
Zveli da marad axali, marad SfoTavs da ver
isvenebs. Jiniani da Tavbrudamxvevi siswra-
fiT amoyris formaTa mumificirebul sxeu-
lebs gardasul Tu Tanamedrove kulturaTa
skivridan da axal sicocxles aniWebs maT.
dRes mTel qveyanaze yovelive Tavisi
Sinagani identobis principiT pirdapir Se-
xebaSia modis gavlenasTan, mis Tvisebasa Tu
unikalur unarTan _ gardaqmnas da usawyiso
ganmeorebadobis mdgomareobaSi mogvces ne-
bismieri forma.
moda yovelTvis Zveli da yovelTvis axa-
lia. is mudam sargeblobs `retros~ stiliT,
magram misi umTavresi Tviseba warsulis
formebis aCrdilebiT TamaSia. mas sulac
ar aSinebs es aCrdilebi, amitomac uwodebs
bodriari modas `paradoqsulad araTanad-
rouls~, masSi yovelTvis formaTa sikvdili
lela firaliSvili
igulisxmeba. es formebi ki raRac ucnauri
wesiT axdens abstragirebas da xdeba ara-
Tanadrouli (SegviZlia vTqvaT _ droiTis
miRmuri). formis aCrdilad qceulma niSan-
ma SesaZloa uceb Seisxas xorci da momen-
teluradac ganiZarcvos misgan. moda dros
klavs, mas dro gahyavs, is dros atarebs. misi
araTanadrouloba radikalurad emijneba
konkretul kulturaSi moqceul erovnul
Tu samsaxurebriv samoss da aqsesuarebs. si-
kvdilTan laRad SeTamaSeba modas univers-
alur simsubuqes aniWebs: arsebulis sikvdi-
lis wyalobiT igi Tanamedrove xdeba (SesaZ-
loa ramdenjermec). moda sasowarkveTasac
atarebs _ imis gamo, rom araferia maradiu-
li, es sasowarkveTa misi da misiT tkbobis
mudmivi Tanamgzavri xdeba: sikvdilTan, miT
ufro, formaTa sikvdilTan urTierTobaSi
yovelive xelaxla xorcSesxmis unars inar-
Cunebs. mWvretelobiTi simaRlidan formaTa
ferxulis ritualSi axdens moda TviTiden-
185
tificirebasa da jadosnuri wesiT erTd-
roulad axorcielebs warsuls, awmyosa da
momavals, rogorc maT urTierTuaryofas
da urTierTmonacvleobas arawrfivi mimar-
TulebiT. misi marad efemeruloba Tanamed-
roveobaSia mosaxelTebeli. igi aqtualuri
awmyoa, romelSic, rogorc fokusSi, mTeli
warsuli eteva da mTeli momavali ganifine-
ba. moda yovelTvis inovaciaa, Tumca ciklu-
ri inovacia. masSi erTnairi warmatebiT Ta-
naarsebobs `retro~ da `neo~.
XXX
uaxlesi miTologiuri ritualis sana-
xaoba _ ase SeiZleba aRiweros sanaxaobi-
Ti dramatizmisagan daclili da TamaSis
sruliad axal registrSi moqceuli `modis
Cveneba~. raRa Tqma unda, am sanaxaobas ara-
feri aqvs saerTo arc ritualis misteri-
alur sazrisTan da arc meditaciur wiaR-
svlasTan, romelic miTologiur rituals
axasiaTebda. dRes swored moda da mxolod
moda axerxebs Tanamedrove kulturis aku-
 lela firaliSvili
milirebas sanaxaobiT sivrceSi. meore mxriv,
rac mas arqaul ritualTan akavSirebs _ es
sakuTrivi sivrcis ukiduresi esTetiza-
ciaa, Wvretis siamovnebas rom ukavSirdeba
da sanaxaobiT dResaswaulad aqcevs podiu-
mis rituals. misi jadosnuri Zala ki qalia.
esTetikuri datvirTva podiumze mxolod
qals aqvs, oRond sqesisagan ganZarcvuls,
Wvretis wminda obieqts, usasrulod moZravs
wrfiv gzaze, podiumze, gzaze, romelic yo-
velTvis riskia, kulturis da maradi Tvi-
Tuaryofis riski. sanaxaoba sanaxaobisaTvis,
tkbobisa da TviTtkbobisaTvis, cvalebado-
baTa TamaSia maradi cvalebadobisaTvis. igi
ver uZlebs formis stagnacias da arc stati-
kaa misTvis asatani. misi diskursi araviTari
mniSvnelobis matarebeli ar aris (bartis mi-
xedviT xom diskursi mudmivad `mideb–mode-
baa~, `aqeT–iqiT awydebaa~ wydoma? ). igi arc
mimezisuria da arc antimimezisuri, Tumca ki
misi aRwera iseTi cnebebiTac SegviZlia, ro-
goricaa ritmi, tonaloba an artikulacia.
186
am cnebaTa Sinaarsze bunebrivad dgas ri-
tualuri sanaxaobis TviTgancda. es gaxlavT
`sanaxaoba sistemis Signidan~ _ mesame Tvali
_ sakuTari arsebis Wvretisa da gan–Wvretis
unaris mqone, maradiuli tkbobisa da sufevis
Zalmosilebas rom miscemia da SefasebiTi da
RirebulebiTi orientiri rom daukargavs.
mzera ki Wvretis diskursia, igi mied–mo-
edeba, aqeT–iqiT, win da ukan awydeba, magram
mudam sakuTar Tavs, sakuTar sxeuls awyde-
ba, waawydeba da gadaawydeba.
ra surs modas, maradisobis absolutur
intenciad rom qceula da `podiumis~ gzas
dasdgomia? novalisisa ar iyos, _ `gana saiT
mivdivarT?! mudmivad Sinisaken~. Sinisaken
mimaval gzaze ki moda Cveni megzuria. TviTon
mudam Sin aris da win da ukan, warsulsa da
momavalSi siaruliT SeiZens warsulzeca da
momavalzec bevrad ufro dramatul marad
awmyos, masze mimarTuli yoveli intenciiT
iTvisebs da `akontrolebs~ yoveli Cvenganis
Sinaur garemos.
boloTqmis nacvlad
jobda am teqstis nacvlad TqvenTvis
momeZRvna ulamazesi ferad–feradi babTe-
biT Semkuli sarkiseburi elvarebis qaRal-
dis fuTa.
babTebiT Semkuli qaRaldis fuTaSi uc-
nauri formis patara kolofi, feriTi da
grafikuli gamosaxulebiT a–Wrel–ebuli.
kolofSi xaverdis an romelime Zvir-
fasi qsovilis fonze dasvenebuli an misgan
arqiteqturuli formebis daxvewilobiT
amosvetili feradi brolis patara WurWe-
li _ SuSa;
SuSaSi ki isev feradi siTxe _ ukvdave-
bis wyali;
moxsnidi Tu ara brolis WurWels Tavs,
zRapruli Citis suliviT amoifrqveoda
da aavsebda Tqvens arsebas moduri sunamos
surneli `damgdebi~ saxeliT _ `siyvaru-
lis alqimia~. im wams SeigrZnobdiT imas, rom
fers suni aqvs.
dRes modaSi saxe–liani an saxeli–ani
surnelia, oRond zRapruli devis suliviT
_ SefuTuli, sunamos kolofSi gamomwyv-
deuli.:
babTebSi _ qaRaldebi;
qaRaldebSi _ muyaos kolofi;
kolofSi _ SuSa;
SuSaSi –siTxe;
siTxeSi –suni;
sunSi _ suli;
sulSi _ saxeli,
moduri saxe–li , sarkiseburi elvarebis
qaRaldiT vualizebuli saxeli.
sunamo `siyvarulis alqimia~ dRes sa-
bazro saqonelia.
 lela firaliSvili

LELA PHIRALISHVILI of light and successfully deals with this almost mystic
Ap. Kutateladze Tbilisi State Academy of Art process, fashion becomes the key feature of culture and
indifferently tries to “explain the universe” (Jean Bau-
drillard) It engages in careless play on ethnic and reli-
F R O M A R C H A I C gious grounds of cultures. Cultural signs do not repre-
T O G L O B A L I ST M Y T H sent determinants for fashion. They gain eternal free-
dom toreplace each other in fashion.
Su m m ary

Mythological consciousness is the universal state of

consciousness. Boundaries of consciousness are select-
ed by the specific ritual behavior since archaic myth un-
til today, until so called “post cultural” era and I would
say until the global myth.
General paradigm, that as if breaks boundaries be-
tween archaic myth and culture in global era and “re-
peats” archaic mythical narrative by “visual” language
and “social behavior” or by playing specific role in a
“social ritual”, is described in the letter. Transgender art,
photography and fashion, remains one of the important

187
fields of implementing globalization since deconstruc-
tion of social systems.
Nowadays fashion is in fashion. It is everywhere
starting from thinking forms and vocabulary and ending
by everyday life items exhibited at parties and political
gatherings, fairs or elite salons. From the second half of
XX century fashion starts its existence in arts and defines
the whole structure of it. Body – including gender identi-
ty, social status, or family affiliations – is only material for
the fashion, while garment is a specific occasion accord-
ing to which specific identifications are possible. If once
specific ethnos, culture or social hierarchy was described
by garments, nowadays fashion enables you to be per-
sonified to embody Egyptian Pharaoh, cosmonaut, priest,
soldier, charming romantic lady or Amazon isguised man.
Fashion has occupied a significant place in culture
since the birth of photography. Due to its playful role in
every epoch and ethnic societies fashion is considered to
be post cultural art and one of the decisive spaces of art
of globalization era.
Alongside with the photography, fashion obtains a
privileged state. While photography claims the alchemy
 ana nemsaZe
ap. quTaTelaZis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo
samxatvro akademia
foto, rogorc vizualuri
kulturis agenti
dRes foto (rogorc vizualuri kulturis
agenti) vizualuri xelovnebis sxva mimarTu-
lebebTan (kino, animacia, multiplikacia) erT-
erTi yvelaze qmediTi saxelovnebo mimarTu-
lebaa. medialuri saSualebebi yovelTvis
gansazRvravdnen kulturas. fotos aqvs konk-
retuli specifikuri fsiqologiuri da teqni-
kuri maxasiaTeblebi, riTic is gansxvavdeba vi-
zualuri xelovnebis sxva mimarTulebebisgan.
fotos tradiciuli vizualuri xelovne-
bis sxva formebisgan (ferwera, grafika, qanda-
keba) ganmasxvavebeli erT-erTi specifikuri
188
maxasiaTebelia is, rom obieqtis aryofnas-
Tan erTad postulirdeba aseTi Sinaarsi _
es obieqti namdvilad arsebobda da iq iyo, ra
viTarebaSic xedavs mas mnaxveli fotoze. `ama-
Si mdgomareobs SeSliloba: dRevandel dRem-
de xom vercerTi gamosaxuleba ver axerxebda
Cems warsulSi sagnobriv darwmunebas gamaSu-
alebeli rgolebis sistemis gareSe (relais).
fotografiis gaCenisas Cemma darwmunebulo-
bam uSualo xasiaTi miiRo da msoflioSi ara-
vis ar SeuZlia Cemi gadarwmuneba. amgvarad,
foto CemTvis ucnauri mediumi xdeba: halu-
cinaciis axali forma, mcdari aRqmis doneze,
WeSmariti drois doneze, garkveulwilad zo-
mieri da ubralo, romelsac anawileben (erTi
mxriv, `es iq ar aris“, meore mxriv, `magram es iq
namdvilad iyo“) SeSlili saxiT, romelzec ga-
daiyvlifa realoba~1.
fotos, rogorc Tanamedrove medialuri
saSualebis yvelaze mniSvnelovan da specifi-
kur maxasiaTeblad kulturuli da teqnikuri
1
rolan barti, kamera lusida, pirveli da meore na-
wilebi, eleqtronuli biblioTeka, http://ciss.org.ge/
TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba CaiTvalos e.w `simbo-
luri sikvdili.~ rogorc Jan bodriari wers
esseSi `fotografia _ sinaTliT wera~, `fo-
toaparatis yoveli gaCxakuneba asrulebs,
rogorc obieqtis, ise subieqtis realur
arsebobas~2. `axalgazrda fotografebi, rom-
lebic samyaroSi daexetebian mTel Zalisx-
mevas siaxlis moZiebaze xarjaven, arc ki
eWvoben, rom sikvdilis agentebi arian~3. `xom
aucilebelia, rom sikvdili sazogadoebaSi
sadme mainc arsebobdes. Tu is aRar aris (an
cota darCa) religiaSi, is sxvagan unda moxv-
des, iqneb gamosaxulebaSi, romelic cxov-
rebis Senaxvis sababiT awarmoebs sikvdils~4.
`Zveli sazogadoebebi did Zalisxmevas ax-
mardnen imas, rom mogoneba rogorc cxov-
rebis Semcvleli _ mudmivi yofiliyo an
ukidures SemTxvevaSi, sagani, romelic sikv-
dils auwyebda, ukvdavi yofiliyo. es sagani
iyo Zegli. Tanamedrove sazogadoebam uari
Tqva Zeglze, mas Semdeg, rac fotografia
aqcia imis dadasturebad Tu `ra iyo“5.
fotos, rogorc Tanamedrove medialu-
ri saSualebis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani
specifikuri maxasiaTebeli, kulturuli da
teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT, aris drois umci-
resi monakveTis fiqsacia, risi saSualebi-
Tac adamianebis sulieri samyaros niuansebis
gadmocemac kia SesaZlebeli. `me vcdilobdi
meCvenebina samyaro, sadac kargad vigrZ-
nobdi Tavs, sadac adamianebi megobrulebi
arian, sadac SevZleb im grZnobebis povnas,
romelTaken yovelTvis miviltvodi. Cemma
fotoebma daamtkices, rom aseTi samyaros
arseboba SesaZlebelia~6.
dRes foto yvelaze farTod gavrcele-
buli, qmediTi saxelovnebo mimarTulebaa.
faqtobrivad, fotografiam metismetad didi
raodenobiT metismetad farTod gavrcele-
2
Jan bodriari, fotografia _ sinaTliT wera, ele-
qtronuli biblioTeka, http://ciss.org.ge/
3 rolan barti, kamera lusida, pirveli da meore
nawilebi, eleqtronuli biblioTeka, http://ciss.org.
ge/
4
iqve.
5
iqve.
6
robert duano, biografia, eleqtronuli biblio-
Teka, http://ciss.org.ge/

bis gamo CaaxSo gamomsaxvelobiTi xelovnebis
sxva formebi.~idea aris is, rom xmaurs, mox-
senebas, xmebs fotografuli dumilis mo-
bilizebiT SeewinaaRmdego. SeewinaaRmdego
moZraobebs, nakadebs da siswrafes, gamoiyeno
fotos uZraoba, SeewinaaRmdego komunika-
ciis afeTqebas da informacias, warmoaCino
fotografiis idumaleba da SeewinaaRmdego
azris moralur imperativs moaxdino ra fo-
tografiaSi rame signifikaciis ararsebobis
demonstrireba~7. `idea mdgomareobs imaSi,
rom azris triumfaluri epifania Seicvalos
obieqtebisa da maTi gamovlinebebis mdumare
apofaniiT. azrisa da esTetikis sapirispirod
gamosaxulebebis damamxobeli roli obieqt-
Si bukvalobis aRmoCenaSi mdgomareobs (fo-
tografuli gamosaxuleba, romelic aris
bukvalobis gamosaxuleba, xdeba realobis
gaqrobis magiuri gamgebeli)~8. `Cven vwux-
varT realobis gaqrobaze metismetad bevri
gamosaxulebis simZimis gamo, magram nu davi-
viwyebT, rom gamosaxulebac qreba realobis
zegavleniT. faqtobrivad, realobas gacile-
biT iSviaTad wiraven, vidre gamosaxulebas.
gamosaxulebas akargvineben originalobas da
saTakilo TanamonawileobisTvis wiraven~9.
`albaT, araferia gasakviri imaSi, rom fo-
tografia teqnologiuri Suamavlis saxiT
warmoiqmna industriul eraSi, rodesac rea-
lobam daiwyo gaqroba. isic ki SesaZlebelia,
rom swored realobis gaqrobam misca biZgi
mocemul teqnikur formas. realobam SeZlo
gamosaxulebis mutireba. es kiTxvis niSnis
qveS svams Cvens gamartivebul gagebas teq-
nologiis Casaxvisa (зарождение) da Tanamed-
rove samyaros gaCenis Sesaxeb. SesaZlebelia,
teqnologiebi da media ki ar gaxdnen realo-
bis gaxmaurebul gaqrobaSi damnaSave, aramed
piriqiT, mTeli Cveni teqnologiebi (mTeli
maTi fataluri SedegebiT) arian realobis
qrobis Sedegi~10.
7
Jan bodriari, fotografia _ sinaTliT wera, ele-
qtronuli biblioTeka, http://ciss.org.ge/
8
iqve.
9
iqve.
10
iqve.
ana nemsaZe
`Cven warmosaxulis ganzogadebuli ka-
nonebiT vcxovrobT~11. `aseTia didi muta-
ciis arsi. aseTi gadabruneba aucileblad
svams eTikur problemas: saqme is ar aris,
rom gamosaxuleba amoraluri, aTeisturi
an diaboluria (rogorc zogierTi uwodebs
mas fotografiis aisze) aramed is, rom gavr-
celda ra maqsimalurad farTod, mTlianad
moaxdina adamianuri konfliqtebisa da sur-
vilebis derealizacia. egreTwodebul ma-
RalganviTarebul sazogadoebebs is gamoar-
Cevs, rom axla isini ara rwmenebs (rogorc
es warsulSi iyo), aramed gamosaxulebebs
moixmaren. Sesabamisad, isini arian ufro li-
beraluri, naklebad fanaturi, magram amave
dros naklebad `auTenturi“, metad `yalbi“.
Tanamedrove cnobierebaSi es gardatexa mow-
yenilobis, gulis revis SegrZnebebis aRi-
arebaSi vlindeba. TiTqos universalizdeba
ra, gamosaxuleba gulgrilad awarmoebs sa-
myaros. gulgril samyaros drodadro sxva-
dasxvagvari anarqizmebis, marginalizmebis,
individualizmebis kivilis gamocema SeuZ-
189
lia. gavauqmebT ra gamosaxulebas, gadavar-
CenT survilis uSualobas~12.
fotos aqvs konkretuli teqnikuri da
fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebi. rolan bar-
ti wignSi `Camera Lucida“ fotos gadaRebis Se-
saxeb wers: `Operator-is arsobrivi moRvaweo-
ba vinmes an rames (kameris patara xvreliT)
Tavze wadgomaa. es moRvaweoba srulyo-
filia, rom es qmedeba maSin aris srulyo-
fili, roca fotografirebuli subieqti
amas saerTod ver amCnevs. misgan uSualod
gamomdinareobs yvela foto, romelic `So-
kis“ principze (alibis Tqma ajobebda), fo-
tografuli `Sokis“ principze aigeba, rasac
araferi aqvs saerTo Punctum-Tan, imdenad
travmis miyenebaSi ar mdgomareobs, ram-
denadac imis aRmoCenaSi, rac aqamde Zalian
saimedod iyo dafaruli, rasac TviTon moq-
medi piri ugulebelyofda an qvecnobierSi
inaxavda~13.
11
rolan barti, kamera lusida, pirveli da meore
nawilebi, eleqtronuli biblioTeka, http://ciss.org.ge/
12
iqve.
13
iqve.
 ana nemsaZe
fotografiaSi (fotos gadaRebis dros)
erT-erTi saWiro principia gadamwyveti mo-
mentis dafiqsireba. amis Sesaxeb weren fo-
toportretistebi: cnobili amerikeli fo-
tografi _ stivi makkiuri, romlis foto
`avRaneli gogona~, epoqis erT-erT cnobil
fotogamosaxulebad iqca, (es foto ame-
rikis SeerTebuli Statebis nacionaluri
geografuli sazogadoebis mier SerCeuli
fotoebis aseulSi moxvda, xolo 1990-iani
wlebis bolos «National Geographic»-is rCeu-
li fotoebis krebulis ydaze dabeWdes, es
yda ki 2005 wels ukanaskneli 40 wlis manZil-
ze gamocemuli saukeTeso Jurnalis ydebis
aTeulSi moxvda) foto-portretis Sesaxeb
wers: «mTavaria Zalian yuradRebiani iyo ada-
mianis mimarT, seriozulad da Tanmimdevru-
lad misdio sakuTar zraxvebs. swored maSin
gamova kadri yvelaze gulaxdili’’14. `me Za-
lian miyvars adamianebze dakvirveba, mgonia,
rom adamianis saxes xandaxan bevri ramis mo-
yola SeuZlia. TiToeuli Cemi foto ar aris
190
ubralo epizodi cxovrebidan, es misi kvin-
tesenciaa, mTeli misi istoriaa“ 15.
cnobili fotoportretisti usuf kar-
Si fotos gadaRebis Sesaxeb wers: `yvela
adamianSi arsebobs saidumlo da Cemi mizania
misi amocnoba.~ `es amocnoba drois umcires
monakveTSi moxdeba (ra Tqma unda, Tu is sa-
erTod moxdeba). adamians SeuZlia uneburi
JestiT, Tvalebis bzinvarebiT an sxva ramiT
moixsnas niRabi, romelic yovel Cvengans mi-
jnavs gare samyarosgan. fotografma drois
am intervalSi unda SeZlos Tavisi saqmis ga-
keTeba Torem waagebs.~ `gadamwyveti momen-
ti~ mxolod reportaJuli kadrebisTvis ro-
dia mniSvnelovani16. klasikosi fotografis
_ andre kerteSis biografiaSi vkiTxulobT:
`kerteSis stili, romelic misi droisTvis
saxasiaTo gaxda, bevrma reportiorma ises-
xa. man SeimuSava kompoziciis winaswar age-
bis sakuTari teqnika, rac kadrSi im adgilis
14
stivi makkiuri da `avRaneli gogonas istoria“, bi-
ografia, eleqtronuli biblioTeka, http://ciss.org.ge/
15
iqve.
16
usuf karSi, biografia, eleqtronuli biblioTe-
ka, http://ciss.org.ge/
winaswar SerCevaSi mdgomareobs, romelSic
unda gamoCndes saWiro obieqti da im mo-
mentSi, roca is iq aRmoCndeba, fotografma
gamokras xeli sasxlets17. fotografs niWi-
sa da wlebis manZilze SeZenili gamocdile-
bis miuxedavad, zebunebrivi Zalebis sjero-
da. `es Zalian bavSvurad JRers, magram ama-
ve dros TiTqmis rwmenis aqtiviT aris. Cven
vpoulobT fonisTvis Sesaferis adgils da
velodebiT saswauls~ _ weria robert dua-
nos biografiaSi18.
mniSvnelovania fotos teqnikurad Ses-
wavla im TvalsazrisiTac, Tu ratom da riTi
izidavs foto damTvarielebels. amis Sesaxeb
rolan barti wers: `me CavTvale, rom mizidu-
lobis (rac zogierT fotos gaaCnia) Tundac
miaxloebiT aRsaniSni sityva aris `SemTxve-
va“. zogierTi foto SememTxva, zogierTi ki
ara. CemTvis SemTxvevis principi fotos aZ-
levs arsebobis SesaZleblobas da, piriqiT,
SemTxvevis gareSe ar arsebobs foto~19. `re-
portaJuli fotoebi xSirad aris unaruli
(ar aris aucilebeli unaruli foto mSvi-
dobiani iyos). aseT gamosaxulebebSi ar aris
Punctum. maT Sokis mogvra (bukvalurad trav-
mis miyeneba) SeuZliaT, magram maT ar SeuZ-
liaT mousvenrobis gamowveva. msgavs fo-
toebs SeuZliaT `yvirili“, magram ar SeuZ-
liaT `daWra“. reportaJul fotoebs erTi
SexedvisTanave iReben da damTavrebulia. me
vfurclav maT, ar vinaxav mexsierebaSi. maTi
arc erTi detali (mofarebulSi damaluli)
ar wyvets kiTxvis process. amgvari kadre-
bi mainteresebs (rogorc bevri sxva rame sa-
myaroSi), magram me ar miyvars isini~20. `erTi
detali – mkveTri, yuradRebis fokusis el-
viseburi Sereva winaswar gansazRvravs Cems
kiTxvas. raRaciT aRniSnuli foto aRar aris
raRac nebismieri. es raRac daeca kopioTi
17
andre kerteSi, biografia, eleqtronuli biblio-
Teka, http://ciss.org.ge/, http://ciss.org.ge/
18
robert duano, biografia, eleqtronuli biblio-
Teka, http://ciss.org.ge/
19
rolan barti, kamera lusida, pirveli da meore
nawilebi, eleqtronuli biblioTeka, http://ciss.org.
ge/
20
iqve.
 ana nemsaZe

momarjvebuli, tilt, ramac CemSi mcire ryeva, ANNA NEMSADZE

satori,sicarielis gatareba gamoiwvia“21.
fotografiaSi mniSvnelovania, rom fo-
to CaRrmavebis gareSe, zedapirulad asaxav-
des sagnebs. `1937 wels amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi gadasvlis Semdeg kerteSs Jurnali
`Life“-is fotografebi im mizeziT eubnebod-
nen uars fotoebis dabeWdvaze, rom isini
`zedmetad gamomsaxvelobiTi“ iyo, isini daa-
fiqrebdnen adamians, karnaxobdnen bukva-
lurisgan gansxvavebul azrs. fotografia
arsobrivad mavnebeli maSin ki ar aris, roca
aSinebs, aZrwunebs da amaTraxebs kidec, ara-
med roca fiqrSia CaZiruli~22. `fotografu-
li mzera flobs erTgvar gulcivobas, rac
mas aZlevs obieqtebis iersaxis Zaldauta-
neblad mitacebis saSualebas. is ar miiswra-
fis realobis gamokvlevisken an gaanalize-
bisken. piriqiT, fotografuli mzera bukva-
lurad exeba sagnebis zedapirs, arkvevs maTi
garegnobis fragmentebs~23.
`fotografuli sinaTle arc `realis-
Ap. Kutateladze Tbilisi State Academy of Art
T H E PH O T O G R A PH A S A N A G E N T
O F V I SU A L C U L T U R E
Su m m ary
Photography is a very significant branch of art today. It
gains more importance as part of a system of signs and
a tool of communication in media together with other
branches of visual art – movies, animation andanimated
cartoons.
It is significant and interesting to study the pho-
tograph in terms of visual art, media theory and virtual
culture.
In this work,the technical and psychological char-
acteristics of the photograph, as well as corrections
caused by photography in culture together with other

191
turia“ da arc „bunebrivi“, magram arc xe-
branches of visual art and media, are discussed, based
lovnuri. es sinaTle ufro aris gamosaxule-
on the works of foreign authors including Jean Baudril-
bis gamosaxuleba, misi sakuTari azrovneba.
is ar gamodis erTaderTi wyarodan, aramed lard, Roland Barthes and Boris Groys.
oridan, dawyvilebulidan: obieqtidan da
mzeridan. gamosaxuleba Cndeba obieqtidan
wamosuli sinaTlisa da Tvalidan wamosuli
sinaTlis gadakveTaze“ (platoni)24.

21
rolan barti, kamera lusida, pirveli da meore
nawilebi, eleqtronuli biblioTeka, http://ciss.org.
ge/
22
iqve.
23
iqve.
24
Jan bodriari, fotografia _ sinaTliT wera,
eleqtronuli biblioTeka, http://ciss.org.ge/
 Tamar liluaSvili
ap. quTaTelaZis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
samxatvro akademia
metexis RvTismSoblis taZris
dazianebuli qvis mikologiuri
kvleva
Sesavali
biologiuri TvalsazrisiT araorganu-
li bunebis samSeneblo masalebi eqstremalu-
ri garemoa xSiri da xangrZlivi gamoSro-
bis, sakvebi nivTierebebis simwiris, qaris da
ultraiisferi sxivebis pirdapiri zemoqme-
debis gamo. miuxedavad amisa, yvela klimatur
sartyelSi is kolonizebulia cocxali or-
ganizmebiT1. mikroskopuli sokoebi qanebisa
da geologiuri warmoSobis samSeneblo ma-
192
salebis (samSeneblo qvis, duRabis, baTqaSis,
cementis) mikrobuli Tanasazogadoebebis
mudmivi wevrebi arian da mniSvnelovan rols
asruleben maTi biodazianebis procesebSi.
mikroskopuli sokoebi mineralur subs-
tratebs biomeqanikuri da bioqimiuri meqa-
nizmebiT azianeben2. samSeneblo masalebis
biomeqanikuri dazianeba viTardeba masalaSi
hifebis SeWrisa da zrdis Sedegad, qimiuri
dazianebebi ganpirobebulia mikrooranizme-
bis metabolizmis produqtebis – naxSiror-
Jangis, organuli mJavebis, Jangva-aRdgeniTi
fermentebis sistemebis, pigmentebis pirda-
piri da iribi zemoqmedebiT3.
1
Gorbushina A. A., Krumbein W. E., Subaerial Microbial Mats and
Their Effects on Soil and Rock, In: Microbial Sediments, edited
by Robert E. Riding, Stanley M. Awramik M., 2000, pp. 161-170;
Steiger M., Charola A. E., Weathering and Deterioration, In: Stone
in Architecture: Properties, Durability, 4th ed, 2011, pp. 227-316.
2
Burford E. P., Fomina M, Gadd G. M., Fungal involvement in
bioweathering and biotransformation of rocks and minerals, Minera­
logical Magazine 67(6), 2003; pp. 1127-1155.
3
Gadd G. M., Geomycology: biogeochemical transformations
of rocks, minerals, metals and radionuclides by fungi, bioweat-
hering and bioremediation, Mycological Research III, 2007, pp.
3 – 4 9, Elsevier.
gamoyenebuli masalebi da meTodebi
kvlevis obieqtebi
kvlevis obiqtebs warmoadgenda metexis
RvTismSoblis taZris dazianebuli qvis ni-
muSebi. nimuSi m/n-1 aRebuli iyo aRmosavle-
Ti kedlis samxreTi afsididan miwidan daa-
xloebiT 2 m simaRleze, nimuSi m/n-2 aRebuli
iyo aRmosavleTi kedlis centraluri afsi-
didan miwidan daaxloebiT 2 m simaRleze, ni-
muSi m/n-3 aRebuli iyo aRmosavleTi kedlis
CrdiloeTi afsididan miwidan daaxloebiT 4 m
simaRleze (sur. 1). nimuSebi aRebuli iyo res-
tavratoris mier skalpelis gamoyenebiT asep-
tikuri pirobebis dacviT. saanalizo nimuSebs
warmoadgenda qvis fragmentebi (delamini-
rebuli Sridan) da Camonafxekebi. CaTesvamde
saanalizo nimuSebi inaxeboda sterilur kon-
teinerebSi 4-8°C temperaturaze.
saanalizo nimuSebis CaTesvis meTodebi
saanalizo nimuSebidan mikroorganizme-
bis gamoyofas awarmoeben myar sakveb areeb-
ze mikroorganizmebis suspenziis CaTesviT.
CaTesvis win axdenen saanalizo masalis wi-
naswar damuSavebas substratidan mikroor-
ganizmebis desorbciis mizniT. 1 gr gafxvie-
rebuli nimuSi gadaaqvT 10 ml sterilur fi-
ziologiur xsnarSi, romelsac damatebuli
aqvs 0,001% tvin-80, meqanikurad SeanjRre-
ven ara umetes 30 wT oTaxis temperaturaze.
miRebuli suspenziidan amzadeben ganzave-
bebis rigs 1:100; 1:1000 da a.S. TiToeuli gan-
zavebidan 0,5-0,5 ml gadaaqvT sakveb areebze
3-3 paralelur finjanze da zedapirze anawi-
leben Spatelis saSualebiT, ayovneben sakveb
areSi suspenziis Sewovamde da aTavseben Ter-
mostatSi. kultivirebas axdenen 25±3°C tem-
peraturaze. CaTesil finjnebs periodulad
aTvaliereben. sufTa kulturebis misaRebad
izolirebuli koloniebidan masala gadaaqvT
sufTa sakveb areebze.
mJavawarmomqmneli aqtiurobis gansazRvra
mikroskopuli sokoebis Tanasazogado-
ebis mier mJavebis gamoyofis skriningis miz-

niT gamoyenebuli iyo Txevadi sakvebi are,
romelsac damtebuli qonda pH indikatori
bromkrezol mwvane. mikroskopuli sokoebis
mier mJavebis gamoyofa ganapirobebs sakvebi
aris SemJavebas da feris Secvlas momwvano-
lurjidan yviTlisken (feris Secvla pH 3,8-
5,4 diapazonSi).
gamoyenebuli sakvebi areebi
saanalizo nimuSebidan mikroskopuli
sokoebis gamoyofis mizniT gamoyenebuli
iyo Semdegi sakvebi areebi:
1. Capek-doqsis are: saqaroza - 30g, NaNO3
- 2 g, K2HPO4 - 1 g, MgSO4x 7H2О - 0,5 g, KCl - 0,5
g, FeSO4 x 7H2O - 0,01 g, agari - 15 g, gamoxdi-
liwyali – 1000 ml, pH - 7,3±0,2. sterilizacia
121°C 20 wT. baqteriebis zrdis daTrgunvis
mizniT sakvebares damatebuli qonda 0,05 g/l
qloramfenikoli.
2. saburos agari: glukoza - 40,0 g, pep-
toni - 10 g, qloramfenikoli 0,05 g/l, agari
- 20 g, gamoxdiliwyali – 1000 ml, pH - 5,6±0,2.
sterilizacia 121°C 20 wT.
3. oligotrofuli are: NaNO3 - 3 g, KH-
PO4 - 1 g, MgSO4x 7H2О - 0,5 g,KCl - 0,5 g,FeSO4 x
2
7H2O - 0,01 g, saqaroza - 1 g, agari - 15 g, gamox-
diliwyali – 1000 ml, pH - 6,8±0,2. steriliza-
cia 121°C 20 wT.
4. saburos Txevadi are indikatoriT:
glukoza - 20,0 g, peptoni - 10 g, qloramfe-
nikoli 0,05 g/l, bromkrezol mwvane - 0,02 g,
gamoxdili wyali – 1000 ml, pH - 5,6±0,2. ste-
rilizacia 121°C 20 wT.
mikroskopuli sokoebis identifikacia
mikroskopuli sokoebis izolatebis
identifikacias awarmoeben kulturaluri da
morfologiuri niSnebis safuZvelze. kultu-
raluri Tvisebebis aRwerisas iTvaliswineben
myar sakveb areze ganviTarebuli koloniis
diameters, fers, teqsturas, sakvebi aris fe-
ris Secvlas, zrdis siCqares. sokos morfo-
logiuri niSnebis aRweras awarmoeben mikros-
kopis gamoyenebiT. kulturaluri da morfo-
logiuri niSnebis gaTvaliswinebiT axdenen
Tamar liluaSvili
identifikacias gvarebis donemde specialu-
ri sakvlevebis gamoyenebiT4.
miRebuli Sedegebi
saanalizo nimuSebidan gamoyofili iyo
mikroskopuli sokoebis 12 gvaris saxeobebi:
Alternaria spp., Aspergillus spp., Aureobasidium spp.,
Chaetomium sp., Cladosporium spp., Fusarium sp., Mu­
cor spp., Phoma sp., Penicillium spp., Trichoderma spp.,
Mycelia sterilia (TeTri),safuvrebi (sur. 2).
Alternaria spp, Aspergillus sp. Aureobasidium sp, Cla­
dosporium sp., Penicillium sp., TeTri feris safuvris
saxeobebi gamoyofili iyo yvela nimuSidan, na-
rinjisferi safuari gamoyofilia mxolod ni-
muSi m/n 3 – dan. izolatebis umravlesoba muqi
Seferilobisaa. dazianebuli qvis TiToeuli
nimuSis mikroskopuli sokoebis Tanasazoga-
doebas aqvs Zlieri mJavawarmomqmneli unari.
gamoyofili mikroskopuli sokoebi SiZ-
leba iyvnen qvis sxvadasxva dazianebis ga-
momwvevi. kerZod, SeiZleba gamoiwvion zedapi-
ris feris Secvla da laqebis warmoqmna ujre-
debSi muqi da narinjisferi pigmentebis dag-
193
rovebis gamo; meqanikuri dazianeba substraSi
SeWris Sedegad da qimiuri dazianeba organu-
li mJavebis intensiuri gamoyofiT.
mikromicetebis mravalferovneba da maRa-
li ricxovnoba, savaraudod, gamowveulia erTi
mxriv, Zeglis mdebareobiT (urbanuli garemo
da atmosferos dabinZureba), klimaturi faq-
torebiT, meore mxriv, qvis maRali forianobiT
da mZime mdgomareobiT, rac xels uwyobs qvis
siRmeSi organuli nivTierebebis dagrovebas.
daskvna
Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebi miuTiTebs,
rom metexis RvTismSoblis taZris samSeneb-
lo qvis zedapirebsa da siRrmeSi dasaxlebu-
li mikroskopuli sokoebis Tanasazogadoeba
sxva faqtorebTan (fizikuri, qimiuri, anTro-
pogenuri faqtorebi) erTad aqtiurad monawi-
leobs qvis dazianebis procesebSi.
4
Бабьева И. П., Голубев В. И., Методы выделения и
идентификации дрожжей, М., 1979; Кириленко Т. С.,
Атлас родов почвенных грибов, Киев, 1977; Кириленко
Т. С., Определитель почвенных сумчатых грибов, Киев,
1978; Литвинов М. А., Определитель микроскопических
почвенных грибов, Ленинград, 1967.
 Tamar liluaSvili

TAMAR LILUASHVILI
Ap. Kutateladze Tbilisi State Academy of Art

M Y C O L O G I C A L A N A L Y SE S O F T H E
D E T E R I O R A T E D ST O N E O F T H E
M E T E KH I C H U R C H O F T H E V I R G I N

Su m m ary

Fungi are the permanent members of the microbial

communities of the stone and other building materi-
als and play a significant role in their biodeterioration
processes. Ability of micromycetes to deteriorate the
materials of the geological origin is conditioned by
their morphological and eco-physiological characteris-
tics. The aim of this work was to study the diversity of
fungi of the deteriorated building stone of the Metekhi
Church of the Virgin and the screening of its capaci-
ty for deterioration. Species belonging to 19 genera of
fungi were isolated. Significant acid-producing ability
194

of the fungal community is determined. The results of

the study indicates the involvement of the fungal com-
munity along with other factors in the deterioration of
the wall stones of the Metechi Church if the Virgin.
 Tamar liluaSvili

195

1. nimuSis aRebis werilebi

T he sam p l in g p oin t s
196 Tamar liluaSvili

2. mikroskopuli sokoebis Sereuli kulturebi M ix ed cu l t u res of f u n g i

nino CaCava
aaip `inJinruli azri~, saqarTvelos teqnikuri
universitetis arqiteqturis, urbanistikis da
dizainis fakulteti
malxaz lekveiSvili
aaip `inJinruli azri~
nana lekveiSvili
ap. quTaTelaZis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo
samxatvro akademia
freskebis skanireba da
dokumentireba
cifruli teqnologiebis ganviTarebam kul-
turuli memkvidreobis dargSi Tanamedrove
teqnikuri meTodebis danergvis saSualeba
mogvca, kerZod, SesaZlebeli gaxda cifrul
formatSi kedlis mxatvrobis fiqsacia da
dokumentireba.
am RonisZiebis gansaxorcieleblad, So-
Ta rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fondis
dafinansebis safuZvelze SesaZlebeli gaxda
SegveZina specialuri kompiuteruli pro-
grama LupoScan, ramac Tavis mxriv, saSualeba
mogvca saqarTveloSi pirvelad mogvexdina
freskebis digitalizacia.
problema da misi gadaWris gzebi
rogorc cnobilia, saqarTveloSi arse-
bobs mravali sakulto nageboba, romelTa
interierebi damSvenebulia unikaluri fe-
radovani freskebiT. samwuxarod, isini mud-
mivad bunebrivi procesebis (miwiZvra, at-
mosferuli naleqebi, soko, temperaturuli
cvlilebebi, danestianeba, gamoqarva da a.S,)
damangreveli zemoqmedebis qveS imyofebian.
isini aseve adamianis xeliTac mniSvnelovnad
ziandebian (vandaluri aqtebi, araswori res-
tavracia da a.S.).
am mizezTa gamo, qveynis mTel terito-
riaze gafantul eklesiebSi arsebuli fres-
kebis dacva Zalze garTulebulia, gansxva-
vebiT Zvirfasi samuzeumo eqsponatebisagan,
romlebic saTuTad aris daculni muzeume-
bis sacavebSi.
imisaTvis, rom maqsimalurad SevinarCu-
noT dReisaTvis SemorCenili qarTuli fres-
kebi, aucilebeli xdeba kvleviT da samec-
niero samuSaoebSi dainergos Tanamedrove
maRali teqnologiebi, kerZod, gamoyenebuli
iqnas rogorc 3D lazeruli skanireba Tavisi
specialuri programuli uzrunvelyofiT,
aseve cifruli fotofiqsacia. am gziT Se-
saZlebelia movaxdinoT CvenTvis saintereso
kedlis mxatvrobis nimuSebis dokumentireba
da Senaxva cifrul formatSi.
cifruli teqnologia saSualebas gvaZ-
levs cdomilebebis gareSe, maqsimaluri si-
zustiT davafiqsiroT kedlis mxatvroba,
ara marto brtyel da swor zedapirze, ara-
med cilindrul, sferul da sxva rTul zeda-
197
pirebzec. aRsaniSnavia, rom fiqsireba xdeba
koordinatTa sistemaSi, aqedan gamomdinare
ki, interieris Tu eqsterieris skanirebul
yvela monakveTs gaaCnia zusti adgilmdeba-
reoba (X, Y, Z) samganzomilebian sivrceSi.
freskebis dokumentirebis eqsperimentu-
li samuSaoebis procesSi Cven movaxdineT sak-
vlevi obieqtebis 3D lazeruli skanireba, fo-
tofiqsacia, skanirebuli da foto masalebis
specialuri kompiuteruli programiT ur-
TierTSeTavseba da maTi Semdgomi damuSaveba.
Cvens mier Catarda mravali cda, damuS-
avda sxvadasxva varianti, daixvewa samuSao
procesi da miRebul iqna CvenTvis sasurveli
Sedegi, ris Semdegac CamovayalibeT samuSao
meTodika.
freskebis dokumentirebis meTodi:
1. 3D lazeruli skanireba
lazeruli skaneriT sruldeba kedelze
arsebuli mxatvrobis fiqsacia, ris Semdeg vi-
RebT arsebuli freskis uzustes gamosaxule-
bas e.w. wertilTa Rrubelis (PointCloud) saxiT,
 nino CaCava, malxaz lekveiSvili, ana lekveiSvili
koordinatTa sistemaSi _ X, Y, Z. fiqsacia xor-
cieldeba maRali rezoluciiT _ 3mm. an 4mm.
freskebis skanirebisas zusti da xarisxiani in-
formaciis misaRebad lazeruli aparati unda
imyofebodes maqsimalurad marTobul mdgo-
mareobaSi sakvlevi sibrtyis mimarT, winaaRm-
deg SemTxvevaSi, daxrili kuTxiT skanirebisas,
lazeruli sxivi srulyofilad ver aRiqvams
freskis calkeul monakveTebs da miRebuli in-
formaciac arasruli iqneba, rac uaryofiTad
imoqmedebs gamosaxulebis sizusteze.
2. fotofiqsacia
maRali xarisxis profesionaluri cif-
ruli aparatiT sruldeba sakvlevi monakve-
Tis fotografireba, rac gvaZlevs maRali
garCevadobis ferad gamosaxulebas cifrul
formatSi. originalis Sesatyvisi ferTa gamis
misaRebad fotofiqsacia sasurvelia moxdes
bunebrivi ganaTebis reJimSi. xelovnuri gana-
Tebisas aucilebelia miRweul iqnas sakvlevi
198
obieqtis (freskis) zedapiris Tanabari ganaTe-
ba. fokusirebis maRali xarisxis misaRebad au-
cilebelia Stativis gamoyeneba. fotofiqsa-
ciisas aucilebelia aparati marTobulad id-
ges sakvlevi sibrtyis mimarT. sakvlevi obieq-
tis maRal registrSi mdebareobis SemTxvevaSi
aucilebelia gamoyenebul iqnas saTanado
simaRlis xaraCo. gadaRebuli cifruli fo-
toebi sasurvelia Sesruldes RAW formatSi,
ukidures SemTxvevaSi TIFF formatSi.
arqivizaciisTvis aucilebelia mTlia-
ni suraTis garda, gadaRebul iqnas obieqtis
calkeuli monakveTebi da detalebi.
3. skanirebuli da foto masalis
kompiteruli programiT SeTavseba
specialuri kompiuteruli progra-
ma LL uponScan-is meSveobiT SesaZlebelia 3D
lazeruli skanirebiT miRebuli wertilTa
Rrublis (PointCloud) da maRali garCevadobis
cifruli fotoinformaciis erTmaneTTan
dakavSireba. programa axdens ori saxvadas-
xva asaxulobis (skanireba, fotografireba)
urTierTSeTavsebas. fotos meSveobiT pro-
grama zust gamosaxulebasTan erTad, gvaZ-
levs skanirebis Sedegad miRebuli wertilTa
Rrublis Seferilobas. informaciis damuS-
avebisas SesaZlebelia feradi gamosaxule-
bis garda miviRoT grafikuli, Sav-TeTri ga-
mosaxulebac. programas unari aqvs mogvces
dokumenturi informacia cilindruli, sfe-
ruli da sxva rTul formaTa zedapirebidan.
agreTve SesaZlebelia cilindruli da sfe-
ruli formebis ganSlebis Sesruleba.
Sesrulebuli sacdeli samuSaoebi
dRemde freskebis dokumentireba 3D la-
zeruli skaneris gamoyenebiT ar xorciel-
deboda, radgan ver vRebulobdiT saTanado,
srulyofil Sedegebs, kerZod, lazeruli ska-
neriT freskebis fiqsaciisas SegveZlo migve-
Ro sakvlevi obieqtis maqsimalurad zusti
gamosaxuleba, magram ver viRebdiT ferTa
gamas, da piriqiT, cifruli fotoaparatiT
freskebis fiqsaciisas vRebulobdiT saWiro
ferTa gamas, deformirebuli gamosaxulebiT.
rogorc zemoT iyo naxsenebi, axlaxan
Seqmnili kompiuteruli programa L LuponScan-
is gamoyenebiT SesaZlebloba gaCnda movaxdi-
noT SeTavseba skanirebuli da foto masali-
sa, rac saboloo jamSi gvaZlevs originalis
zust asls da SesaZlebels xdis miRebuli
produqti gamoyenebuli iqnas rogorc doku-
menti. aq warmodgenilia TbilisSi anCisxatis
eklesiis sakurTxevlis Sublis moxatulo-
bis da Tbilisis wm. samebis eklesiis (XIX s.)
sakurTxevlis afsidis fiqsaciisa da doku-
mentirebis magaliTebi, romelnic gviCvenebs,
rom am meTodis gamoyenebam Tvisobrivad
axal safexurze unda aiyvanos saqarTveloSi
freskebisa da kedlis mxatvrobis Seswavlis,
maTi dacvisa da mecnieruli kvlevis saqme.
brtyel zedapirze arsebuli freskis
dokumentireba
anCisxatis sakurTxevlis Sublis brty-
el zedapirze arsebuli freskis zusti as-
lis misaRebad Cvens mier sayrden masalad
gamoyenebuli iqna am zedapiris skanirebuli

wertilTa Rrubeli da cifruli fotoga-
mosaxuleba, maTi SeTavsebiT miRebuli fres-
kis feradi asaxuloba ki savsebiT gamosade-
gia kvleviTi da samecniero saqmianobisTvis
(sur. 1, 2, 3)1.
cilindrul da sferul zedapirze
arsebuli freskis dokumentireba
Tbilisis wm. samebis eklesiis sakurTxev-
lis afsidze arsebuli freskis cilindruli
da sferuli formis zedapirebis zusti aslis
misaRebad Cvens mier sayrden masalad agreTve
gamoyenebuli iqna am zedapirebis skanirebul
wertilTa Rrubeli (PointCloud) da cifruli
fotogamosaxulebebi (sur. 4, 5, 6, 7)2.
cilindruli da sferuli zedapirebis
skanirebuli da cifruli fotogamosaxule-
bis urTieTSeTavseba (sur. 8,9,10).
gamoyeneba
_ miRebuli masalis sizuste da maRali
xarisxi saSualebas gvaZlevs ganvsazRvroT
moxatulobis farTobi da calkeuli zomebi,
moxatuli zedapiris forma, freskebis dazia-
nebis xarisxi da moculoba, naxatis grafika da
ferTa gama.
_ cifruli dokumentaciis arsebobis
SemTxvevaSi, am informaciaze dayrdnobiT
mxatvrobis dazianebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZle-
belia moxdes dazianebuli mxatvrobis uzus-
tesi aRdgena.
_ amave informaciaze dayrdnobiT Se-
saZlebelia damzaddes ama Tu im
freskis zusti aslebi, romlebsac mu-
zeumebi gamoiyeneben rogorc samuzeumo eqs-
ponatebs (sur. 11).
_ dReisaTvis moqmed mxatvar-restavra-
torebs saSualeba eqnebaT miRebuli masala aq-
1 anCisxatis sakurTxevlis Sublze arsebuli freska
moxatulia kaTalikos nikoloz amilaxvaris dros
1680-1683 wlebSi, freska aRmoCenil iqna 1966 wels,
eklesiis rekonstruqciis samuSaoebis Catarebis
dros, XIX saukunis mxatvrobis zeda fenis moxsnisas.
2 Tbilisis wm. samebis sakurTxevlis afsidi XIX sau-
kuneSi 1851-55 w.w. moixata grigol gagarinis da misi
mowafeebis mier.
nino CaCava, malxaz lekveiSvili, ana lekveiSvili
tiurad gamoiyenon TavianT kvlevebSi, riTac
daizogeba Tanxebi, dro da mkveTrad gaizrdeba
konservacia-restavraciis samuSaoTa xarisxi.
_ freskuli ferweris unikaluri nimu-
Sebi droTa ganmavlobaSi ganicdis daziane-
bas (miwisZvra, vandaluri aqti, araxelsayre-
li garemo pirobebi), arc Tu iSviaTad ki
srulad nadgurdeba. aRniSnuli teqnologia
saSualebas gvaZlevs moxdes arsebuli (gansa-
kuTrebiT Sua saukuneebis) frsekebis fiqsa-
cia da arqivizacia, riTac momaval Taobebs
SevunaxavT informacias dRes arsebuli md-
gomareobis Sesaxeb (sur. 12).
_ SesaZlebloba Cndeba, moxdes iseTi
freskebis kalkireba, romlebzec sxvadasxva
mizezis gamo dauSvebelia kontaqti;
_ SesaZlebelia virtualuri muzeume-
bis cifruli eqspoziciebis Seqmna;
_ cifruli modelebi saSualebas iZleva
mecnierebs veb-gverdebis gamoyenebiT hqon-
deT freskebTan wvdoma;
_ maRali garCevadobis cifruli in-
199
formacia mecnierebs saSualebas aZlevs Seis-
wavlon mxatvrobis is detalebi, romelnic
SeuiaraRebeli TvaliT ar Cans;
_ freskebis restavraciis dasrulebis
Semdeg, maTi fiqsacia-dokumentireba saSu-
alebas iZleva ganxorcieldes maTze perma-
nentuli zedamxedveloba da monitoringi;
_ restavratoris xelSi cifruli infor-
maciisa da dokumenturi monacemebis arsebo-
ba warmoadgens erTgvar prevenciis instru-
ments, romlis daxmarebiT ganxorcieldeba
konservaciis procesis kontroli. misi arar-
seboba adreul praqtikaSi, sarestavracio
gadawyvetilebis miRebisas, zogjer freskis
avTenturobis dakargvis mizezi gamxdara;
_ SesaZlebloba Cndeba damkvidrdes
freskebis arqivizaciis cifrul infor-
maciebze gadasvlis standarti;
_ dokumenturi monacemebi xelmisawv-
domi xdeba xelovnebis dargis saswavlo da-
wesebulebisaTvis;
_ cifruli eqsponatebis ganTavsebiT
virtualur sivrceSi kars vuRebT mTel mso-
flios qarTuli kulturis Sesaswavlad.
 nino CaCava, malxaz lekveiSvili, ana lekveiSvili

NINO CHACHAVA • research works of painters-restorers for improve-

NINCLP “Engineerin Idea”; The Georgian Technical University,
The Faculty of Architecture, Urban Planning & Design
MALKHAZ LEKVEISHVILI
NINCLP “Engineerin Idea“
ment of level and time and expenditure reduc-
tion during conservation-restoration works
• development of archives for the future genera-
tions;
• creation of expositions for virtual museums.

NANA LEKVEISHVILI
Ap. Kutateladze Tbilisi State Academy of Art

SC A N N I N G A N D D O C U M E N T A T I O N
O F F R E SC O E S

Su m m ary

The implementation of modern technologies gives the

possibilities for fixation and documentation of mural
paintings and frescoes in digital format.
In order to preserve Georgian frescoes 3D Laser
Scanning with special softwares are to be used during
200

the research works.

Digital technologies afford us ability for fixation of
mural paintings not only on the flat surfaces but on the
curved and perispheric surfaces as well in gnomon (X,Y, Z).
cifruli teqnologia saSualebas gvaZlevs davafiq-
siroT freskuli mxatvroba, rogorc brtyel da swor
With the financial support of the Shota Rustaveli Na-
tional Scientific Foundation our company developed the
methodology for documentation of frescoes that implies:
1. 3D Laser Scanning
2. Photofixation in digital fortmat
3. Overlapping of images and color registration
with special software.
The precise color images of frescoes obtained pro-
vide the possibilities for their emploiment in research
and scientific works.
The product can be also used for:
• accurate and exact restoration of damaged mural
paintings;
• definition and calculation of damaged areas, dam-
age rate, graphics and color gamut of paintings;
• fabrication of exact replica of any fresco which
can be displayed as a museum exhibit;
 nino CaCava, malxaz lekveiSvili, ana lekveiSvili

1. anCisxati. freskis fiqsacia, Sesrulebuli 2. anCisxati. freskis cifruli fotofiqsacia

3D lazeruli skanirebiT Anchiskhati Church. Digital photo fixation of the fresco
A n chiskhat i C hu rch. F ixat ion of t he f resco, exe cu t ed
w it h 3D l aser scan n ers

201

3. anCisxati. SeTavsebiT miRebuli originalis zusti

asli, orTogonaluri proeqcia
A n chiskhat i C hu rch. T he exac t du p l icat e of t he origi n al ,
b ased on com p at ib il it y , an ort hogon al p roj ect ion
 nino CaCava, malxaz lekveiSvili, ana lekveiSvili

4. Tbilisis wm. samebis eklesiis afsidis 3D

lazeruli skanireba, (PointCloud) foto
T he A p se of T he H ol y T rin it y C at hedral of T b il isi.
3D l aser scan (Poin t C l ou d) p hot o

5. Tbilisis wm. samebis eklesia.

fotofiqsaciis pirveli
202

pozicia
T he H ol y T rin it y C at hedral of T b il isi.
The first position of the photo fixation

6. Tbilisis wm. samebis eklesia.

fotofiqsaciis meore pozicia
T he H ol y T rin it y C at hedral of T b il isi. T he
second position of the photo fixation
 nino CaCava, malxaz lekveiSvili, ana lekveiSvili

7. Tbilisis wm. samebis eklesia. fotofiqsaciis mesame pozicia

The Holy Trinity Cathedral of Tbilisi. The third position of the photo fixation

203

8. Tbilisis wm. samebis eklesia.

SeTavsebuli masalebiT
miRebuli originaliszusti asli
samganzomilebian sivrceSi.
T he H ol y T rin it y C at hedral of T b il isi.
T he exac t cop y of t he origi n al in 3 D im en sion al
sp ace (achieve d t hrou gh t he
u se of com p at ib l e m at erial s)
 nino CaCava, malxaz lekveiSvili, ana lekveiSvili

9. Tbilisis wm. samebis eklesia. masalebi organzomilebian sivrceSi, cilindris ganSla

T he H ol y T rin it y C at hedral of T b il isi. M at erial s in 2 D im en sion al sp ace, D isassem b l in g t he cyl in der
204

10. Tbilisis wm. samebis eklesia. SeTavsebiT miRebuli sferos ganSla

T he H ol y T rin it y C at hedral of T b il isi. D isassem b l in g t he sp here achieve d t hrou gh t he com p at ib il it y r esu l t s
 nino CaCava, malxaz lekveiSvili, ana lekveiSvili

11. saqarTvelos xelovnebis muzeumi. qarTuli freskebis aslebis eqspozicia

M u seu m of F in e A rt s. A n exp osit ion of cop ies of t he G eorgi an f rescoes

205

12. ht t p : / / w w w .chin adail yas ia.com / n ew s/ 2013- 08/ 09/ con t en t _15082404.h tm l
 leila xuskivaZe
g. CubinaSvilis sax. qarTuli xelovnebis istoriis
da ZeglTa dacvis kvlevis erovnuli centri
fiqrebi dimitri TumaniSvilis
`saubrebis“ irgvliv
dimitri TumaniSvilis axali naSromi gansa-
kuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs dRevan-
del qarTul xelovnebaTmcodneobaSi. misi
ZiriTadi mizania mecnierul wreebs zogadad
xelovnebis istoriografia gaacnos, agreTve
warmoaCinos is wvlili, rac qarTuli xelov-
nebis istorikosebs SeaqvT masSi. TavisTavad
aseTi amocana did siZneleebTan aris dakavSi-
rebuli. amis Sesaxeb naSromis winaTqmaSi TviT
avtori gvamcnobs. Tumc aseTi wignis daweris
idea mas Semdeg ar asvenebda, rac 1975 wlidan
dRemde mihyavs leqciebis kursi Tbilisis sa-
206
mxatvro akademiaSi xelovnebis istoriogra-
fiaze. d. TumaniSvilis TqmiT, swored es leq-
ciebi daedo safuZvlad winamdebare naSroms.
Tavidan mas, albaT, ganzraxuli hqonda qarT-
veli studentebisTvis saxelmZRvanelos
Seqmna, magram, vfiqrob, es wigni saxelmZR-
vanelod ar gamodgeba, vinaidan mas sWirdeba
konkretulad SerCeuli da dawuruli masala,
romelic studentebs kursis momzadebaSi
daexmareba. Tumc naSromis mniSvnelobidan
gamomdinare, maT SemdgomSi mainc mouwevT
misi wakiTxva. wigni gaTvlilia momzadebul
mkiTxvelze, mecnieri Tu kulturis zogadi
sakiTxebiT dainteresebulni bevr sainte-
resos da sasargeblos ipovian masSi.
d. TumaniSvilis am naSromis Seqmnas,
uTuod, sxva garemoebebmac Seuwyo xeli.
arsebobda giorgi CubinaSvilis leqciebis
kursi zogadad xelovnebis istoriografiis
Sesaxeb, romelic, samwuxarod, daikarga, mag-
ram zogi leqcia mainc xelmisawvdomi gaxda
avtorisaTvis. amasTanave qarTveli xelov-
nebaTmcodneebis naSromTa umetes nawilSi
mokled Tu SedarebiT vrclad aris xolme
warmodgenili istoriografiuli monaceme-
bi, romlebic konkretul Zegls Tu am kvle-
vebSi wamoWril sakiTxebs exeba.
msgavsi Sinaarsis naSroms ukve sakmao xa-
nia elodeba Cveni mecniereba. misi sargebeli
maSinac didi iqneboda, Tu avtori wavidoda
Cveulebrivi kompilaciis gziT _ unda giTx-
raT, rom amasac didi codna da unari sWirde-
ba. magram dimitri TumaniSvilma sxva gza air-
Cia, bevrad ufro rTuli. mas ki namdvilad
xelewifeba mis winaSe dasaxuli amocanis op-
timalurad Sesruleba. amis sawindaria misi
farTo ganaTleba, maRali profesionalizmi,
kritikuli azrovneba da saocari erTgule-
ba Tavisi saqmisadmi, misadmi keTilsindisie-
ri damokidebuleba. eWvic ar mepareba, rom
yvela is wigni, gamouqveynebeli kvlevebic
ki, rac mis naSromSia moyvanili, sagulda-
gulod aqvs wakiTxuli, Tanac umetesoba _
originalSi _ amas xels uwyobs evropuli
enebis da gansakuTrebiT germanulis sauc-
xoo floba. naSromSi warmodgenili zRva
masala mravalwliani mecadineobis Sedegia.
es aris codnis dagrovebis, didi profesiu-
li, gnebavT, cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis,
warsulis, awmyosa da momavlis miseuli xed-
vis Sedegi. swored amis gamoa, rom avtor-
ma Tavs ufleba misca problemaTa imdenad
farTo wre Semoetana, rom gascdenoda Temis
mosazRvrul farglebs da es sagani didi
kulturis nawilad eqcia.
winaTqmaSi d. TumaniSvils Camoyalibe-
buli aqvs, Tu rogor warmarTavs is xelov-
nebis istoriografiis kvlevas: `umniSvnelo-
vanes... movlenebsa da Txzulebebze vilapa-
rakeb, imaTze, saukuneebisa da zogjer aTas-
wleulebis merec rom Cveni fiqris mimarTu-
lebasa da Camoyalibebis TanamsazRvrelia;
mec ZiriTadad Cems damokidebulebaze mo-
giTxrobT da dargis kritikosebsa da isto-
rikosebs saWiroebisasRa davimowmeb da ga-
vepaeqrebi~ (winaTqma, gv. 3). sinamdvileSi am
naSromSi warmoCenilia gacilebiT meti, misi
farTo gasvlebiT am sferos farglebs gareT.

d. TumaniSvilis kvlevis manera Sesaval-
Sive kargad gamoCnda. am nawilis mTavari Temaa
saubari xelovnebasa da xelovnebaTmcodneo-
bis raoba-ragvarobaze, romlis drosac ikve-
Teba bevri sxva sakiTxi, ufro dawvrilmane-
buli Tu mniSvnelovani. TiTqos mecnierul
gansjaSi ar Sedis e. w. `kargi Tvali~-s aR-
niSvna, arada xelovnebaTmcodneobisTvis is
namdvilad saWiroa, iseve, rogorc musikis-
mcodnisTvis _ kargi smena. d. TumaniSvils
Semoaqvs es cneba samecniero kvlevaSi, ro-
gorc erT-erTi dadebiTi niSani muSaobis
warmatebuli dawyebisaTvis. TiTqos wvril-
mania, magram aSkarad yuradsaRebi. aseve sa-
Wirod CaTvala man kvlevis procesis aRwera,
miuxedavad imisa, rom specialistebisTvis
is kargadaa cnobili. avtori amaxvilebs yu-
radRebas imaze, rom aseTi aRwera ar unda
iyos mxolod faqtologiuri, aramed is unda
Seicavdes analizis Sesamzadebel niSnebs.
rac Seexeba mxatvruli qmnilebis daxasiaTe-
bas, d. TumaniSvili, TvalsaCinoebisTvis,
iZleva m. dvorJakis mier el grekos `sasume-
lisTvis locvis~ sityvier wardginebas, ro-
gorc `xelovnebis istorikosis profesiuli
brwyinvalebis erT umwvervales magaliTs~
da Tanac gamoTqvams Tavis aRfrTovanebas:
`arc minaxavs sxva magaliTi, sadac samnaxe-
vari (!!!) winadadebiT moxerxebuliyos aRwe-
riT-analitikuris SeTavsebaca da yvelafris
aRqmiT-gamomsaxvelobiTad arsebrivis saCi-
noyofac~ (saubari 12, gv. 11). dameTanxmebiT,
rom d. TumaniSvilis formulirebac saoc-
rad lakoniuri da tevadia. sayuradReboa av-
toris SeniSvnac, rom qmnilebis `xilulidan
cnebiT-enobrivad `Targmna~ SeuZlebelia,
iseve, rogorc erTi enidan meoreze `unaSTo~
Targmani amao natvraa~ (saubარი 1, gv. 28). amas
ki mohyveba sruliad gasaocari msjeloba
pol verlenis leqsis erT striqonze _ Il pleut
dans mon coeur, romlis mravlisdamtevi sisa-
dave TargmanSi ikargeba _ es aucileblad
wasakiTxia rogorc magaliTi misi daxvewili
`mignebebisa~. xelovnebis nimuSTa Tu mxatv-
rul movlenaTa interpretaciebis sxvadasx-
vaobaze saubrisas d. TumaniSvils mohyavs ma-
leila xuskivaZe
galiTebi, upirvelesad, musikidan, vinaidan
is swored interpretirebis gziT warmoCin-
deba. erTi maTgania _ `vilhelm furtveng-
leris nadiriJorebi beTxovenis simfoniebi
ufro `grZelia~, ufro didxans JRers, vidre
arturo toskaninisani (Sesav., gv. 16).
avtori SesavalSive ganmartavs, Tu ro-
gor fasdeba xelovnebis nawarmoebi _ ra
Tqma unda, misi mxatvruli da kulturul-is-
toriuli RirebulebebiT. mas magaliTebic
mohyavs. el grekos SemTxvevaSi me veTanxmebi
mis Sefasebas, rom istoriuli TvalTaxedviT
misi gza `Cixia~, Tumc mxatvrulad misi
Semoqmedeba ganumeorebelia. magram sru-
lebiT ar mesmis, TviTonac ambobs, bevri
Semomedavebao, ratoma aqvs JorJ de laturs
upiratesoba miqelanjelosa da karavajo-
ze mxatvruli mTlianobis mxriv? (Sesav.,
gv. 21). maT viTom akliaT es mTlianoba? me
mainc vfiqrob, rom avtori aq sxva rames gu-
lisxmobda, albaT, e. w. `sardafis ganaTe-
basTan~ dakavSirebiT. aqve unda iTqvas, rom
207
d. TumaniSvili TviT xelovnebis Sefasebas,
sxvadasxva Sexedulebebs masze gvawvdis.
ase mag., gvianantikur periodSi (plutarqe,
lukiane) xelovneba sasiamovno, magram su-
lierad fuW saqmed iTvleboda (saubari 1,
gv. 18), oskar uaildisTvisac igi `sruliad
usargebloa~ (Sesav., gv. 18), rasac exmianeba i.
kantis azric, rom xelovneba codnis momtani
ar aris. d. TumaniSvili ki pasuxobs maT SoTa
rusTavelis cnobili sityvebiT _ `Sairoba …
sibrZnisaa erTi dargi~ (saubარი 5, gv. 10). mas
mohyavs rumoris Sexedulebac, romlis mi-
xedviTac saxviTi xelovneba Secnobis iara-
Ria da aqedan gamomdinare, SemoqmedebiTi
mecnierebebis nairsaxeoba. amas ki, udavod,
exmianeba avtoris Sefaseba xelovnebisa, ro-
gorc msoflgancdis Cenisa (Sesav., gv. 23).
Tavidanve d. TumaniSvilma sruliad ka-
nonzomierad wamoswia metad mniSvnelovani
sakiTxi xelovnebis erovnulobis Sesaxeb,
gansakuTrebiT dRes, rodesac is zogierTe-
bis mxridan eWvis qveS dadga. CvenTvis, qarT-
veli xelovnebis mcodneebisTvis es Tema
saocrad sensitiuria, Tu gavixsenebT, ram-
 leila xuskivaZe
deni xnis manZilze Sua saukuneebis qarTuli
xuroTmoZRvreba da saxviTi xelovneba gani-
xileboda rogorc `bizantiuri~, zogjer _
`somxuric~. g. CubinaSvilma SesZlo gaerRvia
es warmodgenebi, qarTuli xelovnebis erov-
nul TaviseburebaTa gamovlena da misTvis
saTanado adgilis miCena msoflio kultura-
Si. g. CubinaSvilisa da misi mimdevrebis ara-
erTi, specialurad am sakiTxisadmi miZRvni-
li naSromebi, pirvel rigSi, g. CubinaSvilis
`К вопросу о национальной форме в архитектуре
прошлого~ unda vaxsenoT, aSkarad naTelhyo-
fen xelovnebis erovnulobas. avtori miuTi-
Tebs wina saukunis mTel rig mecniers, rom-
lebisTvisac es faqti utyuaria. mag., gamor-
Ceulma mecnierma hainrix vÁolflinma ita-
liisa da germaniis renesansul xelovnebebSi
gamovlenili erovnuli formebis gansxvave-
bulobis brwyinvale magaliTi mogvca. TviT
d. TumaniSvils araerTi werili aqvs `xelov-
nebis erovnulobisadmi~ miZRvnili, aqve ar
SemiZlia ar vaxseno mariam didebuliZis sain-
208
tereso statia, romelic argumentirebul
pasuxs scems qristianuli universalobisa
da `zeerovnulobis~ amJamindel mqadageb-
lebs CvenSi ( `erovnuli formis sakiTxi qris-
tianul xelovnebaSi ( `mociqulTa ziarebis~
gamosaxuleba yincvisisa da axtalis taZarTa
moxatulobebSi~), saqarTvelos siZveleni,
7-8, 2005, gv. 211-238). winamdebare naSromSi
dimitri TumaniSvilma es sakiTxi ufro far-
Tod, kulturis sxva sferoebis mocviT, mas-
Tan dakavSirebuli sxva mniSvnelovani prob-
lemis CarTviT warmogviCina. magaliTad,
CemTvis didad sayuradReboa misi msjeloba
nacionalizmze (Sesav., gv. 5). is gmobs bolo
dros zogierTebis mier ilia WavWavaZisa da
ivane javaxiSvilis `nacionalistebad~ (ra
Tqma unda, uaryofiT konteqstSi) gamocxa-
debas da urCevs maT am erovnuli moRvawee-
bis Sexedulebebis raobaSi ufro Rrma wv-
domas. aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT mas
mohyavs CvenTvis dResac metad aqtualuri
da mtkivneuli Tema axali istoriidan, ro-
melic `eTnokonfliqtebs~ exeba. misi azriT,
samxreT oseTis olqis gauqmeba verafriT
ver dabraldeba erovnul moZraobas, vinai-
dan es iyo samarTlebrivi qmedeba am olqis
`damoukideblobis~ gamocxadebis sapasuxod
(Sesav., gv. 5, SeniSvn., 7). is Tamamad saubrobs
am sakiTxebze, vinaidan bevri nanaxi da gago-
nili aqvs, bevric wakiTxuli. is yuradRebiT
adevnebs Tval-yurs dRevandel politikur
mimomxilvelebs Tu sazogado moRvaweebis
mier gamoTqmul azrebs, romlebsac xan izi-
arebs, xan ki mkacrad akritikebs.
is msjelobs qarTvelebis mier erov-
nulobis gagebaze, romelic sxvaobs das-
avlurisgan, sadac aRiarebulia `eris su-
lis TavisTavadi `arsoba~. amis magaliTebs
is qarTul mwerlobaSi poulobs. `am mxriv
metad sayuradReboa ilia WavWavaZis `aCr-
dili~, sadac raRac amgvari SeiZleba gveva-
raudebina _ aRniSnavs is, magram... pirdapir
gviwers myinvarwvers gadmomdgar kacze, es
`Tanamdevi suli~ ariso (Sesav., gv. 6).
Tu qarTvelebSi, d. TumaniSvilis TqmiT,
gasavali hqonda biologiur-genetikur
koncefcias, Tavad misTvis `eri uwinare-
sad sulier-kulturuli erTobaa~ (Sesav.,
gv. 6). amas mohyveba misi msjeloba xelov-
nebis erovnulobaze. aqedan mxolod erT
mis ganmartebaze SevCerdebi, romelic
mas aseTi gonebamaxviluri logikiT aqvs
Camoyalibebuli: `xelovnebis erovnuli
`ganzomileba~ TvaliT dasanaxi faqti mgo-
nia, da ar vici rogor davumtkico vinme
ugulvelmyofels misi arseboba (SeiZleba
damtkiceba, wyali rom svelia, xolo cecxli
_ mwveli?...) (Sesav., gv. 7). marTlac, CvenTvis,
yovel SemTxvevaSi qarTveli xelovnebaTm-
codneebisTvis, atenis sionisa an yincvisis
moxatulobebi utyuarad qarTulia. magram
kidev arsebobs niSanTa erToblioba, rac ama
Tu im nawarmoebis qarTulobaze miuTiTebs.
Tu Sua saukuneebis xelovnebaze visaubrebT,
erT-erTi aseTi niSania xazi. amaSi piradad me
davrwmundi, rodesac Cemi megobari mxatvari
mikeTebda sqemebs Cemi wignisTvis. is ambob-
da, rom qarTuli da bizantiuri xazebis gav-
lebisas misi xeli sul sxvadasxvanairad mie-
marTeboda. da es marTlac, asea, TvaliTac

dasturdeba. TvaliT danaxulze saubari,
albaT, CvenSic im bunebriv kiTxvas badebs,
rac d. TumaniSvilma samarTlianad daayena _
aris Tu ara humanitaruli mecnierebani, maT
Soris xelovnebis istoria, imav azriT `mec-
niereba~, rac `zust mecnierebebs _ maTema-
tikas, fizikas da sxvas mieyeneba~? (Sesav., gv.
9). misi msjeloba amis Sesaxeb erTmniSvnelo-
vani araa, ufro metic, `zust mecnierebaTa~
sizustec misTvis mTlad `sufTa~ ar aris,
rasac misi sakmaod damajerebeli magaliTe-
bic adasturebs. aqedan gamomdinare, is iZle-
va optimalur, magram winaaRmdegobriobis
Semcvel pasuxs: Tu humanitaris da `scien-
tistis~ (am SemTxvevaSi `zusti~ mecnierebis
mimdevari) saboloo mizani sxvaobs, iqneb, sa-
pirispiroc iyos _ maTi Sromis mimdinareo-
ba erTi da igivea (iqve).
kidev erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, ro-
melsac d. TumaniSvili pirvelsave `saubar-
Si~ exeba da Semdeg drodadro ubrundeba
xolme, esaa saxelovnebo terminologia. ra
Tqma unda, mis interess, ZiriTadad, qar-
Tuli terminologia warmoadgens. am Temam
ukve karga xania miipyro misi yuradReba da
am mxriv is didad gaisarja kidec. misi az-
riT, zogi damkvidrebuli termini unda da-
zustdes, zogi axalic unda Semovides. ase
magaliTad, d. TumaniSvili fiqrobs, rom
qarTuli termini `aRorZineba~ mTlad zus-
ti ar aris, vinaidan mis SinaarsSi Cadebulia
ara ubralo aRorZineba, aramed kvlav daba-
deba (saubari 3, gv. 22). vfiqrob, swored am
Sinaarsis matarebelia franguli termini
`Renaissance~-i. marTebuli da sainteresoa d.
TumaniSvilis msjeloba qarTul terminze
`cxovelxatuloba~. misi azriT, qarTulSi
gadmotanisas Seiqmna xelovnuri, samagierod
ki, xelovnebis raime erT dargze `miubmeli~
(rusulSi, germanulsa da frangul-inglis-
urSi es termini mxatvroba-ferweridan mo-
dis), Sesabamisad ki ufro farTo _ calsaxo-
ba-pirobiTobis gamo! _ marjved mosaxmari
termini, romelic, unda iTqvas, sxva romeli-
me enas ar gaaCnia (saubari 11, gv. 6, SeniSv. 16).
es, marTlac, saintereso dakvirvebaa, da Cven
leila xuskivaZe
araerTxel wavwydomivarT did uxerxulo-
bas misi ucxo enaze Targmnisas. rac Seexeba
naxats Tu naxatis Semqmnels, d. TumaniSvils
miaCnia, rom unda Seiqmnas maTi aRmniSvneli
axali terminebi. is gvTavazobs `naxatovne-
bas~ naxatis magier, vinaidan qarTulSi, misi
TqmiT, `xatva~ da `naxati~ feriT werasac niS-
navs, xolo `рисовальщик~ -i `mxatavs~ (saubari
11, gv. 21). es terminebi, avtoris ar iyos, ra
Tqma unda, xelovnuria, magram vnaxoT, iqneb
damkvidrdes kidec. samagierod namdvilad
vici, rom gamiWirdeba im terminis miReba, ro-
melsac d. TumaniSvili zedlmaÁrTan dakav-
SirebiT axsenebs. es termini, romelic unda
Seeferebodes dichte-s, e. i. yvela elementebis
mravalmniSvnelobas, man Targmna rogorc
`Txzuloba~ (saubari 13, gv. 45). avtors, uda-
vod, gaaCnia Tavisi argumentebi, ratomac man
es qarTuli sityva airCia, magram, vfiqrob,
yuriT aRqmuli, is sxva ramesTan ufro aso-
cirdeba. kidev erT qarTul terminze, rom-
lis SemoRebasac d. TumaniSvili gvTvazobs.
209
xelovnebis Semfaseblis (rusulad `знаток~)
Sesaferisi termini qarTulSi, marTlac, ar
arsebobs. `mcodned~ misi Targmna ver gamo-
xatavs im specifikas, rac masSia Cadebuli. av-
toris axali variantia `mcnoboba~, `mcnobi~
(saubari 1, gv. 19). imedia, amasac miveCveviT.
ise, unda vaRiaroT, rom qarTvelebi ar varT
ganebivrebuli mcnobebiT. d. TumaniSvils
uwevs erTi-oris dasaxeleba _ aleqsandre
CxeiZe da givi nasuaSvili (saubari 10, gv. 3),
rasac me davamatebdi daviT ciciSvils, xe-
lovnebis am daxvewili damfaseblis saxels.
aRniSnuli Temebis garda SesavalSi av-
tors gzadagza uwevs saubari `agnosticizm-
ze~, `radikalur neoagnosticizmze~, indivi-
dualistebze, feministebzec ki _ is axsenebs
or holandiel xelovnebaTmcodnes, kiti
ziilmanss da marlite halbertsmas, rom-
lebsac mwvaved akritikebs. individualis-
tebTan dakavSirebiT, ar SemiZlia aq gverdi
avuaro d. TumaniSvilis mier kargad SerCeul
magaliTs _ adre daRupuli Tanamedrove
poetis, Tamaz baZaRuas arcTu gavrcele-
buli leqsi individualistTa yofis dra-
 leila xuskivaZe
maze (Sesav., SeniSv. 18). amaze yuradReba ki
imitomac gavamaxvile, rom meCvenebina, ra
didia misi CarTuloba qveynis Tanamedrove
kulturul cxovrebaSi da rom araferi mas
ar rCeba. rogorc vxedavT, d. TumaniSvili
iZleva guSindel Tu dRevandel saazrovno
garemos, rac met siRrmesa da damajereblo-
bas sZens mis kvlevebs xelovnebis istoria-
ze. ase grZeldeba SemdgomSic. SemdgomSi ki
`saubrebia~, ToTxmeti nakveTi, datvirTuli
mniSvnelovani mosazrebebiT, TvalsaCino ma-
galiTebiT da xSirad emociuri ganwyobebiT.
d. TumaniSvilma ZiriTadi Txroba `saub-
rebis~ saxiT aago. man, erTi mxriv, TiTqos
gaaxalisa mizanmimarTuli Tanmimdevroba
teqstisa, xolo meore mxriv, Seqmna meti
SesaZlebloba SezRudvis gareSe, ufro far-
Tod da mravalmxriv warmoeCina xelovnebis
istoriis ganviTareba kulturis sxvadasxva
sferoSi mimdinare rTuli procesebis fonze.
sayuradReboa TviT `saubrebis~ dasaTaureba,
sadac Sinaarsze miniSnebis garda ufro xSirad
210
gansjis mniSvnelovani aqcentebia dasmuli.
`saubrebi~ xelovnebis istoriis qro-
nologiur ganviTarebas efuZneba. es, al-
baT, Cveuli meTodia, roca ginda am sferos
mTliani suraTis warmodgena pirveli nabi-
jebidan dawyebuli Semdgomi ganviTarebiT
da epoqiseuli amocanebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
arRvevs ra akademiuri Txrobis monoto-
nurobas, is swored rom `saubrobs~ Tavis
mkiTxvelTan, uSualod, zogjer mouride-
beli siTamamiTac, magram gulwrfelad. mas
yvelafris mimarT sakuTari azri gaaCnia,
azri, romelic efuZneba mis uzarmazar cod-
nas, erudicias, da amitomac mas ar erideba
xmamaRla gamoTqvas Tavisi azrebi, Tundac
sxvisTvis isini iyos mkacri an miuRebe-
lic ki. misi ganmsjeli misi rwmena da gonia,
misi zneobrivi Sexedulebebi. `saubrebis~
Sinaarsi uzarmazar informacias Seicavs
ara mxolod arqiteqturasa da saxviT xe-
lovnebaze, aramed calkeul sakiTxebs kul-
turis sxva sferoebidan _ filosofiidan,
filologiidan, enaTmecnierebidan, isto-
riidan, sociologiidan, politikidan da,
raRa Tqma unda, religiidan, warsulsa da
Tanamedroveobaze, TvalsaCino magaliTe-
biT poeziidan, prozidan, musikidan da kino-
dan, arc beletristika da esseÁistika dar-
Cenila avtoris yuradRebis miRma da kidev
kerZo saubrebi xelovnebis irgvliv, zogi
TiTqos spontanurad wamoWrili, romlebsac
erTgvari uSualoba Seaqvs misi Txrobis
rTul qargaSi. amis yvelafris Tavmoyra da
dalageba ar aris advili. d. TumaniSvili
axerxebs amas. Tumc Txrobis stili amiTac
damZimda. warmoidgineT, azrTa nakadSi av-
tors gzadagza winadadebis SigniT uCndeba
sxvadasxva, umetesad, kargad moxelTebu-
li asociaciebi, romlebsac an frCxilebSi
svams, an sqolioSi gadaaqvs _ es sqolioebi,
erTi-or adgilas Zalian vrceli (mag., org-
verdiani) iseTive saintereso da mniSvnelo-
vania, rogorc ZiriTadi teqsti. yovelive
es ki Txrobis dinamiuri ganviTarebis si-
mwyobres garkveulwilad arRvevs. aqedan
gamomdinare, naSromis ena Zalian rTulia.
amas emateba kidev isic, rom avtors uyvars
arqaizmebi, Zveli, CvenTvis uCveulo wyobis
gamoyeneba, SesaZloa, dagemovnebis mizni-
Tac, magram mTlianobaSi es isedac urTu-
lesi teqstis aRsaqmelad kidev met simZimes
sZens mas. asea Tu ise, es aris d. TumaniSvilis
`stili~ da Cven unda miviRoT da gavigoT igi.
sxvaTaSoris, g. CubinaSvilis weris manerac
ar aris ioli. Tumc azrebis sicxade orive
SemTxvevaSi saxezea. d. TumaniSvilis naSromi
exmianeba baton giorgis leqciebs istoriog-
rafiaSi. marTalia, mas arasdros mousmenia
isini da mxolod erTaderTi leqcia aloiz
riglze aqvs wakiTxuli, magram zogadi da-
mokidebuleba arCeuli Temisadmi erTia. me
SemiZlia amaze msjeloba zogadad mainc, vi-
naidan, marTalia, arasrulad mosmenili ma-
qvs es leqciebi 1962 wels. araferi rom ar
vTqvaT ZiriTadi xazis ganviTarebaze, zo-
gierTi waxnagi Txrobisa aSkarad gvagonebs
baton giorgis midgomas. iseve, rogorc g.
CubinaSvilis SemTxvevaSi, d. TumaniSvili iZ-
leva ama Tu im mecnieris ara mxolod mSral
biografiul cnobebs, aramed maTi pirovne-

bis gamovlena-daxasiaTebas. mag., riglisadmi
miZRvnil leqciaSi batoni giorgi saubrobs
ori mecnierisa _ a. riglisa da f. vikhofis
sxvadasxva sulier wyobaze. a. rigli nela
viTardeboda, sxvadasxva daavadeba hqonda,
swrafad daiwyo dayrueba _ Zalian Caketili
da martoxela, gaucxoebuli kaci iyo. f. vik-
hofi _ eqspresiuli, didi iumoris patroni.
d. TumaniSvilic mimarTavs msgavs daxasi-
aTebebs. ar SemiZlia ar gagiziaroT avtoris
mier mowodebuli TiTqmis daujerebeli, ma-
gram saxaliso cnoba i. burkhardtTan daka-
vSirebiT _ Turme wlinaxevrisam iswavla
wera, xolo samnaxevrisa _ skolaSi Sevida
(saubari 7, gv. 3). d. TumaniSvili iZleva mec-
nieris fsiqologiur daxasiaTebas (saubari
7, gv. 1) da uwodebs mas `sevdian optimists~.
am kargad Cavlebul gansazRvrebaSi is da-
esesxa biZamiss, cnobil reJisors mixeil
TumaniSvils _ ase uwoda man Tavis Tavs (sau-
bari 7, gv. 11), reJisoris am TviTSefasebas ki
`Zalian qristianulad~ da `Zalian qarTu-
lad~ miiCnevs. d. TumaniSvilis asociaciuri
azrovnebis kidev erTi gamovlinebis Sesaxeb
_ i. burkhardtze saubrisas, am mecnieris in-
duistur-budistur-gnostikuri gardasxeu-
lebis (avtori aq iyenebs kvlav dabrunebis ma-
nana gigineiSviliseul, misi TqmiT, saukeTe-
so Targmans) ideis gamokrToma axsenebs mas
aleqsandr blokis ucnobiles leqss `Аптека,
улица, фонарь~. da kidev ufro STambeWdavia
d. TumaniSvilis mier galaqtionis leqsis
moxmoba `aRar aris menestreli~, sadac misi
azriT, gauTavebeli ganmeorebadobis saxe-
ba SeiZleba imedis momcemic iyos: `... magram
gulSi dards nu isev / ocneba Tu gSordeba /
yovelive igi isev / ise ganmeordeba~ (sauba-
ri 7, SeniSv. 16). aseTi poeturi analogiebiT
uqmnis avtori Tavis mkiTxvels garkveul
emociur ganwyobas.
d. TumaniSvilis naSromSi, udavod, gi-
zidavs is asociaciebi, romlebic avtors
motanili aqvs musikidan, poeziasa Tu pro-
zidan da kinodan. avtorma, ra Tqma unda, ga-
moiyena ucxoel mkvlevarTa is gamocdileba,
romelic g. CubinaSvilis leqciebSic aris
leila xuskivaZe
miTiTebuli. mag., is saubrobs edmund vei-
landze, romelic Cerdeba `wminda~ poeziaze,
exeba atonalur musikas, xolo arnold hau-
zeri Tavis naSromis `xelovnebisa da lite-
raturis socialuri istoria~-s bolo TavSi,
romlis saTauria `kinos niSniT~, msjelobs
kinos krizisze, mis gamomwvev mizezebze, ei-
zenSteinze da a. S.
d. TumaniSvilma SesZlo gaegrZelebina
g. CubinaSvilis dawyebuli saqme. man gaafar-
Tova kvleva ara mxolod qronologiurad,
aramed Tematikuradac. qronologiurad _
gasagebic aris, batoni giorgis Semdeg moR-
vawe mecnierebi Tavisi SexedulebebiTa da
axali midgomebiT namdvilad imsaxureben
mkvlevaris yuradRebas. amasTanave didad
gaizarda naSromis Tematikis arealic. ze-
moTac aRvniSneT, ramdenad mravalgvaria
TemaTa is farTo wre, romelic am naSromSia
warmoCenili. aq gamoCnda d. TumaniSvilis
saocari unari, rac mis calkeul statieb-
Siac aris gamovlenili _ mas SeuZlia Zveli,
211
kargad nacnobi Tema ise warmogiCinos, axali
mignebebiT, axali waxnagebis gamokveTiT, rom
es sul sxva, SemoqmedebiTad saintereso axa-
li naSromia Tavisi magaliTebiT, azrebiT da
damokidebulebebiT. masSi naTlad Cans TviT
avtoris pirovnebac. upirvelesad gamokve-
Tilia misi damokidebuleba religiisadmi _
igi Rrmad morwmune adamiania, da es aSkarad
gamosWvivis mis `saubrebSi~. d. TumaniSvili
kargad erkveva sxvadasxva religiaTa arsSi.
es naTlad iCens Tavs meore `saubarSi~, sadac
avtori ganasxvavebs erTi mxriv qristianoba-
sa da budizms, iudevelobasa da islams, meo-
re mxriv, qristianobasa da sxva sarwmunoeba-
Ta mimarTebasTan dakavSirebiT mas mohyavs
mama aleqsandre menis didad sayuradRebo
amonaridi misi statiidan `Христианство~ (sau-
bari 2, gv. 3, SeniSv. 4). yovelive amis Sedegad
kidev erTxel mkafiod warmoCindeba qristi-
anuli sarwmunoebis raoba, misi mniSvneloba
da `progresuloba~.
d. TumaniSvilisaTvis, rogorc morw-
mune adamianisaTvis, mniSvnelovania zneob-
rivi faqtori, romelic xazgasmulad aris
 leila xuskivaZe
Cadebuli mis naSromSi. vrceli saubari an-
tisemitizmze, pirvel rigSi, zneobrivi Temaa,
Tanac Tanamedrove da aqtualuri. raRa Tqma
unda, is gmobs antisemitizmis yovelgvar ga-
movlenas (saubari 11, gv. 60, SeniSv. 145). mag-
ram aq saintereso sxvaa _ vinaidan, avtoris
TqmiT, antisemitizmi ar iyo mxolod germa-
nuli movlena da Tanadroulad Zlieri iyo
safrangeTSic, poloneTSic da, savaraudod,
inglisSic, mas bunebrivad uCndeba kiTxva da
survili amis mizezebis dadgenisa. da aq d.
TumaniSvili kiTxviTve ayalibebs Tavis pa-
suxs, xom ar iyo ebrael TemTa moqmedebaSic
raRac Secdomebi, romelTa ganmeorebas axa-
li ubedurebis motana SeuZlia. marTalia, es
frTxili gansja namdvilad gulwrfelia da
TanagrZnobiT ganmsWvaluli, magram merwmu-
neT metismetad gabeduli da, SeiZleba, ga-
momwvevic. da Tu aq, iseve, rogorc sxvagan,
avtoris mier gamoyenebuli kiTxvebis forma
udavod arbilebs savaraudo pasuxebis simw-
vaves, sxva SemTxvevaSi is saocrad katego-
212
riuli, zogjer subieqturic kia, gansakuT-
rebiT maSin, rodesac es exeba mis rwmenasa da
zneobas. ase mag., subieqturia misi Sefaseba
viskontis cnobili filmisa `sikvdili vene-
ciaSi~. mas miaCnia, rom reJisorma T. manisa
da g. maleris nawarmoebebi moiSvelia Tavisi,
sul sxva azris gansamtkiceblad. avtoris
TqmiT, Tu Tomas manTan sicocxle, misgan
gandgomis gamo, sjis aSenbaxs SemoqmedebiTi
siberwiT da homoseqsualuri aRtyinebiT,
viskontis interpretaciiT, is ajildovebs
gmirs musikis mozRvavebiT, ra wams biWunas
Tvals daadgams. vikonti esTetia da misTvis
silamaze mniSvnelovania. aki Tomas manTanac
samyaros ngrevis fonze biWunas silamazes
gansakuTrebuli roli eniWeba rogorc ber-
Znul ideals, ideals simSvidisa da harmo-
niisa. viskontis SemTxvevaSi CemTvis esTetu-
ri esTetikuric aris da emociuric. Tumc,
zogadad, veTanxmebi avtors, rom esTeturi
yovelTvis esTetikuri ar aris (saubari 7, gv.
31, SeniSv., 62).
zneobriv sisrules xedavs d. TumaniSvili
im faqtSi, rom bolo TxuTmeti wlis ganmav-
lobaSi f. vikhofs erTi mozrdili gamokvle-
va ar dauweria, avtoris varaudiT, TiTqos
imis gamo, rom gamoCnda masze didad aRmate-
buli, misive mowafe alioz rigli. SeiZleba es
vinmes gulubryvilobadac moeCvenos, magram
avtoris damokidebuleba mecnieris daxvewi-
li mgrZnobelobis mimarT, vfiqrob, pativis-
cemas imsaxurebs. sxvagan is saubrobs i. burk-
hardtis daSorebaze nicSesa da vinkelTan
mecnieris mier imoraluris miuReblobis gamo
(saubari 7, gv. 7). saerTodac, d. TumaniSvili
mecnierebis zneobrivi pasuxismgeblobis
Carlz darvinisa da malTusis Teoriebs am
Temas is sagangebod merve saubars uTmobs. sx-
vaTa Soris, giorgi CubinaSvilis zogierTma
kritikosma dainaxa kavSiri missa da darvinis
evoluciur cvalebadobas Soris. amiT maT
surdaT es didi mecnieri komunisturi ide-
ologiis gamomxatvelad warmoeCinaT. aki d.
TumaniSvilic xedavs kavSirs darvinsa da ko-
munistebs Soris, Tumc TviT komunistebi amas
uaryofen (saubari 8, gv. 29). avtorma zustad
gamijna darvinisa da giorgi CubinaSvilis
mier SemoTavazebuli `evoluciis~Draoba.
misi TqmiT, giorgi CubinaSvilis `evoluci-
as,~ darvinisagan gansxvavebiT, ar SerCenia
raimegvari biologisturi elferi, misTvis
progresi SemoqmedebiTi ZalisxmeviT xor-
cieldeba (saubari 14, gv. 65).
zneobriv pasuxismgeblobasTan dakavSi-
rebiT d. TumaniSvili `liberalizmsac~ axse-
nebs. rogorc avtori ambobs, misi mqadagebel-
ni sityva `zneobis~ warmoTqmas gvikrZalaven
(saubari 8, gv. 12). aseTi gancxadeba, vfiqrob,
zedmetad kategoriulia. ra Tqma unda, yve-
lafris utrireba da gamrudeba SeiZleba,
gavixsenoT, dostoevskis `всё дозволено,~ rab-
les warwera: `akeTeT, rac gindaT~ da a. S. ma-
gram, Cemi azriT, liberalizms kargi gagebiT
iseTive moraluri sazRvrebi gaaCnia, ro-
gorc saerTod Tavisuflebas. ra vqna, da mec
mama aleqsandre Seni liberalad mimaCnia, rac
srulebiT ar uSlis xels, SeiZleba, piriqi-
Tac, upirvelesi qristiani iyos.
d. TumaniSvilisaTvis xelovnebis isto-
ria `monapovarTa istoriaa~ (Sesaval., gv.

25), sadac warsuli gamocdilebis gamoyene-
ba aucileblad gasaTvaliswinebeli faqto-
ria. memkvidreobiToba, romelzec saubaria
pirvel TavSi, metad aqtualur sakiTxs war-
moadgens dRevandelobis kulturis sxva-
dasxva sferoSi. am principidan gamomdinare,
avtori detalurad ganixilavs xelovnebis
istoriis saTaveebs _ adrindel teqstebs,
warwerebs, qandakebebsa da suraTebze war-
modgenil leqsebs, epigramebs _ `funqciu-
ri epigramas~ _ tituls da Semdeg prozaul
aRwerebs _ ekfrazisebs. es yvelaferi isea
gaanalizebuli, Tavisi dakvirvebebiTa da
saTanado daskvnebiT, rom aSkarad xdeba am
iSviaTi masalis mniSvneloba da rom `Zveli
epigramebi~ da krebulebi gamosadegi memk-
vidreobaa~ (saubari 1, gv. 29). aqve axsenebs
avtori durisis Txzulebas _ Zv. w. IV-III ss.
biografiul krebuls, sadac mxatvar-moqan-
dakeTa cxovrebaa aRwerili da romelic ima-
ve rigisaa, rasac XIV-XVIII ss. naSromebSi vxe-
davT da rac, vinkelmanis TqmiT, `xelovnebis
istoriis winamorbedad gamodis~ (saubari 1,
gv. 15). am gzas SemdgomSi vazaric mimarTavs.
d. TumaniSvilis TqmiT, mas `mza _ mzareu-
lad~ daxvda saxviTi xelovnebis gansjis
formac _ `cxovreba-moRvaweobaze~ Txroba,
sxvadasxva `istoriebis~ CarTviT. amasTan
dakavSirebiT avtors axsendeba XIII saukunis
provansaleli trubadurebis `cxovrebani~,
sadac maTze saxaliso istoriebia moTxro-
bili (saubari 3, gv. 9). yvelaze saintereso ki
aq isaa, rom d. TumaniSvili cdilobs ukri-
tikod ar miiRos vazaris es `istoriebi~ da
gamohyos, ra aris iq SenaTxzi da ra ara (sau-
bari 3, gv. 20). kargad SerCeuli magaliTebis
moSveliebiT is argumentirebulad gamoT-
qvams Tavis mosazrebebs. d. TumaniSvili yu-
radRebas amaxvilebs im arsebul azrze, rom
vazarisTvis axali drois xelovneba `org-
zis~ iwyeba _ Cimabuesgan da mere jotosgan.
is gvawvdis saintereso asociaciasac, rome-
lic amasTan dakavSirebiT gaCnda _ nawyveti
dantes `RvTaebrivi komediidan~, sadac saxe-
lovanebis nimuSad poets swored Cimabue da
joto erTad hyavs moxseniebuli (saubari 3,
leila xuskivaZe
gv. 9). ufro sworad, aRzevebuli jer Cimabue
da mere jotoa, rac marTlac, zustad exmia-
neba vazaris zemoaRniSnul xedvas.
Zvel teqstebTan mimarTebaSi d. Tuma-
niSvili saqarTvelosac rTavs. rogorc is
aRniSnavs, am mxriv ver davikvexniT _ ar
gvaqvs arc `ekfrazisebi~, arc epigrama, arc
galeqsili warwerebi. gamonaklisi XVII sau-
kunis miwuruls `yanCaeTis JamngulanSi~ ev-
demon eposkoposis minawerSia (saubari 2, gv.
17). XVIII da XIX saukunis dasawyisis moRvawe-
Ta SemoqmedebaSi ki ukve `gzamkvlevebi~ da
`samogzauro wignebi~ Cndeba. aseTia is wina-
piroba, romelic qarTuli xelovnebis isto-
riis formirebisaTvis CvenSi arsebobda.
saubrebSi warmoCenil mecnierTa cxov-
reba-moRvaweobis ganxilvisas metad mniSv-
nelovania im Rvawlis Sefaseba, romelic
maT Seitanes xelovnebis istoriis garkveul
etapze. d. TumaniSvilisTvis ar aris sakmari-
si marto maTi namuSevrebis gaanalizeba, ara-
med is arCevs im kritikul literaturasac,
213
romelic am sakiTxebTanaa dakavSirebuli.
Semdeg ki yovelive amis SejerebiT is ayali-
bebs Tavis pozitiur da kritikul damoki-
debulebas ama Tu im naSromis, an zogadad
mecnieris mimarT. mag., vazaris Sefasebisas
mas mohyavs fergÁusonis azri, romlis mixed-
viTac vazaris mier `xelovnebis~ raRacagvar
mTlianobad dasaxva mecnieris miRwevad miaC-
nia. ra Tqma unda, d. TumaniSvils, miT ufro
dRevandeli gadmosaxedidan, ar SeiZleba ar
gaaCndes kritikuli damokidebuleba vazaris
mimarT. magram saqmec isaa, rom mas SeuZlia
obieqturad Seafasos is miRwevebi, rac im
etapisaTvis namdvilad pozitivs warmoad-
gens, Tanac iZleva am miRwevebis CamonaTvals,
rasac mohyveba misi emociuri SeZaxili: `nuTu
es kacisad sakmarisi ar aris?~ (saubari 3. gv.
31). sxva SemTxvevaSi, hegelTan mimarTebaSi
d. TumaniSvili, miuxedavad araerTi kriti-
kuli SeniSvnisa am mecnieris mimarT, xelov-
nebis istoria_Teoriis kuTxiT Tvlis, rom
misi simboluri, klasikuri da romantikuli
formebis ganrCeva namdvilad gasaTvalis-
winebelia. amjeradac avtoris msjeloba
 leila xuskivaZe
damajerebeli magaliTebiT aris ganmtki-
cebuli (saubari 6, gv. 21, 22). avtori iZleva
agreTve hegelis mier SemoTavazebul mSve-
nieris sam kategoriaSi ganSlas: a. obieqtur
sinamdvileSi; b. RmerTad, romelic subieq-
turis cnobierebaSi myofobs; g. samwysos `ke-
Tilmsaxurebad,~ iseT RmerTad, subieqtur
cnobierebaSi rom cocxlobs da myofobs
(saubari 6, gv. 17). minda davazusto gansxvave-
ba b-sa da g punqts Soris. ar vici, ramdenad
sworia, magram vfiqrob, erT SemTxvevaSi sau-
baria pasiur myofobaze, xolo meoreSi _ mi-
marTulia samwysos `keTilmsaxurebaze.“ d.
TumaniSvili Tavis pozicias gamoxatavs ama
Tu im mecnieris Semfaseblebis mimarTac. ase
mag., vinkelmanis rolis gamokveTisas, etlin-
geris SeniSvnebi am mecnieris mimarT avtoris
samarTlian kritikas imsaxurebs (saubari 4,
gv.50). amave dros is eTanxmeba paidrixis azrs
vinkelmanis `genialuri intuiciis~ Sesaxeb,
rac mecniers farTo daskvnebis gamotanis
saSualebas aZlevs (saubari 4, gv. 54).
214
d. TumaniSvili obieqturia strigovskis
SefasebaSic. is iziarebs giorgi CubinaSvilis
azrs avstrieli mkvlevaris didi damsaxure-
bis Sesaxeb aRmosavleTis qveynebisa da xal-
xis danatovarisadmi, im dros, rodesac qarT-
veli mecnieri, iseve Tavad d. TumaniSvilic
Zalian kritikulad arian ganwyobilni mis mi-
marT (saubari 9, gv. 27). strigovski namdvilad
imsaxurebs amas qarTveli mkvlevarebisgan.
xoda, arc d. TumaniSvils dauklia misTvis
SeniSvnebi. saqme isaa, rom Sua saukuneebis xe-
lovnebis `pirvelsamSoblos~ ZiebaSi stri-
govski ki somxeTs miadga da qarTul arqi-
teqturas somxuris gadamRerebad, ukve gamq-
rali vermoRweuli Senobebis ganmeorebad
miiCnevda (saubari 9, gv. 25). d. TumaniSvilis
wuxilic is aris, rom kvlevis amgvar meTods
`helino~ da `konstantinepolicentrizmis~
CaTvliT, dResac didi gasavali aqvs. am sa-
eWvo xerxis gamoyenebiT ki risic gnebavT,
imis Tqma SeiZlebao. amasTan dakavSirebiT
me maxsendeba andre grabaris naSromi moWe-
dilobebis Sesaxeb, sadac avtori qarTul
Wedurobas gamqrali bizantiuri nimuSebis
gadamRerebad miiCnevs. amave konteqstSi d.
TumaniSvili ixsenebs Cven serb kolegebs,
SesaniSnav mecnierebs, romlebsac saocrad
ukvirdaT, ratom vcdilobT qarTuli xe-
lovnebis Taviseburebis moZiebas da maT ga-
movlenas. maTTvis ki, rogorc avtori aRniS-
navs, yvela saukeTeso serbuli moxatuloba
konstantinepolurad cxaddeba da ar `gaiT-
valiswineba metad SesamCnevi gansxvavebani,
rac Tu ara erovnuli, kulturuli garemos
Taviseburebas amJRavnebdes~ (saubari 9, gv.
14, SeniSv., 53). yovelgvari `centrebisadmi~
midrekili Teoriebis calmxrivoba karga-
daa naCvenebi d. TumaniSvilis am saubarSi.
aRniSnul Teoriebs upirispirebs igi iseTi
mecnierebis naSromebs, romlebSic ase Tu
ise daZleulia `tipologizmi~ da `ikonogra-
fizmi.~ amis SesaniSnav magaliTad igi Tvlis
f. v. daixmanis samecniero Semoqmedebas. d.
TumaniSvili maRal Sefasebas aZlevs daixma-
nis wigns IV-VI saukuneebis Crdilo-siriuli
Zeglebis Sesaxeb, romelsac Tvlis `tipo-
logizmis~ namdvili daZlevis magaliTad,
Tumc mecnieruli obieqturoba imasac aTq-
mevinebs avtors, rom aqac gamokrTis azri
aRniSnul Zeglebze antioqiis zegavle-
nis Sesaxeb. am gavlenasTan dakavSirebiT
Cndeba d. TumaniSvilis metad damafiqre-
beli kiTxvebi: viciT ki srulad Tundac an-
tioqia? iqneb bevri ram `aleqsandriuli~ ki
ara, zogadad `elinisturia?~ (saubari 9, gv.
24, SeniSv., 53). es ubralo kiTxvebi ar aris.
maTSi Cans avtoris mier masalis optimalu-
ri floba, ramac saSualeba misca mas amgvari
msjelobis warsamarTavad. d. TumaniSvilis
SesaZleblobebi sworad Seafasa Tavis droze
(es iyo XX saukunis 70-iani wlebi) f. v. daix-
manmac. mecnierze didi gavlena moaxdina jer
kidev axalgazrda d. TumaniSvilis msjelo-
bebma siriul taZrebze. Cans iseT nÁuansebze
iyo saubari, rom daixmani Cumad SemekiTxa:
`am ymawvils, albaT, nanaxi eqneba siria_pa-
lestinis Zeglebi da Tanac kargado~. arada,
es sulac ar iyo ase. am droidan moyolebuli
d. v. daixmanis interesi qarTuli xelovnebis
mimarT ar Senelebula. misi damokidebule-

ba g. CubinaSvilisa da misi skolis mimarT,
vfiqrob, gamoixata misi brwyinvale statiiT
bolnisis sionis Sesaxeb, sadac man mTlianad
gaiziara giorgi CubinaSvilis mecnieruli
pozicia da damatebiTi argumentebiT ganamt-
kica mis mier SemoTavazebuli Zeglis TariRi.
es im dros, rodesac am didi qarTveli mec-
nieris winaaRmdeg kampania iyo gamarTuli
da bolnisis TariRsac eWvis qveS ayenebdnen.
d. TumaniSvili aRniSnavs f. daixmanis adami-
anur Tvisebebsac: ukve logins mijaWvuli,
is zrunavda Cveni damwvari institutisTvis
wignebis gamogzavnis organizebaze.
d. TumaniSvili `saubrebSi~ iseT mniSv-
nelovan Temebs exeba, rogoricaa ikonogra-
fia da ikonologia. ikonografiis sakiTxeb-
ze Tavisufali msjelobis SesaZlebloba
saqarTveloSi (da mTlianad sabWoTa kavSir-
Si) garkveuli mizezebis gamo erTi periodi
SezRuduli iyo. rac Seexeba ikonologias, mis
safuZvlian Seswavlas arc ise didi xnis isto-
ria gaaCnia, arada dRevandel xelovnebaTm-
codneobas aseTi kvlevebi aSkarad sWirdeba.
ikonografia CvenSi, upirvelesad, ni-
kodime kondakovTan asocirdeba. nikodime
kondakovi didad dafasebuli pirovneba iyo
saqarTveloSi. axlad daarsebul tfilisis
universitetSi profesorTa sabWom is sapa-
tio wevrad airCia (saubari 9, gv. 8), magram
sanam n. kondakovze saubars SevudgebodeT,
vnaxoT d. TumaniSvilis mosazrebebi did
rus mecnierze buslaevze, ikonografiul
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. marTalia, is
saubrobs aqa-iq gamomkrTal mecnierul
dakvirvebebze, romlebic, misi azriT, veraa
SeTanxmebuli mis zogad, savsebiT `klasi-
cistur-naturalistur~ xedvasTan, magram
swored am `gamonakrTobebs~ Tvlis igi arse-
biTad da aqve gvafrTxilebs, rom isini kon-
cefciad ar unda miviCnioT (saubari 9, gv. 14).
aq gamoCnda avtoris unari ar daukargos ama
Tu im mecniers is, Tundac mciredi wvlili,
romelic mas Seaqvs xelovnebis istoriis sx-
vadasxva sakiTxis SeswavlaSi.
d. TumaniSvilis damokidebuleba niko-
dime kondakovis mimarT obieqturicaa da su-
leila xuskivaZe
bieqturic. marTlac, Znelia ar iyo subieq-
turi im adamianis mimarT, romelmac Zalian
didi samsaxuri gauwia qarTuli xelovnebis
Seswavlis saqmes. marto misi d. baqraZseTan
erTad gamocemuli wigni, `Опись памятников
древности в некоторых храмах и монастырях Грузии,~
rad Rirs, sadac warmoCenilia Cveni Zeglebis
didi raodenoba da romelic samagido wignad
rCeba qarTul siZveleTa SemswavlelTaTvis.
avtoris obieqturi Sefaseba ki am ukide-
gano codnis mqone mecnierisa Seicavs ro-
gorc dadebiT mxareebs, aseve kritikasac.
d. TumaniSvili yuradRebas amaxvilebs n.
kondakovis mier SemoTavazebul formaTa
SedarebiT_istoriul Seswavlaze da imow-
mebs giorgi CubinaSvils, romelic saubrobs
aseTive Seswavlis aucileblobaze (saubari
9, gv. 19, SeniS. 38). forma_Sinaarsis sakiTx-
Tan dakavSirebiT ki avtori ar eTanxmeba
mecnieris mier gamoTqmul kritikas, mimar-
Tuls `venis skolis~ mkvlevarTa winaaRmdeg,
romlebisTvisac Sinaarsi, formiT dafaru-
215
li, Tavad unda nadgurdebodes da formad
gadaiqces. d. TumaniSviliseuli ganmarte-
ba am urTierTmimarTebisa, vfiqrob, iZleva
mis ufro zust gansazRvrebas _ misi TqmiT,
`udides nawarmoebebSi Sinaarsi marTlac xde-
ba forma, rac mis `ganadgurebas ki ara, usru-
lesad gamoxatvas moaswavebs ` (saubari 9, gv.
20). is cdilobs gaigos da axsnas is winaaRm-
degobebi, rac n. kondakovsa da `venelebis~
damokidebulebaSi gaCnda. avtoris TqmiT, es
Suasaukunovani xelovnebis miseuli gagebidan
modis da ukavSirdeba `gavlenaTa Teorias.~
aq, Cemi azriT, kargi iqneboda n. kondako-
vis cnobili naSromis gaxseneba _ `История и
памятники византийской эмали.~ qarTul minanq-
rebs mecnieri, ZiriTadad, bizantiuri nimuSe-
bis gadamRerebad miiCnevs. amave dros is svams
sakiTxs sakuTriv qarTuli minanqrebis gamo-
yofis Sesaxeb, gansxvavebebsac ki bizantiu-
risgan da maTi qronologiuri ganawilebis
SesaZleblobasac saxavs. am mxriv n. kondakovi
iyo pirveli, vinc didi wvlili Seitana qar-
Tuli xelovnebis am erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
dargis swori mimarTulebiT Seswavlis saqme-
 leila xuskivaZe
Si. exla ki erT detalze. d. TumaniSvili sagan-
gebod aRniSnavs, rom sityvaSi `замечательный~
n. kondakovi xmarobs rogorc `yuradRebis
Rirsi~ da ara rogorc `SesaniSnavi~. avtoris
es SeniSvna aSkarad gasaTvaliswinebelia kon-
teqstis swori gagebisaTvis.
ikonografiis farTo mimoxilvidan, sa-
dac araerTi mniSvnelovani mecnieris (mile,
demusi, lazarevi, meTÁuzi da sxva) pozi-
ciebi gaJRerda, d. TumaniSvili sagangebod
Cerdeba qarTvel xelovnebaTmcodne Tina
virsalaZeze. misi naSromi `wromis mozaika~
mas ikonografiuli kvlevis saukeTeso ma-
galiTad miaCnia. es marTlac asea, miuxeda-
vad imisa, rom raRac sakamaTo aqac aris. d.
TumaniSvils mohyavs sakmaod vrceli amo-
naridi am naSromidan, raTa mTeli brwyinva-
lebiT warmoaCinos is logikuri mTlianoba,
romelic miRweulia ikonografiul labi-
rinTSi gonebamaxviluri wiaRsvlebiT da iko-
nologiuri kvlevis elementebis CarTviT. es
konkretuli magaliTi, uTuod, gamodgeba pa-
216
suxad im braldebebze, romlebic zogjer is-
moda Cveni misamarTiT, TiTqosda Cven nakleb
yuradRebas vaqcevdiT ikonografias. amas,
vfiqrob, exmianeba am gulistkeniT gamowveu-
li d. TumaniSvilis ganmarteba, romelic iZ-
leva xelovnebis nimuSTa analizis Cveneul
gagebas _ `Cveni survili iyo... qristianuli
xelovneba... ase vTqvaT, `mravalnormianobis~
TvalTaxedviT fasdebodes _ ar iCqmalebo-
des aRmosavleT saqristianos mxatvruli na-
memkvidrevis sulieri Tu formismier gamom-
saxvelobiTi monapovarni~ (saubari 9, gv. 34).
da esaa pasuxi ara mxolod Cveni oponentebis
mimarT, aramed yvela im Teoriaze, romelic
forma_Sinaarsis urTierTmimarTebas exeba.
d. TumaniSvilis saubari ikonografia-
ze namdvilad did interess iwvevs. es masala
ase kargad SerCeuli da Tavmoyrili avto-
ris SeniSvnebiTa da ganmartebebiT pirvelad
gamoCnda am saxiT Cvens mecnierebaSi. Tumc
amis niadagi didi xania momzadda qarTvel
mkvlevarTa namuSevrebSi. aRniSnul saubarSi
warmoCenili analizi da daskvnebi Teoriuli
Sejamebaa gaazrebulad gadaxarSuli mTeli
masalisa, romelic am sakiTxTanaa dakavSi-
rebuli. ikonografiasTan mWidro kavSirSia
sxva aranakleb mniSvnelovani Tema _ iko-
nologia, romelic ikonografiasTan erTad
didad waadgeba mxatvruli nawarmoebis
Sinaarsobriv gaxsnas. rusi mecnieris, mi-
xail libmanis gansazRvriT, ikonologia sa-
fuZvelSi ikonografiaa ufro maRal doneze
(saubari 12, gv. 57). SesaZloa raRac simarTle
amaSi iyos, magram gacilebiT sainteresoa is
gansxvavebebi, romlebic arsebobs ikonogra-
fiasa da ikonologias Soris. ikonologiis sa-
kiTxebs d. TumaniSvili calke saubars uZRv-
nis. mas imdenad aqvs gaazrebuli misi mniSv-
neloba Tanamedrove kvlevis warmoebisas,
rom wuxils gamoTqvams imis gamo, vaiTu gau-
Wirdes misi damaarseblis abi varburgis da
eE rvin panovskis naSromebis siRrme da brwyin-
valeba gadmosces (saubari 12, gv. 26). minda
dagamSvidoT, rom es `tyuili mokrZalebaa,~
man SesaniSnavad gaarTva Tavi Tavis amocanas,
saTqmelic naTlad gamokveTa da didi infor-
maciac mogvawoda. me ki marTla gamiWirdeba
warmogidginoT is uzarmazari informacia
Tu azrTa wiaRsvlebi, romlebic am da ara
marto am saubarSia Cadebuli. ra Tqma unda,
d. TumaniSvilis upirveles interess a. var-
burgisa da e. panovskis figurebi warmoadge-
nen, magram arc sxvaTa_maTi mimdevrebisa Tu
oponentebis mosazrebebs avtori gverdze ar
tovebs. swored maTi azrebis gaziarebisa Tu
kamaTis dros ufro naTlad ikveTeba ikono-
logiis daniSnulebac, maTi damsaZirkvleTa
namoRvawaric da TviT avtoris poziciac. mar-
Talia, pirveli naSromi am Temaze, Cezare ri-
pas `saxeTmniSvneloba~ 1593 wels Seiqmna, mag-
ram, d. TumaniSvilis aRniSvniT, XIX_XX sau-
kuneebis mijnaze sityva `ikonologia~_m sxva
azri SeiZina. amaSi a. varburgisa da e. panovs-
kis roli didia, maTi memkvidreoba mravlis-
momcvelia da sxva siRrmeebs avlens. garda
amisa, d. TumaniSvilis yuradRebas amaxvilebs
abi varburgis alRos siZliereze, rac misi
TqmiT, TiTqmis rom `momnusxvelobas~ sZens
mis nawerebs (saubari 12, gv. 41). brwyinvale
ervin panovski (rogorc amas avtori ambobs)

mas warmodgenili hyavs marTlac rom mTeli
`brwyinvalebiT.~ misi interpretaciis tabu-
la, d. TumaniSvilis moxdenili TqmiT, isevea
saxelganTqmuli xelovnebaTmcodneebSi, ro-
gorc qimikosebSi _ mendeleevis tabula (sau-
bari 12, gv. 41). avtoris farTo msjeloba am sa-
kiTxTan dakavSirebiT gamagrebulia e. panovs-
kis Tu Tavisi magaliTebiT. ar gamkvirvebia,
rodesac mas mohyavs panovskis ganmartebebi
albrext diureris gravÁuris `melanqolia I~-
is Taobaze _ mas xom ikonologiuri meTodis
Tavisebur Sedevrs uwodeben. d. TumaniSvili
imasac gvamcnobs, rom mixail libmanic ki,
ikonologiis es umkacresi kritikosi, e. pa-
novskis Sedegebs `ucilobelsa da amomwu-
ravs~ uwodebs. avtors mohyavs am nawarmoebis
kidev sxva (mag. konrad hofmanis) interpreta-
ciac. ramdenad sandoa ikonologiuri meTodi
_ am kiTxvaze pasuxi d. TumaniSvils aSkarad
aqvs, rodesac is azustebs, ra SeuZlia ikono-
logiur kvlevas. amas is Semdegnairad ayali-
bebs: ikonologias `Zala Seswevs formismieri
Tvisebebis sulier_goniTi safuZvlebic
gamogviCinos;~ nakvlevis Rirsebac da mkvle-
varisac imiT ganisazRvreba, Tu ra gagvagebi-
nes maT xelovanisa Tu mxatvruli movlenebis
Sesaxeb (saubari12, gv. 61). d. TumaniSvils iko-
nologiur interpretaciaTa sxvadasxva sain-
tereso magaliTebi mohyavs. avtoris msje-
loba exeba d. velaskesis cnobili ferweruli
tilos `mqsovelebis~ ganmartebebs. is gvTava-
zobs ungreli mkvlevaris, karl fon tolneÁs
interpretacias am suraTisa, rogorc maRal
da teqnikur xelovnebaTa alegorias, le-
gendas araxnesa da qalRmerT aTenas Sesaxeb.
mixail libmanma ki saeWvod miiCnia es ganmar-
teba. avtoris kritika mimarTulia m. libma-
nisa da saerTod im ideologiuri kliSeebis
winaaRmdeg, romlebic damaxasiaTebeli iyo
sabWoTa periodisTvis. d. velaskesis suraTis
monaTlva `Sromis himnad~ an `ubralo ada-
mianebis gandidebad~ srulebiT miuRebelia
misTvis, misi argumentebi ki _ mtkice logi-
kis Semcveli. marTlac, Zneli warmosadgenia,
rogorc d. TumaniSvili adasturebs, `amaze
meti antiistoriuloba, tilos Seqmnis drois
leila xuskivaZe
da suliskveTebis, mxatvris pirovnebis _
samefo karze moRvawis! _ meti gauTvaliswi-
nebloba~, iseve, rogorc am monumenturi ti-
los ubralo yofiT ambad gardaqmna (saubari
12, gv. 58).
sxva magaliTi piter brÁigelia, romel-
sac avtori axsenebs maqs dvorJakTan daka-
vSirebiT _ m. dvorJakis brwyinvale sta-
tiam piter brÁigel-ufrosze Cauyara axali
safuZveli brÁigelis Seswavlis sakiTxs.
aqac d. TumaniSvili ar eTanxmeba sabWoTa
wignebSi da ara mxolod am wignebSi, aramed
flandriul-beletrizebul biografiaSic
ki brÁigeli-ufrosis, rogorc `mSromeli
glexobis~ bedis monaRvled, ZlierTa ama so-
flisaTa mamxileblad warmodgenas. is uerT-
deba m. dvorJakis azrs, rom esaa maSindeli
aristokratiuli Tu qalaquri xedva soflis
xalxisa, mocemuli gamaobieqtivebeli, gau-
pirovnebeli, an ki _ tragikuli msoflxatis
farglebSi. ra Tqma unda, brÁigeli ar aris
`tetiaTa~ (rogorc mas eZaxian) mxatvari,
217
glexuri cxovrebis ubralo amsaxveli. mag-
ram, vfiqrob, misTvis sainteresoa is garemo,
sadac meti uSualoba da gaxsniloba igrZ-
noba da sadac Tu gavixsenebT `glexur cek-
vas~ Tu `glexur qorwils~, TavdaviwyebiT
miecemian mxiarulebas. es ki mas aZlevs sab-
abs ufro farTo ganzogadebebis gakeTebisa
_ swored am uxeS da marTal sinamdvileSi
mxatvarma dainaxa cxovrebis sisavse da sixa-
lise. arc brÁigelis nawarmoebTa Sedareba im
drois germaneli poetis, hans saqsis poezi-
asTan aris, albaT, SemTxveviTi. grosmanis
SeniSvniT, maT aqvT erTnairi saxelwodebis
nawarmoebi _ `usaqmurTa qveyana~, sityvie-
ri da saxviTi detalebi, romlebic sruliad
identuria. esaa, uTuod, epoqaluri niSnebi,
asaxuli orive Semoqmedis qmnilebebSi.
iqve d. TumaniSvili saubrobs sruliad
sxva xedvis mxatvarze, el grekoze. es sauba-
ri imdenad gamomsaxvelia, imdenad naTlad
SegvagrZnobinebs imas, rac ase gvxiblavs Cven
am mxatvarSi, rom, udavod, imsaxurebs Cvens
yuradRebas. `meCveneba, rom masTan u-mate-
rioba, u-sivrcoba da a.S. ki ar aris, rogorc
 leila xuskivaZe
Sua saukuneebis da, kerZod, misTvis mSobliur
bizantiur xelovnebaSi, ufro metad _ de-ma-
terializacia, ganqarveba nivTierebisa Tu si-
vrcisa, ar damaviwydeba misi `Tvallibriani~
kaci, romlis saxe TiTqos SenivTuli feradi
nislis bolqvi iyos, axla Cvens Tvalwin nia-
vis erTi SeberviT rom SeiZleba daiSalos~. aq
iseT nÁuansebzea saubari, romelic mxolod
aRfrTovanebas Tu iwvevs.
ar minda ise davamTavro es `saubari~,
rom ar SemogTavazoT is mokle daskvna,
romlis formasac araerTxel mimarTavs d.
TumaniSvili sxva `saubrebSic~. aqac es das-
kvna formulasaviT JRers, misi arsi sxartad
aris gadmocemuli: `m. dvorJaki ideaTa isto-
rias werda, a. varburgi _ grZnobaTas, e. pa-
nofski ki koncefciebisas~ (saubari 12, gv. 54).
erT-erTi saubris Temad d. TumaniSvili
irCevs `venis skolas~ da mis ubrwyinvales
warmomadgenels aloiz rigls, romelic,
misi TqmiT, uTuod yvela drois xelovnebis
istorikosTa Soris yvelaze saxelganTq-
218
mulTagan erTia~ (saubari 10, gv. 13). CemTvis,
magaliTad, saintereso iyo imis gageba, rom
misi narkvevi `ZeglTa Tanamedrove kulti~,
ZeglTa dacvis TeoriaSi klasikad aRiare-
buli, kulturuli memkvidreobis axland-
eli Teoriis erT-erTi qvakuTxedia, gar-
da imisa, rom man ZeglTa dacvis instituti
daaarsa, rac TavisTavad mniSvnelovani faq-
tia. Cemi yuradReba miiqcia d. TumaniSvilis
erTma SeniSvnam a. riglis mogvianebiT das-
tambul wignTan, `saxviTi xelovnebis isto-
riis gramatika~-sTan dakavSirebiT, ufro
sworad, misi saTauris inglisuri Targmanis
uzustobis Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSic Tavi iCi-
na avtoris gansakuTrebulma mgrZnobelobam
terminis marTebuli gagebis mimarT. is iwu-
nebs benjamen binstokis mier naTargmn `sax-
viT xelovnebas~ rogorc `visual art~, vinaidan
`visual~-s, misi TqmiT, mxedvelobasTan aqvs
kavSiri, xolo germanulSi naxmari `bildende~
_ `saxeqmnas~, `formaqmnas~ niSnavs (sauba-
ri 10, gv. 50, SeniSv. 89). Targmanis sakiTxebs
exeba d. TumaniSvili maSinac, rodesac saub-
robs a. riglis moZRvrebis ZiriTad cnebaze
`Kunstwollen~. misTvis mniSvnelovania am cne-
bis sxvadasxva enaze (Tu sxvadasxva mecnieris
mier) gadatanili Targmanis Sesabamisoba.
marto am sakiTxis dayeneba gviCvenebs, ram-
denad mravalmxrivi da siRrmiseulia misi
kvleva. aq saqme is ki ar aris, ubralod mo-
xerxebuli sityva gamoiZebnos, aq arsis ga-
momxatveli terminis SerCevaa. ra undoda mas
terminisagan `saxelovno neba~, sadac sityva
`neba~ germanul `wollen~-s Seesatyviseboda?
riT ar akmayofebs mas rusuli `художественная
воля~, an inglisuri `will to form~? am kiTxvebze
avtoris pasuxi damajereblad JRers (sauba-
ri 10, gv. 14, SeniSv. 14). sityva `wollen~, misi
TqmiT, ubralod survils, ndomas niSnavs.
misi arCevania `ndoma~, vinaidan `survils~
misTvis TiTqos ufro racionaluri elferi
dahkravs, rac a. riglTan ase ar aris. me sru-
li mzadyofniT viReb am termins `saxelovno
ndoma~, Tumc, marTali giTxraT, aseTi nÁu-
ansebis garCeva CemTvis Znelia. samagierod,
mSvenivrad mesmis gansxvaveba `wille~-sa da
`wollen~-s Soris, rac avtoris mier kargadaa
axsnili. d. TumaniSvili imasac aRniSnavs, rom
cneba `nebis~ wyalobiT zogierTi mecnieri
saubrobs a. riglis siaxloveze Sopenhauersa
da nicSesTan. magram avtori maT Soris did
gansxvavebas xedavs. misi azriT, marTlac,
Sopenhauerisa da nicSes filosofia Tu ara,
es cneba ver Semovidoda samecniero lite-
raturaSi, Tumc Sopenhaueris `nebasTan~ da
miT ufro nicSes `Zalauflebis nebasTan~
SedarebiT, riglis es cneba, `martooden
formaTamqneli da bevrad ufro mSvidobia-
nia~ (saubari 10, gv. 40).
da mainc, ra aris bolosdabolos riglis
`saxelovno ndoma~? d. TumaniSvilis TqmiT,
es aris erTgvari, sakuTari arsebobis mqone,
rac ama Tu im adamianis meSveobiT gacxad-
deba (saubari 10, gv. 40). is arapirovnulia,
giorgi CubinaSvilic mas araindividualu-
rad miiCnevs, avtori ki mas `erTobiTs~ arq-
mevs. riglis mixedviT, is qvecnobieri mov-
lenaa. amasTan dakavSirebiT d. TumaniSvils
moxmobili aqvs qvecnobieris fsiqologiis
sxvadasxva mecnierisa da, raRa Tqma unda, di-

mitri uznaZis Sexedulebebi, im codnis si-
farToviT da Rrma gaazrebiT,¸rac mis msje-
lobebSi zogadad vlindeba. is uerTdeba
riglis azrs, rom saxviT xelovnebaSi arse-
bobs ram mxoloo-saxviTi, rogorc musikaSi
bgera. avtoris TqmiT, is ar-gacnobierebadi
sawyisicaa, romelic xelovans nawarmoebis
`aseTobas~ ganasazRvriebs (saubari 10, gv. 41,
42). d. TumaniSvils mohyavs erTi saocari ma-
galiTi _ saubari or gamorCeul qarTvels,
xelovnebis istorikoss, leo rCeuliSvilsa
da mxatvar elene axveldians Soris, romel-
sac TiTqos arca aqvs kavSiri mecnierul
msjelobasTan. arada es Zaldautanebeli,
uSualo saubari ufro advilad aRsaqmels
qmnis sakiTxis filosofiur arss.
d. TumaniSvili akritikebs a. riglis im
oponentebs, romlebic sayveduroben mas
imis gamo, rom mecnierma mcire xelovnebebi
saxelovno sferoSi Seitana. im dros, ro-
desac, misi TqmiT, performance-ebi ratomRac
mxatvrobad unda miviCnioT, da kitsch-ic ar
aris gamosaricxi `didi~ Semoqmedebidan,
misTvis gaugebaria aseTi pretenziebi (sau-
bari 10, gv. 47). me savsebiT veTanxmebi d.
TumaniSvils, magram, am SemTxvevaSi, mas es
paralelebi imitomac ufro gaaxsenda, rom
undoda daefiqsirebina Tavisi damokidebu-
leba am movlenaTa mimarT. SemdgomSi is isev
ubrundeba am Temas da ixsenebs video-arts,
romelic, misi azriT, ferwera-qandakebas
ki ar unda ezomebodes, aramed sanaxaobriv
xelovnebaTa Soris moTavsdes (saubari 14,
gv. 101, SeniSv. 204). avtoris azri yvela am
saWirboroto sakiTxebze aqtualuricaa da
gulisyuriT mosasmenic.
d. TumaniSvili Seecada aexsna riglis
damokidebuleba nawarmoebis teqnikuri
Sesrulebisadmi, risTvisac mecnieri kri-
tikis sagnad iqca. avtori Tvlis, rom a. ri-
gls kargad esmoda teqnikuri mxaris mniSv-
neloba, magram iq, sadac mecnieri saxviT
mxareebs exeba, masalismieri CarTva arc
ras miscemda da arc bevrs rasme daaklebda.
TvalsaCinoebisaTvis avtori paralelebs
avlebs musikasTan. misi TqmiT, SeiZleba wero
leila xuskivaZe
musikaluri nawarmoebis formis agebasa da
harmoniaze ise, rom ar CauRrmavde imas, mas
ra sakravebze asruleben. sxva SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac, magaliTad, rixard Strausis ga-
momsaxvelobis naxevari mainc, meti Tu ara,
xmovanebis tembrzea damokidebuli, v. a. mo-
cartis simfoniebi ki, fortepianoze gada-
tanili, JReradobis silamazis mxriv Zalze
bevrs kargavs (saubari 10, gv. 45). am maga-
liTSi kargad gamoCnda nawarmoebis teqni-
kuri mxaris CaurTvelobis SesaZleblobac
da misi gaTvaliswinebis aucileblobac.
asevea, avtoris azriT, saxviT xelovneba-
Sic, sadac masalas didi mniSvneloba eniWe-
ba, magram aris iseTi problemebi, romlebic
mis gareSec gadaiWreba. minda vaxseno a. ri-
glis `SexebiT-xedviTi~ cneba, am SemTxvevaSi
mxolod imitom, rom kidev erTxevl davrw-
mundeT d. TumaniSvilis asociaciuri az-
rovnebis siZliereSi. ram gaaxsena goeTe V
romaul elegiaSi rom ambobs berZnul mar-
marilos qandakebaze: `SemgrZnobi TvaliT
219
vxedav, SevigrZnob mxedveli xeliT~. es xom
zustad isaa, rac am cnebis arsSi devs. av-
toris varaudiT, SesaZloa, es taepi, ufro
adre dawerili, a. rigls mexsierebaSi hqonda
CarCenili (saubari 10, gv. 43). da gana igive ar
iTqmis d. TumaniSvilze, sxvagvarad xom ase-
Ti Sesatyvisobis moxelTeba ase iolad ver
moxerxdeba.
d. TumaniSvili maRal Sefasebas aZlevs
a. riglis namoRvawars. sxvaTa Soris, misi
kvlevis teqnikis momarjvebas is xedavs
giorgi CubinaSvilis naSromSi _ `armazis
pitiaxSTa nekropolSi aRmoCenili nivTe-
bis mxatvruli daxasiaTebis cda~. aqvs kri-
tikuli SeniSvnebic. aq ki Zalian mniSvne-
lovnad mimaCnia imis gaTvaliswineba, rac
ase marjved da sruli gagebiT Camoayaliba
avtorma: `erTbaSad ver moxerxda yovelive
SemCneulis naTlad ganwvaleba da sityvad
qceva~ (saubari 10, gv. 50). d. TumaniSvilis
TqmiT, didi nabiji aqeTken Tanamedrove (ara
dRevandelobis gagebiT) xelovnebis erT-
erTma fuZemdebelma, hainrix vÁolflin-
ma gadadga. meTerTmete saubari TiTqmis
 leila xuskivaZe
mTlianad h. vÁolflins eZRvneba. am mec-
nieris, mTeli sisavsiT, warmoCenisaTvis d.
TumaniSvilma moiSvelia Zalian didi masala
misi avtobiografiidan Tu samecniero naS-
romebidan, biografosebisa da sxva mkvle-
varTa nawerebidan. man aSkarad SesZlo ga-
emdidrebina Cveni warmodgena masze, axali
kuTxiT warmoeCina is, rogorc moazrovne
da pirovneba. xelovnebis qarTvel mkvle-
varTaTvis hainrix vÁolflini gansakuTre-
bulia. Cveni gacnoba xelovnebis istori-
asTan am mecnieris wignebiT iwyeboda. misi
meTodi didadaa gaTvaliswinebuli Cvens
kvlevebSi. gasuli saukunis 40-ian wlebSi
giorgi CubinaSvili kritikis qarcecxlSi
gaatares, rogorc vÁolflinis mimdevari,
g. natroSvilis TqmiT, moqceuli vÁolfli-
nis formalistur sqemaTa tyveobaSi. qarT-
veli mecnieris naRvawis Seswavla aZlevs
d. TumaniSvils uflebas nawilobriv Tu
daeTanxmos mis `vÁolflianelobas~ (sauba-
ri 11, gv. 1). rac Seexeba `formalistobas~,
220
giorgi CubinaSvili da TviT vÁolflinic,
Tavisi oponentebisagan gansxvavebiT, am
cnebaSi sxva rames deben. marTalia, TviT
vÁolflini aRiarebs, rom is formalistia,
magram Semdgom is ganmartavs, ras niSnavs es
misTvis. d. TumaniSvili, isev vÁolflinsa
da mis naSromebze dayrdnobiT mkafio gan-
sazRvrebas iZleva. misi TqmiT, is forma-
listia, radganac xelovnebis istorikosis
upirveles amocanad mudam formis analizs
xedavs, misTvis formas mravali mniSvneloba
aqvs da srulyofili analizi aucileblad
suliersac Seicavs. d. TumaniSvilisTvis
sruliad naTelia, rom Sinaarsi, suliereba
vÁolflinisaTvis udavod mniSvnelovania,
magram `azrsa da azrismiersac formaSi aqvs
wili~ (saubari 11, gv. 48).
h. vÁolflinis namoRvawaris TumaniSvi-
liseuli kvleva mravalmxrivia. garda imisa,
rom is iZleva misi ZiriTadi naSromebis ga-
mowvlilviT analizs, is am naSromTa erTma-
neTTan Sedarebebsac mimarTavs. amis Sedegad
avtori avlens mecnieris SexedulebebSi
momxdar cvlilebebs kvlevidan kvlevamde da
maT daxasiaTebaSi logikur jaWvs adevnebs
Tvals _ ramdeni ram gadmovida manamdeli
misi wignebidan, `Zira cnebebSi~, ramdeni ram
sxvagvarad warsdga, Zireulic ki, rogor Tan
daviwrovda da Tan ki gafarTovda `klasi-
kisa~ da `barokos~ cnebebi. d. TumaniSvilis
daskvnebi xSirad mis mier gamoyenebuli la-
koniuri formiTaa gadmocemuli: `renesanssa
da barokoSi~ niSnebi amoikrifeba, `cnebebSi~
_ kategoriebiTaa aRwerili mxatvruli mTe-
lis windawin gansazRvruli mxaris Tvisebebi,
isini ki gvamcnobs formaTaqmnis garkveul
wess (saubari 11, gv. 23).
h. vÁolflinis namoRvawaris ufro
farTod gagebisaTvis, udavod, xels uwy-
obs d. TumaniSvilis mier SemoTavazebuli
Sedareba vÁolflinisa mis winamorbedebTan,
maTi msgavseba-gansxvavebebis gamovlena da
Sesabamisi daskvnebis gamotana. avtoris gan-
martebebi aqac sxarti da, rogorc TviTonve
ityoda, dawurulia. ase magaliTad, vÁol-
flinis burkhardtTan Sedarebisas, avtor-
ma maT Soris gansxvavebebi, gamoxatuli
ufro midgomaSi, Semdegnairad daazusta: i.
burkhardti gveubneba, h. vÁolflini _ gvi-
sabuTebs, gzis gamkvalavi (e.i. burkhardti
_ SeniSv. Cemia) Segvagonebs, mimdevari ga-
mogviwvlilavs (saubari 11, gv. 8), aseve la-
koniurad da azrismierad ayalibebs is gan-
sxvavebebs a. riglsa da h. vÁolflins Soris.
d. TumaniSvili miiCnevs, rom isini mxatvru-
li formis sul sxvadasxva waxnagebs ukirki-
teben da maTi naazrevis viTomcda msgavseba
savsebiT moCvenebiTia: a. rigli _ pirobi-
TobaTa (ase uwodebs am SemTxvevaSi avtori
stils _ SeniSv. Cemia) tipebis damuSavebas
iwyebs, h. vÁolflini _ formis, viTarca
anasaxis mowesrigebis wesis, tipebisas (sau-
bari 11, gv. 51). da kidev,¸ara mxolod a. ri-
glisagan, aramed saerTod venelebisgan h.
vÁolflinis sxvaobas imaSidac xedavs, rom
isini `vrcel istoriul gadasaxedebs da
gadasvla-gardasaxvis xanebs etanebian, h.
vÁolflini _ mosazRvrulsa da dasrule-
buls~ (saubari 11, gv. 51). aseTi konkretuli
gansazRvrebebi sakmaod bevria. maTi mka-

fioeba am gansjas TiTqos met damajereb-
lobas hmatebs.
uaRresad sainteresoa d. TumaniSvilis
msjeloba h. vÁolflinTan xelovnebis isto-
riisa da enisa da enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebis
SeTanadebis Sesaxeb. misi gaTviTcnobiereba
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebSi me sakmaod so-
liduri meCveneba _ amis dadastureba sxva
`saubrebSi~-c aris SesaZlebeli. aq ki man ara
mxolod Tavisi codnis gamomJRavneba, ara-
med sakuTari damokidebulebis warmodgena
SesZlo. avtori eWvs qveS ayenebs zogierTi
mecnieris mosazrebas erTgvar paralelizm-
ze, romelic h. vÁolflinsa da f F erdinand
de sosÁuris lingvistikas Soris arsebobs.
saubrobs imaze, Tu ra ganasxvavebs maT erT-
maneTisagan. misi TqmiT, sosÁuri msjelobs
sazogadod, formaTa kavSiris raobaze,
vÁolflini ki formis istoriul saxeobaze,
`da ara raRac Tu zedroulze ara, drois
gareT gansaxilvelze mainc~ (saubari 11, gv.
52-53). d. TumaniSvils Turme adrec ufiq-
ria am sakiTxebze. misi azriT, vÁolflinTan
ufro axlos mdgomi vilhelm fon humbolti
unda yofiliyo. SemdgomSi amis dadasture-
ba man vÁolflinis avtobiografiaSic naxa.
esec xom mis saocar intuiciaze mianiSnebs.
enasTan dakavSirebul vrcel msjelobas d.
TumaniSvili meTormete `saubarSi~-c gv-
Tavazobs (saubari 12, gv. 38). imis dasadas-
tureblad, rom `esa Tu is ena risame erT
Tvisebas saxeldebs, meore ki _ sxvas~, mas
erTi, rogorc TviTonve ambobs, gacveTili
magaliTi `monaTvlaze~ mohyavs _ rogor
JRers igi evropul, rusul da qarTul eneb-
Si da razea iq saubari. misi `gacveTili~ gan-
marteba CvenTvis kargadaa cnobili¸magram
saqmec isaa, rom is ar jerdeba amas da axal
kavSirebsa da asociaciebs poulobs.
d. TumaniSvilis damokidebulebam ter-
minebis mimarT vÁolflinze saubarSic iCina
Tavi. xilulsa da saxviTs Soris gansxvavebis
aRsaniSnavad h. vÁolflini xmarobs sity-
va `xedvas~ _ `Sehen~ da amave mniSvnelobas
aniWebs mTel rig sxva Sewyvilebebs. me ar
CamovTvli aq TiToeul maTgans, aRvniSnav
leila xuskivaZe
mxolod, rom avtorisaTvis misaRebi `war-
modgena~ da `gamosaxvaa~, sxva terminebis
mimarT ki mas kiTxvebi uCndeba. am terminis
dazusteba miRweulia myari argumentebiT
da marjved SerCeuli magaliTebiT. am mxriv
d. TumaniSvilis mier motanili opizis qar-
Tuli saqtitoro reliefi (IX s.) erT-erTi
yvelaze TvalsaCino nimuSia. aq mefe aSot ba-
gratovanis gamosaxuleba didi zomiTaa war-
moCenili da amiT is SeiZleba iseve (Tu ara
metad) mniSvnelovania, vidre mis mier aRna-
gebi eklesia (saub 11, gv. 50).
mecamete `saubari~ or mniSvnelovan
Temas eZRvneba. erTia `stili~ _ xelovne-
bis istoriis erT-erTi mTavari problema
da Tanamedroveoba, ufro sworad, rogorc
saTauri gvauwyebs, `xelovnebis istoriog-
rafia 1930-iani wlebidan dRemde~. ra Tqma
unda, vis ar ainteresebs is procesebi,
romlebic Sens dros xdeba, Tan ase axloa
SenTan da Tanac TiTqos ufro Znelad gasa-
gebi. amdenad d. TumaniSvilis msjelobebi am
221
Temebis irgvliv gansakuTrebul yuradRe-
bas imsaxurebs.
avtorma stilis sakiTxi SesavalSive das-
va, Semdgom TavebSi gaagrZela da ukve mecame-
te saubarSi sakmaod didi adgili dauTmo. is,
Cveuli keTilsindisierebiT, iZleva stilis
yvela ZiriTad ganmartebas, romelic moce-
mulia enciklopediebsa Tu sityvarebSi, an
kidev calkeul mecnierTan. misi msjeloba
TiToeul maTgans exeba da didi informaciis
Semcvelia me ar SemiZlia udanakargod da
arc msurs amis yvelafris gadmoTxroba. min-
da mxolod d. TumaniSvilis damokidebuleba
gagacnoT, isic zogierT definiciasTan da-
kavSirebiT. naSromis SesavalSi mas mohyavs
ser ernst gombrixis ganmarteba: `stili _
uniformaa~ (Sesav. gv. 2). misTvis miuRebe-
lia mecnieris es ganmarteba, vinaidan si-
tyva `uniformaSi~ is erTsaxeobas da Tanac
Tavsmoxveulobas xedavs. misTvis Cveul
stilSi is ixsenebs msaxiob ramaz CxikvaZis
saubars, sadac xelovani, yovelgvari mec-
nieruli gansjis gareSe, SesaZloa, piradi
gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, alalad am-
 leila xuskivaZe
bobs: `stili ZiebiT iqmneba da ara windawin
gansazRvruli receptebiT~ (saubari 13, gv.
9, SeniSv. 20). vfiqrob, es kargad mofiqre-
buli xerxi damatebiTi argumentia gombri-
xis `uniformis~ winaaRmdeg. SloserisaTvis
stili pirovnebismieri xelweraa, italiu-
ri `maniera~ (saubari 13, gv. 1). amave azrisaa,
avtoris TqmiT, qarTveli moRvawe vaxtang
kotetiSvilic. d. TumaniSvili novalisis
mosazrebasac gvacnobs, romlis mixedviTac
qmna mTlianad xelovanis subieqturi Rvwaa
(saubari 5, gv. 32), misi xedva ki Signidan ga-
reTaa mimarTuli. am xedvis Sesaxeb avtoris
vrceli ganmartebebi farTo ganzogadebam-
de midis. magram es ukve sxva saubris Temaa.
stilis Sloseriseul ganmartebas mohyva
mis mier Suasaukuneebis Sefaseba, rogorc
`impersonaluri epoqisa~. Sloseris am naT-
qvamSi d. TumaniSvilma amoikiTxa logiku-
rad is azri, rom am drois xelovneba yofila
`ustilo~, martooden mxatvruli enis mqo-
ne. aqedan, mas samarTlianad uCndeba kiTxve-
222
bi, jer erTi, aris ki es ase da meore, Zalian
sainteresod datrialebuli, romelic ase
JRers: `marTalia, es xelovneba, rogorc
egvipturi, araa individualisturi, magram
u-pirovno kia?~ da TviTonve scems pasuxs,
adasturebs ra SemqmnelTa pirovnebebis ar-
sebobas (saubari 13, gv. 3).
d. TumaniSvili stilis sxva gansazRvre-
basac exeba, mag., `garegnuli niSnebiT~, ufro
zustad, maTi nakrebiT. aseTi definiciebiT
is, avtoris TqmiT, warmodgenilia brok-
hauz-efronisa da larusis enciklopedieb-
Si, agreTve i. imedaSvilis 1928 wels gamo-
cemul leqsikonSi. am gansazRvrebaSi misma
maZiebelma gonebam dainaxa im gamocdilebis
gaTvaliswineba, romelic XIX saukunis arqi-
teqturas gaaCnda (saubari 13, gv. 4). avtors
mohyavs agreTve a. riglisa da h. vÁolflinis
ganmartebebi: `stili garkveuli kanonzo-
mierebaa, rac ama Tu im droisa Tu adgilis
mraval nawarmoebebSi vlindeba~, amas kiole-
nic exmianeba: `stili formis kanonzomiere-
baa~ (saubari 13, gv. 2-3). amasTanave h. vÁol-
flini azustebs, rom stil-kanonzomiereba
araa aucilebeli Tanadroulad mxatvruli
Semoqmedebis yvela StoSi moqmedebdes _
am gancxadebaSi avtorma dainaxa mecnieris
mcdeloba im safrTxis Tavidan acilebisa,
romelic nairgvarovnisTvis mgvanebis `Tavs
moxveva~ warmoadgens (saubari 13, gv. 23).
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, xelovnebis
saistorio gaSinaarsebas d. TumaniSvili sam
punqtad ayalibebs: a. stili rogorc indivi-
dualuri stili; b. stili rogorc element-
Ta da xerxTa erTianoba; g. stili rogorc
mxatvruli formis agebis kanonzomiereba Tu
principi (saubari 13, gv. 9). misi farTod gaS-
lili msjeloba stilis Sesaxeb `mxatvrul-
stilur periodebzedac~ saubars Seicavs.
Tavisi damokidebuleba `stilur epoqasTan~
da saerTod istoriul drosTan mimarTeba-
Si avtorma gamoxata mokled panofskis erTi
werilidan zustad SerCeuli ganmartebiT:
amosavali yovelTvis ram mxatvruli mov-
lenaa, misi `mibma~ ki saukuneebis Tu sauku-
nis naxevarze imis mixedviT xdeba, maTgan
romlisTvis Cans igi ufro damaxasiaTebeli
(saubari 13, gv. 23), rasac mohyveba misTvis
Cveuli SekiTxvis forma _ `nuTu aq kidev
aris raime sakamaTo?~ _ rac azris utyuobas
kidev ufro ganamtkicebs.
mecamete `saubris~ meore mniSvnelova-
ni Temaa Tanamedrove xelovneba da misi is-
toriis Seswavla. d. TumaniSvili gvacnobs
sxvadasxva mecnieris, cnobilis Tu nakle-
bad cnobilis Sexedulebebs, dawvrilebiT
ganixilavs maT naSromebs, mohyavs araerTi
citireba, raTa SevigrZnoT maTi msjelo-
bis, Tu cocxali azris logika, qarTvel xe-
lovnebaTmcodneebs man gaacno _ da es mis
damsaxurebad mimaCnia, g. kaSnitc fon vain-
bergi, romlis gvaric misTvis cnobili gamx-
dara mas Semdeg, rac marburgis universite-
tis TanamSomels is dausaxelebia, rogorc
vÁolflinis Semdegdroindeli erT-erTi
TvalsaCino xelovnebis istorikosi.
kaSnitc fon vainbergi `struqturis~
mkvlevari yofila, romlisTvisac avtoris
TqmiT, struqtura formaSi amoicnoba, vi-
Tarca sivrcis da nivTieri sxeulis (aqedan

_ droisac) gadmocemis wesi, rac udris
qveynierebis gagebas (saubari 13, gv. 26). am sa-
kiTxze msjelobisas, dimitri TumaniSvili
svams erT metad sayuradRebo ritorikul
kiTxvas _ ra daSavdeba, Tu mag., berZnuli
da egvipturi qandakebebis struqturul
analizs, erT SemTxvevaSi berZnuli filo-
sofia da mwerloba, xolo meoreSi _ egvip-
turi rwmena-warmodgenebi waeSveleba. ra
Tqma unda, aramc Tu ar `daSavdeba~, aramed,
piriqiT, xels Seuwyobs msoflmxedvelobis
Taobaze ufro siRrmiseuli daskvnebis ga-
motanas. aseT ganwyobas namdvilad exmianeba
avtoris mier gaxsenebuli grigol robaqi-
Zis mSvenieri esseÁ dedofal nefertitize
(saubari 13, gv. 31).
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebs
d. TumaniSvili sam gamorCeul mecnierze.
eseni arian hans zedlmaÁri, ser ernst gom-
brixi da hans beltingi. avtori saubrobs
maT damokidebulebaze Tanamedrove xelov-
nebisadmi (avangardi, modern-postmoderni,
pop-arti) _ is calsaxaa _ xelovnebis zo-
gadad `rRvevisa da ngrevis~ unugeSo sura-
Ti, krizisi, romelic kvlavac grZeldeba
(mas moyvanili aqvs gombrixis azri, romlis
mixedviT krizisi ferwerasa da qandakeba-
Si jerac ar gascdenia saxifaTo wertils)
(saubari 13, gv. 89, 90). zedlmaÁri amas su-
lierebis dakargvas ukavSirebs _ `mas
Semdeg, rac mocilebulia RmerTi rogorc
Semoqmedi, mocilebul unda iqnas adamianis
Semoqmedebac~ _ Tanamedroveni adgils uT-
moben sakuTriv adamianurs, meqanikurs (d.
TumaniSvili amZafrebs _ cxovelurs) gai-
givebuls (saubari 13, gv. 50), xelovneba da-
Sorda adamianurobasa da zomierebas (sau-
bari 13, gv. 49). amasve ukavSirdeba zedlmaÁ-
ris `dakarguli Suaguli~, rac niSnavs, rom
is Suaguli, romelic iyo gamaerTianebeli,
aRaraa. mecnieris azriT, esaa is, rac moi-
tana XX saukunis mxatvrobam, sadac `qaosi
da sikvdili batonobs~ (saubari 13, gv. 49).
dimitri TumaniSvili, ZiriTadad, iziarebs
am Sexedulebebs, zedlmaÁris `dacariele-
bul saydars~ is eSveleba magaliTiT _
leila xuskivaZe
esaa gauqmebuli eklesia federiko felinis
filmSi `orkestris repeticia~, esaa anarqia
musikosTa Soris da a.S. rac Seexeba diri-
Jors, avtoris TqmiT, mas mxolod harmoniis
gzaRa darCenia (saubari 13, gv. 56, SeniSv.
110). CemTvis piradad es iseTive wuxilia
dRevandel mdgomareobaze, rogorsac d.
TumaniSvili miawers zedlmaÁrs, gombrixs,
Tu beltings. gana mxatvruli harmoniis gza
SemoqmedebiTi gza araa, romelis Tavidan
dawyebas moaswavebs filmis finalSi pult-
Tan mdgari diriJori _ gana es odnav mainc
imedis momcemi ar aris? maS, ratom Seuwyra d.
TumaniSvili felinis, Tanac rogorc qris-
tian xelovans _ man ar Seqmna erT-erTi yve-
laze qristianuli filmi `gza~? gana zedl-
maÁri imave ganwyobisa ar aris da rad rCeba
igi mis TvalSi qristian mecnierad? sxva saq-
mea, rodesac avtori saubrobs `drakulas~
filmebze. maT, marTlac, kargad udgeba d.
TumaniSvilis perifrazi SoTa rusTavelis
cnobili gamoTqmisa, da ase ikiTxeba: `bo-
223
rotma sZlia keTilsa~. aRsaniSnavia is faq-
tic, rom dimitri TumaniSvili dainteres-
da b. stoukeris romaniT, romlis Sesaxebac
gvauwyeben, rom bolodroindeli `draku-
la~ mainc zustad imeorebs mas. pirvelwy-
arosTan Sedarebis Sedegad mas Sesabamisi
dakvnebi gamoaqvs _ is Tvlis, rom mwerlis
Canafiqri damaxinjebulia filmis Semqnelis
ganzrax tendenciurobis gamo, raTa boro-
tebas gaamarjvebinos.
Tanamedrove xelovnebisa da misi isto-
riis krizisze saubrobs Cveni drois, ro-
gorc d. TumaniSvili ambobs, yvelaze gamor-
Ceuli mkvlevari hans beltingi. misi wignis
saTauri `xelovnebis istoriis dasasruli~,
jer kiTxvis niSnis qveS da Semdeg mis gare-
Se, zogadadac, TviT aseTi sakiTxis dasma,
misi ganwyobis gamomxatvelia. magram saq-
mec isaa, rom swored `xelovnebis istoriis
dasasrulSi~, romelic h. beltingma 40 wlis
win dawera, dainaxa dimitri TumaniSvilma
imedis momcemi notebi: `vimedovneb, rai-
megvar apokaliptur kulturul pesimizm-
Si ar gadavvardebi~-o. amas aZlierebs av-
 leila xuskivaZe
toris mier danaxuli h. beltingis pozi-
cia: rogorc is ambobs, yvelaferi misTvis
Sesawynarebelia, yovelive _ gamarTlebu-
li Tu ara, gamarTlebis Rirsi mainc. aqedan
gamomdinare, dimitri TumaniSvili askvnis:
`kulturul-istoriuli klveva aq _ sa-
sowarkveTis daZlevis, gamousvlelobidan
gamosavlis povnis saSualebad gamovlinda
(saubari 13, gv. 117, 118). amave WrilSi ganixi-
lavs is gombrixisa Tu zedlmaÁris naazrevs,
romelic, misi azriT, ar aris moklebuli
imeds. piradad CemTvis am azrTa wiaRsvle-
bi namdvilad sainteresoa da nawilobriv
misaRebic, magram me mainc meCveneba, rom
Tanamedrove xelovnebis kvlevis meTodebi
jer Camoyalibebuli ar aris, Zveli meTo-
debiT kvlevebis tradicia ki erTgvarad
aferxebs mis arsSi wvdomas, mis swor gagebas.
Tumc d. TumanSivils mohyavs h. beltingis
azri, romlis mixedviTac Zveli meTodebi ki
araa uvargisi, rogorc adre megonao, ara-
med TavisTavad interpretacia, romelic
224
Tavisi bunebiT cdilobs xelovnebis nawar-
moebis adgili daiWiros (saubari 13, gv. 100).
interpretaciasTan dakavSirebiT h. bel-
tingi namdvilad sworia. sworia is maSinac,
rodesac, avtoris TqmiT, is sayvedurobs
`stilis istorias~, rom awmyoSi nagrZnobi
da nasurvebi mas warsulSi gadaaqvs, uaxles
xelovnebas ki verafers uxerxebs (saubari
13, gv. 101). yovelive amasTan dakavSirebiT
metad sayuradReboa d. TumaniSvilis gan-
marteba mecnieris mimarTebisa warsulsa
da TanamedroveobasTan. misi TqmiT, isto-
rikosi, vinc unda iyos, warsulisken cqe-
risas, Tavs mis gamoRma grZnobs, xolo aw-
myoze raime RirebulebiTi Tvalsazrisidan
gamomdinare saubrisas, mas aseve mzoms
uyenebs, ris gamoc is, raRac zomiT mainc,
Tanamedroveobisgan ganze eqceva (sxva saq-
mea, rom masze dro SeiZleba axdendes gav-
lenas) (saubari 13, gv. 52). d. TumaniSvili
sruliad samarTlianad miiCnevs h. beltin-
gis kidev erT sayvedurs `tradiciluli~ xe-
lovnebis istoriisadmi~, rom is ar iTvalis-
winebs araevropul kulturebs (saubari 13,
gv. 101). aqve avtori saubrobs Tanamedrove
muzeumebis mdgomareobaze zogadad da,
raRa Tqma unda, saqarTveloSic (saubari 13,
gv. 101, 102, SeniSvn. 205). misi rCevebi, gaje-
rebuli gulistkiviliT, meti aqtiurobis-
ken biZgis momcemi unda iyos.
d. TumaniSvili exeba im axal meTodsac,
romelic uaxlesi drois ara-sagnobrivma xe-
lovnebam gamokveTa. esaa imdalis `ikonika~.
is Tvlis, rom es meTodi ufro uaxlovde-
ba zedlmaÁris struqturul analizs rom-
lis principi, avtoris TqmiT, calmxrivi
formalizmisa da calmxrivi ikonografia-
ikonologiis vermiRebaa, an ser ernst gom-
brixis Sexedulebas usagno xelovnebis sa-
xovani uzustobis Sesaxeb. d. TumaniSvilis
poziciac naTelia _ misi TqmiT, `namdvilad
maRlamxatvrul abstraqciebSi saTqmeli
Zalianac calsaxaa, imis xarjze ki, rom maT-
Si rCeba Tu Cndeba `saxviTobis~ ram kvali,
ufro zustad, anasaxi saganTaSorisi ur-
TierTobisa, rac am namuSevars qveyniur si-
marTle-WeSmaritebasTan miabrunebs (sauba-
ri 14, gv. 48). ras niSnavs es? imas xom ara, rom
Tu `saxviTobis~ mciredi kvalic ki ar aris,
is nawarmoebebi ar SeiZleba maRalmxatvrul
nimuSebad CaiTvalos? an ras fiqrobs is,
Tundac, ase aRiarebul maleviCis `kvadrat-
ze~ da sxv. an Tu xedavs is daviT kakabaZis
`abstraqciebSi~ `saxviTobis~ raime kvals?
imdalis meTodis avtoriseuli analizi
mimarTulia imisken, rom meti mkafioebiT
warmoCenili iyos Tanamedrove xelovnebis
kvlevis erT-erTi mimarTuleba. mecnieri
dadebiTad afasebs am meTods, ufro metic,
is xedvs misi ganviTarebis perspeqtivasac.
`saubrebi~ d. TumaniSvilma giorgi
CubinaSvilis warmoCeniT daamTavra. evro-
pel mkvlevarTa warmodgenis erTiani sura-
Tis fonze, man sagangebod isaubra did qarT-
vel mecnierze, romlis moRvaweoba ar aris
saTanadod cnobili ucxour literaturaSi
da romlis kvleva maTTan bevr saerTosa da
Tan gansxvavebulsac Seicavs. magram sanam
uSualod b-n giorgize gadavalT, oriod
sityviT minda gavixsenoT d. TumaniSvilis

mier Tavis naSromSi dafiqsirebuli faq-
tebi, romlebic qarTuli xelovnebisadmi
ucxoel mkvlevarTa dainteresebas amJRav-
nebs. pirvel rigSi, unda vaxsenoT nikodime
kondakovi, romelmac didi samsaxuri gau-
wia qarTuli xelovnebis Seswavlis saqmes.
esaa hegelianeli karl Snaaze _ man qarTul
xelovnebas adgili miuCina msoflio xe-
lovnebis istoriaSi (saubari 4, gv. 23-24). d.
TumaniSvilma amowia zedlmaÁris mosazreba
taos `did~ bazilikebze _ oTxTa eklesiasa
da parxalze, kerZod, maT xuroTmoZRvreba-
ze, romlis mixedviTac swored am qarTul
ZeglebSi man dainaxa dasavleTevropuli
arqiteqturis Semdgomi ganviTarebis moswa-
veba (saubari 13, gv. 61). hans beltingis inte-
resi qarTuli xelovnebisadmi adreve gamom-
JRavnda. XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi saqarT-
veloSi mis yofnas tyuilad ar Cauvlia.
SemdgomSi man, rogorc momxsenebelma, mo-
nawileoba miiRo qarTuli xelovnebisad-
mi miZRvnil II saerTaSoriso simpoziumSi,
dawera sayuradRebo naSromi walenjixis
mxatvrobaze, man didi survili gamoTqva pi-
radad Sexvedroda g. CubinaSvils da Sexvda
kidec. Cans, b-ma giorgim didi STabeWdileba
moaxdina masze, ramac Cveni institutis erT-
erT TanamSromelTan saubarSi mas aTqmevina
Semdegi: `saerTod h. vÁolflinTan sadao
bevri maqvs, g. CubinaSvilTan ki _ araferi~-o.
d. TumaniSvilis azriT, es naTqvami ar aris
ubralo Seqeba, is ufro metia, TiTqmis dau-
jerebeli faqti, rodesac evropeli mec-
nieri, romelmac, rogorc viciT, aravin da
araferi daindo, ase saubrobs `kavkasiel-
ze~ (saubari 13, gv. 91). h. beltingTan dakav-
SirebiT d. TumaniSvili axsenebs kidev erT
gamorCeul qarTvel mecniers, Tina virsa-
laZes, TiTqos sasxvaTaSorisod, sqolioSi.
gansakuTrebulic araferia _ orma mecnier-
ma erTi da igive Zegli erTmaneTisgan damou-
kideblad erTnairad daaTariRa (saubari 13,
gv. 90, SeniSv. 188). magram eSmaki detalebSi
imaleba. konstantinopoluri martirionis
ferwera, romelic arqeolog Snaideris mier
IX saukuned iyo miCneuli, T. virsalaZem, Sav-
leila xuskivaZe
TeTri momcro fotoebiT, XIII saukuniT daa-
TariRa, 10 wlis mere ki beltingic am daskv-
namde midis. d. TumaniSvilma amaze imitomac
SeCera yuradReba, rom kidev erTxel xazi
gaesva T. virsalaZis mecnieruli alRosa da
utyuari `TvalisTvis~. da ra dasanania, rom
h. beltingi ar icnobda mis SesaniSnav naS-
roms gelaTis narTeqsis mxatvrobis Sesaxeb,
sadac gakvriT martirionis TariRic aris
naxsenebi. samwuxarod, T. virsalaZis figura
bevrad ufro met mniSvnelovnebas SeiZenda
saerTaSoriso asparezze, misi naSromebi
ucxo enebze rom yofiliyo Targmnili. g.
CubinaSvilis naazrevic mTeli siRrmiT da
sigrZe-siganiT naklebadaa cnobili ucxo-
eli mkvlevarebisTvis. misi fundamenturi
naSromebi dRemde ar aris Targmnili ucxo
enebze. arada, isini Cvenc ki yovel jer-
ze axali da axali siRrmeebis `aRmoCenas~
gvTavazobs. amitom d. TumaniSvilis mier
SemoTavazebuli narkvevi am didi mecnieris
Sesaxeb, romelic meToTxmete saubris mozr-
225
dil nawils warmoadgens, gansakuTrebuli
mniSvnelobisaa. d. TumaniSvili ar yofila g.
CubinaSvilis uSualo mowafe, saqmiani kon-
taqtic ki ver moaswro masTan, magram Tavisi
mecnieruli alRoTi da azrovnebis wesiT
SesZlo mTeli siRrmiT Caswvdomoda misi
kvlevis raobas da gaeTavisa igi. amdenad
is sinamdvileSi g. CubinaSvilis WeSmariti
da warmatebuli mowafea. g. CubinaSvilze
SesaniSnavi naSromi aqvs dawerili vax-
tang beriZes. Zneli warmosadgeni iyo, rom
am narkvevs raime axali da mniSvnelovani
daemateboda. d. TumaniSvilma es SesZlo,
g. CubinaSvilis mecnieruli Rvawlis war-
mosaCenad man sxva konteqsti airCia. Tumca
am konteqstis arCeva mas misi naSromis mi-
zanma da agebam gadaawyvetina. g. CubinaSvili
man gamoCenil xelovnebis saistorio mkvle-
varTa rigSi Casva da maTTan Sedarebis gziT
gamoavlina misi meTodis Taviseburebac
da siZlierec. rogorc avtori aRniSnavs,
g. CubinaSvilis koncefciaSi aris `formis
istoriac~, `gonis istoriac~, sociolo-
giac, is garkveulwilad vÁolflinis mimde-
 leila xuskivaZe
varic aris, riglis kvlevis teqnikasac iye-
nebs, magram mas Tavisi xedva gaaCnia, romlis
mixedviTac xelovnebis istoriaSi moqme-
debs ara `saxelovno ndoma~, arc vÁolfli-
nis `xedva~, aramed samxatvro niWiT dajil-
doebuli mcdeli pirovneba, da swored igia
misi mamoZravebeli (saubari 14, gv. 75, 66). d.
TumaniSvilma yuradReba miaqcia im faqts,
rom swored g. CubinaSvilma SesZlo daeZ-
lia is gaurkvevloba, romelic arsebobda
zogadi istoriuli struqturebis, `stile-
bis~ calkeuli adamianis RvwasTan mimarTe-
baSi (saubari 14, gv. 64). `qarTuli arqiteq-
turis gzebi~-s magaliTze d. TumaniSvili
saubrobs im arsebiTze, rac gamoarCevs g.
CubinaSvilis kvlevas. is istoriul safexu-
rebs ki ara, nawarmoebTa mwkrivs misdevs, ro-
melTa rigebSi isaxeba stilisturi etapebi,
wamyvani _ xuroTmoZRvrebis erTeuli qm-
nilebaa da is gansazRvravs epoqis stils da
ara piruku (saubari 14, gv. 64). am SemTxvevaSi
d. TumaniSvili saWirod Tvlis gaixsenos
226
zedlmaÁris erT-erTi gamonaTqvami (misi
TqmiT, SesaZloa, SemTxveviTic): goTika ki ar
Sobs goTur kaTedrals, aramed taZari Sobs
goTikas. am SemTxvevaSi g. CubinaSvili, unda
daveTanxmoT d. TumaniSvils, zedlmaÁris
Tanamoazrea. magram avtori maT Soris mniSv-
nelovan gansxvavebasac poulobs da es isev
da isev pirovnebas ukavSirdeba. g. CubinaSvi-
lisTvis, misi TqmiT, nebismieri siaxle, ne-
bismieri monapovari pirovnebiseul cdasa
da gancdas misdevs da istoriis gzaze pi-
rovnebis mier SemoqmedebiT Zalisxmevas,
cdasa da ZalTa mokrebas moiTxovs (saubari
14, gv. 65). es aris swored CubinaSviliseuli
evoluciis arsi. sxva SemTxvevaSic, rodesac
saubaria mxatvrul Semoqmedebaze, romelic
`istoriuli mxriT ama Tu im rigis mxatvru-
li SesaZleblobebis migneba-moSveliebiT
xorcieldeba, d. TumaniSvili qarTveli
mecnieris gansxvavebul midgomaze amaxvi-
lebs yuradRebas. misi TqmiT, vÁolflin-
Tan, pextTan, ser e. gombrixTan Cven saqme
gvaqvs mocemul SesaZleblobebTan, g. Cu-
binaSvilTan ki _ es SesaZleblobebi gamo-
savlenia (saubari 14, gv. 69). amiT man g. Cubi-
naSvilis kvlevis SemoqmedebiT aspeqts ki-
dev erTxel gausva xazi.
d. TumaniSvilis naSromSi g. CubinaSvili
mTeli Tavisi sididiTa da masStaburobiT
warsdga. Tavisi sxvadsxvagvari magaliTebi-
Ta da SedarebebiT man ganamtkica azri, rom
misi meTodi erT-erTi yvelaze mravlis-
momcveli da, SeiZleba iTqvas, srulyofilia
_ esaa utyuari, universaluri meTodi, ro-
melic SemoqmedebiT midgomebs gulisxmobs.
d. TumaniSvili exeba agreTve g. CubinaSvilis
pirovnul Rirsebebs. didi swavluli da didi
pirovneba erTnairad aris Serwymuli am mec-
nieris bunebaSi. CvenTvis uSualod danaxuli
Tu v. beriZis mier SesaniSnavad mowodebli g.
CubinaSvilis portreti d. TumaniSvilma ki-
dev erTi saintereso poziciidan warmogvid-
gina. mas mohyavs mecnieris Tanamoazris da
ojaxis wevris, misi siZis leo rCeuliSvilis
gamouqveynebeli Canawerebi. Tu gaviTvalis-
winebT imas, ra gamWriaxi Tvali hqonda b-n
leos da rogor SeeZlo mas `Signidan~ daenaxa
es pirovneba, avtoris mier SemoTavazebuli
Canawerebis gamomzeureba namdvilad efeq-
turi xerxia g. CubinaSvilis protretis
meti gaxsnisTvis. d. TumaniSvilis narkvevi g.
CubinaSvilze erT-erTi saukeTeso nawilia am
naSromisa, Tavisi siaxleebiT, siRrmeebiT da
daskvnebis mniSvnelovanebiT.
meToTxmete saubars mohyveba damateba
saTauriT `koloritis problema germanul
xelovnebaTmcodneobaSi~. es nakveTi ase da-
konkretebuli, TiTqos arc jdeba Sromis
agebis stilSi. magram mainc mimaCnia, rom am
uaRresad mniSvnelovani da rTuli sakiT-
xis adgili swored aq aris. d. TumaniSvili
imitomac dainteresda am problemiT, rom
misi azriT, feris adgilisa da mniSvnelobis
gaazrebas xelovnebaTmcodneobaSi naklebi
yuradReba eqceva. aqac misi daxvewili kvle-
va, ganmtkicebuli zusti magaliTebiT axali
da uaxlesi mxatvrobidan, aseve mravalmxri-
vi da Rrmaa.
d. TumaniSvilis naSromis safuZvliani
gaanalizeba sakmaod rTuli saqmea. es amo-

cana arc Cems winaSe idga. me mindoda, pir-
vel rigSi, Cems emocias Tu impulss ayoli-
li, gadmomeca is zogadi ganwyoba, romelic
sxvisTvis gaziarebis survilma gamiCina. ra
Tqma unda, bevri ram mniSvnelovani da sain-
tereso Cemi ganxilvis miRma darCa, mecnier-
Ta ugrZelesi siidan bevri naxsenebic ki ar
myavs, arc maTi mecnieruli naazrevi. guli
mwydeba, rom araerTi saintereso mosazreba,
sanimuSo mecnieruli analizi, Tu gonebama-
xviluri `mignebebi~, romlebic ase amaxvi-
lebs da zogjer garkveul emociurobasac
ki sZens mis Txrobas, me ar gamiJRerebia. ma-
gram am etapze me mainc mimaCnia, rom ufro
mniSvnelovania am naSromis `xiblis~ gageba,
misi gacnobisaken erTgvari stimulis mice-
ma da warmoCena imisa, ramdenad Rirebulia
da saWiro igi. TviT d. TumaniSvilis mier
Tavisi naSromis Sefasebis seriozulad mi-
Reba, Cemi azriT, ar SeiZleba. gasagebia is
Tavmdabloba, romliTac is gamoirCeva,
magram is, rom `es mxolod monaxazia, zo-
gadze uzogadesi~ da rom `is SeiZleba erT
weliwadSi daZveldes~ (boloTqma, gv. 90),
metismetad meCveneba. amas `monaxazs~ vera-
nairad daarqmev, Tumc yvelafris gavrcoba
da meti gamowvlilva SeiZleba. rac Seexeba
naSromis daZvelebas, avtors aSkarad daa-
viwyda Tavis mTavari Segoneba, rom yoveli-
ve faseuli biZgia Semdgomi ganviTarebisa
da misi dafaseba da gaTvaliswineba auci-
lebelia. d. TumaniSvilis naSromi rom fa-
seulia, amaze bevri ram metyvelebs. es aris
maRali mecnieruli donis kvleva, didi in-
formaciis Semcveli da mravlismomcveli.
d. TumaniSvilis naSromi pirvelia qarTul
xelovnebaTmcodneobaSi, romelic aseTi
TanmimdevrulobiT da sifarToviT iZleva
zogadad xelovnebis istoriis ganviTare-
bis mravalmxriv suraTs, romelSic qarTvel
mecnierebsa da qarTul Zeglebsac saTanado
adgili aqvT miCenili. vrcelia am istoriis
qronologiuri sazRvrebic _ Zveli droi-
dan Tanamedroveobamde. naSromSi ganxilu-
lia ZiriTadi epoqebi mravali mimarTule-
bebiT da skolebiT, TvalsaCino da naklebad
leila xuskivaZe
cnobili mecnierebiT, zogi _ vrclad, zo-
gic ki _ mokled. avtori saubrobs rogorc
rTul, aseve SedarebiT martiv, specialis-
tebisTvis zogjer anbaniviT cnobil sakiT-
xebze, romlebsac am konteqstSi saTanado
datvirTva aqvT. d. TumaniSvilis naSromi
pirvelia qarTuli xelovnebis istoria-
Si, sadac ikonografiis da ikonologiiis
problemebi zogad WrilSi ganixileba. aseve
mniSvnelovania is faqtic, rom am gamokvle-
vaSi didi adgili eTmoba terminologiis sa-
kiTxebs, iqneba es Tamamad Semotanili axali
terminebi Tu maTi dazusteba.
xelovnebis istoriis kvleva mecnie-
rebisa Tu kulturis sxva sferoebTan ka-
vSirSi araxalia Cveni dargisTvis. magram
d. TumaniSvilma didad gaafarTova am sfe-
roebis areali. me ar vici, ra vuwodo mis
`codnas~ am sferoebSi, magram erTi ram cxa-
dia: is, razedac is saubrobs da msjelobs
namdvilad Rmad gaazrebuli, gaanalizebu-
li da gaTavisebuli Cans. misi kritikuli
227
SeniSvnebic amaze metyvelebs. is ar erideba
zogjer iseTi sakiTxebi wamoWras, romleb-
ze mas pasuxic ar gaaCnia, magram icis, rom
xandaxan kiTxvebis dasma bevrad ufro mniSv-
nelovania da, SesaZloa, ufro Sedegianic
iyos. umravlesad ki mis kiTxvebSi pasuxia
Cadebuli, rac misi poziciebis gaZlierebas
emsaxureba.
d. TumaniSvilis logikuri msjelobis
jaWvi isea awyobili, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi
eWvi ar Segaqvs mis argumentaciaSi, an uyo-
ymanod uerTdebi mis mier dasmul kiTxvebs.
misi anlitikuri, kritikuli da asociaciu-
ri azrovneba, `gamWriaxi Tvali~ da daxvewi-
li `yuri~ iwvevs aseT ndobas mis mimarT, misi
mniSvnelovanebis gancdas. magram es sulac
ar niSnavs imas, rom am naSromis mimarT ara-
viTari kritikuli SeniSvnebi ar arsobobs.
bunebrivicaa, aseTma didtanianma, mraval-
gvari problemebis Semcvelma kvlevam ara-
erTi kiTxva gaaCinos. mTavari ki isaa, rom
es naSromi did SesaZleblobas iZleva, pir-
dapir gvibiZgebs fiqrisa da gansjisTvis.
sagangebod minda aRvniSno, rom `saubrebSi~
 leila xuskivaZe

CarTulia iseTi Temebi, romlebic Cvens da LEILA KHUSKIVADZE

ara mxolod Cvens sazogadoebas awuxebda da G. Chubinashvili National Research Centre for Georgian
awuxebs. mecnierul naSromSi am sakiTxeb- Art History and Heritage Preservation
ze sakmaod vrceli saubari vinmes SeiZleba
mTavari xazidan gadaxvevadac ki moeCvenos.
Cemi azriT ki, is, erTi mxriv, xels uwyobs T H O U G H T SO N
garkveulwilad Sesabamisi garemos sulis- D I M I T R I T U M A N I SH V I L I ’ S “ T A L KS”
kveTebis Cenas, xolo, meore mxriv, avlens
avtoris gamZafrebul moqalaqeobriv pa-
Su m m ary
suxismgeblobas.
d. TumaniSvili _ mkafiod gamoxatu-
This letter is dedicated to a renowned Georgian scholar
li individualobaa, samyaros gamorCeu-
li xedviT, misi filosofiuri Tu poeturi of art history, Dimitri Tumanishvili, and his significant
WvretiT. misi fiqrebi zogadad samyaroze, work “Talks on the Historiography of Art ”.
xelovnebasa Tu mecnierebaze, musikasa da
poeziaze, gansakuTrebiT ki misi rwmena, misi
cxovrebis ganuyofel nawils warmoadgens,
iseve, rogorc misi fiqri Tavis qveyanaze,
zogjer mkacri kritikulobiT, zogjer ki
didi gulistkiviliT gacxadebuli.
d. TumaniSvilis naSromi, udavod, didi
movlenaa qarTuli kulturis sferoSi _
228

is aris ara mxolod Zalian seriozuli sa-

xelovnebo, aramed farTo gagebiT kultu-
rologiuri kvleva, rac mas kidev ufro did
wonas matebs. is qarTuli sazogadoebisTvi-
sac saintereso iqneba. Tavisi masStaburo-
biT, problemaTa mniSvnelovanebiTa da sia-
xleebiT. d. TumaniSvilis naSromi namdvi-
lad miipyrobs agreTve ucxoel mecnierTa
yuradRebas.
 Tbilisis saxelmwifo samxatvro akademia
TBILISI STATE ACADEMY OF ART
230

www.art.edu.ge