The Nazis considered most Slavs to be non-Aryan Untermenschen.

The Nazi Party's chief racial

theorist, Alfred Rosenberg, adopted the term from Klansman Lothrop Stoddard's 1922 book The
Revolt Against Civilization: The Menace of the Under-man.[159] Slavic nations such as
the Slovaks, Bulgarians, and Croats who collaborated with Nazi Germany were perceived as
ethnically superior to other Slavs, mostly due to pseudoscientific theories about these nations having
a considerable admixture of Germanic blood.[160] In the secret plan Generalplan Ost ("Master Plan
East") the Nazis resolved to expel, enslave, or exterminate most Slavic people to provide "living
space" for Germans, but Nazi policy towards Slavs changed during World War II due to manpower
shortages which necessitated limited Slavic participation in the Waffen-SS.[161] Significant war crimes
were committed against Slavs, particularly Poles, and Soviet POWs had a far higher mortality rate
than their American and British counterparts due to deliberate neglect and mistreatment. Between
June 1941 and January 1942, the Nazis killed an estimated 2.8 million Red Army POWs, whom they
viewed as "subhuman".[162]
During the intensification of ties with Nazi Germany in the 1930s, Ante Pavelić and the Ustaše and
their idea of the Croatian nation became increasingly race-oriented.[163][164][165] The Ustaše view of
national and racial identity, as well as the theory of Serbs as an inferior race, was influenced
by Croatian nationalists and intellectuals from the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th
century.[163][166][167][168] Serbs were primary targets of racial laws and murders in the puppet Independent
State of Croatia (NDH); Jews and Roma were also targeted.[169] The Ustaše introduced laws to strip
Serbs of their citizenship, livelihoods, and possessions. [170] During the genocide in the NDH, Serbs
suffered among the highest casualty rates in Europe during the World War II, and the NDH was one
of the most lethal regimes in the 20th century.[171][172][165]
German praise for America's institutional racism was continuous throughout the early 1930s, and
Nazi lawyers were advocates of the use of American models. [173] Race based U.S. citizenship laws
and anti-miscegenation laws (no race mixing) directly inspired the Nazi's two principal Nuremberg
racial laws – the Citizenship Law and the Blood Law.[173] Hitler's 1925 memoir Mein Kampf was full of
admiration for America's treatment of "coloreds". [174] Nazi expansion eastward was accompanied with
invocation of America's colonial expansion westward, with the accompanying actions toward the
Native Americans.[175] In 1928, Hitler praised Americans for having "gunned down the millions of
Redskins to a few hundred thousand, and now keeps the modest remnant under observation in a
cage."[176] On Nazi Germany's expansion eastward, in 1941 Hitler stated, "Our Mississippi [the line
beyond which Thomas Jefferson wanted all Indians expelled] must be the Volga." [175]

A sign posted above a bar that reads "No beer sold to Indians [Native Americans]". Birney, Montana, 1941.
White supremacy was dominant in the U.S. up to the civil rights movement.[177] On the U.S.
immigration laws prior to 1965, sociologist Stephen Klineberg cited the law as clearly declaring
"that Northern Europeans are a superior subspecies of the white race."[178] While anti-Asian racism
was embedded in U.S. politics and culture in the early 20th century, Indians were also racialized for
their anticolonialism, with U.S. officials, casting them as a "Hindu" menace, pushing for Western
imperial expansion abroad.[179] The Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U.S. citizenship to whites only,
and in the 1923 case, United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind, the Supreme Court ruled that high caste
Hindus were not "white persons" and were therefore racially ineligible for naturalized citizenship. [180]
[181]
 It was after the Luce–Celler Act of 1946 that a quota of 100 Indians per year could immigrate to
the U.S. and become citizens.[182] The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 dramatically opened
entry to the U.S. to immigrants other than traditional Northern European and Germanic groups, and
as a result would significantly alter the demographic mix in the U.S.[178]
Serious race riots in Durban between Indians and Zulus erupted in 1949.[183] Ne Win's rise to power
in Burma in 1962 and his relentless persecution of "resident aliens" led to an exodus of some
300,000 Burmese Indians.[184] They migrated to escape racial discrimination and wholesale
nationalisation of private enterprises a few years later, in 1964. [185] The Zanzibar Revolution of
January 12, 1964, put an end to the local Arab dynasty.[186] Thousands of Arabs and Indians
in Zanzibar were massacred in riots, and thousands more were detained or fled the island. [187] In
August 1972, Ugandan President Idi Amin started the expropriation of properties owned by Asians
and Europeans.[188][189] In the same year, Amin ethnically cleansed Uganda's Asians, giving them 90
days to leave the country.[190] Shortly after World War II, the South African National Party took control
of the government in South Africa. Between 1948 and 1994, the apartheid regime took place. This
regime based its ideology on the racial separation of whites and non-whites, including the unequal
rights of non-whites. Several protests and violence occurred during the struggle against apartheid,
the most famous of these include the Sharpeville Massacre in 1960, the Soweto uprising in 1976,
the Church Street bombing of 1983, and the Cape Town peace march of 1989.[191]

Contemporary

On 12 September 2011, Julius Malema, the youth leader of South Africa's ruling ANC, was found guilty of hate
speech for singing 'Shoot the Boer' at a number of public events.[192]
During the Congo Civil War (1998–2003), Pygmy people were hunted down like game animals and
eaten. Both sides in the war regarded them as "subhuman" and some say their flesh can confer
magical powers. UN human rights activists reported in 2003 that rebels had carried out acts
of cannibalism. Sinafasi Makelo, a representative of the Mbuti pygmies, has asked the UN Security
Council to recognise cannibalism as both a crime against humanity and an act of genocide.[193] A
report released by the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination
condemns Botswana's treatment of the 'Bushmen' as racist.[194] In 2008, the tribunal of the 15-nation
Southern African Development Community (SADC) accused Zimbabwean President Robert
Mugabe of having a racist attitude towards white people.[195][196]
The mass demonstrations and riots against African students in Nanjing, China, lasted from
December 1988 to January 1989.[197] Bar owners in central Beijing had been forced by the police "not
to serve black people or Mongolians" during the 2008 Summer Olympics, as the police associated
these ethnic groups with illegal prostitution and drug trafficking.[198] In November 2009, British
newspaper The Guardian reported that Lou Jing, of mixed Chinese and African parentage, had
emerged as the most famous talent show contestant in China and has become the subject of intense
debate because of her skin color.[199] Her attention in the media opened serious debates about racism
in China and racial prejudice.[200]
Some 70,000 black African Mauritanians were expelled from Mauritania in the late 1980s.[201] In
the Sudan, black African captives in the civil war were often enslaved, and female prisoners were
often sexually abused.[202] The Darfur conflict has been described by some as a racial matter. [203] In
October 2006, Niger announced that it would deport the approximately 150,000 [204] Arabs living in
the Diffa region of eastern Niger to Chad.[205] While the government collected Arabs in preparation for
the deportation, two girls died, reportedly after fleeing Government forces, and three women suffered
miscarriages.[206]

The burnt out remains of Govinda's Indian Restaurant in Fiji, May 2000
The Jakarta riots of May 1998 targeted many Chinese Indonesians.[207] The anti-Chinese
legislation was in the Indonesian constitution until 1998. Resentment against Chinese workers has
led to violent confrontations in Africa[208][209][210] and Oceania.[211][212] Anti-Chinese rioting, involving tens of
thousands of people,[213] broke out in Papua New Guinea in May 2009.[214] Indo-Fijians suffered violent
attacks after the Fiji coup in 2000.[215] Non-indigenous citizens of Fiji are subject to discrimination. [216]
[217]
 Racial divisions also exist in Guyana,[218] Malaysia,[219] Trinidad and Tobago,[220] Madagascar,[221] and
South Africa.[222] In Malaysia such racist state policies are codified on many levels, [223]
[224]
 see Bumiputera.
Peter Bouckaert, the Human Rights Watch's emergencies director, said in an interview that "racist
hatred" is the chief motivation behind the violence against Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar.[225]
One form of racism in the United States was enforced racial segregation, which existed until the
1960s, when it was outlawed in the Civil Rights Act of 1964. It has been argued that this separation
of races continues to exist de facto today in different forms, such as lack of access to loans and
resources or discrimination by police and other government officials. [226][227]
The 2016 Pew Research poll found that Italians, in particular, hold strong anti-Roma views, with 82%
of Italians expressing negative opinions about Roma. In Greece, there are 67%, in Hungary, 64%, in
France, 61%, in Spain, 49%, in Poland, 47%, in the UK, 45%, in Sweden, 42%, in Germany, 40%,
and in the Netherlands, 37%, that have an unfavourable view of Roma. [228] A survey conducted
by Harvard University found the Czech Republic, Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine had the strongest
racial bias against black people in Europe, while Serbia and Slovenia had the weakest racial bias,
followed by Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Ireland.[229][230]

Scientific racism
Main article: Scientific racism
Further information: Unilineal evolution
Drawings from Josiah C. Nott and George Gliddon's Indigenous races of the earth (1857), which
suggested black people ranked between white people and chimpanzees in terms of intelligence.
The modern biological definition of race developed in the 19th century with scientific racist theories.
The term scientific racism refers to the use of science to justify and support racist beliefs, which goes
back to the early 18th century, though it gained most of its influence in the mid-19th century, during
the New Imperialism period. Also known as academic racism, such theories first needed to
overcome the Church's resistance to positivist accounts of history and its support of monogenism,
the concept that all human beings were originated from the same ancestors, in accordance
with creationist accounts of history.
These racist theories put forth on scientific hypothesis were combined with unilineal theories of
social progress, which postulated the superiority of the European civilization over the rest of the
world. Furthermore, they frequently made use of the idea of "survival of the fittest", a term coined
by Herbert Spencer in 1864, associated with ideas of competition, which were named social
Darwinism in the 1940s. Charles Darwin himself opposed the idea of rigid racial differences in The
Descent of Man (1871), in which he argued that humans were all of one species, sharing common
descent. He recognised racial differences as varieties of humanity, and emphasised the close
similarities between people of all races in mental faculties, tastes, dispositions and habits, while still
contrasting the culture of the "lowest savages" with European civilization. [231][232]