Cellular Communications Semester I 2016/2017

CELLULAR COMMUNICATIONS

Semester I 2016/2017

 Textbook:

 Vijay K. Garg, Wireless communications and Networking, Elsevier

Inc., 2007.

 References:

 Theodore S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications, Principles and

Practice, Prentice Hall PTR, New Jersey, 2002.

 William Webb, Wireless Communications- The Future, John Wiley &

Sons, Ltd. 2007.

 William C. Y. Lee, Wireless and Cellular Communications, 3rd Ed.,

McGraw-Hill, 2006.

 Gordon A. Gow and Richard K. Smith, Mobile and Wireless

Communications: An Introduction, Open University Press, 2006.

 Andrea Goldsmith, Wireless communications, Cambridge

University Press, 2005.

 Bernhard H. Walke, Mobile Radio Networks, Networking and

Protocols, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., New York, 1999/2001.

 Kaaranen H, et. al., UMTS Networks, Architecture, Mobility and

Services, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., England, 2001.

 Prasad R, et. al., Third Generation Mobile Communication Systems,

Artech House, Artech House, Boston-London, 2000.

 Mark J.W., Zhuang W., Wireless Communications and Networking,

2003, Pearson Education.

 Tarmo Anttalainen, Introduction to Telecommunications Network

Engineering, 2nd Edition, Artech House, 2003.

 David Tse and Pramod Viswanath, Fundamentals of wireless

communications, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2005.

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INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

The ability to communicate with people on the move has evolved remarkably since
Guglielmo Marconi first demonstrated radio's ability to provide continuous contact
with ships sailing the English Channel. That was in 1897, and since then new wireless
communications methods and services have been actively adopted by people
throughout the world.

Mobile vs. Fixed Wireless Communications

Wireless telecommunications can be divided into two broad categories. Each category
has its own unique market in terms of customer needs and technology requirements.

1. Mobile wireless communications

The term mobile has historically been used to classify any radio terminal that could be
moved during operation. The mobile communications market requires mobility or
non-tethered communications. More recently, the term mobile is used to describe a
radio terminal that is attached to a high speed mobile platform (e.g. a cellular
telephone in a fast moving vehicle). The goal of mobility is anytime, anywhere
communications. Mobile communications technology must be able to allow roaming -
the ability to provide service to a mobile phone users while outside their home system.

2. Fixed wireless communications

On the other hand, fixed wireless is simply an alternative to wired communications.

The fixed wireless user does not need mobility. Instead, the fixed wireless user needs
cost effective telecommunications from fixed locations. Wireless is an alternative
means of providing service. It is sometimes the only means. When the customer is in a
remote location, satellite is the only alternative.

Roaming vs. Portability

Roaming means that it is possible to use a terminal when moving from one network to
another. Additional features (mobility, security) that involve cooperation between
network operators or service providers are usually supported, due to roaming
agreements between these operators or service providers.

The term portable describes a radio terminal that can be hand-held and used by
someone at walking speed (e.g. a walkie-talkie or cordless telephone inside a home).
Portability also means that it is possible to use a terminal anywhere in a certain
network (e.g. WLAN). However, when moving to another network, mobility or
security features are not automatically maintained.

A brief history of the evolution of mobile communications throughout the

world is useful in order to appreciate the enormous impact that cellular radio and
personal communication services (PCS) will have on all of us over the next several
decades.
In 1946, the first public mobile telephone service was introduced in twenty
five major American cities. Each system used a single, high-powered transmitter and

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large tower in order to cover distances of over 50 km in a particular market. The

ability to provide wireless communications to an entire population was not even
conceived until Bell Laboratories developed the cellular concept in the 1960s and
1970s. With the development of highly reliable, miniature, solid-state radio frequency
hardware in the 1970s, the wireless communications era was born.

During the 1950s and 1960s, AT&T Bell Laboratories and other
telecommunications companies throughout the world developed the theory and
techniques of cellular radiotelephony — the concept of breaking a coverage zone
(market) into small cells, each of which reuse portions of the spectrum to increase
spectrum usage at the expense of greater system infrastructure. The basic idea of
cellular radio spectrum allocation is similar to that used by the FCC when it allocates
television stations or radio stations with different channels in a region of the country,
and then reallocates those same channels to different stations in a completely different
part of the country. Channels are only reused when there is sufficient distance
between the transmitters to prevent interference.

Example of analogue cellular land mobile radio systems are AMPS (Advanced
Mobile Phone Systems) in the USA, TACS (Total Access Cellular System) in the UK
and NAMTS (Nippon Advanced Mobile Telephone System) – the latter was the first
cellular system to become commercially available in the Tokyo area in 1979 and in
the world. AMPS was the first U.S. cellular telephone system, and was deployed in
late 1983 by Ameritech in Chicago.

Summary of the history of mobile communications is illustrated below:

 Use of light as communication

 heliographs, flags (semaphore), ...
 150 BC smoke signals for communication; (Greece)
 1794, optical telegraph, Claude Chappe

 Electromagnetic Wave
 1831-79 Faraday and Maxwell demonstrates electromagnetic induction
and theory of electromagnetic fields
 H. Hertz (1857-94): demonstrates the wave character of electrical
transmission through space

 1896 Guglielmo Marconi

 first demonstration of wireless telegraphy
 long wave transmission, high transmission power necessary ( +200kw)

 1907 Commercial transatlantic connections

 huge ground stations (30 by100 m antennas)

 1915 Wireless voice transmission NY - SF

 1920 Discovery of short waves (< 100 m) by Marconi

 reflection at the ionosphere
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 (cheaper) smaller sender and receiver, possible due to the invention of

the vacuum tube (1906, Lee DeForest and Robert von Lieben)

 1920 First commercial radio broadcast in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

 1928 many TV broadcast trials

 1933 Frequency modulation (E. H. Armstrong)

 1935 First telephone call around the world

 1946 The first mobile telephone service started in 1946 in St. Louis,
Missouri, USA as a manually operated system.

 1950 and 1960, it evolved as an automatic system with reduced cost and
increased, but small subscriber base. Mobile telephony service in its useful
form appeared in 1960s.

 1958, then 1972 A-Netz and B-Netz in Germany

 analog, 160 MHz, connection setup from the fixed network too (but
location of the mobile station has to be known)

 1970 The first generation mobile communication systems appeared in

1970s and remained till 1980s.

 1974 Federal Communications Commission (FCC) allocates 40 Mhz for

Cellular telephony

 1982 Start of GSM-specification in Europe (Global System for Mobile

communication)

 1983 Start of the American AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System,

analog)

 1984 CT-1 standard (Europe) for cordless telephones

 1986 C-Netz in Germany

 analog voice, 450MHz, hand-over possible, digital signaling, automatic
location of mobile device
 still in use today (as T-C-Tel), services: FAX, modem, X.25, e-mail,
98% coverage

 1991 Specification of DECT

 Digital European Cordless Telephone (today: Digital Enhanced
Cordless Telecommunications)
 ~100-500 m range, 120 duplex channels, 1.2 Mbit/s data transmission,
voice encryption, authentication
 1991-1992 Start of GSM
 fully digital, 900 MHz, 124 channels

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 automatic location, hand-over, cellular

 roaming in Europe - now worldwide in more than 100 countries
 Services: data with 9.6 kbit/s, FAX, voice, ...

 1994 E-Netz in Germany

 GSM with 1800MHz, smaller cells, supported by 11 countries

 1996 HiperLAN (High Performance Radio Local Area Network)

 standardization of type 1: 5.15 - 5.30GHz, 23.5Mbit/s
 recommendations for type 2 and 3 (both 5GHz) and 4 (17GHz) as
wireless ATM-networks (up to 155Mbit/s)

 1997 Wireless LAN - IEEE802.11

 IEEE-Standard, 2.4 - 2.5GHz and infrared, 2Mbit/s
 already many products (with proprietary extensions)

 1998 Specification of GSM successors

 for UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) as
European proposals for IMT-2000

 1999 Standardization of additional wireless LANs

 IEEE standard 802.11b, 2.4-2.5GHz, 11Mbit/s
 Bluetooth for piconets, 2.4GHz, <1Mbit/s
 decision about IMT-2000
 Several ―members‖ of a ―family‖: UMTS, cdma2000, DECT,
…
 Start of WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) and i-mode
 first step towards a unified Internet/mobile communication
system
 access to many services via the mobile phone

 2000 GSM with higher data rates

 HSCSD offers up to 57,6kbit/s
 First GPRS trials with up to 50 kbit/s (packet oriented!)
 UMTS auctions/beauty contests
 Hype followed by disillusionment (50 B$ paid in Germany for
6 licenses!)
 Iridium goes bankrupt

 2001 Start of 3G systems

 Cdma2000 in Korea, UMTS tests in Europe, Foma (almost UMTS) in
Japan

 2002
 WLAN hot-spots start to spread

 2005
 Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax)
802.16 starts as DSL alternative (not mobile)
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 2006
 HSDPA starts in Germany as fast UMTS download version offering >
3 Mbit/s

 2007
 Over 3.3 billion subscribers for mobile phones (NOT 3 bn people!)

 2008
 ―real‖ Internet widely available on mobile phones (standard browsers,
decent data rates)
 7.2 Mbit/s HSDPA, 1.4 Mbit/s HSUPA available in Germany, more
than 100 operators support HSPA worldwide

 2010s
 Wireless Broadband communication with B-OFDM and all IP

 2010s+
 Radio over fiber (such as fiber optic microcell)

First Generation (1G) Mobile Systems

 The first generation mobile communication systems appeared in 1970s and

remained till 1980s. These systems were introduced in 1981.
 They used analog frequency modulation (FM) transmission techniques
for the radio link and confined its users to their respective system areas
for which the mobile phone was designed.
 Capacity of the system was very limited and roaming between the
coverage areas of the different systems was impossible (incompatible).
 The systems were very expensive, provided poor QoS and supported
only voice communication and low rate (about 9.6 kbps) circuit-
switched data services.

Second Generation (2G) Mobile Systems

 The second generation mobile communication systems grew out of the

limitations of the 1G systems.
 They supported large subscriber base, carried both voice and low rate data
services (16–32 kbps) and have capability to design and deliver new value
added services.
 The radio link became digital enabling use of versatile signaling capabilities
and cross-network roaming.
 However, multiple standards made seamless roaming across all the networks
impossible.
 GSM and CDMA emerged as the trend setting technologies. 2G systems were
developed in 1991. The domination of the 2G systems in the mobile
communication market became apparent in second half of 1990s.

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 CDMA is the fastest growing digital wireless technology, increasing its

worldwide subscriber base significantly.
 The reasons behind the success of CDMA are obvious; CDMA is an advanced
digital cellular technology, which can offer six to eight times the capacity of
analog technologies (AMPS) and up to four times the capacity of digital
technologies such as TDMA.
 The speech quality provided by CDMA systems is far superior to any other
digital cellular system, particularly in difficult RF environments such as dense
urban areas and mountainous regions. In both initial deployment and long-
term operation, CDMA provides the most cost effective solution for cellular
operators.

Third Generation (3G) Mobile Systems

 Third generation systems appeared in 2001-2002.

 The third generation (3G) cellular systems are based on a wideband CDMA
standard developed within the support of the International
Telecommunications Union (ITU)
 The design objectives of the third generation mobile systems are to provide
high functionality with seamless global roaming.
 3G systems provide very high data rates (up to 2 Mbps) and seek to integrate
the wire lines systems with mobile systems.
 3G would provide users consistent voice, data, graphical, multi-media and
video-based information service regardless of their location in the network
(Cordless, Cellular, Satellite, Fixed/Wire line and so on; Hybrid of old and
new network equipment).
 3G systems would also integrate the Intelligent Network (IN) capabilities into
mobile systems using circuit-switched and packet-switched connections

Fourth Generation (4G) Mobile Systems

 Current mobility is based on single wireless technologies.

 Future will allow automatic configuration for seamless roaming amongst
various wireless technologies and support all-IP technology and, hence,
greater coverage (ubiquitous). All network elements are digital.
 Future systems will be based on user’s demands as the fourth-generation (4G)
cellular system.
 At a standstill condition, the transmission data rate should be 1 Gbps.
 At a moving condition, the transmission data rate should be 100 Mbps.
 4G system could be used in the family of OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing), because the WMAN using OFDM can have a
transmission data rate of 54 – 70 Mbps, which is much higher than the CDMA
system can provide.
 Use entirely packet-switched connections.

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SUMMARY OF MOBILE SYSTEMS GENERATIONS

Properties of mobile systems generations

HAPS: High Altitude Platform System

IMT-2000:
ITS:
LAN: Local Area Network
PDO:
PHS:

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WIRELESS ADVANTAGES/LIMITATION

ADVANTAGES

 Cost independent of terrain and distance

 Suitable for incremental capacity enhancement, i.e. flexible planning

 Reduced maintenance effort, i.e. better reliability

 Ease of installation and maintenance, i.e. suitability for temporary or

emergency services

 Dynamic use of medium, i.e. trunking capability

 Limited mobility

 Suitable for multiple operators, i.e. service liberalisation

LIMITATION

 Capacity limited by frequency allocation, i.e. cellular design is

expensive

 Margin has to be provided for multipath propagation effect, i.e.

expensive for normal urban application

 Power source required at terminal end

WIRELESS CHALLENGES

 Rapid technology development – migration, backward compatibility and

convergence (2G, 3G, B3G)

 Diverse technology and standards in different environments

 Collaboration: 3GPP/3GPP1, Operator Harmonization Group (OHP),

IEEE802.20

 Technology limitation: capacity, coverage (hotspot), quality, QoS

 Equipment and services implementation costs

 Security, mobility, personalized

 Information contents and device software

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