HW-14 DFEM v01-4 PDF

HyperWorks
for Aerospace
Basic Pre- / Postprocessing

DFEM Model Building
Altair Engineering
2018 v01.4
1
© 2016 Altair Engineering, Inc. Proprietary and Confidential. All rights reserved.
Agenda
• Day 1 Slide
• Altair in a Nutshell 6
• GUI and Basic Operation 34
• Midsurface Creation 82
• Geometry Defeaturing 85
• Geometry Repair 87
• 2D Meshing 93
• 2D Mesh Checks 103
• Day 2
• 2D Mesh Manipulation 108
• 3D Meshing 120
• 1D Meshing / Connectors 137
• Matrix Browser (Data Querying and Processing) 155
• Analysis Setup 167
• Day 3
• Fields (Data Mapping) 179
• Composite Modelling (Ply. vs. Zone-Based) 187
• Post Processing 196
• Report Generation 196
2
Agenda
• Day 1
• Altair in a Nutshell
• GUI and Basic Operation
• Midsurface Creation
• Geometry Defeaturing
• Geometry Repair
• 2D Meshing
• 2D Mesh Checks
• Day 2
• 2D Mesh Manipulation
• 3D Meshing
• 1D Meshing / Connectors
• Matrix Browser (Data Querying and Processing)
• Analysis Setup
• Day 3
• Composite Modelling (Ply. vs. Zone-Based)
• Fields (Data Mapping)
• Post Processing
• Report Generation
3
Before getting started…
4
Round Table
• Who am I?
• Tasks
• Responsibilities
• My Experience
• Pre-Post
• Solvers
• Methods
• My Expectations
5
Altair in a Nutshell
6
Altair at a Glance
7
Modeling & Assembly

Pre-Processing
HyperMesh Simlab MotionView

FEA/CFD Modeling, CAE Pre-Post Processing Multi-body modeling,
Customizable to capture best Tools to automate and reduce Parametric modeling,
practices, the simulation time without Solver-neutral data model,
Native CAD Support for better compromising quality
Highly customizable
model quality
8
Results Visualization & Validation

Post-Processing and Data Analysis
HyperView HyperGraph sTi Compose

Result Visualization, Data analysis with automatic plot General purpose numerical
generation computing
High performance architecture,
Mathematical library for advanced Allows to easily develop and
Advanced reporting functionality,
analyses perform custom mathematical
Solver independent operations
3D Result plotting
9
Integration Matters - Flexibility

Open, adaptable to your environment…
ACIS Parasolid (out)
CATIA V4 / V5 Pro/E
CAD IGES (in) SolidWorks
IGES (out) STEP
JT Precise Tribon
Parasolid (in) UG/NX
Adams Ls-Dyna nCode

Abaqus Madymo Permas
Actran Marc Pam-Crash
CAE AcuSolve Matlab RADIOSS
Ansys Moldflow OptiStruct
CFD++ Moldex3D Samcef
Femfat MotionSolve Simpack
Fluent Nastran StarCD
User-defined Results
Custom Interfaces
Scripting
Math
10
Altair Solver Technology
Crash,
Structural Safety, Thermal Fluid Systems Manufacturing Electro-
Analysis Impact & Analysis Dynamics Simulation Simulation Magnetics
Blast
Multiphysics Analysis and Optimization
11
Altair Solver Brands

OptiStruct RADIOSS MotionSolve AcuSolve FEKO
Implicit Explicit Multi-body CFD and Electro-

Dynamics Thermal Magnetics
Design and Optimization
HyperStudy
12
Optimization
Concept Design Optimized Hybrid Lattice Structures
Composite Layout One-Click Trade-off
13
A350 –Stringer
A350
A350 –-Architecture
-–Frame
A320-EX
A350
A350 59&60
Cut-out
Engine Beams
Pylon
- Sharklet
–Centre
THSA Wing
BracketBox Frames
Physical
A30X
A350-
A350
A350 – A350-
Floor Pylon
Run-out
Cross
A350-
Composite Spigot
Beams
Swing
Door Link – LugTest
Surround Sizing
A350 – Bilge Specimen
Baseline
27% REDUCTION
IN STRESS
PLYBOOK
Optimized
PATENTED OPTIMIZED
BASELINE
PATENT Pending
80% of design solutions on aircraft

~380kg weight saving
Don’t Stress, Create.

A350 – Engine
A30X Pylon
Architecture
A350 – Bilge


A350
A350
A350–Stringer
A350 –Architecture
-–THSA
EngineBracket
Cut-out
–Centre Beams
Pylon
Wing Box Frames
Physical
A30X
A350-
A350
A350 – A350-
Floor Pylon
Run-out
Cross
A350-
Composite Spigot
Beams
Swing
DoorLink – LugTest
Surround Sizing
Baseline
27% REDUCTION
IN STRESS
PLYBOOK
Optimized
PATENTED OPTIMIZED
BASELINE
PATENT Pending


A350
A350– -Cut-out
A30X Engine Beams
Pylon
A350-
A350-Pylon
Composite Spigot
Swing
DoorLink – Lug Sizing
Surround
A350 – Bilge
27% REDUCTION
IN STRESS
PLYBOOK
BASELINE OPTIMIZED


A350
A350–
A350
A30X - –
Stringer
Engine Run-out
Cut-out Beams
Pylon
Architecture
A350––Composite
Physical Test
A350 A350-
Floor
A350-Pylon
Cross Spigot
Beams
Swing
DoorLink – Lug
Surround Sizing
Specimen
A350 – Bilge
Baseline 27% REDUCTION

IN STRESS
PLYBOOK
PATENTED
Optimized
OPTIMIZED
BASELINE
PATENT Pending


A350 –Stringer
A350
-Centre Wing
Cut-out
Engine Box
Beams
Pylon Frames
Physical
A30X
A350-
A350
A350 ––Composite
A350-
Floor Pylon
Run-out
Cross
A350- Spigot
Beams
Swing
DoorLink – LugTest
Surround Sizing
Baseline
27% REDUCTION
IN STRESS
PLYBOOK
Optimized
PATENTED OPTIMIZED
BASELINE
PATENT Pending


A350 – Bilge
A30X Architecture


A30X Architecture
A350- Swing Link – Lug Sizing


A350
A350– -Pylon
A30X EngineSpigot
Pylon
Architecture
A350 – Bilge
BASELINE OPTIMIZED
27% REDUCTION IN STRESS


A350
A350– -Swing
A30X EngineLink – Lug Sizing
Pylon
Architecture
A350 – Bilge


A350
A350– -Composite
A30X Engine DoorSpigot
Pylon
Architecture Surround
A350-
Pylon
A350 – Bilge
27% REDUCTION
IN STRESS
PLYBOOK
BASELINE OPTIMIZED


A350
A350
A350
A30X
A350-
A350
A350 –-Architecture
- Stringer
Frame
-––
A320-EX
A350-
A350
A350 THSA 59&60
Cut-out
Engine
–Centre
A350-
Floor Beams
Pylon
- Sharklet
GearbeamWing
Bracket
Pylon
Run-out
Cross
A350-
Composite Box Frames
Beams
Swing
Door Physical
Spigot
Link – Lug
Surround Test
Sizing
A350- Main Landing Gear Door Fitting
Baseline
27% REDUCTION
IN STRESS
PLYBOOK
Optimized
PATENTED OPTIMIZED
BASELINE
PATENT Pending

Altair Optistruct® takes Structural Justification to the

next level
The Next Generation Solver

Don’t Stress, Create
“Altair OptiStruct® helps our engineers to perform reliable
structural justification & certification faster through its Integrated
Analysis & Optimization approach leading us to better & robust
designs“
- Mr.Joerg Loeffler, Head of Stress,Loads & Crash, Airbus Helicopters

Germany
Value-based Business Model: HyperWorks Licensing

Innovative licensing system to reduce software costs and increase utilization … translates into
immediate cost saving and increased flexibility
27
HyperWorks Unit Chart
Leveling
HWU used
Number of
Product 1
Product 2 Product 3
28
Useful Links
29
HyperWorks Additional Material

• https://altair-2.wistia.com/projects/d30mug4ydg
HyperWorks on AIRBUS HUB

• https://communities.intra.corp/sites/FiniteElementAnalys/HyperworksRollOut/sitepages/default.aspx
30
Finally…
Some words on the Training Proceeding:
31
Training „Manual“
Intended Procedure (may vary):
• Introduce a topic shortly by slides
• Trainer demonstrates functionality on the exercise model, with some additional explanations
• Participants do the exercise, following the trainer‘s demo or on their own
Training Data:
Exercises we do - each with a closed set of data (models, pdf, …)
Reference Manual for HyperMesh and HyperView, fyi
Small collection of macros from our client exchange, fyi
Template for a batch file to delete files automatically written by HW, fyi
These slides
You: Ask questions. It is your training. ☺ Let‘s start.
32
Agenda
• Day 1
• Geometry Repair
• 2D Meshing
• 2D Mesh Checks
• Day 2
• 3D Meshing
• Analysis Setup
• Day 3
• Post Processing
33
Introduction to HyperWorks Desktop

Preprocessing / HyperMesh
GOALS:
1. Understanding GUI and operation characteristics
2. Handling Model and its entities
3. Visualization/Selection modes
4. Basic Operations
34
Some Basics
Start- / Working Directory
• Windows: Default: User/documents – change by „Start in“ in the Launch-shortcut, or start by double-click on a file
• Linux: Directory from which the user runs the application startup script
Files written in (and read from) “Start-” and your “WIN/documents” directory:
• command.tcl ASCII-history-file in tcl format – good starting point for scripting (w/ Tcl/Tk)
• hmmenu.set binary file storing panel settings, user profile and more
• hmsettings.tcl browser and toolbar settings, keyboard settings and more, for HM standalone
• hwsettings.xml browser and toolbar settings, keyboard settings and more, for HW Desktop
Set location: HW_CONFIG_PATH / HM_SETTINGS_DIR / HW_SETTINGS_DIR
Online-Help: Opens on pressing F1 or h

• Panel sensitive: shows help for currently opened panel
35
HyperWorks Desktop Integration

Integrated into HyperWorks Desktop as a Fully-Functional Client
Pre-Process (HyperMesh) and Post-Process (HyperView) Side-by-Side
HyperMesh HyperView
36
Graphical User Interface
37
Working with Files

File > Save As > ...
- Session: Script file, describing a HW-session with possibly multiple windows,
each with a separate client (HyperMesh, HyperView, HyperGraph, ...)
- Report Template: Like Session, but with files and options as parameters and
choice to replace, add or overlay
- Model:
- HyperMesh: Binary file written by HyperMesh (Save/ Save As)
- HyperView: ASCII solver deck or solver results file
File > Open: Sessions, Report Templates or Models, replacing the content
File > Import: Import geometry, FE models and more. Adds to the content
File > Export: Write geometry or your FE-model, as ASCII-file.
38
Controlling the Model Display

Model View Control: Mouse Buttons
• Left mouse button

• +CTRL & drag for rotate
• +CTRL & click on entity to change center of rotation
• +CTRL & click in graphics area to reset center to middle of screen
• Middle mouse button

• +CTRL & drag for zoom
• +CTRL & roll scroll wheel for dynamic zoom
• +CTRL & click in graphics area for fit
• Right mouse button

• +CTRL & drag for pan
39
Visualization Toolbar – Display How?
Wireframe Composite
WireFrame
Elements Skin Representation
Geometry
Only
Geometry Element 1D Traditional
Transparency Color
Color Mode Element
Mode Representation
Visualization
Options
Shrink Element
Shaded Shaded
Geometry Elements 2D Traditional
Element
and and
Representation
Surface Mesh Lines
Edges
40
Geometry Display Options
Wireframe Shaded with Surface Edges Transparent
Wireframe w/ Surface Lines Shaded
41
Element Display Options
Wireframe / Transparent Shaded 1D w/ Beamsection
2D Thickness Composite Layers Shrink Elements
42
Display Toolbar – Display What?
43
Model Browser
Overview
• Left (default), right or docked off
• Different Browser Views filter
content
• Action buttons for selection and
display control
• Entity Editor for single and
multiple editing of entity attributes
and solver cards
44
Model Browser Views

Model View
• Complete Listing of all HyperMesh entities in model
• Each Category expandable and lists contained entities
• Turn on and off the display of the geometry and
elements of components
• Control the color of the collector (Right click)
• Right-click on entities to edit or control display
• Right-click in the background to create collectors
RMB Background
RMB Entity
45
Model Browser Views

Component View
• Turns off all other entities in the browser and lists only components in a flat list
• Turns on FE and Geometry style columns
• Populates Indirect Property and Material columns (dependant on user profile)
• Includes the Direct Property column, from which you can toggle between direct/indirect property assignment.
• Visualization mode is set to By Comp
46
Model Browser Views

Include View Properties View
• Include files overview • Properties grouped by keyword
• With content • Visualization By Prop
Material View HyperBeam View

• Materials grouped by • Opens crossection editor
type
• visualization, creation, and
• Visualization By Mat editing of beam sections and
beamsection collectors
• GUI switches to HyperBeam,
showing only crossections
47
Browsers – Action Buttons
Select if action should work for geometry and/or elements

Display all selected entities (everything, if nothing is selected)
Turn off display of selected entities
Inverse display
Select entity type for which the buttons shall work
Un-/Select entities (left/right mouse button, window selection with SHIFT)
Add selected entities to currently active selector button (e.g. )
Turn on/off by clicking in display area (window selection possible)
Isolate by clicking in display area (window selection possible)
48
Mask Browser
49
Exercise 01_ae-01_GUI_browsers
50
Accessing Panels: Secondary Menu

Preferences > Keyboard Settings
Panels can be accessed by using the function keys F1 through F12, also in combination with the SHIFT or CTRL keys.
51
Working with Panels

Panels often have sub-panels
• Accessed by radio buttons on the left side of the panel
Panels generally work from left to right

• Example: Project / to plane sub-panel
1) What to do 3) What to do it to: 4) How to do it: 5) Do the action:

&
Select entities that will be Give parameters that Execute the function
2) Method to use:
affected define how the function
Pick a sub-panel for the will be executed
function to be used
52
Working with Panels

Some sub-panels are organized in columns
• Each column is a different method
• Work from top to bottom in the relevant column
• Example: surface edit : trim with surfs/plane sub-panel
1) What to do: 2) Method to use: 3) What to do it to: 4) How to do it: 5) Do the

Pick a sub-panel for the Work in the Select entities that action:
Give parameters that
function to be used appropriate column will be affected define how the function Execute the
will be executed function
53
Working with Panels

Entity selectors - Control what and how entities are selected for a function.
Entity Type Button

Shows the type of entity
currently being selected
Entity Type Switch Reset

Changes what type of entity Deselects all entities for
is being selected the selector
Cyan border
Indicates the selector is active (there can only be 1 active selector)
Clicking the entity type button when it is active accesses the “Extended Selection Menu”
Switches : These allow the choice of multiple options through a popup menu
Toggles : The toggle will change the function between 2 options.
Reset : This will reset the selection of any entities.
Text input fields : Operate like text fields in most programs
54
Working with Panels

Click an active selector to access the extended menu selection
The extended menu selection offers

• Methods for selecting many entities at once
• Tools for modifying an existing selection
• Save an existing selection and retrieve it in any panel
Multiple extended selection methods can be used on a selection

• Allows you to easily select exactly what you want
55
Working with Panels
The by face selection can be refined by setting the feature angle.
From pull down menu Preferences > Meshing Options or click “o” from keyboard.
56
Working with Panels
last
first
57
Working with Panels

Face & Edge Selection: Examples with Pressure panel
• elems selector (switch) - Select elements (1D, 2D, 3D) to apply pressure to
faces 2d faces ext
free edges loops
58
Working with Panels

Select entities with a window using Shift + mouse
• Left mouse drag – select entities
• Right mouse drag – unselect entities
• Left click – change window shape
• Rectangle Inside/Outside
• Polygon Inside/Outside
• Circle Inside/Outside
• Visible only off/on
• Entities are selected when mouse button is released
59
Working with Panels

Direction or plane selection / definition
• Planes can be selected from a vector (normal to the vector)
• Directions can be selected from a plane (normal to the plane)
Current Direction / Plane

Direction Switch Shows a selected axis or inputs for selecting entities to
Options for what direction is define a direction / plane
selected
Reset
Deselects the selected
nodes
Base
Edit
Select a node to
position a selected Double click to access and
plane enter coordinates for N1,
N2, N3 and Base.
60
Working with Panels
N1, N2, N3: Select three nodes to define either a direction or a plane
• Depending on what is asked for, a plane and a direction, both can be defined with two or three nodes
Plane defined by N1, N2, N3

N3 Direction is normal
N1 to plane
N2
Positive direction
is by “right hand
rule”
N1
N2
61
Working with Panels

Restore (Undo-Redo) Toolbar
• Undo/Redo Settings: Preferences > Undo/Redo Undo
• Undo an action by clicking , or pressing CTRL+Z
• Redo an action by clicking , or pressing CTRL+Y
62
Exercise 01_ae-02_panels
63
Model Organization
Entities Points
Geometry
• Points
• Lines Solids
Lines
• Surfaces Surfaces
• Solids
• Connectors (used for welding)
FE Model
Nodes Elements
• Nodes
• Temp Nodes (marks a node with a small circle)
• Elements
Temp Nodes
64
Model Organization
Entities
FE Loading
• Loads (constraints, forces, pressures, etc.)
• Equations (mathematical link between nodes)
Forces
Pressures
Constraints
Contacts
• Group (defines contact between entities)
• Contact Surfs (defines a list of entities that can be
used as master or slave in a group)
Contact
Surface
65
Model Organization
Entities are organized in “collectors” Model Browser: Model View shows
• Most entities in HyperMesh must be placed in a collector all used (populated) collector types in
• One collector type for each type of entity a model
Collector Types Can contain Entity Types:
Assembly Components, Multibodies, Assemblies
Component Elements, Points, Lines, Surfaces, Connectors
Multibody Ellipsoids, Mbjoints, Mbplanes, Sensors
Load Collector Loads, Equations
Material (*) none (materials and properties don’t contain other entities but
Property (*) are still treated as collectors)
System Collector Systems

Vector Collector Vectors
Beam Section Beam Sections
Include File Include File
Laminate used to define Stack
Plot used to define Plot
Ply used to define Ply
View Used to save a model view
66
Model Organization
An entity can usually only belong to 1 collector
For example, an element, surface, ... can only be in 1 component collector at a time
• Organization can be however the user desires
Component 4
Component 3
Component 1
Component 3
Component 1
Component 2
Component 2
1 component per part Multiple components per part
67
Model Organization
Current Collector
• Creating a new collector automatically makes it the current collector
• Change the current collector through Model Browser or “bottom bar”:
Right-Click on
Click to set current Include, Component or Load Collector
1 Component
by selection from the display
68
Model Organization
Organize
• From many Pulldowns
• Toolbar Icon
Delete
• Toolbar Icon
• F2
69
Model Organization
Entity Editor
• Review and edit entities in a model
and setup solver information
• Multiple entities can be selected and
edited – for example, change the
material of a number of properties
• You can assign a property to a
component in it
Edit one Property
Edit multiple Properties
Assign Property
70
Model Organization
Property Assignment – Nastran/OptiStruct
• Indirect: Assign property to component (Entity Editor or RMB: Assign)
• All elements organized in a collector defined through it’s property, if not:
• Overruled by direct assignment
• Not affected by remesh of elements
• Direct: Assign property to elements (RMB: Assign)

• Organization (location in component) does not affect element’s property assignment
• Remesh breaks assignment of property to new elements
71
Exercise 01_ae-03_properties_script
72
Model Organization
Cross-References
• See realtions between entities in a new browser
73
Model Organization
Renumber
Nodes
• Geometry > Create > Nodes > ...
• F8
74
Model Organization
Temp Nodes
• Geometry > Create > Nodes > Temp Nodes
Distance
• Geometry > Check > Fixed Points > Distance
• Mesh > Check > Nodes > Distance
• F4
75
Agenda
• Day 1
• Geometry Repair
• 2D Meshing
• 2D Mesh Checks
• Day 2
• 3D Meshing
• Analysis Setup
• Day 3
• Post Processing
76
Geometry Handling
GOALS:
1. Understanding how HyperMesh handles topology
2. Simplification of geometry
3. Creation of Midsurface
4. Editing
77
Geometry Import
• File > Import > Geometry
• Toolbar > > Geometry
Common types of geometry files supported:

• Catia (V6)
• CPD data
• Unigraphics (NX 11.0)
• UG Part Browser
• Import of *.prt, *.asm files
• Requires an installation of UG to be accessible, either locally or on a network
• PTC Creo (4 F000)
• import of *.prt and *.asm files
• SolidWorks (2017)
• JT (10.2)
• Parasolid (v28.1.194)
• IGES (v6, JAMA-IS)
• STEP (AP203, AP214)
• DXF, ACIS, FiberSim, PDGS, Tribon, VDAFS
78
Geometry Definition
Surface Definition
Fixed point (“Surface vertex”)
• Point associated with a surface
Surface
• Cannot be moved off the surface
• Can lie on a surface edge or the “interior” of a surface
• Separates surface edges from each other
• Forces a node to be placed at that location during
meshing
Surface edge
• Line associated with a surface
• Defines a surface’s boundary
• Cannot be moved off the surface
• Has a fixed point on both ends
79
Geometry Topology
How do surfaces connect to adjacent surfaces
• Surface connectivity is controlled by the associated surface edges
• If a surface edge is associated with more than 1 surface, those surfaces are connected (“equivalenced”)
• Surface edges are categorized, named, and colored according to the number of associated surfaces:
Free edge (red) Non-manifold edge (yellow)

• Associated with only 1 surface • Associated with 3 or more surfaces
• Surfaces with a free edge between (Example: surfaces forming a T-
them are NOT equivalenced at that connection)
edge • Surfaces are equivalenced
Suppressed edge (blue)

Shared edge (green) • A suppressed edge is shared by
• Associated with 2 surfaces two surfaces but it is ignored by the
• Surfaces are equivalenced automesher
80
Geometry Display
Visualization Toolbar
• Topology display mode is default for some panels (w/ Auto ON)
• surface edit, quick edit, point edit, edge edit, autocleanup, and automesh
• Display of the topology can be controlled with the Geometry Color Mode icon.
Auto Default (topology display default only in panels mentioned above).

By Assembly / By Part All surfaces are colored based on the assemblies/parts they belong to.
By Comp Surfaces, Solids and Edges will always be displayed in component colors.
By Topo Surfaces, Solids and Edges will always be displayed in in topology color.
By 2D Topo Only 2D geometry entities (surfaces) will be displayed in topology color.
By 3D Topo Only 3D geometry entities (solids) will be displayed in topology color.
Mixed Displays 2D and 3D geometry in topology color.
Mappable Only 3D geometry entities (solids) will be displayed in their mappable states (not mappable, 1 or 3 directions
mappable) + shaded mode.
81
Midsurface
Midsurface – Introduction
• For many FE analyses, parts are represented by shell elements
• CAD geometry usually comes as a solid part, or a series of surfaces defining a volume
• Midsurfacing creates a layer of surfaces on the midplane which can be directly meshed
82
Midsurface
auto midsurface
Geometry > Create > Midsurfaces > Auto
• auto extraction – extract, in one step, the midsurface of a more complicated group of surfaces that represent a solid part.
83
Midsurface
Prepare for Rerun
Geometry > Edit > Midsurfaces > Edit Plates
in case the automatic extraction shows errors: define additional information and rerun automatic extraction
Edit Created Midsurfaces

Geometry > Edit > Midsurfaces > Assign Target
rebuild existing but erroneous midsurfaces by defining manually reference points/edges
84
Simplifying Geometry
Geometry > Defeature > ...
• Use when certain details in the geometry may be ignored
• Removal of details in the geometry in order to simplify the shape of the part
Surface fillet
Pinholes
Edge fillets
85
Exercise 02_ae-01_midsurf_defeature
86
Geometry Topology
Topology Repair
• General Process
• Figure out what the ideal surface connectivity of the part should be
• Observe the current display of topology colors (free, shared, t-junction)
• Figure out what is causing the topology to be displayed this way
• Use the tools in HyperMesh that get the connectivity from what it is to what it should be as quickly and efficiently as possible
Example: Duplicate surface deleted
Missing surface created
Free edge pair

equivalenced
87
Topology Repair - Tools

• Quick Edit Panel (Geometry > Quick Edit or F11) - Has a number of tools found in other panels and it is focused on
tools with minimal user input for rapid editing.
• Split surf-node  Divides a surface by cutting in a straight line between 2 selected nodes
• Split surf-line  Divides a surface by cutting in a straight line between a node normal to selected line.
• Washer split  Adds a circular edge around a hole in a surface (Mostly used for creating all quad mesh around a hole)
• Unsplit  Removes / deletes an edge created by splitting a surface in HyperMesh
• Toggle  Change edge type within tolerance
• Filler Surf  Select a line on a free surface edge to recreate any missing surfaces
• Delete Surf  Delete selected surface(s)
88

• Quick Edit Panel (Geometry > Quick Edit or F11) - Has a number of tools found in other panels and it is focused on tools with
minimal user input for rapid editing.
• Adjust/Set Density Allows to interactively change mesh node density along selected edges
• Replace point Moves/retains points
• Add/Remove Point Creates/Deletes a fixed point at the selected locations
• Add point on line Creates a user specified number of fixed points along the selected edge
• Release Point Disassociates the selected fixed point from all the connected edges
• Project point Projects free points to existing surfaces or lines
• Trim-intersect Removes the edge fillets
89

• Edge Edit Panel (Geometry > Edit > Surface Edges)
• Toggle  (2 edges pair at a time) toggles edges from one state to another (free > shared > suppressed by clicking with the left mouse
button) based on the cleanup tolerance setting.
• (Un)Suppress  Selects multiple edges to suppress, all of them at once
• Replace  (1 edge pair at a time) combines two edges into a shared edge at the location of one of the original edges, controlling which
edge to retain and which to move.
• Equivalence  (multiple edges at a time) searches for free edges and combine them with a matching edge within the cleanup tolerance.
• Unsplit  removes previously created split-lines
• Edge fillets  removes fillets from surface edges.
• By feature  combines surfaces based on geometric features (angle surfs and offset surfs )
90
Exercise 04_ae-00_2D-repair_mids... – Until Step 6
91
Agenda
• Day 1
• Geometry Repair
• 2D Meshing
• 2D Mesh Checks
• Day 2
• 3D Meshing
• Analysis Setup
• Day 3
• Post Processing
92
2D Meshing
GOALS:
1. 2D Meshing Basics and Strategies
2. Check Shell Meshes
3. Manipulate Shell Meshes
93
Automeshing - How topology affects the mesh

Surface edges control how mesh created on adjacent surfaces interact:
Free edges (red) Shared edges (green)
Free edge between 2 Shared edge between 2

surfaces surfaces
5 5
Nodes are placed along edge 3 2 Nodes are placed along edge 3 2
for meshing 55 for meshing 5
2 3 2 3
5 5
Mesh is discontinuous; nodes Mesh has proper connectivity;
along the free edge are not nodes along the edge are
equivalenced (Nodes only equivalenced
separated for illustration)
94

Surface edges control how mesh created on adjacent surfaces interact:
Suppressed Edges (blue) T-Junctions (yellow)
Suppressed edge between Non-manifold edge between

2 surfaces 3 surfaces
5
5 4
5 3
Edge is ignored; nodes are not 5 Nodes are placed along edge 4 5 3
5 3
placed along the edge for meshing
3 5
5
Area is treated just like 1 Mesh has proper connectivity;

surface; there is no line of nodes along the edge are
nodes along the edge equivalenced
95

Suppressing Adding Removing Adding Replacing
edges edges fixed points fixed points fixed points
Before
After
96
Automeshing - Automesh Panel

Mesh > Create > 2D AutoMesh F12
• Meshing Methods:
• size and bias  mesh surfaces or re-mesh existing meshes with constant size
• batchmesh/QI optimize  mesh surfaces with the quality index (QI)/batchmesh
• edge deviation  set specific meshing parameters to limit how far the mesh elements can deviate from the actual edges of the surfaces meshed
• surface deviation  to mesh within limits of element deviation from a surface
• rigid body mesh  Rigid Body meshing produces a poor-quality mesh, but one that accurately models the surface shapes
97
Automeshing - Meshing Module

Mesh > Create > 2D AutoMesh F12 (Interactive mode)
• Density – Control element density along edges
• Mesh Style – Set method and type that determines mesh pattern and smoothing
• elem type  Determine the type of elements to be used in the mesh
98

• Mesh Style  continue …
• mesh method:
• Autodecide  Automatically selects one of the below methods
• map as rectangle  For rectangular shaped areas; can sometimes be used for other shapes as well
• map as triangle  Triangular shaped areas
• map as pentagon  Pentagonal shaped areas
• map as circle  Circular shaped areas
• free (unmapped)  For areas of any shape
• Element type and method combine to determine the

overall “style” of your mesh
• This “style” can be viewed by mesh that transitions
between different density values:
99

• Biasing – Controls the distribution of nodes during node seeding
• bias style:
• Checks – Evaluates element quality of the generated mesh
100
Exercise 04_ae-00_2D-repair_mids... – Continued from Step 7
101
Midsurface Mesh Tool

Aerospace > Panel > Midsurface modelling
• Guided process through the possible steps of midsurface creation
Solid (or closed volume of surf) MidSurf
Thickness Map on Elems FE
102
Checking and Editing 2D Mesh – Tools & Toolbar

Mesh > Edit > Elements
Mesh > Check > Nodes
Mesh > Check > Elements
Mesh > Check > Components
View > Toolbars > HyperMesh > Checks Toolbar
103
Checking & Editing 2D Mesh - Nodal connection

Mesh > Check > Components > Edges Shift + F3
• Check for free edges or T-connection of a 2D mesh
• Free edges are red PLOT elements, organized in a new collector ^edges.
104
Checking 2D Mesh - Element Quality Check

Mesh > Check > Elements > Check Elements F10
test the connectivity of a group of elements
check for duplicate elements
check element settings
105
Checking 2D Mesh - Element Normals
Mesh > Check > Elements > Normals
106
Checking 2D Mesh - Orientation

Tools > Orientation Review
Aerospace > Display > Orientation Review
107
Checking & Editing 2D Mesh

Mesh > Cleanup Elements > Quality Index
Mesh > Check > Elements > Quality Index
• Quality Index is a single value to represent the quality of the displayed shell mesh
• Can be used in 2D Automesh (QI optimize)
• Offers Tools for mesh manipulation
108
Checking & Editing 2D Mesh

Mesh > Check > Elements > Quality Report
• Quality Report
• Current Model or Multiple Models
• Summary page
• “Dashboard” of results
• Links to each report page
• Report page for each model
• Detailed QI values
• Link to model file
• Link to criteria file
109
2D Mesh Quality Check - Contour By Element Quality
• Perpetual Quality visualization mode

• Interactive editable settings in both global and local mode
110
Mesh Edit – Imprint / Extend

Mesh > Edit > Elements > Imprint Mesh > Edit > Elements > Extend
• Generate the same mesh pattern in other mesh • Extend and connect one shell mesh to another one
111
Exercise 05_ae-00_2D-quality-check_modify
112
Exercise 04_ae-01_2D-mesh_thickness
113
Mesh Manipulation - Holes

View > Browsers > HyperMesh > Utility
• Mesh based closing or creation of holes and washers
114
MeshControls
Mesh > Mesh Controls
• Browser based definition of mesh patterns / sizes per geometry region
• Type „Feature“ offers Simlab-functionality
115
Shrink Wrap Mesh

Mesh > Create > Shrink Wrap Mesh
• Approximation of a geometry or mesh through shell mesh, tight or loose
• Can mesh over gaps
• Can generate hexa-elements inside
116
Batch Mesher
Applications > BatchMesher
• Use HM’s geometry manipulation and shell meshing capabilities
in batch on numerous geometry files
• Define “configurations” through “parameter” and “criteria” files
• Add scripts for the meshing process to define additional actions
(e.g. export of the resulting mesh to .bdf files)
Parameter File
Batchmesher GUI
Criteria File
117
Comparison Tool
Geometry > Check > Surfaces > Comparison
Mesh > Check > Elements > Comparison
• Compare mesh-mesh, mesh-surf surf-surf
• Display matched / unmatched by color
• Create sets for different matched types
118
Agenda
• Day 1
• Geometry Repair
• 2D Meshing
• 2D Mesh Checks
• Day 2
• 3D Meshing
• Analysis Setup
• Day 3
• Post Processing
119
3D Meshing
GOALS:
1. 3D Meshing Basics and Strategies
2. Tetra Mesh
3. Hexa Mesh > Solid Map
120
Solid Geometry - What is it?

• Solid:
• A solid is a closed volume of surfaces that can take any shape. Solids are three-dimensional entities that can be used in automatic tetra and solid meshing
• Same as solids used in most CAD programs
• Its color is determined by the component collector to which it belongs
• The surfaces defining a solid can belong to multiple component collectors
• The display of a solid and its bounding surfaces are controlled only by the component collector to which the solid belongs
• Used in functions where defining a volume is required

• Hexa meshing  Mesh > Create > Solid Map Mesh > multi solids OR one volume sub-panel)
• Tetra meshing  Mesh > Create > Tetra Mesh > Volume tetra OR Tetra mesh sub-panel)
Tetra Pyra Hexa Penta
• Especially helpful when dividing a part into multiple volumes

• A part can be divided into multiple, connected solids
• The connection between adjacent solids (topology) can maintain the connectivity of mesh
• Aids visualization when dividing a part into simple, mappable regions (used in hexa meshing)
121
Solid Geometry - 3D Topology Terminology

• Bounding Faces:
• A surface that defines the outer boundary of a single solid
• Shaded green by default
• Unique and not shared with any other solid
• A single solid volume is defined entirely by bounding faces
• Fin Faces:
• A surface that has the same solid on all sides
• Shaded red by default
• Can be created when creating solids with internal fin surfaces
• Full Partitions Faces:

• A surface that defines a shared boundary between one or more solids
• Shaded yellow by default
• Can be created when splitting a solid or when using Boolean operations to join multiple
solids at shared or intersecting locations
122
Solid Geometry - Geometry color mode
123
Tetra Meshing - Volume Tetra Mesh

Mesh > Create > Tetra Mesh > Volume tetra sub-panel
• Fill one or more enclosed volumes (solid or shell geometry) with tetrahedral elements
• Volume Tetra subpanel generates a shell mesh on the surfaces and fills it with solid elements
• Shell mesh (2D type) can be quads, trias, or mixed elements
• Solid mesh (3D type) can split quad elements or create a pyramid element on it to connect it to tetra elements
Tetra
Pyra
124
Tetra Meshing - Volume Tetra Mesh

Volume Tetra Mesh (… continue):
• Use proximity or / and curvature to refine the mesh locally
• Use Proximity – smaller elements next to small features
• Use Curvature – more elements along curved surfaces based on user specified settings
No options Use surface

curvature
Use surface
Use proximity
curvature and
proximity
125
Tetra Meshing - Standard Tetra Meshing

Mesh > Create > Tetra Mesh > Tetra mesh sub-panel
• Fill a closed shell mesh with tetrahedral elements
• Requirements for the shell mesh:

• Closed shell mesh (no free edges)
• No duplicate elements
• Elements must not fold over and overlap each other
• T-connections on outer mesh allowed
• Free edges inside the volume allowed – yet, tetrameshing can fail if the baffle connectivity is too complex
• For quad elements in the shell mesh:

• Virtually split quads into 2 trias and create tetra elements under them
– OR –
• Create pyramids on quad elements, then connect them to the tetra elements
126
Tetra Meshing - Standard Tetrameshing

Mesh > Create > Tetra Mesh > Tetra mesh sub-panel (…continue)
• Standard tetrameshing: Transition Pyramid
Simple
Tetra
1 Pyramid
1 Pyramid 4 Pyramids 2 Tetras
Smooth
127
Hexa Meshing - Solid Map

Mesh > Create > Solid Map Mesh Hexa Penta
• What it does:
• Creates hexa-penta mesh in 1 or more volumes
• Each volume must be a “mappable shape”
128
Hexa Meshing - Mappable Shapes

Solid Map requires solid geometry of mappable shapes
• Mappable shapes are defined as:
• 2 opposing faces (called “source” and “destination” faces)

Destination
Along
• 1 or more faces that directly connect the source and destination Face
Faces
• These enclose the volume between the source and destination
• Called “along faces”
• “Drag direction”: the vector from the source face to the destination face Source Drag
Face Direction
• A volume might be mappable in more than 1 direction
129
Hexa Meshing - Process

• Basic process of using Solid Map > one volume:
1. Create solid geometry 2. Split the solid geometry

into mappable regions
3. Use solid map to create hex mesh on each solid entity
130
Hexa Meshing - Tips and Requirements

• Source and destination faces
• Source face can be made of multiple surfaces
• Edges can be suppressed to make a single surface (if possible)
• Destination face must be a single surface
• Solid map will mesh the rectangular region • Solid map will fail
• Only 1 side has multiple surfaces (connection • Both sides have multiple surfaces
to the meshed cylindrical region) (connection to the cylindrical regions)
131

• Edges and fixed points on along faces
• Hexa mesh will follow shared edges parallel to the drag direction
• Shared edges perpendicular to the drag direction cause solid map : volume to fail
• Suppress these edges
• Hexa meshes will ‘ignore’ fixed points along drag direction
Drag
Direction
Edges perpendicular to drag direction Suppress the edges Solid map can now mesh the part
132

• Controlling mesh pattern with shell mesh
• Solid map > one volume will use mesh pattern of shell mesh on the source face
• Use 2D AutoMesh panel (recommended but not required)

• Automatically associated with the surface
• Ensures connectivity with adjacent elements
• Can use other shell meshing panels (drag, spin, spline, etc.)
• Need to associate the elements to the surface before solid meshing
• Use node edit : associate panel to do this
Default Create shell Solid map uses the

mesh shell mesh pattern
133
Transformation Tool
Tools -> Transformation Tool
• Define transformations
• Duplicate elements and boundary conditions
134
Exercise
• Import …\Model-Files\Chapter06\06a-STAND-SOLID-MAP.prt
• Split the solid for symmetry
• Defeature where necessary
• Hexa Mesh
• Create Boundary Coonditions
• Mirror to recreate whole part
135
Agenda
• Day 1
• Geometry Repair
• 2D Meshing
• 2D Mesh Checks
• Day 2
• 3D Meshing
• Analysis Setup
• Day 3
• Post Processing
136
1D Meshing / Connections
GOALS:
1. How to create 1D elements
2. Using HyperBeam for section evaluation
3. Connector Technology
4. Aerospace Fastener Set-Up
137
Introduction to 1D Meshing
• Create individually 1D Elements of the HyperMesh types
• bar2
• bar3
• rigid link
• rbe3
• plot
• rod
• spring
• weld
• gap
• Joint
More automatic 1D element generation:
Lienar 1D, Line Mesh, Edges, Features
138
1D Meshing - Rod
ROD
• Two nodes are related to each other based on the properties of the rod element connecting them
• Rod elements have property pointers
139
1D Meshing - Bar/Beam
BEAM/BAR
• Structural link that has properties that include a cross section and material definition
140
1D Meshing - Rigids
RIGID
• Rigid link to transfer motion from the independent node to the dependent node(s)
141
1D Meshing - Check Elements

Mesh > Check > Elements > Check Elements: 1-d
• Verify the basic quality of your elements
142
1D Meshing - HyperBeam
Properties > HyperBeam
• HyperBeam View allows you to
create & control HyperBeam beam-section
data in HyperMesh
143
1D Meshing - HyperBeam: Section extraction

• Extract cross sections from geometry or mesh
• Retrieve information from the section like inertias, shear center and center of gravity
144
Exercise 07_ae-00_1D-mesh_connectors – Until Step 5
145
Connectors - What are they & why use them?

• Geometric entities that define connections between other entities
• Used for welding, bolts, adhesives, etc.
• Link geometry or FE entities
• Can be “realized” into FE representations of welds, etc. for any supported solver
• rigids, CWELDs, MAT100s, ACMs, etc.
• Connectors allow for easy and rapid:

• Creation of FE welds, bolts, adhesives, etc.
• interactively or from:
• XML file
• MCF (master connectors file)
• Spot welds only
• Switching between different FE configurations of
welds, bolts, adhesives, etc.
• Part swapping and reconnection
• Replacement by names or IDs
146
Connectors - Types of Connectors

• Spot • Bolt
• Connections at a point • Connections at hole
• Spot welds, rivets, etc. locations
• Bolts
• Seam
• Connections along
a length
• Area
• Connection of
• Seam welds
areas
• Connects
• Adhesives
geometry only
• Mass Distributions
• Non-physical mass
• Simplification through
replacement of parts with
mass only or add mass
to existing part.
147
Connector – How do they work?
Initial situation
Link Entity
Entity Type: Comp
Entity ID: 1
Entity Name: “top”
Connector Location
Entity Type: Point
Entity ID: 10
Link Entity
Entity Type: Comp
Entity ID: 2
Entity Name: “bottom”
148
Connector Definition
Link Entity
Entity Type: Comp
Entity ID: 1
Unrealized Connector (yellow)

Entity Type: Connector
Entity ID: 7
Link entities: Comp 1, Comp 2
Thickness: 2
Link Entity
Entity Type: Comp
Entity ID: 2
149
Connector Realization
Link Entity
Entity Type: Comp
Entity ID: 1
Realized Connector (green)

Entity ID: 7
Thickness: 2
FE Config: 70 (acm detached)
FE Tolerance: 5.0 (enough for projection)
Connector created weld element
Entity Types: Elements (Hex8, RBE3)
Link Entity
Entity Type: Comp
Entity ID: 2
150
Connector Realization
Link Entity
Entity Type: Comp
Entity ID: 1
Realized Connector (green)

Entity ID: 7
Thickness: 2
FE Config: 70 (acm detached)
FE Tolerance: 5.0 (enough for projection)
Connector created weld element
Entity Types: Elements (Hex8, RBE3)
Link Entity
Entity Type: Comp
Entity ID: 2
151
Four different connector states

• Yellow unrealized connector
• new created or imported connector before the first realization
• editing the connector definition (i.e. add or delete a link entity from the connector), the
connector removes the welds it created, and reverts back to an unrealized state.
• manual unrealization
• Green successful realized connector
• FE import
• FE absorption
• Red failed connector
• If the creation of the FE representation is unsuccessful (due to low tolerance,
insufficient link entities, etc.) the connector icon is displayed as failed (red).
• Blue modified
• Modify a parameter of an existing connector will mark it as modified.
• Use realize modified connectors button to rerealize all of them automatically
152
Connectors - Browser
View > Browsers > HyperMesh > Connector
• Hierarchal browser that provides information and the ability to edit connectors
• Shows
• Type of Connector
• Link Information
• State of connector
• Editable
• Edit link entities, export mwf files, etc.
153
Exercise 07_ae-00_1D-mesh_connectors – Continued from Step 6
154
Fastener Setup
Aerospace > Connections > Fastener setup
• Only available in OptiStruct and Nastran user profile
• Select the rivet lines / points as location
• Provide the additional information
• Automatically RBE3 + CBUSH + RBE3 connection is created
• The stiffness is calculated according to Huth formula
• Uses connector technology -> connection can easily be modified and rerealized
155
Matrix Browser
Tools > Matrix Browser
• Further exercises: \01-exercises\100-optional\Matrix-Browser
156
Matrix Browser
• Green: Push table to excel and back
• Red: Visualize, create Macro, Report etc.
• Blue : List of queried information
• Yellow: Query information/results
157
Matrix Browser
Example: Query Stiffness (K) and Contour it‘s value on elements
To query K information of
CBUSH elements:
1. Click on HMdata
2. Click on elements
3. Click on Query
6 4. Click on elems (Select all
the CBUSH Elements)
5. Click on proceed
CBUSH Elements 6. The first column of the
Matrix Browser gets
populated by the element
ids
1
4 5
2
158
Matrix Browser
To query element property :
1 1. Select the Entity column 1
elements (image on the
left)
2. Click on property
3. Click on Query
4. The columns get populated
with the queried data
4 4
To query property K line

information
1. Select the Entity column
property (image on the
right)
2. Click on K1,K2 and K3
by holding the CTRL key
3. Click on Query
4. The columns get 2
2 populated with the
3 queried data 3
159
Matrix Browser
1 4 To contour K1 on CBUSH
elements in HM:
6
1. Click on Visualization >
Contour
2. Select elements for Entity
Column label and K1 for
Column on Y
3. Click on OK (right click on the
2
legend, choose “Ranged
Legend” to have the same
coloring as shown on the left)
3 4. The contour can be exported
as an image by clicking on
5 Export > Image
5. The K1 on CBUSH elements
is displayed in HM (a zoomed
in view)
6. In order to clear the contour
click on Visualization > Clear
Contour
160
Include View
• Include management in HyperMesh can be
done by the include view of the Model Browser
• Model content is shown in the applied Include
Structure
161
Include View
• Organize includes by drag and drop function of entities
162
ID Manager
• Tools > ID Manager
• Define and enforce Ranges of IDs per Include
• Working on an existing Include structure
• Can be exported and attached to includes, to work on import
163
ID Manager
• Min and Max IDs for entities can be prescribed
• In case of an overflow there are correction methods available
• Correction by right mouse button on the entity, select Correct > Overflow
164
Exercise 08_ae-01_includes_fastener
165
Agenda
• Day 1
• Geometry Repair
• 2D Meshing
• 2D Mesh Checks
• Day 2
• 3D Meshing
• Analysis Setup
• Day 3
• Post Processing
166
ANALYSIS SET UP
GOALS:
1. How to create Loads and Boundary Condition
2. Load Step Browser
3. Model Checker
4. Fields (Data/Load Mapping)
167
Analysis Setup
Boundary Conditions and Loads
• BCs > Create > Constraints
Constraints
• BCs > Create > Forces / Moments / Pressures
Forces
Pressures
168
Analysis Setup
Loads on Geometry
• Define Loads on geometry
• BCs > Loads on Geometry: Map them on the elements created on that geometry
Create a Load
Collector
Create load on geometry Create the mesh Map the load to the mesh
169
Analysis Setup
Load Cards: EIGRL, GRAV, LOAD, SPCADD, ...
Model Browser: Right-click: Create > Load Collector
• Set the appropriate Card Image(GRAV, EIGRL, SPCADD, ...)
in the Entity Editor
Alternatively:
Tools > Create Cards
• Search the keyword alphabetically
• Have a loadcollector with the respective Card Image created
170
Analysis Setup
Load Steps, 2 Ways:
• Model Browser: Right-click: Create > Load Step
• Entity Editor: Choose type, referenced loads and output requests
• Tools > Load Step Browser

• Offers Loadstep overview in new browser tab
• Building and editing similar to Patran in four tabs
171
Analysis Setup
Control Cards for Output Request / Solver Controls / Unsupported Cards
Setup > Create > Control Cards
• Define solvercards for analysis control (SOL, PARAM, ...).

• Unsupported keywords can be incorporated through respective ..._UNSUPPORTED_CARDS
172
Analysis Setup
Tools > Create Cards
Search the keyword alphabetically, then
• Be guided to the panel to create it or
• A collector is created for/with it (EIGRL, ...) or
• A card is created, to be edited in the Model Browser
173
Analysis Setup
View > Browsers > HyperMesh > Solver
• List content in solver based structure and with
solver keywords as category
• Review, create and edit entities
174
Analysis Setup
Model Data Sheets
• Tools > Summary Template
• Generate an ASCII-summary output for the selected entity type
Summary Type Description
Components Component Name, ID, Material Name, Thickness, Mass, #Elements
Center of Gravity Component Name, ID, Mass, X, Y, Z
Elements Type of Elements, Element Configurations
ID Info Load Collector, Load Steps, Components
Loads Load Collector, ID, FX, FY, FZ, Magnitude
Material Material name, ID and values of each properties in each material
Moment of Inertia Component Name, ID, Mass, Moment of Inertia Matrix
175
Analysis Setup
Cross-References
• Model browser: Right mouse button on an entity: XRef Entities
• References to other entities will be shown in new browser
• Include XRef displays cross-references between include files
176
Analysis Setup
Model Checker
• Tools > Model Checker > ...
• Use before exporting the solver deck
• Check for errors or warning messages
• The tool can be found under Tools -> Model Checker -> <Solver>
• Select single checks to run or just run all
• Exclude checks by configuration file
• Define own checks
• Optionally isolate e.g. failed elements by right mouse button
177
Exercise 09_ae-01_analysis-setup
178
Fields
• HyperMesh entity to
• Map data (pressure, temperature, property ID, material orientation, ...)
from parametric points or x,y,z data points out of a csv
• Read data from result files and map them on HM entities
• Store data from one model and map it to another
• Two-step approach:
1: Create Field (Model Browser)
2: Map Field data (RMB: Realize)
Helpful videos explaining several applications:

\01-exercises\100-optional\Fields
179
Fields
Create
• Type: Discrete or Continuous
• System Type: Real or Parametric
• Source:
Map (Realize)
• Field Type:
• Interpolation:
180
Fields
Interpolation Method: PROXIMITY
A B
*1 *2
r • In this method, closest data point value is considered for mapping.

*3 D * 4 • To map on elements, element centroids (in 3D) are reference points. For selected elements,
centroid locations are calculated. For each centroid location nearest source data point from
CSV is identified. Value at that data point is directly mapped to the element centroid.
• To map on nodes, above same procedure is used. Instead of element centroids node locations
are used.
* Element centroids • Search radius(r) determines the limit within which the data points will be considered for
mapping. If no data points within this radius target point then no mapping. Zero search radius
Data Points is not acceptable.
• In above figure, Element #1 does not get any value as no data point within search radius. Elements 2 and 4 get values from same data point C
(Data point B is within element 2 but not near). Element 3 gets value from data point D
181
Fields
Interpolation Method: INVERSEDISTANCEWEIGHTING
*1 *2
r
• In this method, 4(max) closest data points values are considered for mapping.
*3 * 4 • To map on elements, element centroids are reference points. For selected elements, centroid
r locations are calculated. For each centroid location nearest 4 data source points from CSV are
identified.
• If search radius (r) is supplied then within search radius nearest 4 points will be considered. If
4 points does not exist in the search radius then weighted average will be calculated with
* Element centroids available data points only.
• In this method most nearest will get the highest weightage and farthest point will get least
Data Points weightage.
• To map on nodes, above same procedure is used. Instead of element centroids node locations
(in 3D) are used.
• Continued to next page …
In above figure, Element 2 gets value with 3 points where as element 3 gets weighted average from 2 points.
182
Fields
Interpolation Method: INVERSEDISTANCEWEIGHTING
• Formulae used to calculate inverse distance weighting average value is -
• N: number of data points= 4 (max)

• ui= u (xi: ) data value at data points xi; i = 1,2,…,N
• d(x, xi) = distance from data point xi to x (Element centroid/node location)
• p = power parameter – power parameter 2 is used.
183
Fields
Interpolation Method: TRIANGULATION
*1 *2 D
A B r
C
*3 G * 4 • In this method, a triangle element (TRAI) is created using 3 data points.

• Target point – (Element centroid in case of elements and node locations in case of nodes) is
F
projected on the TRIA element created. Projection direction is along the normal of the TRIA
element.
• Shape function of the TRIA element is used to calculate the value at the projected point.
* Element centroids
• TRAI element is first created using three nearest most data points, if projection is not
successful then 4th nearest point is used instead of third and this procedure is continued until a
Data Points
successful projection is found. Maximum nearest 15 data points are searched for successful
projection. If not found then no value is assigned
In Above figure:
• For element# 2, Data points B, C and D are nearer but element centroid cannot be projected. Using next nearest data point E, a triangle element
BCE is created and centroid id projected on this TRAI element.
• For element# 3, even though a data point is nearer still NO value is mapped. This is because element centroid cannot be projected on any triangle
that can be formed with available data points.
184
Fields
Interpolation Method: LINEARINTERPOLATION
Delauney Triangulation
Target Mesh
• This algorithm uses Delauney triangulation method to connect the data points from CSV to
form a triangular mesh.
• Selected Target points such as element centroids or node locations of the target mesh are
projected on the triangular mesh created before. Tria element on which each target point falls is
identified.
• Using area linear interpolation on Tria elements whose corner points have values from CSV
data input file, value at projected target point is calculated.
• If any target point falls outside the source trai mesh then reverse distance averaging method is
used to arrive at the values at such target points.
• If triangulation method fails to arrive at value for any of the selected target point then search
radius will be used to identify and map the value from nearest data point.
Data points from CSV file
Element centroids (target points for load types like pressure)

[PS: This method is originally from HM core and is just borrowed in Fields]
Nodes (target points for loads type like temperature, displacements)
185
Agenda
• Day 1
• Geometry Repair
• 2D Meshing
• 2D Mesh Checks
• Day 2
• 3D Meshing
• Analysis Setup
• Day 3
• Post Processing
186
COMPOSITE SET UP
GOALS:
1. Understanding Ply Based Vs. Zone Based Modelling
2. Dealing with CPD data
187
Zone-based Modelling: HyperLaminate

Properties > HyperLaminate
• Set up, review and modify PCOMP(G) cards and respective materials
188
Ply / Laminate Modelling

• An alternative, realistic method for defining laminates in HyperMesh is to use
PLY and LAMINATE entities
• Laminate defined as manufactured:

• Plies layers created: ply shape, thickness, orientation
• Laminate created from sequence of plies
• FE Properties generated automatically
• Benefits
• Visualisation / verification
• Easier modification of plies & laminates
• CAD interfaces
• Optimisation – control of ply continuity
189
Ply / Laminate Modelling for OptiStruct

• Plies are created from the model browser
• Right click > create > Ply
• Ply shape defined by a selection of elements/sets
• Laminates are created to define layup

• Right click > create > Laminate
• OptiStruct laminate elements need a PCOMPP property

• Defines offsets, bonding shear strength, failure theory
190
Ply / Laminate Modelling for OptiStruct

• Plies are added to laminate in normal direction:
• First ply = bottom surface
• Last ply = top surface
• A ply can only appear once in a laminate

• The ply ID must be unique as separate results are
written for each ply
• Cannot reuse plies in a laminate currently
191
Geometric Ply / Laminate Modelling

• Plies can be also defined using geometry instead of elements
• Loop of lines defining the ply boundary
• The elements which lie within the ply geometry are mapped to the ply to define the ply shape
• Mapping performed from model browser
• Right click > Ply > Realize
• Various search options available
• Benefits:
• If the mesh is modified, the plies can be regenerated
• Ply data can be read from CAD (Catia (CPD) / FibreSim)
• Ply boundary can be independent of mesh boundary
192
Ply / Laminate Modelling – Further Information

• A laminate with its plies can also be created by importing the information from Excel
• A model with ply-based definition (PCOMPP property) can be switched to zone-based modelling
(PCOMP(G)): Right-mouse on Laminate: Realize / Unrealize switches zone- to ply-based
• Aerospace > Composites > Shell to Solid Conversion: Convert a ply-based model to a full 3D mesh:
Further exercises for self-training:

\01-exercises\100-optional\10-composite\10a – set up a laminate from Catia CPD data
\01-exercises\100-optional\10-composite\10b – set up a simple laminate manually
Exercise 10_ae-01_composite_fields
194
Agenda
• Day 1
• Geometry Repair
• 2D Meshing
• 2D Mesh Checks
• Day 2
• 3D Meshing
• Analysis Setup
• Day 3
• Post Processing
195
Introduction to HyperWorks Desktop

Postprocessing / HyperView
GOALS:
1. Post-Processing in a Nutshell
2. Derive Load Steps & Derive Results
3. Annotations
4. Free Body Loads
5. Advanced Post Processing with Matrix Browser
6. Aerospace Tools
196
Contour Plots (Method1)

1) Contour Panel  Contour icon & Results > Plot > Contour from the menu bar
• Result type: Selects the result type and component to be contoured. Tensors (t), vectors (v), and scalar (s).
• Layers:  (if applicable): allows you to display a contour for a specified element layer when a layer definition is available for an element.
• Use corner data  (if applicable), when selected, HyperView displays color bands by interpolating available corner results within each
element. This allows for a discontinuity of the result distribution across element boundaries to be seen. This option is only active when
corner data is available in the results file.
197

• Averaging Method:  Nodal averaging of elemental results is available in HyperView. Nodal

averaging of elemental results at a node refers to the average of all the element corner results
passing through that node. If no corner results are available for an element, centroid results
will be used to calculate the nodal average.
198

• Averaging Method:  (continue…)

• None – No averaging done.
• Simple - Simple averaging means that tensor and vector components are extracted and the invariants are computed prior to averaging.
• Maximum - Maximum values from the surrounding elements attached to a node. The tensor and vector components are extracted and the invariants are
computed for each element/corner prior to averaging to a node.
• Minimum - Minimum values from the surrounding elements attached to a node. The tensor and vector components are extracted and the invariants are
computed for each element/corne prior to averaging to a node.
• Advanced - Tensor (or vector) results are transformed into a consistent system and then each component is averaged separately to obtain an average
tensor (or vector).
• Difference - Difference between the maximum and minimum corner results at a node.
199

• Envelope trace plot  allows you to trace the results from envelope subcases or simulations depending on the option selected. An envelope
derived load case needs to be created.
• None - No Envelope subcases or simulations are tracked
• Subcase - The results are tracked from an Envelope subcase.
• Simulation - The results are tracked from an Envelope simulation.
Note: The Envelope Trace Plot option will be disabled if Range is selected for an Envelope subcase/simulation.
200

2) Results browser > Result View > Plot > Contour
• Within the Results Browser there is the Result View.
• The Result view shows a hierarchical view of available results for the current load case.
• The result types are grouped by their type, and are broken up into Scalar, Vector, and Tensor
folders.
• You can expand the folder to see all of the details for each result type.
For example, each of the Scalar, Tensor, and Vector folders are expanded to see the Result
Type within the folders.
• By selecting one of those Result Types (for instance, Stress), the different Components are
shown.
• To apply a contour plot using the Results Browser, simply click on the icon to the left of the
result to be used for the contour.
201

Scalar, Tensors, Vector folders

• Expand folder to see Result Types
• Selecting Result Type displays its Components
Click on icon Result Types to contour Component
The Layer selector allows you to quickly go through the various layers of the current result plots
(contour, tensor, or vector). This selector is located at the bottom of the browser, and is available
in the Result View only.
Current Plot Style is bold

• Set current Plot Style by right clicking in Browser or
using Quick Plot toolbar .
202
Contour Plots
• Post-processing Stress Results Using the Contour Panel
• HyperView displays the following result data available in the result file:
• Centroid data - the centroid is the integration point or the available value that has already been averaged by the solver
(depending on the solver).
• Integration points or Nodes (depending on the solver) - these results are "element bound", meaning that each is the
contribution of the specific element to that node; therefore it is the corner data of that element.
203
Contour Plots
• Post-processing Stress Results Using the Contour Panel (continue…)
• The Use corner data option in the Contour panel allows you to display color bands by interpolating available corner results within
each element. In addition, you can also use the Averaging method drop-down menu to select the result coordinate system to be
used to contour the results.
• Use corner data - controls if centroidal values or corner data is used for the visualization of values at an element.
• Averaging method - controls in which way this data (centroidal or corner data) is visualized at the shared element nodes.
Note: See the Online Help > Post-processing Stress Results Using the Contour Panel
204
Tensor Plots
Different ways to create Tensor Plots:
1) Tensor icon on the Results toolbar or Results > Plot > Tensor (menu bar)
Most options in Tensor panel are similar

to the Contour panel
Tensor format & Show  Principal (P1,

P2, P3) or Component (XX, YY, ZZ, XY,
YZ, ZX )
205
Annotating Model Results - Notes

Notes - Animation files can be annotated using Notes, text boxes placed in HyperView windows for labeling items, describing
trends, and relating additional information.
• Different ways to create Notes:
1) Notes icon on the Annotations toolbar or Annotations > Notes (menu bar)
2) Results browser > Model View > Notes
Add and Delete notes in the Notes listing
Attach to: attach note to Entity, Window, or Coordinates
Multi select - Multiple nodes, elements, coordinates, or systems can be selected when activates
Field names - Select fields to be used in a Templex expression. Available options change depending on the
attachment type selected from the Attach to drop-down menu
Insert Field: Adds field name to the Description
206
Annotating Model Results – Notes (Method1)

1) Notes icon on the Annotations toolbar or Annotations > Notes (menu bar)
Multi select - option is activated Description - Text that will be displayed in the note
• Text/Templex Expressions can be entered directly into this field
By Contour - selected from Extended Entity Selection window • Templex Expressions added using Field names/Insert Fields
• Max of Window - Allows you to draw a window or multiple windows, in

graphics area around local hotspots. Identify the entity with the highest contour Display options - Controls how the note is displayed in the graphics area.
value. Create Note at each hotspot • Transparency, Move to entity, Auto-hide, Anchor to screen, Color, Fill Color
• Align text to Right, Left, or Center
• No Border or various line thickness for border
207
Annotating Model Results – Notes (Method2)

2) Results browser > Model View > Notes
• Notes can also be created using the Results Browser. To create a note, simply right click in the
Results Browser > Model View and select Create > Note.
• Several options to set/change from the

Results browser > Entity Editor.
208
Annotating Model Results – Measures (Method1)

1) Measure icon , Annotations toolbar or Annotations >Measures (menu bar)
Measure Groups List: Select Measure Type

• Add and Delete measure groups
• Static and Dynamic MinMax Result are created

by default
• Turn on/off measure groups using check box

…
• In addition, you can access the following context
menu options by right-clicking anywhere within the
Measure Groups list. Select Entities
209

1) Measure icon , Annotations toolbar or Annotations >Measures (menu bar)
Create Curves
• Takes selected entities in the Measure Item list and create curves
Create Curves dialog

• Live Link - creates a link between selections made in the Measure
panel and the curve
• Single Curve - Enables X-Axis Plotting path measures
• X-Axis, Y-Axis selection
• Place on - New Plot, Existing Plot, Preview Plot
Font - allows to select the font type, font style, and font size.
Color - allows to select a measure color from the pop-up dialog.
210

2) Results browser > Model View > Measures
• Notes can also be created using the Results Browser. To create a note, simply right click in
the Results Browser > Model View and select Create > Measure.
• Several options to set/change from the

Results browser > Entity Editor.
211
HyperWorks Results Math

Derived Results - Expression Builder
• Graphical user interface allows user-defined data type results to be defined
• Right click in the Results Browser or Graphics Area > Create > Derived Results Output parameters
• Derived Results button in Results toolbar
Output Parameters
• Label field: name of new result type
• Output: restrict result to certain load cases Operator and Table
selection
Operator and Table selection

• Operators: list of available operators and is controlled by the template file selected
when loading the model and result.
• Table: list of available results, load cases
Expression Text Expression Text

• Actual expression to be evaluated
• Table and Operators added to this area
212
Derived Load Cases

Derived Load Cases
• This utility allows you to create a derived load case from other load cases, or from
a linear combination of other load cases and simulation steps.
• Derived Load Steps on the Results toolbar

• Create > Derived Load Steps from the Results menu bar.
• Results browser or graphics area > Create > Derived Load Case > …
• The types of derived load cases that can be created are Steps, Linear-
Superposition and Envelope.
• The type is set in the Create/Edit Derived Load Case dialog from the Type
drop-down menu.
• The derived load cases list can be displayed by clicking on the View
Derived Load Cases icon
213
Derived Load Cases – 3 Types

• Type: Steps
• Contain more than one simulation steps
• Scale factors optionally applied to them
• Loadsteps are shown sequentially as listed
• Type: Linear Superposition
• Scale factors can be applied to each loadstep
• Type: Envelope
• Based on Max/Min/Extreme option selected

• Min: minimum value among all selected loadsteps
• Max: maximum value among all selected loadsteps
214
Exercise
• Open \12b\wing_frame.fem
• Import multiple op2
• Perform standard post-processing
• Create Report
215
Free Body Diagrams (FBD)

FBD Overview
• You can create or edit Free Body Diagrams (FBD) using the
FBD utility in HyperView.
• The Free Body Diagram (FBD) utility facilitates the

extraction and post-processing of Grid Point Force
(GPFORCE) results.
• FBD extractions are typically utilized for breakout and/or

sub-modeling analysis schemes, where balanced "free
body" sub-cases are extracted from a coarse grid model
and applied to a fine grid sub-model for eventual
optimization and/or analysis.
• FBD is also used to extract section resultant forces and

moments (typically at the centroid of a section) for use in
traditional strength calculations.
216

FBD Utility
• The FBD utility extracts grid point force (GPFORCE) data (including forces and
moments) for a user-defined element set, and is useful for doing breakout modeling
within a sub-modeling scheme. Results can be output for graphical review, a text
summary table, and/or a formatted Comma-Separated Values (.csv) file which can be
loaded into traditional spreadsheet software packages.
• The data from the currently loaded model/results file and the selected load
case/simulation in the Results browser will be used for all grid point force based
calculations. The FBD utility currently supports Ansys (Rst), Nastran (Op2), and
Optistruct (XDB) result files.
• Important Note: The Advanced Result Math template must be selected when loading
the model and result files in the Load Model panel.
• The FBD utility is displayed in the tab area, which opens when you activate that tool by
clicking the FBD icon on the Results toolbar.
217

FBD Utility (continue…)
• The FBD Forces utility is broken down into three major sections, each of which
corresponds with the process order of using the tool:
• FBD section definition - allows you to create and manage the section definitions
that are used for plotting the free body or resultant forces. This section contains
tools for manually defining sections, which are defined by an element set, node set,
summation node, and a local result coordinate system.
• FBD plot - contains various options to review and display the results of both Free
Body Force and Moment and Resultant Force and Moment extractions.
• Display controls - contains sub-tabs which allow you to control the presentation of
the results/plot:
• Plot sub-tab - allows you to create a vector plot and turn on/off the display of various
attributes.
• Display sub-tab - allows you to change how the vectors are displayed for the created plot.
• Summary sub-tab - allows you to select load cases for display in a summary table.
218

FBD Solver Interfacing
• Nastran
• Results are supported through the .op2 output file.
• Grid Point Forces (GPF) results are requested with the GPFORCE .op2 output request.
• Displacement results are requested with the DISPLACEMENT .op2 output request.
• Recommended to output data for only the node set(s) of interest. Consider using STRESS=NONE and STRAIN=NONE to further
reduce the size of the results file.
• MPC forces and moments are properly extracted for the following MPC constraint types: RBE2, RBE3, RigidLink, RJOINT, RROD,
RBAR
• OptiStruct
• Results are supported through the .op2 output file.
• Grid Point Forces (GPF) results are requested with the GPFORCE .op2 output request.
• Displacement results are requested with the DISPLACEMENT .op2 output request.
• Recommended to output data for only the node set(s) of interest. Consider using STRESS=NONE and STRAIN=NONE to further
reduce the size of the results file.
• MPC forces and moments are properly extracted for the following MPC constraint types: RBE2, RBE3, RigidLink, RJOINT, RROD,
RBAR
219
HyperWorks Additional Material

• https://altair-2.wistia.com/projects/d30mug4ydg
HyperWorks on AIRBUS HUB

• https://communities.intra.corp/sites/FiniteElementAnalys/HyperworksRollOut/sitepages/default.aspx
220
HyperWorks Unit Chart
Leveling
HWU used
Number of
Product 1
Product 2 Product 3
221
Thank you!
Thank you very much for attending this training!
Tell me and I will forget.

Show me and I will remember.
Let me have a training and I will understand.
based on Konfuzius
222

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HyperWorks

Basic Pre- / Postprocessing

Before getting started…

Modeling & Assembly

HyperMesh Simlab MotionView

Results Visualization & Validation

HyperView HyperGraph sTi Compose

Integration Matters - Flexibility

Adams Ls-Dyna nCode

Altair Solver Technology

Multiphysics Analysis and Optimization

Altair Solver Brands

Implicit Explicit Multi-body CFD and Electro-

Design and Optimization

Concept Design Optimized Hybrid Lattice Structures

Composite Layout One-Click Trade-off

80% of design solutions on aircraft

Don’t Stress, Create.

80% of design solutions on aircraft

Don’t Stress, Create.

80% of design solutions on aircraft

Don’t Stress, Create.

80% of design solutions on aircraft

Don’t Stress, Create.

Baseline 27% REDUCTION

80% of design solutions on aircraft

Don’t Stress, Create.

80% of design solutions on aircraft

Don’t Stress, Create.

80% of design solutions on aircraft

Don’t Stress, Create.

80% of design solutions on aircraft

Don’t Stress, Create.

80% of design solutions on aircraft

Don’t Stress, Create.

80% of design solutions on aircraft

Don’t Stress, Create.

80% of design solutions on aircraft

Don’t Stress, Create.

Don’t Stress, Create.

Altair Optistruct® takes Structural Justification to the

The Next Generation Solver

- Mr.Joerg Loeffler, Head of Stress,Loads & Crash, Airbus Helicopters

Value-based Business Model: HyperWorks Licensing

HyperWorks Unit Chart

HyperWorks Additional Material

HyperWorks on AIRBUS HUB

You: Ask questions. It is your training. ☺ Let‘s start.

Introduction to HyperWorks Desktop

Set location: HW_CONFIG_PATH / HM_SETTINGS_DIR / HW_SETTINGS_DIR

Online-Help: Opens on pressing F1 or h

HyperWorks Desktop Integration

Graphical User Interface

Working with Files

Controlling the Model Display

• Left mouse button

• Middle mouse button

• Right mouse button

Visualization Toolbar – Display How?

Geometry Display Options

Wireframe Shaded with Surface Edges Transparent

Wireframe w/ Surface Lines Shaded

Element Display Options