THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S CHILDREN

1994
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 THE STATE
OF THE WORLD'S
CHILDREN
1994

•
James P. Grant
Executive Director of the
United Nations Children's Fund
(UNICEF)

Oxford University Press

Contents
Intn>du<1ion l<> W SlaI<. of llw 1I'" rId's Child.... ~
introduction for 1\194. and summary 0(
main I"'....,.

1 A progn..'Ss report R<.'I.'I.1I1 year.! hlV\: .<,<'11 ..."., sign ulCa1Il ~ 3j(3inSl ..",.. of lbe major ..,.,.
ciflC th~ ll> the hnIth and wcll-lk';ng '" Iho _rld',cilildron. In",-"l know\-
<~ and 001n"""" ~y~ lhat. child .wnulritk>o, <liou.." d""bilily. and
illilmocy could be d~ ty n:dlll.'<.-d by Ihc Ytw 2000. Social goab.... l\ectinz lhi.
poIeIIli2l havt'_ ~ ~'''"d lJI<!IlP;J'l'<.'d upon by . nupily of Ibcworld'. polil.

....Ilcado...... Tok... ~.........,.."""" ioah! """",nllo all 01"""1_ to """"""""'lb<,

"'-'f1' "'"O!':ll a.<pr<\II of IIO'mtr and to brinp: tlOOll' of I~ _ bao.it bmerllS of
~ to almoO! aU t"'n"'un"i<..... Pasl c"'Pln ....~· il>dkal<.. thai f\lIlional
prul/"-"'" ill b<-a11h, llutrilio<l. and rducatioo .... .,...,d.
Ml on ...",..,..,., ~kli.
"",n t aIano: bill on a sustainl'l! rommitmenl10 iml""""'0lCl\l. in !he '""1I-brins:' of
lhI, pour. AI preIt'lIl only I YflY.....u prnporlion of ~l ",.,...di~ and
of foreiJln oid ;",1"",, 1<'<1 to od<quaIe nutrition. primaJy ht'll!lh eare, basic "" .......
lion. sa/<. '">1<'" suwlY. and family l>lanninfl_ G~ grt'a14'l" pr;.,r;ty, lOOK- "t'l:ds
"""Id ~1y bo: "'"' by lhfo"00 oHID. ""nlu ry.

Ilolh I"'lIl ~.oo futu", poImli:i1 !1n thtr<il<'l><'d by "in: prtlbk"lUl"' Iho
2 ti« PPEspiral
mUI~O<t'iIlJI ellecl. of poveny, populalion JITOwth. and <1IvironI,.,,".ol
u.-
d<.'I l.'ri<>rati<ln. Rc""""-ing prnblo>m!< ;.. pan of the I!'W'Il larJ!t"r ~ of
~ the WOI'1<lw>k lJ3tI;jJi"n to .. ~b k' hWllOll lUlun, -. "",,,"I;""
whi<"h slKIukl b«<,me ~ <mlnll "'llanizillll' ~ uf lh,- POSH""" war <'lao If
1'l'E I"">bbruo in!lk· d<....,1uping w<>r\d ronlinu~ In t>., ~ thm ~ .. ',.",.,~
will be inqn<in~ =oomk disnlplion, pulilkal unn...., "",-back" for d~O>ClI:T3<)',
an d iolIllIbi~ry within ."d t..1........ naOOns.

3 TIle syuergismof ,\cl\i.:vi"JI !he bask ho""", lI<laI. disu-.l in part I would "-,...,...,,,[ .. IlllIjo(
bffilkthrouxh axainSl ~ .. 1'1'1-: problems ."alr".cd in part Z. 11K- wo.... a."JlO"U of
sol l/ liOIlS powrly provi<\f' t/ko jzn~ ... to r2pid JlOIUIaIk>n growlh and tnvironol<'lIlal <k11";"
"!'Ition. whir.h in Illrn ~ povl"'y. Con.-ly. mutua!ly-ninforrinj( inVl"'it·
"",nl. in hraI~l and nutrit"", • .,..... , _...,;"". and la!UiIY pl;mniJJR can rn.'llle all
upwardSIlinI of ~l~ in hull'Wl weJl.bo.'ini wlw:h_ld IIdp to "-""'I':
JlOIU tatioo II"""1h and ~ ia/t.'1'rlYironrnt-ol.1l ~ In...,.,n...... t in .... '<.'liIql: _
h1mWl .....m nlUSl ,I><.",fm *
lakl'II up with . ..... dO\f'mlinalioa boIh fn< j ",
own llake and IS" tnl'ADlI of ~ I ~ 'E problems which ..i U ir>m.. .m ~~
aIfod "'" only the W<lrid'. ~ <"""""nili<.,. but aU nalion. in the 1'·'l':nl>,''''1.

Statistical tables Alkountry .<tot.... ical tab..... fn< basic indiral.,..... notril ioll I>rahh. <du,,"liun. pup-
uIation. "",,,.., mic "' '''''~''' and the oituaoon or..............
plu. nog;onal ~
!lIld ba$k indiratoN for bs populou. rounuw..
Text figures Panels

1\,:,
«"of!"" ......:;"
ae-1Jloo_.a<=p cUl
_::;:'''''''''''''prcI&<'CWd
dioo f
-,
_.- _.
._-=.. . .
I Childnm In war:

2 Diarrhoellllk5eese.

-_.......
1"- .3 £.&o_d --..I1IIBIlborJ.dIikIn:II.-aliic ....
.... 4 T_IrrIiiIr'-"", 1960

1'"-. 5

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•

1'\",
........ _ _ wiac_.....(_ ......

"'.I"""..,........ wiIb .......

.." ...
.-e. 7 ''lI0«' 01\1<....... wiIII_ 11>
.... oflllr dr'<t1 , . c W<dd
_

...... ...
ialht nnl 4 Eradu:allng polio:
~~

.... a 1'. .....1:..'" of di<io ,looea cpisOOes II'tlIK'd willi 0Il'T

.... 9 " " - pupulorion elm., ...... ~ 01 tJ>. -W ond
prlIjI:atd pnp.!Mion ill !he yUr 210ll
"....
5 MalnutntlOn:
.-.IIIlI e

6 Safe WOlter::
•

.... 10 Shlftof lolal P"'P"1arj<wo """loW ~ (CfC)

~............ of lho ~ and ... .. I'I"'\It woricbI
'"*'" fnIolllIw lIIoIrio
f'\e. 11 I\-m.'n lll(" ot rnr.ll poI/l'C$( M1vironmcntally .hrn1oncd -
~>\opUJN worid

.''ll. IZ 1\.""''''lO,q\' of ", ...J'""""'"' <1IvironnI<'Dwty lhrt'aImo."ll -

'"
...... "
7 Year 2000 goals:
notlonal lllDfl_
oI. e_

8 Protlress:

...
•-_.
t;,. 13 1........... lJ,R<' of nnI JlOO","SI ~'IIrironmo.'nIally Il!rl«<....... . ..... ...... Nk.enqo

"""
... 14 l~oInn1~ ~".i1_ ....... ~ _
lDAml'rin
. . ...
9 Bangladesh:

.. _... , ....
"

r.. 15 a-ia "'~""""'oIl1inboprr_

' ..... d -idl ~ iII ......_ 1IlIlNIilr r-.s IrwestJ~ II'l health:
... 1' u.Irr.--.,..... ""*'l .......... olc_........ " 10
w.1d d t

1'-. I' ........ " ol)Wc1of6ore lilt IIIlt 011M! l:Ir -.......a ......
1lIt birIll ,,1'1 ..',. w <!lid
. ,. _-
11 ~ for
'
life:

... 20 Manif4...:laOn1 ..... do .... _

.. . 2\
~
101lfnIIIIp PO..
lniaa iDlllOllJSiaI._aepdua
At1uII_ po .... lt:iI _ ...... itt dIol
$ • -- ,..dIilIl_ ...-
13 AIDS:

lIlIlII~lbt _ _ ..... i11 I!160

.... 27 TOlaI drbI . ~ of GSP.I!l91 -" 14 The USA:

•_ ........ dIilIltwIl
"Th" n" n-..ary !aSk of dnwin,lr ~
lion 10 hw'lWlllN'do h.u unI<>rtwWtIy
l(M.·n ..., tu ill,· Jl'IlII'Iar impn~n
lhal 11M' d. -I<>ping Ilror'Id ill a ~
upon whi<:h '"' lU/h' /ails and only
lrag...ty is ~na<1o'd. Ilullhe fact is that.
(or all the oM«kI< IlIOn" PfOlUe""
has bttn llIIIdc in 11K- laS! 50 l"'lI"II
lhan in 1M 1lf'"I'ioo. 2.00D. Sffir1, ,lit,
mel uf the Sowod " '<>r1cI War• ......-..:<-
rnJ in<vnto... in the dt.'",,~ Ilror'Id
hiM.. mon.' than doubltd: infant and
~hi1d dl."th r.l1l'" ""'" bn'n ".,.., lhan
haM.'<I; ......nac life ~ has
inm'3SN by lboul I third: \he prIlPlI"'
tiDrl of lJu, ~ W<lr'\d'" dti\dn.'"
otaninJf ""hooI has ri""" 10 mort' than
lhrre quan,'I'S; and lhe pm"'t'nla!lt' of
-_...
",raJ fanollH.'" with acrt':S5 10 sak wAl..-
ha< ;"""'-.1 from Ieolo< !han Ill' to
-ov... tlw """'" lim<'. much of the
world h.. also fned ¢!ell from rob-
nialism, brought aparthl1d m all iii
(om ,. 10 lilt, o:dJl'I: <>I extinclion. and
largl.iy fn.'<"<I ilSd( from the iron Krip of
(asci.. and lotalitarian t"<'giJ,,,,","
"In tho ck-ad,· 11I,..ad. I ~kar _ _
tunily exists to makt'lhc brelOkthrouxh
again!ll .. hal mighl be called the Iasl
grt"O l obo<mity ""'" l>t'I'<l""" malnutri-
tion, ~ , and iUilorxy that SliD
cas! I shadow ....,.''" tb<: 1M... 2Dd lhc
(Ul~ of lIMo ~ quartt1" of the
world", cllild=:
'/It .'il4I'' l(lII. ........... OIi14mt 1m
Introduction and
summary of themes
1'h",ugh tlk' left. of hislofy, ",tho.,.
lhanof """'... whal .. IIOW ~~ in
lht.Ik.'Y\.'lopinj: ..wid m>y I.'ODIC tu be
!W'II . . IJx, boginnjnJ! of • Iinal off.....
..'" ~ same of !he old<$/ and
"""" ""mmoo. en""U<-", of Ihe Yl"OIkI'.
~-
T1Iof<, ..-.it.os iDcludc liW' d...
.-...1ha110d0y kill .......8 min.", chil-
drm a ynrand the ma1lIulritlon ..tUch
Il<>Im back tho,' IIK"lllal and pll~
<1<>,,10""""1 0( On,' <iJiJd in t/lrI:f: in
the dl~l<>ping ,,'<>rId (rill. I). AI... in
,,:In'&! art ""''''' or w· l1lO!Il wnllllO/l
""....... or ~hildllood di..bilily, thc viru·
"''S and !be mi<nmulrio.'Il1 ~
,,'hkh ~""'1)' rear ~ hulldml. of
!l>ou<aI><b orrhiIdn-'IlI'.,mJa<lel>Uy dto!
blind. ",<mally mardt<l...... p;ualysood.
Allhoogh profuundly a/frcl ing mi)'
OOo.s of """" llres<- lng\'<li<.... and 1M
PI'I>KI'-.... ..".. t>.in,cr .-Ie oqpin:$I
them. an: largd)' 1I('l!k:d<:d by me
n><dia. In ~ !hi. i< bo<'llU$C lhl...,
P«>bl<-""" ""' ....... as oonn:aI "'lh<'r
ltwJ CXCl'\lliooal. Bul prinwiIy it is
t>«au"" lheir"",scqumen fall a1_
actu.ivt'ly <HI th< dUld.... oflbe poOr'
t<l and ltasI inJl....'I1I~ p<.<JPk. 00
"""The
limil<"d lfO(Kl _ of ....,..ol
I"""" is W'n""'" larg<>ly an umold
SlOfY in II.. mi<kloflhe many """1-pJ1>-
Ii<.~ disa>!C'r'l< M~ules. fortuItl~.
whleh .. ill kill. """" ,ilild......
)'l'3r rhan all ,11<0
<'1'1.1)'
_\d", wvs and
famines ~llOlr<'l"''', is bl.'ifJJl """" 10
,..,\inquish ilS l1riP. I~ath. from Ibis
"""'" 1k._inJ/ofchildhood di~
....., be<:D bnluKhI dOW>l from mom:
than 2.5 million • jnr in lllHO 10 juSl
over I million " yew loday. !imuIlanc'-
OIloly. II.. """'btr
of "",,"f.uaI <a.... of - '"... _lf
fit. 1 Maj., diu ...
lhJol..... - ' " horI
~ -~
~ . major.,...... ot di$3bil~yand
malnutrition in rhildrm. has I:Ilk...
frnm awnllumal<"ly 75 miIIiou • )'Nr l0
about 25 million.
SimiJu ~ ha"" been .....,.
ord«l. by din! of ~ but linJe.
~ tUortli in lbc' dt."",klpillJ(
wt>rld. "l(ainsI oewrIlI olh... maP"
~ faci&l.<t 1M chil<lnm oJ pcl<lT
ronlll1uniU\:oa.ln I O~arlI, infanl dl',1lhs
from _1illaI It.'\aIl'''' hz<c bt'<'ll cui
from """" (hall I ml!Il"Iu ytar '" just
0Vl'f baH a million. AI !be SlIIIlf' timt.
!he IOU oJ dchydmion m~ by diu·
rhotal d i _ h&o "'-..... l'Ul from 4 fIliI.
lion dcaIhs ayur '"1t5sl!wl3 ml!Iion.
l 'oljo, 1Il'hldI h&o di""blc.'<I "" nwlY
millioo. of rltiId= ....... !he )'<'afll. ..
at.., now in rctn..... Sinn: 1900. """'"
<-.0 of paooly,.;8 have faileD from
opproJIimatcly half a million a ~r '"
an <'Slimatc'<l 140.000 in 1992. In """
tn.I "'Ilion. 0( lhe ~ """'"
lhe m s i!otIl' is <k>9<' 10 b<ing er3<!1-
catcd. As an ""trnlI mtar.u", of this
----
""'--~­
. . -. --,.
..---'"
..-
...-
....
---_
;,chic..........n\, Iii. '""'" l'Stima!l'd !hal
Ihtroo an! ""'"' Ihan 3 millio<l chiId~ I.... 'W)
U'ling normal !M."JI who woold h""" IM(I _ ..... _
'-n pualy""'" by poli<> had it 001 ~
for the ~ in imn'Dniuli<>" """'-...
Ol(l.' in ve Iasl dl'(;tlle.
AI 1M f1Id oJlhe 1!8l<. the inI('1'- -- --
_ _ _ 1>0_
..-
....
..(iooally "I:J'....'d larj(I.' t of !lOll imm....
nizallon apinlll !he major YX'rine-
prcwnlablc dhocascs of childhood was _._-- -
11Il _lJa
 ~actlfd by .m1<>Sl half of the ~Jop.
inK counlricl.. Nm y all ,,-'ao:II<'<l a <:oY-
~ I<,,,_~ tIl'1lIlIO 0.- nlOn! (rig. 2). Ry
1995, !he", ;" a ~.I*,~ Ihol
lII:II<.'I'al Dlher inlE1'1laliooall)' ogn.'<'d
Rna!< wiU ohio haw bcnI Jorgely
""hicvo<:d.
Iodine ddiciel>C)', whkb ~~
Iro.l)XI childn" • year In be born ..
m1in. and it !he wo.-\d', mlIjor <aU""
vi pme1llablc mro~ rewdali<ln,
could IOOOll be brouRhll<> an end .
Vl1l1ll1io A dertcirn<')', whidl blind,
an \"Stimale<! 20(1.000 dtildrctJ a year
lID<! ;" ....... <::m" of iD hcalllllllld
<'ally deaIh "_1/ the wo.-\d'lI U"d<...•
~_ roIlld k a1InoiM eliminlllcd.
Dealh. from ",.-onatlll'WU" _
......lable by the iuu1\uni.wiQu of P"'l!'
"RIll WOIIH;'Il. oilould "OOlI l:>ecoolc a
rarily.
~ ~"'I of diarrlIo<-al dis-
. ....... including oral rt'hydllllion I1l<.'I"--
apy (ORl). llhoukl "'" kr>o.. " lO fIO'l: of
the ~ ..".-ld'. Wnilie<:. ~
rt'SUk .......kt be the prtW11linn of ,fur.
Lher 1.5 million rh ild deatll....... h ~at.
Polio llhould be <ndira~ from
me"" ,,,""lrieI af lbe.......-kl by 1995.
M<""",hiJ<o. progn:.. ill ...., Iw:ing
made luward. lhe univenal ntifiratian
of Ih<' Canw:ntian "" the Ril:hl.O of 1M
Child. nnw flIIilird by ISO natialls of
Negotia ting tile which 28 haw "" far ",!>an"" "" lhe
>'Ic\lS they haw! IDl'" tawards m lull
iflljllo."""nlal inn.
transition to a The bad I><'"W!I, lhoul(h mare ...-id,o,1y
1/2",·IIed. ranIlOI be iwlon'<l Pmlll<-ms
oflhc """" Il<'Ut. klnd _ <:Un""" of
eue tainabie [uture d<,.-muan and Mq>Iail.1tiom, and Lhr
inhuman 300..' uf d tildren ill ....... in
mus t become the the "",",p1arf.. on lho: >!n" " . and in Ihe
hom. ~ rontinnr lu afIlirI nlaJlY ntiJ.
Iian$ of l'fIUIIj! people in OOIh dcYclap-
central organizing inR and lnduSlliali>o.'<l rountries. lIul
"",n 11<..... there ""' the r"", "",tatiV<'
principle of the past- signs Bf I __ M.hic eme.g;l\CI: wllidl
cold war era.
_
migIll on" day 060..,. cItildreo brt. ~ pr1>'
t«tioa from \be wont l";hlBfthe ""uk
..
Wlll1d. This fngile hope is ditoN.-I in
The PPE spiral
, In ~";1iI illi Indition uf/lx"ul'lng
on ~hanll"f'll ..'hirh ~h lhe 1M:< of
Iarxr tuUllb«-s uf childrrn but .. hidl
rarely make hoodlines-, pari 1 of 11m
)"<W" SIal' ., I~t W<>rld~ Oo;/4,u
n'llOrt sum,u..-u..-. lhe progn"" 1lo.~1IJl
mad<: ogainSlthe maior"llt<if" 1Il"-"ilJ
l<l the health and nutrition <>l' child"",
in 11I<' ..-...!d'. ~ r,'",,,,"nHieo-. Il
aIsa 0\ll1incs tbr potential "" funhl...
sig ltilkanl a<tvan... .. ln lhf l't'OT5 i""",-,"
dialdy .....-.d,
Part t ""'" this PI"",."" ...d
pot"".
ti.. in lhe ron""'l of the broader prob.
"'InS thal d"ud htunanity's ~
;" the 2(01 =lurr. lq IJIII"\i<.'\IW. ~
Iuoks al the "",11WIy reinfan;ing /Cia-
tian$hips 1lo.~" lhe W<>nIl ,-ftrts of
ab,;alute p<rv<my. lbe rontintllllion of
rapid population growth, and th<>
~tion uf rut1ll and IIlbaa<.'m'inKt-
menlS l1ltuuKboo\ murh 01 the .......-1-
0lIin.R world.So i"I. ~llIIod have I!>t:!It'
prubIetnl< ~> thai 10 dt-nominate
ib(m .-..paratl'ly is l<l risk tnbo:onstnf.
inll the Ih","1 lhal the')' ..."....,.,~ lui"
Ihis n-.n, lhe n-potI tlIIil"" the"""""
<>l' pover1)', population 1l"fOW\ll, ... d
.......
""';"-"'mtfli undI1' Lhr term 'Ih<: PPE
The 1'1'£probk,,,, is iIseIt pari (>( an
.....'" l>rMdl... rhaIltng~. I'or it is
l>e<uming rlear thalth<· w<>rltl ha!< nn/y
a Iioll~ tin... in .,lUrk la fill". ill<
atl~"ti<Jn and ~ti<ol <l/l ~
-+w ,.;u undouble<lly be mr mool
l'(JII'pk'll and diffinlK ItansiIiao in all of
I.uman hi"'lI<)' _ the ltansilio.-l la a /11'10
I'O'h of '" ag..... rha""et"n...d by the
U" M.'r.;I) meetlng of mininll1/l1 human
1II"r'dS, by Lhr .... biliI:aIioa and possiblo
rHlurtion of populatiatJ k:v<""- and by
rnv\ronmeotally StI;,tainallle 1lI11tm5
of Jl'""CR-.... in all nations. II is ...., ....
tIc"t tlw IiIl. tIl\Illifarcte<! dwlengt!
will lk'mand all <>l' lhf lecht>OlaRi<'al
ingc"' uity. ~ capacily. and
po1itiral """il)' lhal natianal .........-rIe!
""d the inu......tianal """""",ii)' '-""II
command. i'itg<lIiafutlllllisl/fNlltan.
";lion """" tIIo;Mo,.., ~ the mill-
IaIy and ~ 1'" ,',".;upoUon. of
the r-st. and be.:ome tho: 0'..... n ..lral
arxanizini pri",:iplc of lhe pooI-e<>Id
~-
A1!hou,1th lhis ~ "",Oln.. \IlI1hr
PPE probJ"m ill lbe """"Iopin;l w«ld.
II llhuuld he mode dear at the """"-1
tboI tho

tho ...
frio..
~01"""__
.......moa
! . .. . .

no. 1IIIb:'
IUrio:J ... brouRlot 10
II>
fo:,..., it IIrJIICl:r tho I....•
~.­
a _,,; ...
oihiIQ 01

utdllr_ . . .
Ib<-"""_
ee mt ollbe
K-..ic" dilno;JIioa. j1O/&ic:II .........
aDd Ib<- ~ cIwWlclIIIlf 0I1be _
_ CJlljICII'1lUy lor ~ - *
"','*'_, :IIIIl....
r""" Ihe . - . . - - 0I-tl1 ...
.
- . .. ......,. ~ MIr1Il ... MMll, ridI
'tIIbility,
.... 21

...... .
p ;
__- ..-
_
-a'....

_
-

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• pptIilI I nd inrIibits food .boorpliDn. u..s. tho bin_ 'Tho bill 1CIlulioo'.

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pubieilt• ......., _

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dIiIdmo 01 poor <OIrlIIlU1llIia .. tbo.
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Cloofr Ihr _
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15 ~
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than 2.5 milli<II'I diocI dum, llw- XUit'
I"'- ottlll' w....... Too.,. llw>b ' Q
liOO.OO:I fpaIlf'l 3) tIM' 01
dUIdtno d)inc Inlm diphlhcrio .....
' - " <'Ul &om 19.00:1 104.000'
AHo .. . I't1OIk of immullizztion
<'!bt.. poli<IluoI b<.'tft ~ly JMni
-•
impmoor mml~
immQniDli<>n..
in hNhh
n~""'"

""" IY"lt IIId d<lIllullfum the~,

<an!
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"''';Il ,,-, I"""It u, oppruximald y 25 mil-

...... booftI Nt 10 juSl oY<'l" I millioIl.'

and ground . In 19l1O. a1l1101l 400.000 ~ h jj.
,ft,
drl"fI,•• "",,,lltd lot ~/(' by l~ poliCl
";no... l.ail Y".... \IlI ....1Jm. num....mi
. ~Ialcly 140.000 (p;u,t'I 4 ;and
liIr. 31.' AttonIi"ll ... WHO. lhm jj
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Sfrond. . . .-.t .. "",.os is aIoo ...... rttiOIIabk- <'hlnc<' lllll puliu """
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bo.-irw madr ....,. .., diarT'-al 1fio. boCBdiDIlt'd from II><: !al'I' ot lfwo Ntth
bylho_nJO.
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plrysinl polctltiaI (pIno:l ~. 1bt' maiot
...... b<.q
childhood
lbti"" '"
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In r<n'fII )'O'C'lI
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.... brcoI .-lr .. CQC'odi«< i.ho'
kJIooo.~ and lilt lIll'aIlli " family
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110 .... _ _ . . .

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of mild"'" bnm lU I"" ...'flll«' "f<MllaII
in the deo.·..
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thr an' Md<duoMiOII 01 tbildma; n ~ ribu 10 ......coin MIl
t !IIoors P"I",lvim C"""'lh- Ani! "'-'" .'!UtfIC\ht<I ~ ill tho- "'CJIOininI Y<'I'l'01
tbouth ihl'l't' \0. lIlIII • ('<lCIol<Itc ..... 1"" 19!1Os; hul ~. orh~. "" for

• """"" <kmMId. Ihfo ~ of /aftoily :-: Moorm IhM ....... all dc~
1\IIlIon__ ' - the- .......,. 10 11'" heitlII: ..a.-nd 10 dit In.m n."O)lincory
\hi, boW"""""" vllllrimli/ic Pl'*" 55 ink<1loao whI'tc 0Iliihi0IlrlI <GUId br
.a
.-
¥ l!lr diI:poQI vllllnool

n..
vlllM.or

"'-"""I!d ... ..-H. ~ is

........ ..-aiIabIc' • aknoot
. - ; Of'

~
dwI -"l _
~
1Ilill _
ol.."".
........ .. _khoidf pulW _ politi-
.. '_.'.55 lballtdl otl._.. . _
1fW 0llIIIt!L
.-I _ Ibr Boldlildl ••
_ ~. lhol boIh .... ai"'otilic ..... ..... d InoI: .-twd bt
tw-.... -.I lhto _ _ h <-"" _liLlt. .. Ibot I " Filii: nutill
___ 7 '• • ..... .....III:t._lI.-
............u_,.
_lhIl~is"""
~
_Il:>t"b t .. 10DJX1i) dtidrfto • ,... k hod
~ ~.i:r tJ . . . _ _ pctJIiitR" dlt .ns
ia . ........ ... " .' _ "- olllwC1l'lh.
~ _ "" vllbcir '= :l . .
7..., .. .. w-
Ib
. .bc." 19l1Oo

_.W_ . . , .."...,.
chJdrtotllO ...... ~
.-m. _
/wtffti«_~ 1{,.
ftWIr

...ub:. iI:
......

...
ditiIOI old " ow ict
trieo
ioL
dlr ....
_
add odwr _ _ II> Ihio
~lrt' _ . ~ 01 ....
.... 1M s.w I { " WorirJ CtiIdmo thilcIrfto • ~ to 1'1
ft'por\ r..r 19l1!l. .~lh2 _ ..... bIoo:i m.m .be lid 01 A wbo:tI k
IriIlI ....""U& _ _iI1lri1l1 ~ • ... _1*to ~ ...
Thit ~ vi wbal ~ .. .,.,... p»- CIliII A ~ 0¥0il0blt ... ......,. rbild
>IiI* to ......... Mo ........ from bNIIh
prxtiliotwn. ud odlooIo vi ",,1>&
II<IIth, from UlIiIl,'tl N;IlioQ_
f" m I/w: 1ound.U..... md Ih,.. """"IfO¥"
<'f1lmcn'lIllJl'V""i.t>I<ion,., Iron' IN ..".
f<:uichlll bod;"" an~ Uw n....-ardl
.1Icio...,
01 riokl'" WIlY _ Iodil>c dtlio:it1o; ,
IIl'ilI tIw: Indinlr ....... of ~
m.,,,lOl l't"\Otdolioa iIl lttt wvrid (fiIt. ~.
.....sing -.. loo.lXKl lnfon'" 10 btlborn
.. ""-'lin" _ h )'l.... and affc. 1lng IIJro
r>ormaIlIc'vdlll'lneUI 0( IIIl'UI 50 mil·
-_
-"---- _-
_.... _--
..
;"";Iulio~ lU>d fro'" ;nm:.";11,1( num- Ii<>n ,·hildrton. ...I\fon Ill!: probkm t'II'Jld
brnr of anM.b<, nlNlia """""""W...... he pr't...... ,ed by -.w1hi11J( .. afrortl'
upin;on k and puIiliral lxHlio..... ablt and ~le .. ludi.ana" a1111a11
Ao 1lIal Mo _la~. ·""p1ica'" ....",. """'" .. "",",,",I'd 1
... k '-1It.'I/WI to ......... iIio'(( inu> milliucl btIbir. brinll aIIow<.nd 10 die
poIiIiaI ~ An nrIt n:aqJko cadi )'tW" ....... ...... _ _ IUl<haI-
. . I b r " - " - 10 lho.' eos ........ \It<aII'd d<dft icldot- ~ ol ......
............... bt - ' - 011 oM: ~'<'Cilcte icI-,. oIw
MliutIII polIIkaI iNltmI .. Ihr .... ..nI?"' ,W wlty '"""' 1l<'Wlt .......
1!IllClt. Iv. lhIl ............ IhirtI vlllr pt'O)IIto 0li1I ............. poiIIfal ..c
dud j ' « -'cr. tllBdmI ...,... ......OIIcte: t&<u 01"""""", dis.
briIw: -d: . . Ole" .... JlWS . - ....... dtr ('Of! 01 <'tllIlni ill
bft 80\......, ..... ......,.,.,.: 6twtI _ hod borN rNwro.l to
bt_, · . ,. . $t..50 ..... ~
1tI....... _ _ ....... t:w. __ Icc wIKtI ~
........ _1Idoa
......- vi .Iolt ·
~...
. . , II> tIIl«iIr...
bmrfit:ovl ...... _I0
..,.aniIIIlIt. Tort
f ""
I

'"
odwrbooir
lhiI
....
IracJ.

........
okllfindMIJ.
-'
__
...... Itotl ........... lIot.- 10 br
• ' j t<rt<l • • _

....
....... Wt.,.
, ..
4-ol1ij " -
'l) t
_..... . . .
' :
l6.-

d
~
iHcI .....

".bs
w ..., III ....
0IiII

. . ... • t' Ole" Ihr lllis .. obk.. 01 ..-to r<tht<rIi.-?"

-.orkl, k bo. lOlft'lII ood _ ....." ,. _ • lbitd 01 lht- 60: ..' ~ ••
<loti 0Ull'Ijt0' Ibot OOIttl1hitl,lt .. ~. ........... dlilcfttI tduw otI a . qabIc.·
Pl' ".1 tl . and m.-.abIr.1It'ltinary -iIbt .. hew I """'"
I1iantI<Ital dioc._ ...... ot7I ........ 6ttuotIotnIttIlhoc ....... utriIion br
thor &0<0;-. 013 miIIilItI )'tIWIjf thiIdrt.>ft • ~ - bowIlioIIr ttdum:I •• I:WI of
\I,..,. .......,.
)""r. Of' thai ........ rluu:I 3 rniIIion ~ low lhoII SlO IX'" dIlld~ ·
•
E VIllY minIM. , ntwbom dill of
lOti"". _lion. EYMY Ion .....
"'. ...... Urn, din... wi ke. dOWIl l
. - mOl!le'. hlry VI" . In aSlimltld
5O.tOl ""'ternol deOlhs Ind nl .1ly
600,00) _ nlUl 11tII..... d••ths - 01
up to 0.. qUill" 01 inf, m IIIOIIIrflV in
..,.,. cO<ltlllieJ - eM bo OIevented
by _nus .......Iionand d..n bioh
prootic...
0.. 01 lhe 1/11'" -OOP'ed by lito
1990 Wolld SurnrM I.. ClildJln WlO
th. ,Iitniovlion 01 n..... tal t8llllll!l by
1995. Tho vl CCin, itHII h.. bun
.... itot>!o Ill< :111'"'" and ~ h•• I<>n9
t>etn mown thlt two dos•• o/tetanus
to~ during lI<~n lncv wil I'fOIOCI
boIh molho, , tid bobV <A'IIiI Ill. ehild
cln bo .'tcn ted irIIitpendlmIY.
¥0I1ht ,"M 1(1 drl•• t tl\ll..... logs
!>ad!y behind. Alto, • doc.do 01
inltnS. "'Oft, !he lmmunillliDn 01
inlJlRIlI ' gs",*, IlIl'>t< 01< 01..0lIl.
. bIo diSl. . .. 'u,,,teI .. "" td _
.. mom cQlJmriM by !hi Incl oI19!i11
Covellll" 01 ~ ' nl ..._ with
tllO rIlIS VIOCinl '(lSI I,,,,,, lind" IS'llo
In abo"' !:6'llo (lV\!f " " dtc,d•. but h.s
sin.. fallen b.ck to lc$O "'.., CO% .
F(lOJf VOtf1 19>. diI Stor. of 1M
WOf1o"s C/IiIdrIlt! repo<'l cillld "'"
._ 111 01 0. . R,.....
_orson.
..... di,.tted l!Ie Wotlcl H. olth O,g'_
nUl l;",,.. ExPloded I'fQ\l" !MIIl on
Immunilllion tot _ 01 dill9BOs:
' 1M cantiIHwIt:. 01 _ W
lII WlU. n pr9$lffl/l • m.iM fIiIure 01
public hnllil proCliu. II if """ 01 !hi
_ tklm.tic . rrd fIlVO'rinII • ••
00n. of our l'IIidtr f. ilurt II> "",...;M
"'lie "",,,,,,.t ho.1Itt urvkn. N«
11M c... 01 _ _rollot"',", _
"" ~ III <><:CUI. Btluif 1995; /he
diH. .. should 1M ~ in.""Y
<""""T. w. h....
I good. SlII*
. OCCiM Inti ir c<MJld l ilt!should hi...
""" d... . l'Ilmrdl)l:
S,dIy, tile.. .... rdl '" just "
..lr;lnl ,ocIl\I.
Tho "wi01r IliIu<I' nc,,"," thII
.....11 binh ", 1<tiCOS whic:~ bnng
IIl1nu. '9"'11 iMlI ...... " wiIh thII
UMllled \I1lbibc;1l curd « binh
clnll. lMs- """,bo.. CII_n in.....
dl.eloping _ ~ _
1l1llC• • 01 PCJOf hygienl Ind
in ....""'.
medical
nogl101. AceCl<ding to "'. WOOd
HI""" Orglnill6on. IIfIIV hl~ 0' ..
doivorin If'
.""lid.rod 'clol n' Ind
«tI 1It~ '" IlteOOtl! by I IrII111d
-~
Some countrios "" winning ltII
bltIle Iglinsl tellnus by I combine·
lion <>I ."oinllionl Ind _ JIl
ptClfllOll SIM, cllild~ limbo_.
where !IIree CJOl 01 fivI pr.gnlnt
-..on Ir ' IuIy imIunill<l I gl inn
....nu.. now tr. ... II _ _ ""'"
perfurm <leIMrrio.. wiIIl ,n Imphali.
on Iho '!:tIrol elll'" - 0101. ,,"neI.. I
cloln .. rllel kif dl liYl<'j. IIld clo.n
tuning lnel CI" 01 till cord. And
Chinl, _ I ltII id• • <>I rho w••
tT" .. Wll 1m d.. tIoI>tcl fI<:~
tIogln ils fiJll '1IlIIlIIS; ..ceinlllon
cU lplig n fO< _ in »l CournilL
Th. i!and. wher. ,""'""s ..... ,•
Clun _ QUmsr oIl11K1111111 mono
.r;,y. ;, on rho Wly '0 wit>in'l ....
rho dO by 1m. T1Ho .I ",PI~
me impJDl'ld " porting of tillS.
nil" odutttion III rnotiYat& -..on 11>
bI inllId. I nd ,"clling .. I. birIh
prICli III trlditionll birth l nen·
dInts. IIuTth worl:.... Ind othor
'...........nvrlldlfl.
Between 1988 100 1!l92. lIIanus
....oid ..........11ion <>I Thai _
..I rty <Ioubll<110 ~ whii:1 tIII"US
siIoIs I nd baosl"s Wl rl giYln III nint
"'" 01 ,on ••hooIohildr.... Sot. dol·
iIoory kits WI" wid~ dislliIIlJlod.
ISfII<iltv ....Ir . IIl1nus WIS moll
provIl lOl
As • re$Ul\, in "'. two provine..
" ginoring IlIo highlst """nl~
\IIIf'OJI Jl III, !hi numblr 01 CII..
Wlsh."ld in _ veon.O
""Y" ...... thaI~~.. M ..
thf;, ,,",, ' , '.. """" iI IlIIWaM<'d
.....".~.~-:lout·
1M..,.. a,..., '"
M;'Iioa for
.... by th<o)'NO" 2lXIO.-
1IritfIJ. l ' - _,...
Id>itriIla Iht:
inc:UIr.
,
1 I .
., -.- -....
At., Ie60I tIoIit;.q

......... tIMl_ ...

-m~.~""""J.JIIII'"
_ IIw "'" 'a. 01 '""""'" "
• tho- ......... 0I. . . . .,....,.cvup/ei'
n" -wnI
lailr
,.. .......... ""' ....,..
baMaa ol thild - . --.
IriIiool.Ihc' .1.......... 01 9Ot.
img-,ni • ...•• 0 .-... 01
w-. .... M!djoioe cpt
_ ' --
~.-bO:tI
........ioIooucl , Ibt: . . . . .
t.I H..I ...",. IiIdoo ........ _ ill Do. 01 ""'"" <he UIoiola 01
~...,. iI* 1""_ II «1110 _fIiI, ,_
rca..1'ri<-'r odlool.,.... • •
.... ifts -:k. 11110,-, it ... asIoed • .... .... Ie-. . . 01 dlildn:L Ihc'
...., u.ilod sax- Wet MOlbnbood 1"0;' fl _
C"""'.... 1!I l Il. _
ill 500.000 .... , _Ibt: . . . .
•
r - __ .. ..,...,....,.,..... -u.we ol faaoilr : ' . .....-.
~ .. IIw .ocl : '• .....w? ...................... ....l ....
w!l:J,... mot$It. wm' W1lIaN iII!l11b- ""'"" Ia<J'fU Ire -"cr ....,. ol
SQl.-Alrin . . . . . . a 1...20"* ....... . « Ihr Iwc lha ol do<-
01 d1ilt« ill dIildbin1I 'II'lwa1M ri* ... _ booIio: btatfilI; ol _.....w
• _ III tho- n!ldbWzul -'d ... $/I0oI111_ bo: ....sr ...mt*: _
'-I bcoIoo '"""'"" 110 ....1, ill ~ ,.. "'_ .... 1O"lbfr' 0""'''''''
the .... '" fwocloonkC " ' .... lOll; Obi
ill suniwal. IltUh. _ triIiDa wbidI
Ncw goa]s
"'" ..........,. '" "'" -.hi *"'-'lr ~
The ...-fI...........'IM ollhe*", inlorJuJn-
lioa p i ~ lhi:o ~ The
ouainmo.:nl ol lhlt 01IC xual - <orhidl for
Il>c IIrl'llirM On hiWlrjrbn>u ~hl . basic
i'dmtiflc lllllllOCl' 10 vinual/y f\'tfY
b" lI"WIltd. And I~ .. . - "" 1ICI<Id
n:a!IOIl
any
Ul lh:cly Ibne 1m&:-""<I"c:n1S 10
family III """""llIIIlt no mal....
w!l<.on· lhcy mat live. Al\hau ~h p<.....:rty
and ullCk'lllrvelopmml malcf \he: I;ISk
----
--- -
"omm.mily In lhe worid ~ ~_ ~ diIT"",h, IIII' Ithltvt.ntdl '"
...r.unl lhal many oIb<..,. Ilimibr and !hut ~. daft ..... ~ P pCIIl
,.quaIly iqIortam plI CllOJId be ~ I'dlnaloJajto or txpl\l'
~ ,. 1IIIIlooto ~ 10 rna., oM ""wicJoiaI ~ tI>o:r" an:, ,,,
lh<' It\mIjIl - ' illbe iI>IcrnarionaI Lbt ~ ol ~ rtXhtd
00ll'IlUIiIy p¥r U .,1lIillo.1I Ju;lpDIt.
III Lhr !II '" Ill9O. IhB rioina __
....... the ...a "tl\W'Oby IIiY dr¥clap-
iolll .......,. IhaI jtiwocoIlhc- lash adJj.
_ ' " wlai o:llIOId be' doIIC ........... n- :wiarit)o.
iIILhr:ew.. '
_ _ beW
aolw r\DbII .......
......
The I<IUII t1al'I "* 01
w.r ,.. 2lXIO .... ;. tUnaItd •
0• • hio« II of
.... • opjICIIOfCl II> poliIjtal 1Ililaoy, ..... It $25 16loI .,.... Thio
«,e ........ 1hl' Warid S--
.. ... CbiIdoft. IltW • 1M Ullilod
;.. amalI \lricIt III PIr'" a ..""om
Ihol ..... dE ai .It Pf'IOK' _ _ •
Narioa .. ""' York, _OAd "'" -v.
It.:- <IIihImI .... Ibt ......
. . . . . • p<oIfi1,I'. Ntd II. iI • \lricIt
1.1"_
_
\1" ' _Itt_ ....,
....PI
71 "' • h_f"tl71l1li011.
_ PI-.

"'-l _01 111._ _ bill bfn

" oa
.....w
whidl
Dol_eo:"
lit- _ _ a6ltclc<I it _
..... 5,ia
1M.'" I ' • -'<L lOll! D '" -.-

...........,
........... .,. ad._a ill :a.o-I-
_ _ "'dlriD
' ""' ~ __
.. .... 1IioI1loodgo;u. ..... 10 lit- all ad
lD 1 a"om io AI ill ..-ciOlt
balii: . . . -.hi b":do , . . .m.
~ ~ .. tho- & ocl,_. ...... ~iftIIh __. bosic: ......
-.hi. TIM: tnuk .... ....,., of _ ...... Nk ...... .....,.,...... r-i)y
-u.I1CIIlh _ • ",UlillM - _ piau....
eiptd by 1511 ~ _ thai nth
ftaliQn ~ lIdlIjIIlho' '" ito"""
~ and drrw DaIionaI
u
 bH1I rncII<'d in Chile. China. Costa
~ C u~ tIM: l>crnomlic I~'s
~bli<: of KotN. 1l00duru. 1l00g
Kong. Indone$a. Jordsn. Ku Vl'lli~
Malaysia, Maurillus, Mexi<" , Oman.
lbe Philippines, Saudi Arabia, l\misia,
and U",If\I3Y.
n The lJW.dccadc larjp.1 of • 90lrt
1'Old\lCllon in mea.. .... ca-. and • 95'l
rl'due:tioo ill m<:asIes death .. is likely
II> be rta<htd in sevaaI COWltries
Indudina: Bruit ChUe, China. Coot.o
Rics, Rwand.o, Tuni..... VICl N- . and
Zimbabwe.· 0'teraIl. there /lao ~
"=' a 6fl1, n;duction in musIes ~
andlID 88ll. reductioft in meuIes de.l¢b.
collljWtd II> prWnmllllitalioo levels.a
o ThI....., is aI$o o<>/lcI I""Il"""l 10
rq>o!I in lhcbattle II> cnodicale polio in
selected areas by 1995. Thm: haw:
bee.. DO ".,.. <:alICll of polio in Nonh.
CenLral or Soulh America lor Ibe 1asI
1wo yean. and poIio-l~ >OIM':S at"( now
also bcinsl =al«l in Europe, Nor1h
Nric:l. Soolhern Africl and !he Middle
E:ast. Globally, the numbtr <If polio
<alft "'"" Men rN...,..,) by apprtlJ<i-
maa-!y8OIrorompoan:<lto .,...,..mmuni<a-
lion 1.....,1s (fig. 3).~
n MlIDl' nation. have ""'" begun to
U"" 'n
immonU:alion sys(enI8 diotn"bote
villlmin Acapsules La child ~ oot'r !he
~ d si>: monlh. - includi"ll
Bangladesh, Btuit India, Malawi and
the Philippines.a lD lWO d Ihc devel0p-
ing worId 's """" populnus CDW1trieo,
~ and lI>dio. bctwt'eII ~
and ~ of chikln'll ~ &0 W- been
There have beeu no """,00tI. An :o«:cler.o\i<In ot ~ ­
and 1he use of the irnrooni<:uio• ."..
tMI lor vitamin A distribulio:l in IIW'IY
fl ew cases of polio more <ounlri<... - ...iII be ~ if
lhe JtlnbaI ~ of <"OfItrolling ¥i1amln
in the ioestern A debnq by 1995 is l<I be met. lnd<-
l"'f>deft, ~ condtlClCd in 1992
<OJIlimJ llw, in many areas of the
hemisphere for the develol>inR wnrId, ¥i1amln A SIlpp;e..
mMlS <2<1 nod",,", child tlc3tho by lID
last two years. "_ of 25lo-
o R.t;Md PI"llUC9S it oIso bcing made.
in IlIlIDY n>Iiono, towar<h the mid-
decade goal of cIiminolitlJ[ iodine deli-
cienq> (panel 8). 0vl'1" 1M 1asI rIVe
)'W'5, tWi<H>al soil iudizalion pro-
. ,I[!WIUIltI have lfOI>e in1I> IuD ~
in s toW nf ~ cleYo.o\oping COIIntries -
ine11lding I!ang\adesh, China. ltKll.\
and 1'illswI. which !<JI(t1her cootain
no:... rly half the developing wnr1d's chi ~
~.. By 1995. 1latlJ[tadeoh. China.
ltKl~ and T~ia wiD bl.' producing
er>ouJlh iodi=l WI La pn>l<!ct tbeiT
entire population..~ A funher 33 """...
-"-
tries art-' in Ihc proa.. ... of 1il1ling up
In """'" DlIion.. the " .... Its arc
aIn;ady b<.>comiDJ( oppucm: llbuWL
Rolivia, and E......,d...., lor example. art'
~ to the point nf preventina: SIQ"
"""'" caoes nf Hx!i"" derociffl:;y eeor-
den!. ~ .......'1inism.
n The 1990s bave a1loo _. """,killed
1'S000teso itlwmillg lhe lido: agaillSl the
b<>nlc-fe<dinK 01 infsnts. Aft.... ttIO<'e
than " decade nr W<IIi< by WHO,
UNICEI', and many no"1ltM.'1"1lmrnlal
0flllU\lzati0ns. the frtt Dr Sllboidi=l
dislributioo of infAnt formulas to ""'"
t1>OIlI<:n in ho,;pitalo lnd t1I3lemily
clinics has t-n banned in nearly SO
,k,••,loping CDW1trieo where m.. pn<>
lice_ fornll!r1y a<....,'k'd .~ Under!he
WHO/ IJNICH 'baby-frit.'fId1y hospital
initiative', man, hond,,'ds nf h.oo;>itals
and malmO i\)' unilli in lM.... 100 dc>'c~
oping and indo 1;b'io.1it<:d counlries ha~
s<Jo,oc<J !he ,"" sl<po to ....t<Ct<Sfu1
~Il' dsa"", up by WHO lIld
UNICF.F in 1 989_ ~ In bosl>i1aIs where
re<ords have been s.na/yl><<l ,he rn,.
quency of iIIIles!! lIld death IIIlOIlS!
II<'Wborm has been substantiaDy
1'Old~ and siltniflCallt tirw>cial ......
ings bave bef:o nude_- Given !he Sll~
PQ<t DC health pn>frsoinn*1s, the
~ of infanl formula manut.<,
WtW'S, and !he continued ilI.....lvemcnl
oflhcpoblicsnd !he~1al
~.. it ohouId be r-;ible to
actI~ lhc mid-dc<:ade. fOlI of <"fl'Jlll'.
ini th:ot the majorily of the wnrld'. hoo-
pjtab and t1I3l<.... i\)' uni!o "'won the
ncIu!ive ~ing of infanls in
lhe rim lew 1lIO<Ilh. of life.
n Thcgoal 01 controlling guineaworm
disease by 1995 is aho rIt3rly within
"-""C:h ~ n!f<1ing hope to thnx who suf·
fe"11>DIIlIM 01 ~ pain, re-. nan-
!lea, vomitinJr, diarrtIoca and ~
bndy wakncss. To""""'s Ule end of
the 1!lllOs, !he worldwide number of
eases of guinea worm di-.. was eiIti-
1lIlIlnl.~dJl0""""
r _ "" l!I!lt - " " ilia 1ht .......
~ ilnowdowalo""""'U-l..u..a
n... traioI'<Iln lbt ,""opo ~. _ of onlibi-
........ Ikn allhouch 00 """"triCI ...,
I\1IlIIU.'d 10 haW' dnwn ... pions ""
--......._-_ --
.... 1 Solo_

- 9OlI; ~ tbom ill juol .,...". A&><-

.-riel. ladiL
~

19S1 1O
1ht..., 10
__ iI
w -.btr ....
InIIII 4Cl,lKKl iro
I lXXJeaos ill 1!l!lZ. ill.

19!il5. r.mu. "pulEd _

1ht ...... ior
Z3 CDOS
..,..,.
,.. IiIlle
1ttIh. Tht
....... clIiIdrN
III ok """'"
~ aiM
~
~·Ibtft is .
01 K'lb _ . . - - "
ill Iha - . , thIIl 3

'I
_
iIliJ I. loci.."
1IoNt6I 01.....
-
ill 19!1:t ... :ohooiW _ joia I!tIt .... ......, .... 1IOl ....,.,. ....
c.-.... c..-..-eo-. "- IIoe dIiIdi •• 01 IIoc

........'·i '..,.
--"1....," '.....,..
GadIiil, ..... III po<IfN
s-li AtalIia. Mol \.. . . . 'dlt ill 01
( .... IhM ~ --'1' Irftd III
1bt. . 1o •• 0I1hi1 · 1Wo0l ... 1Ioc_..... d. . IIl.-lo... .....,.. .
_.o& <Wd ' .... ~ .-l . . . ..... ' 'l Il h i tIot dtoooel-
NilIIorio. ~ ~ llioc -*:r 01 CIIliDI-w. Yel dllt dnp """ ......
_ lor SOli 10 dIoo ~,.,... ' lIId ·c. . I 1ld 10 IllId 1ht
O M...,. . ,. I. ·'lII' ~ ... ..,.,. ~0I1bc-V. d.a.
ItIIII<iaM: IIddr -.I lqcty \IIIJlI"I drc:M ..., _ Ixirlr.... PIilIblt III -'
..""' •• - . I s lbt IIOCl 01 <It-. tIooooc wloo.-cliMm,
....-PIIb'""................,brlht a 1'1 "",•• in ......-... ~

• 01 run!
..... hM
19!1l III _
'*"
Pl.
n. 1a
' .....2OllOUill'. bda.1ht~~ ol ORT lw alMbtal lOO ....... Aqur-
wiIh ~ 1<1 ""'" Lor 01_ C\'IIlw)' hM now pa-.I since
him ~ ....... :lOll in iJoo, <!bw'd ' _ """'" thai. dclIydra.
lIlA In 1992. If this tlon oouldbe pr'CWfI~ ond 1rnItd by
~ Is maintaln<'Il. Ih<.'D India _ill
........10 lh<, rtar 2000 WId oIlU1i~
1I<'C\'lI6, m ruralan.... 1>11997. In 11ll3l
2.2 "'illi'lII Indio Marlo: II lwId.-.",flS,
"-loI>'d liInlugh <.Wplr.IliOlI
a mialul1' ol oupr ond ...... . a ~
~ry dw wu dc!I<'l'lbo.'Illn!he 1!l70s ..

IIIn101,f1tl: " lilt _lin.".Itt"'.·

. _ II( Ike t"M1nI ,.rdiro/ .m..t-
n...
ICChniquco it ¥inually <'Ooll.frt.t . Vel k is
brlwt..... lilc: GcM:mmmt .... IndiA, sllII known 10 only abolo.n QIIt Ibinl or
_-----
>f_o-
lIo<.. lWl..... _

.
_- -
..... _ _ 0 . -
1lII _ _ ...

c• • _

--- -
lI "lC ~. ond ~ <lIP" !he: dc: ,d"pio~ .......tof. lcrnilitL And
~ .... ...,. ~ wakr 10 diIn'-<l " - Is ttill kiIiI.- am-
...... 5SO millioIl ~1Il. iniIiIII CVSI S miIIioa dIiIdn:a • )'9'". Utime ma.
oI_u&... I) S4 ..........-. dmI ...... lbt ...... teld ~ of
... 9 look " obpk • lbt pI'1lb- btfttr-ol Of """" iaAonoIiII - ' "
.--
Il'mI Iha haW' btotIl mdItrtd ..., lbtM it Is ditIcuII 10 Ibtm
.............. 210 ,... '" deb ""'d dyiow • -:ll _ .... 25 ~ dot
..... ~ . . .eded ill ...... _ - . , 01 . ""M .. Iooooft«
1lIb~ owl ~ _ ., wiIhia 1!ilI 1NOtCly. Samo.- - a ad •
""""010""., • I ' ~,.. Ilbula. C
S-.....
• c-.
s,.;.. .... l*d kfi> F...........
~

~ ... ( ' 1 , 'I ...

.l.oaol:a.
iro lhc' _1_
T--. ~ . \'.
.......... """"
t&. ...
......... 1IuI __
~
.
1liIIl!her? _-.r rqualb . . ~ tlIiIn _IIe ~IIl •
. . 01 ....... . wtlidI ..., 1 • doc OIT III • ~ IJOI.
C' U 1MIdl _........,., (Ir.~ .

__ __ __
---_ _c_.
1

l'roes•• ill _ ill "...Ii...... A$nil pu:... . lbt IIlI'IIlllllt: 10

· . .. . . t . _ ..
..... from noww jIO'OlWt ~ . . . . . dtb,dilllioa ill

_
~

~ -..p killer0I1ht _ ....,. _ AnIGl<

..--------
schi. III ~ ..

...._...."'.-
........ l"'olol ~ in a dcwn lIMiooK IhtncIt wiIh rood: ...... diIII; 10 '10110
hlW'ahowoo Iha ~ <k'alha ..... t$IinoOIft, ....... $1 bi50a a ~ ill CIIf'o
bt' ~ II)' "l' 1050l il"portIIIS arc Imtlr bnIr; onIicIiaf 'hoecI
cpenl ....
iDbmo.'Il oIt1l<' Nfly dan«n" aigrw.. and dr\cs. _ 01 which """ ~ or
if C'OmmUIIiIr 1K'alth ......un arc harmIuI, whm &II thai. it """""-'<I, in the
"
T'1lt WIlIlof' mDS' plofound "IIIfi.
I tionIl 'g. ney is 001. ... n On
_ ser InC dOl. flO! "'...
voI:.. ""Ilk Ill.lngl . Yfl COflIIlIO/I,
is lho<kiI>g in
...ry<Irj ml lnuttiti<ltl
_ .. .1• • nd .....'ilv; I st..1Ihy
ICCom,*U (If """."Y, ~ SII.<1tI II1e
mltllollnd pl!ysicil gfOY<th 01 on. in
_ ohildrenIn Ill. 6eYtIo~ WI>I1d.
Only I" 0/ no 01 lilt WIllid'S cllil-
drill. ... ibit oisiblo ~n$ or ""inlflli.
lion. Ik.c I n ",lim.tee! 1911 IIIiJIion
child,," under .go fiote IJI chroni-
co'" ml lnouti$hed, lod ttl eorlr into I
POll'''' 01 iI hOi"" Ind _ drtllop-
mem. n..probj... it mosI widI ·
wo"4. molnDurishld ._en.
' 111... 6 in So.." ....,. , hom.to hltt lIIo
Thl lcoIo!/\, of ""~ is cOm-
ple>. Ml ny ~ d . in _~ .
bou<I\oOds "'" silo" of 1.,.,.j bllWOtn
hlflilSts. 01' tmicl d""'llht and wl r.
YOI mon ... lIIourisl1ld child,.. IiwIIn
homo. with Idtq<J01. lo.d wPil. '"
Ody I ....., smal llfO»O'1ion of I flm -
it(1 lOtIlfood intokll is '1Il";,td I.
_ . ~ child . dl qUllOly.
Sptcifie "'obi. ... ouch .1 low
Ilitth Wltighl ood . p•• ilie p,.Clien
OUcO IS botllt ·lnding conIIi!lIM
hnviIy to mllnlllririon. flo prineiplol
c _ . is I!lt cO"stlM.lion
01 dis , • •peoilily o;lie"Ilo.., thot
~s in poor oo",lIIulllti.. " cl:inll
. 101" ..... tet Ind IInlttlio.. Chroric
ilInt.. d""" nutri_ from U. body
I nd its ctls,
Wh.. nourisllml nt ""'" lew, the
h.....n body mlk• • "'m~ '"
h IP golnoj. MO>lIy, tho.. "-0-
miMi 1'9 "vi5ible - or .isi"'" only
lot., III "",.. with gfOY<th <IIIrtII 10
"""SUrI lIHI llte 01 rtumi"ll. Ywtu'lly
!lie.. ly DUlWIn! siqn;, sluggish.."-
•• til. bo<tr stnIggr.. to 0............
I ....gy. UndtmOur ;shlll .lOIdron
SIInd flthor tIIIn (\Ill .nd ploy. sit
,.tIlI, tIlIn rtI<'ld. 1iIinslta d lit sir.
To oompon..,- tIN" tlWll flllriems.
til. OOCI(s mfll t>olio fl tl drops.
Blood IlIIUU'" sinU . H body t.t ;.
low, ~ 'borrows frO)lll its .......... _
dlpltting musole ifISIud of tit I nd
slowing CPt dtlorminv bone growth.
lung botorl ...m.triIio<1 t>.oomes
vi$lbll. ~ I "'lIlifieS ti'>I WOIIt . . . . .
quen••• lit h iS. Tho ris ~ 01 dyi>g
from I giwl n diselSI Is dou_ for
mildly molt>ourishod ehikjren, .nd
1ripIe<l1CPt those mooerat.ly molnour·
WIld. '" ' (JIlri. ~ is 1 11eto1 in OM lIlinl
0_
lit til. 11 milIinn un...,·!Mt d••tIls
N t h V-I' Good ourriIion. .. till
other hind. is .. """"ur
ag l inst disl.II,
For I '"""'tv 01 fI.,OftS tIla! stiln·
tisss "1 only lIoeginnino; to u"".. stand,
molnlllrilion SIlfur. hlldllt inIhIlasl
l1lmISll' Dl pr~n.ney Ind dering tho
fitS! t2 -.how, bini\. During fIlis
.......'"blo sta g., !hi liny 1I000000cl1
' oquires OOflS\OrI\ ~ brain
dlYMpmonl is " ' ring 'OIl'l!'lItion
.nd till " a ~1i'Ig imm..,. sysI.m i.
_ .klo!.
Tho _ _I tIItol$ 01 stlrntinll
I II oon.lfI,nl'" baton • oh ~ · . tnt
bittl'KlOI'. Eve<> a "Ulrition rnp""..
thlr l.ft", til. ohilll" liUly to sufi"
!f.m bllow-norrnal grnwtll, . ~ C1in g
phy$k110<'ld _ I dl,"lo""",nt ' nd
oomluOIIIimQ til, lulu" 01 . h.'kI'en
Ind _ nllion..
Poorly nouriIlttll ......,... lind to
IIivI billh to l.WMle.-i<;ht bab:.. ~
......OIIrisMd in 111. _ . ntI Ilk""
to ' "m.in 50 in Ihe o"",illl'r!J ye_
lit ttl.
III 111. t950WorIcI Surnrnil for Chi-
d"fI, po>li(l.11 lei"'" . grHd on ti'>I
IlOl1 of h. Mng _VIfe I nti mod...to
m.,""Ili..fit. . .mong untIe,·fiws
by 1M ye., 2lOl La!V*·••• 1e 1><0-
grarnmn in both Afric. Inti Intli.
...,.
h..... reollllfy .-.. til.. rt4 O'n be
E""" in d1I 'lidS! o! I n Il:ooonio
.r\ois. Torti.....'. o""'"'unity·.......
IrirIg. nw'ilion P'OlI" """' h.. mo,.
thin h'lvtod Ihe r.... oj _III m.I..,
trilion in thrII Y"'" Tho m.1OOSlo!
thl prog,.mmo .... . ~ ...'rultaly
Slh ohild in 1!18(. Thai 00$\ his bnn
.......111 to lbout 12.50 PO' . hiJd ..
!Ito proor'n'Wne _ nltionwicll . 0
_ m¥rl1 01 .-... if lIimJjo lAd doIrinI: drIi+<7y. t'lloock <IP"durifII: _ Rs-IOno I'oi:l* allw
P . l1li _
iIIn:p<......... OKr. II3rl<'Y ... ho/p to ........, hiKh blood
a Tht I!UIf 01 ~ lIl:'OJIalal prt'MlR'. aIIImliI. and ...... WI ... t,o l....,0111
. . - bl' 1\l!l5 will ...... rncht<l _ ............ 0( m ' 0 wi dalh,l. l'wo
............... t:J-d $. In 1990, • ~.,. prcItfC1 looth - " « :l... _ .
...u.-d 5.'ll 01 JII,a _ _ ..
tht ...,,'. · • ......w......,~
-'dIiId
,1rOiD<OI5 _ ...... _
...-..ltd..,.
......." DIIriQamI6:
binh,. _ _ """"'Id ..
... •
...-.- _ "" 1!I!Il, lhaI .......
bod , . . III briDa' ..,.. ~
dIiWrN _ "" •• ' . 01 . . - .
......1hnIl!IIon' ill _ " ' - ...,..,
f!t'1-.,................
u I!QI, 01 ,.,...dNU ,,*-1laIs. dl:-.,w,..
0I1br <'lIrd) ............... lbr ....
=
~of_",,~ ",*,,_Illa_ i U H i " ii
.........alialt-.. oIlba Ieod. --w. No ...,.... """ .......... 01
T.- .... .1Iinbtiil 1 1· C....w_
aIIlrlor_d-.:JO,..s., ~_

......,. ............
. . . ill d . , . . a

.........k's.
_
boo . bIIof
......,.
........ "'alraiDl'O! .......

wllo e
... l!IInI ""'" Ia . .
........... , oi:lN\rI(-""",
ollolr jliolllt 06
.• •
,po",~."
.....
dIiJd.-
~ ""ll.....,.01.., .... bc.-atfU0I 1lirtb ' - Thio .......,.
....... . 1'C'flMo.'OI ill .., ,.,. lor .., ft.'ljIJino .,.md
It'<WoIuKks or
ynI:n:o. 01( iHU >«' with _ ","n ~ It ... 1IOlI'lIlaIly ..
~ a.--b«-a.. jiI ... id<1I 1III ~"''''' bJ' '''''''
Ult<l """'I)' ll> ~. T....,..........
.. for ""'"' a q......... 01 poIitiral dl.'leI'
in. dioIrid """"""" - ' mal<!nIiIy
UIlitA lOony famil1 tohouId ~ ..
Il'IirWloo lAd ~ I...... lor
<"CampIC'. io ""', oI lht poornI """...
,n.... In 11... w<wId witha p. n'Opita GNI'
or <Hlly SJJl> a Y\'l'r. )'t'< 11 ha5 W<'-
ow= 0( ltw: rioks dri ldbinh. Itr>d
....." w~be lcIlty ID "'""~
~ ..... - in """""'" - Iur ttan.
pori 10 • IloepItaI or mal"""ll, IUlil
...._--
.'" ...._.
Q'U _ _ " . ",

-_.- ... --
,....:0.'01 In Irnmuni.Dnx n<:arIy llO'li 01 oI>Dulll the",..11 orilo<.
~l ........... apinlll 1tUnu-. And ~ II... llO"! 01 a 5Ollo red..,. _""'_"
""'''' ll>r Nlllmilmt<ll io mack', ..... lioa in malemal mon'lilY bl' """ <."lId 0(
_

laI
PI sdr
e-I be !'JPd: TholIand. hao nil
-..ll<tanu. tlNIho ~ hall ill 1M
w.... yftIS bl' ~ ril!..wn
cIHIwr ~ -r ""
lht- <'CIIlU'l' .. ll.th 100. "'"
l1li an- In<cloI 01 «-..i<' ~
bIf:

IIIftIL II wuuId lrIW briIIsria,I( lht-

_ _ mIIIIC'nIaI rolOf1alily
., ISO dnIh. .....
'* .."."
---
<bob5r«" lb ........i...... ...........,. 1<1
_ .
500.000 binhJ - a
--~
*-ly IdIi<.'oo.

-
.... '" .......w 01
......_
... oI.. ' r; •
~is_llllr
_ _ -uiIr. ,
...,...,. .-.its

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.. lIK' -"L io. I 51 l1lioll,. 11K'
F..-r ,.... ~

.
SlllUlOO Ilo;n,;u'" f't:Gpir'. Iltpubk of

-....-
..-.~ """" U ... ;io lbr Pl3i1 '
<tlidt*th. Tho' _ ..... Sri 5 V''" N-. _1 ..
"llIM!III coalil br~ U l~ if _160
. . . T1w"'; 01 ,'[ a"""'"10 t'dln:

lbt inI is ....mol iii..

~i5
.. iI
. , ............ "' ............
............. 01ckoIho IIIoriaa: lIf"tC"
_0I . . _......-of.1IIr
........ lor l1li lIOIl: of dIiIdml if

....... w.w5 1 k"'of _ _

..., ... dIIdllirIh ... dlr ckoIho 01 . . . 0I ...... _ 1looI ~ 0I
___ -tao_ _ )'aUI; 10Ii-<' 1lirtb 1/lf: _ dilInaIllO •
...,.......... do D<II wioh III ......... . . ,.;d ..... io 11M- 19!iOo" 19iU<.
..,It or.-bo .......... _ .... priawy ""'""01 -' .-.
. . olwIiow. t'anlily pbnllinlr <'llIld Iioo ........ !IIWl' ~ ... bIIm ill a
ll , ....,..,... ~ .. ","", '" .........,,01ok, . 5 ; 1 «1.'I;JUdlri<s.1*Iic-
_ ot.............hs. nan,- ill """''iIhorM Alri<'a. durir« 11><
ThI' lIt'«lI'Id !lItp ~ thr 1'"'" .... 01 ilia......
t..iic ~ nn' - ' lninl:d ""!II InaIrnowl all ~ 1b< probIrm "
"
 0llI' til. ftW'tlIion • ~ 1111: "Jll"C'_ III all .. 10 lit l!iv<n ........
pioriIy, IJM.oa oinoiW bt
~_til.Ilr ....· -'d'.~
em. *-'" I "'!rio

...
ew1II ....,.."' wbidl..... 1b<.-
~ Khool. bat doIDtwalhinlaol ....- 01 • .• chiIdr<Il lbot
lIIoooc nRIIcd.",. lor III k"'II '""'"- ' rd.
~ • • dic5 t.. IIf"C'"
LJ !'r<J«l ,' .. ..I' Z
_ _ .. ;;5 ..
_10
• ? It 10 ""'-
....". ill: _ < '" . , . '" A... . <_? . IOIlIiI..........
,.,.. ... .... '" .......,.. Ilc<ccIIl lISK.'F.F 11M IlIiI ,....
. . IUUI-"\'W.
..hiI: ..u",iIIS hnI' 1lfc& ~ -..mrd 1 _ puI6:..... - 1lrt
.-y. bul1h<T hnI' ..... bcal-..: ,..,.. • N.m- _ """ ....,. u..,
....- 10 family JIImalnll wrtioco ' - Iolcsc ..oilabk .......... 10 m:onl
rtodo<<1 !l5' in I'..ost NU (ltdocllna lIIld """""'" uallonIllCllit ., ,,",..If in
ChinaJ • .,..:r 6OlIO in SoIIlb-f_ Alia child ... tViYal. hnlIh. ""uilio.. . I'<lu<3-
and l.atin Amtrio.-a. Ilboul SSllIn Soo!h llDn. family pilnnil\,l(. and _ for
Asia, and Icss lhan lOti In A/rita... """,-.en.-
In ..I>$alw'an Mrb.ln par\l<ular.
l/w., pmbIom ~ """,h <Itc:ptr lhon
NOI by GNI' aJorl<'
lick'" priority aad lad '" Nnds. Hiah
child dallI . . . and low \o¥cIa tiI. ...... 01"11><.- baoi<. ~ lilo-Enpw-
.,.... "'" 1M __•
....ldv-..1M0U(lIl b e ~
.... 1ImiIy 1"' '' '·'I I"fIIlIIias ~ 1l.­ 10 .. lImiIQ, ....,. i. . . ba<
"".bc...
haoooo ~
Mt....tIiIc hr.'IIlh!llldcrta
Ihp ; ..._ .
.. lor....tled.1IIIjoriiJ' olllr _ _
........... ""conIL
I'<'dt rI delle. .( • poliries,. ... III s-n. tbr PflIl*Io iI I ......-.a
lIAI« ff) P'ftt - -Ilh d>c bdicllllaJ 100 b;J

......
..... Ihol 1b< ..". '" . . , . . .
... ~ Mdllel"Oicn his . .
Urloldata
•.....,.. tl>ccc .. III J"'l DO W'C'f o;pi6.
Higl/ child deat11 <'IIl1 ~ in p.ntills! In Ill- the
~ ~...""'. nc:«Icd 10........
ra tes alld knu iIor ~ in .0 ollhoo< buie IoIt'aI
of h u""", ~ M:my COUIIlritf;
prodlie<' ~ IIlaIlolief, O<l the
levels of educa tio n lw:aIIh aod IfOW\h ol1b<ir CCOi""'.......
w.f)' ' " ' produa>_ .,.... lIbliIlic'I
for women mean ON 1b< hftIIb and ~ ollhdr <hiI-
...... Yet ~ _ioI\ra .............
that demand for "'ilIbl"'~,,,,~ bosir InnIIIIIIIftCIlo lilt ~ ....".
_Dent"
.....,Iy, P"'-7 ......... ......,.
mrIlOD ' I • bem" ...
1b< ~ __. 1 .idttp...... ""iaI
lha '1loc P'""" will ....,. be wilh . '•
iIIol -Ilh - " )'OW . . ,.....,., il.
be<lXlotS _ IIld _ dnr !bit
.....1n>3iaI1I><"""' IIpt'<U 01Jl""<I'tt
ill II<Il ............ 01 _ .....6.... but 01
;Jrior'lieI.
TW<> qumont< ... ~liI1. !hi<
'' OJ[l'''
....... t1nlt. lilt oIguilic.·I:U vi
R'«'Il1 1"W"l l\;aI, by II1d "'I'\l'.
..~ by • tGlIl\lII'IllY<oIy low ~
boIm
of ~ by IO"'''''''''"I!.. II ....
~ bffll illtnlicltltd lhII tile dt¥tl-
"Pine - " " 1 _ <pfIld <N>Iy
aboul 1M oll1loT lIIollatU "" _

.'!
. ' _ I Tcy. ... ....
.... _d pulJi<'" poIilic:al"", -+ ..-. _""';' ~ ~5iri­
family planning
remains /ow.
.... _
'"' : .
.. 6 __
, Ilodios, Ibo I . m~
io I;
a
.r..,
iii • - n . Kadl:miC' Mta.. t.1r. tbc.. • lIfioa ..!laIItnl1lid WI
*-" .. '
..•.......... Ihow · ·
CIli*

. . .. _Ibo p ' .. ................. IOL·t.t.

biiIt _ _ IllaJ -'" ..... ~u.,ollid,_< ,I : ...
....,."- ... ~t· : ' .. IIfimIrr ,"" ..' _ oab" 1.9110
IiIIics _ *-u'e ~ iii • .,;. 10'1 ... imIiIy , - • Ill "
on modia and ~ !loc'omt ....... S&<:h ~ rclIca Ilr low Iood 01
IW'I 01p>litial1iIc: in """""" ....... priurily lhal poItJ ....... " - rM-n
if the IaIlc ol~ buir adYanlajln III the _ vl brin«UIIlll>t _ baoi<
"
bnIo..fiQ " ~ 10 1M ~ 10 all ............... _ IMIiIablo: lOcI
~T "'!he worId'. ~. lOcI it is Tho ~ ..,
1IIIonlabII,.
~ 10 _ ... IbM if 1M u.d< ~ ~ IJ, lor ood br)!<'. ill
1\IId ....... ,;.....II~~ ~ a- __ Moo: brnI .,.....
I'rion1 -.- _ .... lwg tin 1 • IilIbtd - ' ....,....t _ lor ll>r p'CIII
nM' I; aIld iIIlmPOoaaIIy. d'Cll it ~0Ill>rwurtd"1puIlnI JloUn..
.-III lor _ "- brno IIrIId:r ADd ,, :: 11
a. ,Shod. looddo.. ridot ofw 1M
Smlndb'. Ibttt is ttr ...dflu '" at . "h _ it..., Iiead-
e.- • its wIIi<tL, *'-" d ........ u.itItlI sua.... bo" .
ocnaa-.. III• ,<I.hLb
K "
.......... '"
.. ....,...u.e-
"'aWl.""'.
......... _Id_.. S ___
• ~MMllbr~bIl"""
$ . .....

" - ..... ft:'f'J ~

___ "' w.tlJ '" ~ponio . . . . . . . . . . . . a J'"
P""'. 110 Ilri- tiIiznL Mmr .... 1liDd 1hII _ .. b __
pIIW ..........,. IOdaT cbu to .... lor ' ; " l=iMI III lbr 5ol-o r;/
....... Illc _ .-cis '" 1btir IIrp , n vi lho: _ _ ~ •
........ Ihm IIIhtr ....-,.;"" Iha ... d>edcw' 5· •
< ' \0 ,o/ll) ............. ECbt '" ....., T " .............
poorat...........w. iIIl1Mo-"l willi. p;.T ...." _IbM 1lot ....td .. abaullOfIaI.-
npU itlnIIDto b8Iw $I.tO:I, ~_ fjj 1M ....... MlcIow'" lho: hiIturiaa
II wide "'""" '" dIfIm..al poilinl ~ And:i T"l"'boe """ _ . in lIMo
lmOO, " - oIr'....ty n.oad>t<I !he IfIIOI 01 ~ btforp lM ""' _ ~
ft'dllciJli undtT-fM monaIiIy rat... 10 upon tbI' wwld.1ha 00., .,;,IIu~
1tI Pft' 1,(00 bWu: or Itw: CbiIIa. Ibo
Dl'i,••crlllk '~'. ~bIio:: 01
i f _liM pm /1\, .....
""n
"'.ism]#Di."
_.di.' illmi Hli,.. ~ it
KIln... I"': n"rul:d(," Il.:public:. E,imo. titll1lt1 ","II" "'.tIIl> '" d,.;Ii. ~·""
Il" Ddu,"", U~ Pbilippln..."" Sri lanka, 1l' 'I1ililllU ~ /1\, 1l'IIQ/I b"ll~ rllU:
III>d \!let Na", .
!'iimil&rly. """'" 01 IJM. poomIl
llalioIa illlhl: world. iD<:1udinJl: bu in Public pressure
....b&h&nIa Nrio.... """" """""r The ~t thtt'M 10 "'it jUl"It M any poor
~ mUawioioon rat... bolaw 1-"_ hope is :hoi lho: C"lliIUlIilrnlIl :hoi
1t'tIlha hili !he ~ QIl:.Ior !he b.we btftI mIdo w;a _ <OItIDIIIl>d a
do ,, ·. ·OUI...-1d.II ......• ........ lOcI ..1tIiokrd 1'rion1. '""""" countries are today
Y.,> <:'DUIItIb Qh ,.,. aPe> whiclI .... Ioq _ -:I 01. pr;.,.,.
GSI'I 01 ... tb& $l .tO:1 II,... how iourrr:M III die poor. ~ I/lrITJ closer to meeting
.0100 aw, d Iht l!OI " .., • ajoe pnme,d .....1 il ly ......... lUI

---
-'<. whir athtr ..... Qh twft ............. l8l ' ADd it is wbnI
. . '"wi riG:"ol'd ~ II ............ tilt Uk. " " aIld ""'..<WLI
fhe most basic needs
... -.- Ibt
.. ....., kW of .,•••••. • " " - p . •
...... limit _
lwoo , 1Ilol dot
b<lIiI 110 0 .
of thei r peoples than
I \0 iii&, Sri lab. -.I ZidIobwt

--
" - allft<bnI ....... of ,"01"'" rlooat' . . . lllllot.., " ' - "
.1Not ... ,..."'.....,......... [ : ........ -"po .. w athe r countries that
..... D oI 1btirdliIdmL. .
..... _lhr~.,!he-'f". ..... · d -.on _ ~ are considerably
rn. II w-I pubic. ... ....,ro.I,
lnIIII 1Itt . . . - . . . . - . . orpn;a. wealtll ier.
..... rn. Iht palilinI
Promises and ~
n-.--...........
aIrndJ
..I.. ,.....,1tO
1riIhIto. nnu
cIiIIn-.1, sbow
... ..'Vi 'I 1t:adtn.

Ii.
~
oioaaI bocits and buiinl.. . 1eIItItn.. and
frnm Iht . .... ~, .
bow i fl_ bI>I. .. !he P"""'" pootIl- &",,<10'. tIIIf:Il1iII if lhe aomrnitnw:ftlS
IiIIl The l« h olories ....d ~ thai 1Ir:ot twIl IllIdlo ... 10 bit P<a
.... briJIlIini IIasit- bt1>dito 01JlI'1lllR'A ..... ~1 lIIOl imp.1l11. se.-tina' .........
"
TlIe .iIi.. ot !hi _.P"'II W<J<ld
I .,. growinlJ Ike. limo. " lU I ••
"...1.,.., . WIlhWl 15 VII.... hlH!hI
d_opina wDrId'o popuIllion wiI ~
"rill" Cint, will hi" 10 <loIIble lilt
tlPICrrv 01 booi< _ n hb WlI'tt
. rId nnilllion limply I' mlOl\l", lIII
stll.. quo.
ToQUCiIJ.I"". !hi clp",,1 01 H",,·
n l', oilers In • .a mple 01 bolh !hi
~ .nd I PfO'lIising ooIuIiDn. In
201'I11S. its popuIatiofl hi S ~..tIr.d II>
m .cm .. mi<jrlnts from tI'll! ccumy·
aid. hi'" CCMM in ...,eh ",jobs.. Two
lliId. ot m..." IN, in m_ olioOf\' 1_
known.s ~Imn ml~ltl.
Most wrrio dwlIl\tft buyW',orto,
_ . tOng I nd d""b'lg from priy.1I
vendoo's.. The watlll Is .~.., 1.W1SIh!.
"nd mlly PlI1 'til limo. II much per
g. b "' reSHI_ who .,. .on-
neCted II> !he public ... tt , 5Y$Iem.
lick oIld.qu.t1 Wll.' 1M ..", , alii-
,.6.. muos !rOquenl iIn... . ... _
grOlM:h: MI in len child,en dil .
bri.., 'H 'r.inv 1M 'gII of fivoo - I
lht«l 01 111. dl . 1tls boinlI !rom <1<. ..
'''0011 dile ....
In l W1, lIII _ .n OIlio<ul
....lIr InO .. M8ti.. 191n<y. wido
UNJCEl' lUPPO't ~unc"'d In ....,.••
IiYI progt_ usi"ll indll*"lonl
...as. c-...lllnkl..nd trlI< '110
jll'crvidl ",_lei in pQ<lf r.;ghbour·
hood.. WIIhin 1ivo yell" maf. Il'Ian
!>O,OOJ peeple in 26 b, ,,ios _re
gWing Ml8r from sal., 18li.bk1 and
pe<mlMIll SOlJf<I ', c~ ........ 01
housl _ wo,l r .. pond..... from
CC\ ofinco",". only'' '.
The .""",,, .... u11h. Mondu,••
o:trotegy .. 1l1e '"",,"unil'\' _
board Ileol4O by..ell barrio. Bw rd.
.. cru~ ",*", t .., I.bo,,,. ""'"IQI .nd
........i11 th........ _ .... _ bih
lJ> ....,• • nc!. uhim.tety. ' .POV tho
....."".rr1 ",. de try UNICEF .nd tho
Gowrrlllllfll. In • PI'''''' UNICEF p", -
~ m..... f...... sIlowe<I willing.
rII.. lJ> PI\' Iof dl<.... Am-lion try
1Ikin11 OUI - ond '. PO~ _ 100.. lJ>
buid u rVtor-,o ... itt.
8V ... In. of OI/Ch S111109i.. -
lnchuling c"'"'"'"'nv porticipl~on.
c...... ~ .nd c()O\ "c........ - uni-
...,..I.«on lJ> cle,n w,t" ond $In·
iIItioo1 cln IIo t<l»tood !Iv tho ,lid 01
lho cor.turv. Tho c.51 ot <Iriling web
,nd in:lllllin\l Pll"PI is nolong" lIfO'
hibiliv•. A ~ codo Q> ~ c.... $9.5OO 10
sink I h~,qlippod boroI>olo
in tho SLIlIa.. TOllIV, lI'Io1 c.51 is 00wn
."""
S'" h is oq...... olMouo thll tho
aool ot uniYoml ICCO.. wit no! ""
I Chieved !Iv cu",nt OUlilVtlo.
O! tho ,Slimlll; SID..1ion
spent by \I<MII""",nlS IIId I~ng
.1"'.'
cotmII... on WIll' 'upptr. only I ",,",
tl IliIion is hoIllini 10 m l _
sch.mo. ~.111I on. in HoM",..
which ~_ • low·c.ot ,oroic.
~ ... d on hlndP'J"'P' '''lu;PPocI bot. -
hoi.. 1<Ill SUfll or Vlld Wl t.,·OIAnd_
piP" ooMnol primorilv!ho poor. Tho
_ sa I>iIion i, """"t.d 111 ItII·
tivolv high-cOS! $YSltIlIS- ....i l. rtroar·
mont p1lnlS. ~ SlltioroI.
in<Iividt<ll houHltokl Will' oum_
Ind lligh/r mocllJniltd , _......-
tomo - """'V IhI t>olI,,·olI
<o,,"nun~j Most \IOYImmtms .ro
Ilso OlJtrsidizing th. opelllion " .11
"",int.nl""O cosu by . , """h "'
"" ApprOlim. tetv 12 bi5ol' pecpli in
111, developing world " . tlldovdoro'ocI
ICC'" to • boto ........... of ..II
drinking ter. On preoetll po1IIm!l of
"""" I n lOlim' tocl 7Tl1 ....on
peo","'" rtiIl be wilhDur I II. _
by lho . IId ot tho CtnlU"I•• nd !hi
lIUIllbo, 01 po.pIe wilhout '<llqu.t.
IIn lIation ...,;n "'VI Inc" ... d to
I wroQnototv 1.9 biIion
Tho muugo 01 !ho 1..1 docld •
cOOJld no! bo <Iolfl( Tho VIII 2lDl
\101I1 ot mal<ing .. f, .....w .nd ,.m-.
lion, vllo"" Ill " tin "" ICliovocI -
IlIJl ""IV by IIstrl1Cturi'lg gOV«<M'll!nc
O'l>lnditu,., end OrneII\lUooII lid in
I...ur oIlow-com communitv-but<l
otrOlllgil$ lot !tit \'OOfISl CI
1M Iclr'mol <oa 01 polillcaI ti L""....., lOld b,. folIiIl« ~ b'1hr
~ ...~ JOII\I. . - 'OM whidI
Ii;.,.. mer
u... ~ up
IDol
ii_IOI!
at
..., ~
pn>- tu... ,' " !Ilidl ~ ckpcm.
To _ 1llio- - . . ...... _1O
loI ioDrd iII __ ""WO'" u...
tit ..' " ....w _--'""
...... lhtf'e a. ' ,"• ...., JiDr . . lilt lusit _ _ . . . IbIII t.-
'_.IIol
_ 111.1120\
aidpo.... I' ''''''. ......
aid is • .. oJ ... _
btt'oo~riJ <
,..,l1li""""'_.........
' , . '$

. . the wa hmrlIII __ 01 the Iizlrd HIIl ll orilI ~

l"I"ftfa ~. bro........ ill bioi< lht..-..,. ~ 1aol1O
hcwIlIl. tdIo<aIiaIl. ... 1bIII ...., CIt'< oI.o1lht iIIlmt'CIi-
t o...." ~ io u... kiro4 lie ,,",bIcaw " "'""" (" ..<Iii.
01 aid whirh the IDllioritY at Jlf'<IlW ..
tho: ~ ..,nl wioJI '" aM.·
and 1M kind 01 aid wlIidI tilt majorily
,.....
Lhl 01 \lOlIIi<oI ill u...

0/ ptq)Ic ia the ~ WUI'Id ...w.

tu ~. But 10 • Iar¥e ""lnIt. tile The 21st century
..... ancI Wpo, iii todaY. aid pro- 0-- and ~ lht 1lI'\lblcrrlt of prior..
~.. n;rrnain fr=u, in .... ~trnI ky ancl l'O.'llCJllJ'C. iho ~ 01 brine·
ul u... rol4 ..... ""'" About. m ... ialf \he _ b.ooio: bt'ndl lf; of """"""
Ulliltd !iIaIa f<mgn ......... is miJt. lo .a C'CIIDIIIUI>iti .. "On/rolliN"" •
IIrT lid .., IIlr heal yar ,9tt DD't 111 "" ki Al Ibmol01'"""" pnl<!r lDljlIIi-
"'- 2S\ ... ~ aid io ... tmr. Tbtft a . ... IIld~...
-w lor [mit. l.-l a:04 .... 1«<1hoobudl~""""''''_
...... l1li Sorritt ~ _ Itbit ,UikIlb ~ b< OWl . be••", .
n.iIItr: . ,
.... ... lbt dr:,d ; ' •
su ....... dot
-w.
hi oddIi-
w,...........""_
fII. " , -"1 ,.
....
If

..... - " ~ polir;y ......1Iltft, pVOOIIl. _ . ." ' . ca,. ..

IIltl lf ... *=r~ "" n..- wtictlt ...
........, 1IId ... <...."i11 < " .
tiaM. o.tr oblIa 2SS 01 .. lid. ..
tuIIIIIIr . ~ 10 .... 1tIl ........... ill
the -w ... ..., bo.... \II 75\ "'!he
worIlI'I poor."
AI. • Iimt.me. many h.t bop<tI thIIl
tlw md 01 th<: <Old ..... _ 14 .nfrwa
oub$WItial Iinmc:ial ~ lOr
IId d......m ~ _ of iht """" lmk:
probIontt '" w<>rid 1I'M"fY, tl... ifttema-
tional dt-:dOpli....i l t/Jott IJ illlac:l!k'-
In.I: • ........., linanciaI ...... Tho:
............. dnnmd b' aid IIId - . -'
_ ill J::asIn1I F_
!rift of Ihr lonntr ~ Uoioa,
ODd Ibl' alii&-
_ _ .....I!lio 'l'f'£ "'oWtAl· .....
- - . !be raM: 01 " 5 • • 1OCIo:J'.
plICIelll:AIlot IIIiIIIlillI Ilor _ baslo:
~ 01 ..... _ lO.oIl'!"IPb....,.
be' aIIonIcd CO'CII INa priorirJ lhaa •
the """"'- pa!It. lbio _ III ..", _al
llCIlonly ... ~ .......k. bul .....
At least 20 % of
• profoundly mloIakta _ . r.... 1bt
achio::\'tmtllt of basic human kOIh Is international aid
not only • humalliW\an Un~li>e. ~
i. olao """ j)j' iIll' _ ~ I ond
1Cl:e!O"bk: llflIlo at Sln.'ll,flhti\inx 1bt
should be nflocated
"""""""",,, """""" dlmoco." mil
........
01 ~ W llI'N ", oIlltAl.lhai

m: ............. It",.« u 1bt

to meeting the
minimum human
I' Ed..ilh ump t<.dr:o&<d dl6ciIt .... · ' tk . . - oI llor ...... ...
Irl -w iudusa ' 5 d _ aad the potft(ilrl fi " _1*11 01
!rift - ' Ihr , oJ . - of pc:8DO' lhio ..,...n. n..,. ...," ' .. • needs of the poorest
........6.iIiat • ..tI1oit:Il . . . _ deaiI • ,.., 1, . . . . . . . . .a-
.. SoMMa ............ V e i l ,iL bDw !hey IIIiabI ~ . . '- 6c>
Inl "". the _ _ 10 lIriotl _ 01
people.
_1bIII1Ilt poortol.-rilsfll.""
.... ..., btialr do;poi .. oJ oI.oid. ...... 1be _ _ ~oIpo ...._ ...
... in'_lInts _ me _ _ II 011 Illt -V. _...... _ Illt
1!lcT...,'"bciov *; dr:bI a.d"" ~.-

"
 1\ \1111 19!C1 World s...iI /II Cllil-
"""*-. 10
-.I'
...........
I II. ! ,1,.
c_ o.r.iJIicIn
.... _ul.--_ ..""
If. _,i "'Iof
n , -. ...... l~ _

_ _ " .. fII..-lNI'A11 Nfl. 0: :' • Ue-M. dill

... ad... q .. _ :IlllIll . . . HoIioeale-il ... QIoiono _
...... ., s-. 8r~ .. F'. IlcII ' II" ..
leA _ "'" ifill dlI s.- tal """ $ NIigIIuI
... SIll. 0I 1ho -"1'. clilhfl __ ,-, . . . ,... lind
..... NlAI ........ .......,_ Or,; 1 t

.. II drill: . 6owo bioi. . . Br.... 1'1Cl. 1m DIiOo( briIlp

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, i ••- """'- ... _.
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__w.. I... n..... at
...
1'''''''''1Il.
NP..... al'fef I new• • ~ 1111 NlbIlIIIl CO',lIId 01 81.....
"_~ to Iho - . , .,tel· tIo>rclla, !hi .....,"". of I I 17
irt<l b<ll SIiII ........ $11'1 luI: III pi.... mal, , ,.j kf'/ non ·~ ••".,....1
ning 1.r NJmll" dtwflopllltlll WIlh OI;trU.lltions,
_ f on d'iId,.... ...., el. ,iM Ml nycO<itllJ\tl.,. ~c_ .~
""""" 01 dftooIianJ ..., ..".;,." Iho NPA " DC' " sat. or,...,.,.,ioI
cl\lolotl 01 ,.p. II'uQIIIId na IUns 01 oaiOII ... bIirIt Pltpat" in
........ . ..Iop:.......... ...., _ Mwu . - i n II lltui,
. . iI . . - Dl . . Iottul c--... ~ Von N-. " ...

. _.
Mil as a-. fmIl, IIICl '" ~ _Ilt
I t

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ill '-to
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IhII1UIlMI bf !hl Wlllkl"1 tI'\W~ .
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1\ Iho 'Eol1l\ S4.dmif In
o in 1992.
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t_..
NP ,"." impDltlfll "'-tnt nlbO/lli bIldgtllll $DCill .. Me In
I. bri(jgin; "'" gi p - . . ,Itil",· Nlmibil ond ZimMbM, tor .

-- _..
lion01 ... Coon......, on lilt IIighq 1Il t lll·....b in ...... lIlInding II I boing
!hi DIild """ its ........-- Thty llIbocllt'd III </IiIdrIn, Muico',

..
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IIipobr

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nlicIoIIlal •
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....

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Ihrir P""'l'ftl.

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of toiIilary
~ ill n-.y pWl oIlho: wwkI.
willi 011 llw thh has meant lor 1M
l bu"" ul ho.unan ~ and the nl'glcn
or human "".odt. l!l" chid """'"
q U<.1IC<: ol' 1M cold war hal 1>0."." 1""
ro&otw.ll diYrniton '" f,...".iaI, hllllWl,
and nawnll I'I'lIllW'l'n III ...-....tiaIIy
~ putpI,lfC$, Mt-.."",*,
Pio>blc".. _ ~
I Thr IbJolu~ P'I"'l'ItJ' of lIl'II"l"'i-
lIW<>lJ' """ Mil of lhr ......n.!., P"VJl.>-
1"-.""
lion. A m¥lriIy 01 111", , _ biIliun
ranh art PL.'
wbooot' ""...
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and """,-. liwo .... bt<'cIminl! i:J<n,as.
iIWl' hard and <k~" """ ..
.dob>l wmmullit'>lJo<ls (!11>1111'<' tlw
lilt,. .......... 1llOt\. _ of ~ lit"

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W'JIII'IlI ""nllll -.d ~
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~

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l ' ' " .....

Am. 01 iho ~ W of ..... & - . _ J ~ IDjIoII-.5

Yft ""'" dliIlICIliD:.- lioI! U A~" • jo _poIlo-

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.., frf!Ift dilItiIlllt C'05lof ~ phC ";. ill tk )'ftIlI lind. 'Jk
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millht ~.- ..... . <I.Old if lbae ~ 2OWo '" 1b< worId'. pt'OjIlc• ...,
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lI_ btdla1brw .. t l _
1 dlll~"",
~ is!bo' dliW

~
......... AllIlr
_
.._
. .' , _ _ ill
of.. ...... 1Ia,
"""""" .-
fIIIltllli ,f)
1IaIIh
Itwhidl_~ol~" - . . rno:ItclNdl ill. 1inIr:

•
• • , .-l iI . . . lhio _ _
II

_ _ .-fIII_toM _ _ dllCl
.-s.-- biIb for I uriIIIk pnD1.
. . . . ..-I:IidII liot .... Iool._ IinIr:
boo 'CO..... IluI • _ _ toridy _ ......... ill "'""' . . """.......
. . . . !'me tha bioIotk ~ ltIV-th ill ...,;d. E_ wbtlIlIirtll twli
• • 1iooI, Iho bopr be lha lbralld ... C,"" ..... bcIia III ill. !be ptri<Id 01
to. -w .. liIM lor 1M wwld 10 npid ~ """ .. Wml !he oec
.... . . . UdC, ~ ill <;'IlD<'nJI """"""' of ..".,.... Iha w bu!k
• ond ~ 10 Iho ~ ollll'<'l'ilnli ol • nation'. ptOplc .." YOU"l[ Itld
CIlalllr wht broullhl on by I"'· "..p,a IbouI 10 ('Il ~ IIl";r child-b<."';r.g
Ilnd .....-wnWalion ol1llr$c prol)lffllI j-can. The ~h i~ an iIlooill popula-
-' duritIi !he Iofq;: ,...... 01 miUuuy md tion moIIIf1llom which n.,.". llIoIlho
id<~~lioa. IbooIutc oumbft"ol. . .""'lin_to
n,., ("l1:li after birth ~ laI !IlftllIr.
• n..
,...., _
k.y --..., ill w Icft.«th
birlh.., ........... hiP'"
01

•
------
--
-_.-
mocle dndll'll.s ~ IaIIca. And Ur
.... _ . . ..... 1inIr: .....
dIriol< !his period io1hc pc , .
_<idle ............. ofpurt\'l'l)l . .
iC. fill

--_:.
. p i.......
....
- -...,~- -

• . .. r ... , ". . · Nv
" " " - - " '. I • I ' II"I""Ik.
.-It6.. •........
no. ..,. ....,.. ol P"""'11 pro-
... tbr -....- lor lho- I'PE ........
AMlliot fin< fIII lbi' ...-Ill' ~
loll: ~ wbidl i1_ ""islba<
" ' - - pIM'I'ty ...d riIUIR . - of
 THE PPE SPIRAL

__ _--_
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_._ .. .. _.. _.._._...-
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_-
... . . _--_._-----_.-
... .._._ _------
... _._-----------
... ---
-_ .. _._-- ...
.
._----
._._ ---. _---
- -.----
._.
-_ _ ----
--
...--
._--
_----
._---
._._-_-_.
_
----
. ._---
---
..---
...
--- _._-_.-
._._-_.-
_---
_. _--
.. ..
...

... __ _-
-----
-_._- ...

...... _
._" __ _----_.
.._.-
....._--
._-
._-
._-
._._--
._---_.-
._-- - --
--
I N ST A BI LI TY

........ '_._..... _..... _..........

TPlt_""._.__ h~_~"Pl'f""'l>
AIlitlId., tow. rd. !hi 1ittl1-1IiKrMl
. ... mLl<Pl-l;r>ored problem of
iodin. clffie'.r><y.ro p~ IlYough I
revolu1io<l in111. 19S0s.
TIl," .... " >go. " tho 1990 WaIlcl
Summit'Of ChillIrtll, tI>t .... rIer. poIiIi-
ell Ie,d,,, promised I now .Hon to
ond iod.... ~ ","",dOl' bytIHI
Ind .f I!It CfIl!lIIV. AI. WI limo. tI>t
!rUe I ClloI rld ...... ,q. o/!he prcb:t/II
WI' i<at blQiMirlg I. 0...",. lnown
outsidt 0'IQ<!j••1,,.j oeitll\llic; eirelt•.
But since tnen, 111. II\IIP 01 !he lIIob·
~ l' tlOHn .....,"'''''' by I m ies .,
new ou........ IIIlt by l avon. l . "
UIIIle"II!\l1J11o aI!tIe d.mt~ thlt Cln
be dCIIII by IYIn mikllfttlo 01 io<tint
do!>c:itney.
Hi. IlOW '~ltd dll' Marly 1.6
_ peoplt in ""*, lla n.lions ..,
"' risk .n<j "'or . ome 300 million .. Nor
from Iowa/tel mIl!lllIl .bUry. Some 5l:i6
....,., - ,hou!l(l% 01 worIIl populo ,
lion lId more 11II11 doubl. 11M pc....
0115 estim.o,. - tuff" from goitre, Il1t
tll·tl i. swolN"'l or !hI thyroid glOM
l I the U""'l
B,c, ,,," 1htir IIIOIhefI r.cl: iodUw.
., 'u st :Jl,OOl b. bit> . .. C!RIbom
""""1\'111•• ncl ......' 1211.lXiO "" born
cretins - menlilly"lJlde. p~ clllv
_ . lIelf... ute or F'frolyu d.
M........,. h• .-.ms II "'$l ID poinllI
below lhU ~fllilL Evtn wIIl n born
1IOl'rIW, j'OIJI1g cl'Wklrt. wt>on dim
fa low in iodinI "" hold bock by
Iel!ucld imt4i\ltll<l,lnd w. out ttl...
livlI. npp.d in _ , d_ . nd
Ij>I!tly. '" 1M w.y 111I lick of ""'"'"
locks enIft .lImmunili. . ntc PlJYtifY
.nd undetd""tIoP"'f"\, /t$$ .bIt te
IN... in lIlatr chiklhood, I... .bIt III
11m in thlir ,d~.
Ttot solution - iodiZing In $IIh .....
p"" - is ",rativei'; ~I Ind <oSlo
ant; l iIoIII. 5 o-..lS pol "",,,00 Pili
\'III. WIIIIi. I \'III gf iocrl1tll "~
tIIco""" l!Io notm, flO "1<,,,
<rotino
Irt bor. loci g.... ~ 10 sIlrifIll.
Chikl'ln dl'lelop 1I18111Y Ind perform
bemlrll«""","
liver l!Io PI S1 two ... IIIr.. I"I"r••
mlny coonrift" heVI Ilunched Iol"~-
jng p'OII".......... r~lIed M
1<isIinll ellorts. Ind a worldwide ~
of ioclizing I . uhupplieo by l!Io end
at 19!1S IIIs now bell1l CceplM by !he
iudo<s of IIIIIoSl I. d_ping
notions. Blf'I9Ildn!l. DinI,IeOI and
Tlfllirlil - wiIh .1I1ly hett 01 l!Io
worlcr. poopl, II ""~ _ III I kli lly
wd 0" tt.. WlYlOIOIChing tIIIl QIlIl
lodiliI\g SI~ is COlllplrnvttv
WI;g_lnl _ t el . til dooo
in I singla ,,",anon. I" Syril , 10<
instinct, 1hI MriWy 01 Ind<mry IS
lila solo u h produCII """ ~, just
....."d iodi.li"ll lho IIOUori. Slh. In
B~U11 1\ . '" 1I~ is ~ 01'1I" I
~,orosling from IfldiI, ln iodizing
pll n! instohcl ll rho border I dec....
I QD h Oi brought child ggm, rltC.
<!own IfoII'ISO'i .. 25'4.
W!>In uJl is ~uced by sml"
ec ,le 1r'llapi"tnlUI1 - ""'" ll1,lDl of
~ in lnd>o .lone - 1M process is
morl c _.... Sih prodIJollS mUll
III molivllld 10 Iodin llIoir prtlduet
Ind plc~ ~ .. rotIIin iocIine; ""n-
whiIo ltII publk IIllISt be odUCI~ on
thl Donofils of ~ sligll1ly IIlOfI for
UI.... aIt.
BoI;";..acklod thiI problem by III·
iM iocIilIII lIh. ~ tho demlnd
35 lIh componies lOOt up io<Iizing,
,r_,
ting up I Pfl'I11' COlnlll~ to populo,.
with _nmont hlllp to kHp lho
pricl down. BoIMan polio, spell'
check the Slh"alerline C(lnllrll II t
I. ....s lho SI ~· prod ucng .,.011. ,"ow,
0\111 !mIO of !III popuIoJi(ln 1m
1 00... 10 iodi,ed sa1I, .nd Iho go...
roll hes dfOllpod to Ilhird ofits oriti-
",IIIY,I of M.
In If>dio, radio, 1Il0visi0n I nd
flIWSIHIPl II 1 10 being lJ$orI ..........
!lsi thl mlrils at iodi.lld SIll. In
Blngll<losll. the GaooI1Ulll'lll is 1'JIl'
plying specially dl aillnod iocj;,ing
mechinll 100 paoklging oquipmel1\,
kn of <hllgl . 10 all 16!i of ltII C""n'
1r(1 .....·crusrknll fl Olllries. _0li0I1
;WI Do comploU!d byI I ",' \994. 0
II I....-It 01ronfuJ.nN and lwpc in lIN'
fulUl", which io lhe JlR"lI ''D<'ffiy tJllik
~ in ~<'n<'l"al and family plan-
ninJl in 1l'U1ku1ar.'"
In add ..... to tl,..... ~ 1ll1......
llO"..nul if u"'luaruiliabk.- f..,.,... haw
always tl"<l<kd to Un" I"""'rty '<lith
larRp lamili<.i< b"baviour patlmv.<
which W('fl.' 00<'\' ""....,;ary lor lrol""
r;oo Dr ... rviv>l ",nd to ~
<1ltn......·!I<'d in "'~U"'" aIld 'r>dltioll.
lhal II? oftPn slow to <iwIle<' ..;(h
c~ cimunmnc". And ill "'"'J
pOOr ~ <:Itildrtd lIla}' be one 01
lilt ltw !lOll""" of joy aIld pride, of
c~ and """,,, ill U- (hat "'" oft...
JTlO'IOlOllQWl, hard. and n~
In ""m.,......ny;" th...,oiled "Il"inl:
,hal p<I'l¥m popu\alion growth.
l'l'rpclUaling povert y
lI"t if P<J"t1'lY ~ l!><' impMu. \fI
rap;d pop.d.tloo Wl>WIh, thrn pop.JIa.
lion growth, in iu lurn, pnMdn. _
impel,," 1o po'o'l'I'ty. nu. io II><' fiM of
lIN' nujur "l'fI<--rg;sms withinthe d,,..,,.
..-an:! "IliraI of 1'1'1: problm,..
In l!><' pasI. high binh nil,.. h....
o~Pn !I""" band in hand with hW>
riles of l.'VIIUtllic 1tfIlW\l1, and Iaf'l"
lamili<-< haw bHn ~ by II'ad-
,.... and l!<M.'nUIIC.1l1O os • n""",. of
lIIn'llglbming nation" mmwily and
""",,omically, providilUl the 51. ", wilh
larJ/<.'r nl1Jtlbcn< of w"""-",,,, <_
"""""" ~ and ...~ BU! in
" lOOt paJU of lIN' lk"o'cloping work!
today. the cin'UltlSl3no...,., "'" _h ,hat
hi):h ra1l'S of IlOI'Jl3lioo growth . Il:
""""Ill<: 10 prrJlttUOl~ pnvnty ill a nu....
1>:r t>I' ubviou>t "'"Y"
IJ lly causinu; Ilw bbour Ii.>n~ 10 grow
""'"' quick/y t/laq l'ltlployrTll",1 nppnr.
lunitlN. lhrn-by <T<'3Iing b.rgr nu....
"""' t>I' unemployed and under·
pmploy"" Pf<'lIk' and dl'"",,"1ll/ !he
W3£0." uftlw«: who do lind work ;
11 fly pbcin~ lnm:-asifIR Sln"lS on lhe
""""""'-.. by wt..,h !he poor make
Ih<.'ir liYing and """1 Ih<.>ir .-do in
rur.aI .....u- soik and ..,;1flirtiti,y. Mol
... pplil.. anrl animal Iodd<..... ~
land and .... 1.... _"'-i<
I I My =sing inherited lIllWIhoIdinp
10 be divide<1 and .. ~ 01ll0Iijl
\atJl;e "umhen of <hildn'll. ~ wilh
gr.- inequalilio.. . in land owll<'tNlip.
th;, "ocan-o 1Iw many millions of run!
""""'" tin<l lbo>,.,..,M-s land.... or
__.lllnd~ and "'" lh<'I'cl>y unabJ.
to meet lb,'" ~ lor fond and furl,
""'"' and ;nC'Oml';
o Ily ,,-.:!ucing ,he ornounl nf lime.
",,,.
C2n.', and ,,'SOU""'"
available for <'arb
f I Hy """ucin,cr !he limo WoJilab'" 10
the mother for earning i",,'ome. or for
0100 cconornic:ally prodllctiYe work;
\ 1 Ily n1islfIR llw toSllO _ ....."""'to
of ~ ldl'QU3lc heallh m d ""..
calion "'-......... for !he ri<inl: ICI"".....
tion. and by t>Y\.nln1Ching .mooI..
dinn and ....1<1' and sanilatino ll)'5-
'''"'''" AD of lhi< 1>o'lpo 10maUltml high
l<vcls of malnulrilion. ~. and
iDil<-rXy. which in tum help to kcq>
communiri<.'< in """,'My;
( I fly nnJ';f1l/ overcrowdilUl and 0
10,,,·.. qua!ityoflik in .tun",md ,;hanty
(owns. wilb all the Iltt:f\dinl evils of
di,.,...,. hopc~ "'"" 01 ",,1~
n""ll"'"\. bnlak<k>wn of family ti<....
~ of family ... ppon. alrollol
and drug abuse, inrnoaoilUl violtntt,
and !he oh'u"""""",u of ......."'" and
dlild,,'1I.
In U- ""J'". pop-Jlalion R1O"1h Lack of coniidence
",n<b 10 ,,'intorw p.>Y<'fty, and JlOYI'<\Y
Icnd. lO rtinlorte popu!lllio:o ~h,
formin,ll • cin1Jil lhrourh which lhr
and hope ill the
''llm1l1 of p<JYnIy'o perpptlWion Ilows.
[uture is the great
Environmental stress
lnm'asing eovimnmtntal JV1-Wl""
enemy of life
an.: now ~ !he prwnrtiono 01.
major crioi. ill !he INca ofbund....... of pla nl/ing i ll general
million. of P'QIlle in the "'-"'eloping
wurld. s...,,,,ra1 ~t wdit.. ha....
,~ th;o n"latinnllhip bo1_
- and fam ily
I"""'"Y and ",,'lirurunenl>.1 ~'. ..
and iI i...... ly ~ 11<...... 10 _ planning ill
-
tM mulua1ly reinforcing ""'u,,, of lhal
rcl<uionllhip and ilS rok- in tbe I'PE particular,
Again.... bacl<w'o<tnd of """''"Y,
I';Illidly .lI:l'OI"iIUl nnmbml 01 P"OPIc ~'"
tindinlr lh"",""""" wilhoul ff>OUJl:h
land 10 m<'eI lIN'i.. ....'<'<b and wiIhoul
m y .. bsianlial ho\le of a11<.'1'llllllw
,1ltploymen1. In atn-t aU rc,:;on. 01
 the dtwlal'itlg wurId, thi:s fun<laiMnLal
l>n>bkm of landla......... and U"'-'m-
pk>yI,,,,,,, ..
in 1M)«! part <1Iu.ro "'"'
P<'I1l'-iUllM by Ia"k of ~mellt in
small farms and by IN. """"",1t:iIi<>n of
-
prod~ IarJd. io lhe hand. of a .mall
nllmbrr of .....'IIlthy famili.. or ~
During the IirsI Olllll<'S of rapid pop-
Illalion inm:a.... in ludloy'. loduolfW.
I..." nation.. rioillJt' numbrn< 01 poor
Il'-'OP"' 31.., ....rr_ f""" d~ In
Ihr rouoll'}'skl,' and de&lwOOn in
",ban 51"rna. lJul am:HI,I( many OOlf1"
adYan\lllft.. .. ,'''''' had .... iIable10 1h<."1lI
lhe tr-Inm to indoSlrializ<o" 10 L'XjXlJ1.
and to millnre, and '"1:11: L'Vll1tually
abl~ 10 . boorb or d~ ~
number< of ~ who could no
Ionl:l:r be i'IlWUII<." by il,Il"Iicultu",
""""'. II Is 01the ~atesl ~
thai lhi. <'1,."biruotion 01 .. Ivan~ ..
bas 1lCM, in ll"1ll"ra1. bern aVotilab'" tf)
,he mojoriIy 01 do"vrlopina: rountrioos
duriolllMir ~ of IlimIIarly rapid
pup.tlalion 1l"I"DI'1h.
~Jopini
The developing In Ibosc rou,,!rico 1/131
ha", guno' lhnJtlllh an ~huml "-.....
Ollltion, many million. 01 ~ h"",
countries tha t ha ve oem lJ-'Y and substantial pins In
lho..'ir ir>ron... and SW>dud of living
succeeded have been ....... Ib" past Ib...... ~ In 1"'"
main, IlKoot ~.. haw: -..
~ who """"-'<I <"IIOUKh of 1M !'WIl
those tha t have land in lho.' riAAl pl>o:~ and who !lad
~ 10 the "'-"",.,....,. inpu," and
tackled the task of modil f.:.:ilitil..... Bul in lilt a!>so:nn' of
land ",form, a;:rk"ll ilural """'Iuliom;
l<'Ild In """,11 in fallillJt' e~t
la nd reform and pt1" hl."CI3rt as land o'm"r'l,lliJl
bKurlk., ~ UlII.'QU3!. fanm boicomr
invested ill the tarvr, and Iarg............ IIl<'<hanUation
h(:<omu ~b~,
Allbfo _ tilllf", poltlUIation lIffiWI/l
health , nutrition, """"'" thai the ""I1WnillJl: .....nhoId-
mIlS "'" diYidodUI' among \atit-... _
and educa tion of b<mo of clliIr!n.'D, L'Vl'DtuafIy bo<:omi'UI
loosmal1..,d l<lD ~t.d ",..,.wn
their people, a llmily·.. "",-'11,,-
The " .....11 of bnlh <>f u..",., /un"... i.
th., many lCni <If miIliwl. 01t<maIIhoJd.
...,., reDaD1 !armors, and II,I(ricuIlural
labourml have bind lherns<t-;"" witJI..
DIll so.dl"icienl land or l'Ufflcienl worIt.
from fndio 10 Ilraril. ul\COUn'f'<\ num-
1M.." , ut Nral Iamilll's ....... bec<>rnf,
clkct;""ly Iand~.,.. ur ....., bI!o:n
tnl"Df<l away fmnllh/> r, eld~ Ihal 1!M'
<>net helll"'l! 10till ond Iwvtosl.
Wilh sa"", ""'~ the I(I"tIwth
of ~~u",1 ond Indu&rial em,,:vy-
"""111 has usually not b(..,., .... >id
L'DOIlj/h to absoJrb 1m. !IU."lu", In part,
ill.. is tJ1I, """,,II vi inlernal mi>!l.al«:o:
iII1odltt--d invcshl ......"" <rilopli"~ 1aXa·
tion and """hartgo.-r.>le politi,:o: 1&rRe-
"'U' <:omIpWn; ~ 1 SlaIC
<'ODtn>! of large al/rkul'ural ....."....
prioM; b<k ofland reform: and lhe mi.~
tak<'D ~pha:sis 011 <-apitaHn1"""""
rather than labou.r"'lCnsiYC invnl·
"",nt !JOIicio....
Th_ dev1.'lopilll: rounuit:s and
rrgion ~ thai ha...., "",,,,-,,'<kod in absorb-
~ R","'ifl8 lIumhe.... of Il'-"-'Pk' inti>
prodocti.,· employ"""" hn'f' beto. by
and~, thooMo lha, haY<) l...·klOO the
diffinJl, l.oJ< <If land rclom1 and
~o:d In lhr hl'aIth. nulril io". and
Loduo."aIioo nf lh<:'ir~. It like Tai·
wan and lho: Il<1>ubli< of Kore:l, 1I,,'Y
haY!' >Iso L-'lI<Urt'd r'I'3SOn.:dI:... iocfon.
1;.,.... l~ lam,,-'I'lI, and mad<: ;r.'ailabl<
rural m:dit . 1m" input.. and inlno-
SInK1u"', Ih,m bolh ent(llo}rlncm 11111
prodoctiYiry po: hn-1an.' ha... in-
creasf'<\ nn rnaIII' ~d s of smol1
and "",.jjum-si1e !arum. Ilisin ~ pmlI-
J><rity in rural ........ haf helped, in '''''',
w pr<>Yidt markelS fer, and job!; In, •
,I[JOWioJ! ioduSlrial....,.or.
llul in lite I1I3I\Y tlL.....:I~piJlll" ronD-
me. 'llat haw faik'<l to 1n0000lnte ......h
,,1onns and make ro<-ti inVl'Sl llltllL,
1he fr<:cdtom 10 In~ hu 31..,
beet1 rim>m"..ribc.'d by 10m-.< ........
lII'hich lh!>y haw- ~t1'" <'tIntrol. l>ot""tial
mafk'1S an' <k>minatod by lhe aItndy
induwializL-d 1Wio".. I11d Oll,mpt..
to mannl...1l11\'<1 JIOflds have
npor1
ufk" bc."I."f1 im.,..w.l by lfallc and lariIf
~ tho< "-'"Ui<I the 1ll'O'"1h of
tn'lllol."...,1 and <ml tho, tlL""lopifll1
wurId owro>dma1<>!y tw\ce "" InuclI
. .....'1'}' year in Iosl eaminl/s as \1
l"In'ivn. in aid.'"
Nor has t......dom of <~l<TIIa1 ~
tina """" • si)/nifi<anl opbon. 1:JoJnes.
lie or fon,ign l<1l:isIo1ion has pt.Tmitied
ooly I ""'1)' lII1IalJ prlJp(Klioo <If the
dL"",k>pin~ Yl'\lrld's pe<>p\I< "' 1r.I"'~
<>W:I'SeaS In "'-de "'..... D\lIlDr1UJ1i"'" by
and ~, , , - who hoJv<' boo:'n
alkrwod 10 'niRral~ ""VI'!Hom ,1M> bf1.
ler...tl and m. bMw ~ f3lMr
llwlll\<> landk.>s<l and ass<\,bo poor.
lmrinll ~:u,-op... ~ p<'riod or rapid I'O\>J'
Ialion I/fOWIh.1llffl' W(ff many lent d
million. of po."U\lIe who found ,hem-
'0
...lwlI in a oimilar p<l!IiIi<In ,ho' luI<!-
or
10.. .. and job1o.. .. poor Ilk· ",....,Lapin,,;
world lnday. bu, who ......... abk: to mi-
grnto.·l" II<'W oppurl"niIi<.. in All'llralia.
Canada, New Zealand. Sooth
and Ilk· Un~t'd Slal,'" ~ FIt'lWt'rn the
Af"""
""d of m. NlpOk'a"io: warlI and ,Iw
bt"llill/linj! dIM ~-lnl World War. fur
= , * . :!O million poooplt- tlniJnlro
Iron, tilt' Unil<'d KiIIl(dom oIIlIIe. ~
The ...... ",,!>t'$;' fr=IonlS. """'"
bir.rd wilh a lacl< <If larod ,dorm and a
lack of in_ml1n il, lobotlr-inlMloM>
11I"OtlUt.1ivily <In snwl Iann.. 1w ".:an'
,hal. ~If: landk!« and lhr joblo:>< <If tlk·
d<-....-lopin~ world h..., l<'Ilded '0
n~<" inlHnalJy to """ of lwo d<'ol~
twiol,'" <i'' ' ' lltt")' haY\' moved O'l'O
n-,b'ioocly..,..,.....ly Jl'lIIII1aI<"d and JI<f"'i.
otJ;Iy k,.. vah...-<l Iaod. - tNpio:aI
rnre!b. uocultivat<"d hillllirles. k.>s<I r.,--.
,rk' bod.. and lilt' fru:iIt- llW'Irin" of
.......,. ~ <lr lh<'l' llavt' rnil(J"aI,'I! 1<1 lh<.
infolfual sn:tor of uw ,,)'.in. and ,itin,
finding hon_ in tl.... olorn. and
'Shanl;"" ''re<"Ied on land.,ha, "",.m,;.
larly unwan,,'<1 and unoaJuto<L
111<' .rr.-n .,f ,hi. mil/Blion. ""',.
IUne. '" dial p<M"n)' """ 1>foro.<nr """"
31Id ""'"-' """"""',f3lro in tnatl1iMl
owi<uhuralland. and in orban ,"um..
lVo'" dOlft......1 deslinal;"•• of whkh ,ho:
romrnoo dWll<1rriolio: i. ,hallh<'l' are
boIh... virnrnllO'fllafly '"Ulo<"nbk.
The int"\litabk' ron"'-'<I"'-'fIn'. lor
lIWIy milrlons of Jl"O)lIfo. has '-" lhaJ.
""",""y and hard<hip lui"" to'nd«l to
in<~ ... :u th<' pn""';',,.. ".............
ba:«' 01 ,II< poor h:lll Ix"", sll."llClily
"'wad<'<I. t.and &Ut"d by bum;rq;:
"'wilhin
mill!a ..,.,. k.w
losH oW>iliI.y and krtilill'
yt-.n<: !'tWI> hiUoid<..
quicltly bo,,,,,,,,,,...-oo«l withou' in".....•
.....rrno i. """ ,"OO""rv,"ioo: rnaflIinaI
-.:ri<'ui'ur.ll IM<hI J[rlldually 1><""",,'
in~..,t'" ..·1..., 'OOso- ..'It<> !ann lilt""
<'On aflord n..ilMr f<'1tiIiz<1" nor fallow
l>l'rit>r1:<: d<"om ""'Xi,," """" OC"VfI'"
indilllin ~,"ishabk' rrom dt10trts ... tIm
,h<'y are !Ubjt<.'l<"d '" ..............tting of
..00<1 anri ~ng 1Iy ..irnal..
M.M...hillo. lhfo miI!ic",,, ... ho "",""
found tI'Ietn!l<"h'et iu orban slums .....
c~"<l '0 lbo, c'tlVironmcnla! 1I"b-
Iffil "d 0<'Hl:'I'l>\<'dtd lIIld u~ im<an.
ilary ....ndiliu.'" and 10 an lh<'
l'flvirorllllf'flw dangon of li';ng ""
bnd !lw 1lObu<!y dll<- """''' _ land far
away rrom ....-vi<w or .,.,,~loynlt"l
OIlPOf1I.II1ilieo. bod clo&. 10 raiJooa.y
IinM and airporU.. ~d ....,.. poUuting
ind,,<Iri<.. or loul-""... ~ llbuxh1c'r·
hou..... lond on 1iI'''1' hilbid<.... iu dan-
I!"'" rrom ~ and nlud ll!id....
land ""'" to ~ Pfbaic dumps.
f<"lid raual", or ..... ,~ ~
nu. 1WI"rn ha~ Ix""" ,,-pcalro.
with mauy variation.. iu allOO!<1 aU
~. of 1M dorvriuping wurId. jn
UtilI Aml'rb. lht- II"blo-m has b<ot1l
CXJt~,-twI;lby nln11l<: int'llualil..... of
land """,""",ip. In mauy pub< 01~
,ho dim""ltic-o on> <:orUllOUnd<."<l by
ilOflIt· of lhe h~ populatioo lkn,.j.
,;"" inln<" ~ng world. I" A1ri<:a.
wilh,llt'fl<'l;llly bl< inequalil)' and r.-wn-
p<."O\lk' pt,. ~ . !he rictIt-sl land.
"'" OOMI <lom1nalMi lIy '""I"'" agr;c,,1-
l ~. while lh< lanlk of .... p<IOT rru,in<•
ill' an· usually <If ~r qualil)',l'l"Cfiw-
lea in",,,,,,,,,,,,.. ond on>""'"' ~
bk· 10drough, and dt -rtili,:ati"n.
111<" ronunon h 0Im.... diw1'llf,
pall,,,,,,, hat bet'fl tht' drawinll of tht- Poverty hns become
p""""" in... a <.'y<"1fo by wbich p<M"n)'
b'l't'lllml'NiflJ! numlx'rll 01 po.'tl\llc inlO
"f1vironmer"~11y vul...,...bIo, _ IlIld
concentrated ill
lhe ........Iling C'flvironm<111al SIn....
bocomM. yrl an<lIhI1' <-.U~ 01 lhtil
enuironmentailv
""minU<.'<I p<IV\11)'-a ll)"IICflIism trhich
" I6thoy 1><'O>Illing one oi ,II<" . - villi- vutnerabte areas -
bllo 0"lM"'l" of lhc PPE rrisis. It ill no
c'llin.:idt'f'lCt'. I<>r ,,,,,,,nple. lhal lhfo
1"'0...... """ quar1.... 01 ....l>-.'iahann
margillal
AI"""·,, """"bOOn it r<lIlf<"lIlf3l«1 on
lhoor' an....' ..ilit"h havo.' 1><1'" rier.,... agricult ure! lands
,_'<I. nr",,-1']It'Ul"d. (If'fanned ID W3Y!l
'ha"b<""';!s muM DOl ";lhllUlnd. ~ and urban slums.
The stress on women
Ily rn- ~ .... ><>iht. "'" ","lug
mxIed. hilMd<... ri'lIUCl<d , and 'M:U,
""""" wasI1<'<I .""y
alotl~ 1he It-nglh of
lh<o HimaIIlyan fouIhilt'i. "" ,lit' """"'"'
,1\ /hen e~te~lh ..n born in
VV 1911 ,mid Wllr, l\...,.j oDd
II"", """" forego ,n,lysIs ,onsid·
Irtd it to b•• "bunt c,,,' nllion
wil!Ililllt I>opo .'"1I'j
Mo,..... lila,
or d•• ~ ~ _lid dIS""',
Too,.,., B.nol'dUh is _ I..ttl. be
tiltd •• In eumplt 01 • ""'Y _
country 11101 ;. mooing st..dy 1Il0-
orlY in!ht Ilel 01 g't'l difficuttifl.
LocJled in "'" oIlttt worId"s mort
diA'lef'lI'onl IIIM.I tnVitonml"',
B.ngllde'" ulNbiIs mlny 01 ~
wom symptoms 01 powny. for .... ry
UBI .twd,..
born, 127 dill bofo<,
thtir fifth binlld,.,.. lwo tIlilds 01
""""'·IivlI.
U H
oro
Slrik..
mlllnouisl>e<l. Dis-
freq..mtv. D;..bility
111., .111 ~ l ll. min hl~ of
BongII<Mshi chiklrln complm .....
fin VI'"
of 1lfim''V school. And
Illhoogh chikl liboor iI oW.wed, I
'l"llttl' 01011 chidrtnW(IJt for . ~ thou.."" non·gowtMlllltll orglni>• •
r.cludin<l m.yo,,·olcl. ""'" urn pen-
nits I dI~ brl.UIg bricks in!he......
YI' 1his grin! porn~ .. ~
tleini redrawn. P., Clpitl inc...,..
111.1 Q10Ml by ..... st 2'Jl, • Y'tor _
tho tlrt lIIeldl. Olmocllti<: insIiIu-
lions Ire " udily being ltrongd\et'lt<l
The nllion', fuwth frvI.ye,r develop-
....t plln Incorporate. moS! oIlttt
gatll .dopI.d tl !hi World Summil
for Child,"" Ana in IS. e ..glldosh
He'nII "'" of lhe fim !Illlo"l to
,.lifyIIlI c.......,llon on ltIt /lights ot
lhe Chikl.
Proll(n. hi. IolIQWtd promiats,
M or 20 YO'''' of hlrd WO<l.; lIO'li 01
"".1 fflidtms VI !IlIW wilhin 150
molJlS of I JOII,el ol •• 1. drinUIQ
wll" - I flit unmltclltd lr; miRy
nchl, 1IIIio... elsie MIItII . ore is
elso being strMgll1ft11e1l. In H1B5 loil$
1Il1" Zll. of BI~ld ..hi ohllcl,,,,, __
lmrnunil*l! "'jl"" ",",101 - one 01
the lowest reIn in the workI. Six
VUIlIotor. Ill. _nion hod riso. to
0';11 ~ .
In 1989. r.I!izinoj I!IIl iodirlo del>
O;III<Y "lOrd"" 11001 ....". wide -
• pr" d, B'''lII.desh "'o"ed 1Il0l I I
ed;bIlr ult bltlodlzld. A ".liatIIlIDD
cOIllJofll'll'2flmme is nowlully Ol'!tI,
IioNt trKIlIIlllllgIII" .. peetld to be
mill by "rty \!S4,
GtlVtf'fWIltnl llultll MfYicH h.ve
,..ched into IImoSl ....,.,. ..... go -
oft"" by r......... on O<dinl"" PlOp;.
who oIh< tllo~ hom.. II ~ 0lIl-
flloh ,it... This .._ now prl>-
moll' bHic MIItII ml rwn!ioM , . oh
., 01'11 rllTydrllian 1I1e<.P'f "" iii,,·
""'"I ""d oiIAn'in A,,"pp~nu to
'Omblt_1SS.
B . ng~dHh hn .Ise surprised
many ObMrvtr1 by the pr"",_ ~ he,
l1li0. in Ilmily oflMing. Tho oarml·
~ tlpWe prtIValorlc:l lit. lin risln
from J% in \910 to :Jl'4 in 1991, ....
1111 ,aLIIIV'(' uoI hrrtiliry "1. 1>0.
fllen from.1tno$l1 DittII PII' womln
IO U.in OI'llytwod.. ldt..
I. Iddilion to goyt<mIfnl .Woru,
B.ngl.d.sh is lise """'" to ..... "11
tion:I - """" aI wlIioh I\J• • bite"","
inIor",DorIoJIy r...-d lor _
IpprlII<lIes .tlrl 1111 Ill. ""prot••
d.nred , .. II end .rnbitior> 01 It>oir
OPlr.liono.
Tho Gr.m". IIlok beg,. ", 1976
.. ". oxporirntnIwiIIll ,"~c"lcI el ­
1Il111 poor people ",pp6ecI with """",.
ing OlpiAI <auld g...rote pradu<Wo
...·. rnplayrntm witIlol l """,,,1
..siSl...., N.... ~ is Ill. country·o
10ul1h ~rg'51 Ill... maki'lll :!mIA
loan,to_1111. 1...", _ wore
prrtiaully colllido,.d 'unbonbblo'.
lMrr 8(I'Jj; of clionu III wom.n, Ind
t!lo repo.,.....nl """ .. Sll'Jlo.
Tho B.ngl....." Hur. 1 A""""",,"
mom CanunitI:o. (BRAe) h•• w""'"
m. onl 01 tho warlerl IlIg.... non·
~I org.nizllion.. lIk.
G<Jmeen WIIUWlg ifI1em.tionll ec-
<:Ibn. Emp/I.siMg,",,·roioocl. BRAt
orglnUn l!>auHndo 01 1111 poorest
,iliIon. into <lmIIunI!y ""l"rilllion,
.... lI.Wl1I same 15.lm ';"ge·blsod.
non.fan...1 '0""". Same 10"4 01 ..
450IOl !ludlllt! III girls. BRAC tI,••
""" 1Ilin! 01 its Ole""" Jrom ........
_ in <",,",*c;ol prajoeto 11'<1 in-
houseInltt)lriUs. 0
of !he AlIda in !he ""vironmenLal di~
"'er arf:a!I <>f Haiti and lhl: Dnminbn
Rt'lJUbl;':.lhrou;:hOllt tile l.YD1ral hiJ;:tJ.
b,nd. of C,,.' '''] ~ and in !he
kiJ;:hland, of Elhiopia ~ mer half
of aD OJ(ricul\ur2lla1>d is DOW si,.ur~
canlly <"I'I.O<I<:d. ~ In lOU!. the World
Food COIIllcil has HlimalO<lllw ~
an' II\lW p<'fhap8 half. b\Uion peopIc
who = lMng and farrnin2 (>II ki/Ll;dH
lha1 = 1lltbj<a 10 """"'-'" ..".;0" 01
.oos." E¥n)' ~.,., ....a rly 17 million
mot\: M'<1an.... of tropi<aI 1'0",""
d~: evt'I')"~ ..... ~.ly6
= a vicioo. rlrr,," by ..him I"""--'l'ty hd""
milli on h<:<Url'S of lily land, IUm into
~ nery )"'U. IJill;om of Wo. of
$Uil ""' ~ or blow!l lIWJl' from
land" 0<1 "hich incnt!<ing nmnbc...... of
ll'-'<JPlr who baYo
lKIWMft tl.. l<I go
ntllSlgrow their Ii>od and .,..., lbdr
Ihing.Q
In the <i ~ <-nvirvnIUl.'llLal ~
bility"also rakinJ:: lis lnll on !he poor.
.... In lIlkIilion !O rho: ~ or
~M1lse born or IMruowd inJI: and tb<
Iadc or .-IC nler and .... iwion. !he
poor an- ino.'R:asillj(l~ ""~ 10 """
rwural d~'f\I - from m. 1I1lopa1
cl><mi<oal ,,"<Ik in IndilllO the expIooioa
of the Cubauoo I:llS pipeU~ in lmril.
And ~ is~ nocoind<k'IK"C lIw thcac'
dilluU...,. rlaoim '"""' oI lheir victims
amollll !he shanly OOI1ll11UOiOOs !hal
II.M I(RlW1l up lU'OIlud such ladlilies
berau"" Ihm: io"""""- me 10co.
In aInto$l aD <'as<-.... lhio opinoI 01
llU'o'l."y and mvironmtntal Slrl"JS
bnn down with particu.... weiRhr (>II
11K' IcmaIo memben of poor commu";'
tiel!;: lhoy arc lhc OIICS lAW It>.VI' In
wn<t< """" ha.nltr 10 Il1<'t'1 the mW.
,nu.m ~, 01 1Mtr families when
woud ku" futl muSl ~ ~hfd rrom
,,'.....- l(f<'ater diolan<"es. wb<n wain
..ppllo-', arc unrcliaJ>k, and ~ ..
and """'" lhc ....'lIfa(!alion of soik
trlCSl1, lluu more wn<t< i, lWIu~ In
I'f'."h= to:.... food.
The poverty spiral
Unlll..- (hi' impacl ~f lhcse fomls thai
make up the l'I'E problem, the nature
of lIO"'-'1'tY .. in une funcbmcnlal
"'"""" going through • 1rllJIffonna-
tiM in ",""y parts of the ~
...-.>rId. ln~ad III ~ing rclatiVI'ly fig. l l TIIa ..l.....bl•
/:YetI1y di"l"""""'l ~0:aI\y , the ~ _IJ"'"_IU..
poor = bt>rominsr int","",>in~ly ron-
ctrtl/llt"d in <'OVi","m<'Il1.aDy mo,rginal
*'"" _....,.... 10
. . . will IiJIQIIIIooIlIOI<'ItlII
and >'II1nenblc areas wbcrt' 1M')' have _ l r r &·o"".oaI _ _ ,
-
lillie r~ bullO ........~it aln>ady
~Ic: rondition.. <k·ll....ting thd r
"~,,,1I'in
rcsou= base still furthoor and ron-
tkm1ni1uIlhI.'flIS('M.s and thl'" <""kin'll
lJ> roolinU<'d lIO~y (fli"' II. 12. 1:1.
_ _ m .....
--~ ..
and (~ ) .
I~'" probl8n. ~fon! ""nstiIUl~
III maiIllaiJI hqj:h ra1eS of lJOlAIbtion
llfllw1ll aad InrftUH ~nvitoM\tfltal
~ bulh of whkh ronlribul ~ in their
tum l<I the IlCf1lCIlIItion of povcfIy.
I<nd it i, a cin:k: from wbicll tho poor
do 110I usually have ~ ~ or
rho opportunitio-!< to brftk lift.
It r- kmi b<-..'D 1'I.'<:<JlfIIu..'I! that
..lw io requiR:d 10 ~ak our of (lUI
<')'de is 'Jt101'1h from bcIow'," hroullht
about by a rombi" l1i1ln 01 land rrimll
and IlIbour·inlm si....m1p!oymtnl SIr.II.
__
... -..-
- -~ _
-- - -
- ~-
..
<'¢ct, m.<lil ""hct1l<s, uaininJt_-
I<Il1ilica. the rillhllriod ~ f ~
and ;"\'l'lIlnlCII!l; in 1I<:ah1I and rdu<a-
lion. In addition. miIIiOfI, of poor _
pic too.,. IH."'CIl inve,unm l ' 10 ""111
thtm maintain the stabHily and prod""
tivityof""ib..
Al_~ lh<.,*, mea"" of bn:akinR
Q<Jt of the J'1't: i'jlino1 are 1101 availabk
lIl lm1lc nomb<"" of peuplo:.ln pari. the
rauil r;.,. with ~ !hal h. ....
&M-'ll 1Ilo little priority In tho 1lt'l"d1 01
the lJOO"C"I. nUl ill par'l. al.... the wi<
of bn,ak;ng ".11 of til<- "",raJ ;" made
more diffil"IIII by the induSlrializo:od
wurId·. 1lIllici<...on aid. ....'!II.lrade. and
financ<, which ",.!riCl the llfUWIh of
f'I1Iploymtnl opportunities. Jffl<"rsirlQ-
lion of lh<c<."OIIOfIlics of lho< devclopinll'
counlrie5 ;" _tiaI if the IlO""ft!'
spin! is In be brok<'ll. bur .. the
lliundl1and ConuniMioo l'OIlrluded In
it. 19!!7 ~ 0,., < D"'_ /rlh<rr.
"()jotrSifjcarw.. i. I<'llJ' lJrat "';lJ ../ltIIi·
olt !o:>llI /H1Vt1t1 o.t ~ I _ i:r
",,-...perni 11 tisot""./IW""" I.."" of
wbdDo ",,* . 11 'J'fJ1«tiosins.
ou 11 mil."" fi.udolflqo;s to,......
CD. slTUs tlu>I _ ouJ 1.lmrlllioJull
fi"".u .....
•
"T'1lnJuglloul !lHI I..t docod••
I UN1CEfh,1 drlW'UttontiDo 10 tl-..
flet mil mljot ~ . in lHI.lth cOllld
be ma<Ie by I!Iewidespread US!I 01 ,
Iimita<I numbe, of specific:, """"OS!
hHlIh i'oIBrw nlions. Tbio YII'. ""
I~ I World dtveIopmcm "PM
ff(Im m.
WonG Blnk . 1.., .""ro....
lhil issw. Tho 1m ,"pon
afln. "ID
luis! poIiq maUlS in fl~ 1M
«I<!f'IMI!S potfflfi,l r«lJm$ "om _
."""IIi..· ~ Itt I>I~. Its
p'....... is lhIl -roolJ 1M IIHIdllJds
lor _ _ ling IJ14 '-"riIlg' mm:h
QliIl, r~ butHn of dUnu
Iff now ,lford,lIIe I'VeIJIrI \hi p«JI'
'$I CCUIJIJ'ie$."
-In _ 01 1M world.' Sirs till
rIpon. -, gfll" r d• .J at lIddWllnli
huII1I CO<J!d H olIWMd /rom I ,.to'
IivtIr snuQ _ , '" CIJS!·""c~
""~ >tfich coo/d ~ tJtIN.
.,." ~ mo>de$l <IJS! IfflJ wifJI IirIJ.
r>eed lor /Iigh-lrlell.ciIiWs ., mN'
icM<p. d . firMs.- In III. arll ol chilli
tIo. !ttl. Ihe re;>on rirlgles IHIl immII-
nitllio.. )llu$ .-itlornin A ,rid ;odino
wppteJTl8/\tS... ' . ChJ$lff III lm",-
.....rJom _ tJW WQUitJ ". .., 1M high_
" " CMH"-C_U <JI ~ ".. 1Ito
uMc•• l'IiJIliJI ill \hi worltIlad.y:
As. .....oy 01 o>euunng <OSl-,Hee-
1I\l9I1e... tho WOIlG Bank report
""""""" I lIIW meIhod 01 quanli!v"'ll
ill "..1Ih. First, Iho . . . - Myel" <II
1ft lest '0 ' IS.IH is •• I. .... laO by
subtr, clIng thl .""'01 OlIO 1\ d.. m
from lhe•..,.<:aIion oIli!• •1 ""f '!It
in I Iow-mortIIliIy pc""lllion. Tho
..poet of di,"biIi!i« is Ihen .. I....
l.Ili<l by muhip/Vi'lg Ill. upe clod
6lIr1lion oj III. d;ubilil'l w;m • 's......-
ity fl . tO!' 0/ up 10 0.6 - ,ff. otiYv/v
Con'I\ll/iIG the dislbilily witll lclS of
hi, . rId ~ \hi two :0 be added
~. Onee com........ tilt Ie....
1r0lTl "".1Il loci di.. biIity .,. !hen
adjusted by I ttI C....... I . Irlabll .....
to .. , II r*"' lost d.pondi"ll on I~.
This -mill ~ ar r;'ecl al by 'COll$\''''
""" MIQe.".nr, rise. steeply from
, ... I I birm I. I llea k I l l g. 25, elle,
which ~ ~~ stl.dlly wid1
inc: '''5inlJ1~ .
lht IOsuI! is I ,"""bo, ""'c~ lOP.
,....,.. Ilislbilitl'.ediu_ lito p I"
.. llALV.·. lht lOUIl ,..."bet at OALYs
is I ,""gil u'" (II tho glot>ol bu'-
<Ion 01 1 In IOII~ "'" BIni< CI~
, utll.' IIlaI "'" _kllos! LJS billion
DAlV.to iI ~,"IIIl " 1m On. q""nor
oj 1IIis WlSICCOOOlld 10/by ml ml jor
cl'Oklhood dise'se5.
The numbor oIl"sl DALY. dial ,"n
Ile pr.. I... d by • ponic.... , lIoa illl
inIefv.mion is mOIl uselI IS • mol-
*"'" 01 ' ''st·.fl l cliv......
" this rno1hocI __ to be used to
dlllfTTlinl ml pII. rilil . 01 "1Iion,1
helhl> ~'limlIS worIdwilII, """"
"'" p.r..m '" ~..hI> .... od in "'"
workI wo:>Jd loot. ""'I dill nt E_
W;"'IJ irml I , . """, ,"~-workI 11'88-
....... "'" Bl nk "vs 1Il11 -6"...."..
mt'1llr it> d-"'ping
'IN"d /" ifl5 - 0/1ftfI"g.,
~ IrI" _ rhItIlMy"- d<J 0/1 ifl5
1_
Cl>lJlllM5 5hDuId
Cf)5l·DfecM i1Q~. ,ltd
it>sN, d darJbkl or rrip/f .par'ldintl ""
basic prJlJli< ~aIfh p'''Y",.rre. IIH:h
.. ~!iclrI1ildAIDS [N'IWfltIOfl
ofld"" ._~"clinkal,,"""""
In plrtie"Io,. "'" ,~ . <Woel tel
I "minimum pldoga 01 •• JI/lU!
clitIicll SfflicI~ c ~ oj "'"
most blsic: IIICI 'ost..tlIC..... hftllll
intIrYtMions. " rllW ')' "'" ...c I...
oDSf..1f1Clin Uf>ico. ooiII comimJI, -
savslIle .. port. "M ~ JVI4HJin
rn ""II ; if fWy m.w, bltrelir m.
_ Ilhr. $IrINId be p/JIwd OUI dumg
, lfInSitinnII poriod.-
"6_ _ ~ IOC/JUlIrt
hu h'" 0/ lila 1168 />ilion 'I1/1III1
~.nns on 111l1l1I .. ~
CorJ11{Ms," conclud•• World S.nIc
P'-Sidtm L..... Preston. "roo much
0/ rJJis $/JIfl ~ W 'lJ"CiaIil«1 CO" ..
IMDafl' f,diitifl 11111 ptrMdes lim.
g' in ,.,. ~ '"""" ~ ~m. roo ~
gon 10 _ cost !ligh1y , fflO_ 1"fJ-
g''''''''' such , • •""frDI . tId ,ru r-
mem or infectious di~,~s ,"II 0/
"""""","",- 0
_-----~­
.....w_ . <. ..
Consequences
The C<>I\linullion of 1M l~"': probk>m
in,o 1M 2111l .....,U!)' "ill bav<. ro_-
qU<...,,,,. ""'l'lldlog f2r b<-rond illl
otr-ly hmh P{(f'C\S on ,be POO""'
bil,"", of ,he ""'>I'Id's P'-"'Pk·. II t<tlJen>.
~ • o\lll''''' of lur,dame,nal !leJl.
inlcn~. :l!I wclI as 01 all"'islic rotI<'tm.
tl\lllth<' ""' of 1hor w<l<\d <huuld a<'<'Of'd
'bit probk1n. Ill..... priorily.
~im of all 1M l'll'o'in>mn<'IIta1
impon of ,he m: probkm P""t'" I
,,,nOll. ihreIllo ~ numbfn or MI·
_ _Ito ...no Iivc and ""'"' in
llM'\' prospmlIt. agrinrhural an.. of
d,,: d,'VI-iop;lUt W<'lIid. W",,.,. f\o¥,;nlt
~ cklluck.'<I ,lc>p<>s and do!fO/'f'SU'd
hillsideo ,-n>dt. ""puscd lIOil$, carrying
Ihern do"" 10 "'" inIcJ\'OM.·lynomYtif!<!
....rJtoy /loon, I'\ood pbim. and ri=
l'Sluaril:1\: as lb<'lle llt'dimenl s .....
tlr.'PO"Iit<'d. tiw'r Irwhi """ and d "
and irriplinn .....-lcs 1><.:"".... sill<'<! up,
".rn.. .
wiping OIIlln.. nt. and itKTea.'ling
the fmlut'IK'Y Illd "''VI-'';ty '" 1Iond...
hrording W "'If"" <-.tin\lll..... ihetI'
~ "'" ilWady lh"'at,'II~ the
U..-lilNx>cl. of 400 million 11Inrn... WM
farm 1M mor-e fl'rtilc ~llUraI .......
of Ihc dcvclopirur: " lIrld .~
S"coodly. I"" irKTeasilUt pn."""""
"0 tnal"J(ioal lands, and eSIJl.:i.1ly on
tropiral fUfUlS. ~ I ihrNI 10 all -
ind"ding ill" I'OI""IiI'inns of tbe ind",,"
lriali=I W<'lIid -Ihrwgb its .....tJ.PIlbl;.
cilt<I <votribution 10 Iho increa<c! in
lIl'ftohau'" glI"", and lu the rap;d and
a«"'~ k>ss of bioloei<al dj,'"r,liIY.
'J"","" i'lllit<'" Wl.-..... widl.'1y PIlbli<:md
durin~ Iho U,,;lfd N.liool. Conl<.",,,,,,
"" ~:1Win>rnn<.1I' and ~~
hOlld in Kin ~ Jatll'iro in 1992. and lit'
clearly "'. OIIt in i\jlffida 21.,,,,-, tlr.>cu-
m<lIllhal """ '<I by Ill<: world',
political ~rs al tbe COIICIu<ion of 1JI<o
·F.mh Solnlmi!'. 1""'" "'" ilI...... fono
""ly """'tioned berf, .. a further """h-
anisrn by whkh PPE prob~ N'adl
oul 1M 1><'Yond thai "",. fifth of Il>c
W<'lIid·.l>G\lUblioollhat .. rnosl di"-'<-'lly
"""ed
Instability
In addilioollu lh<ir "'orIdwide <1Ivirun-
........1iI impaa. I ~ ...: probl<'Ins..., aM
brginnitlll to lnJIsmit int'-'"'"\iuniI fit. 12 1M ,,'_ob'ota Asil
shock _ lhmu,l:h thl;" i.IlP'k' OIl _ 1'Il..-.... 011111_ .....
---"'
tht politK-al !lIabi~ty of Ihc I\eoJclIrpiI1,ll -"" II Alot r-..o- -.l 1III_
IIOIioo.. withalllbe """. and risb lhal £0'lJ _ .. iIIorM _l;Mo .". 1I
such inSlahi!il;'.." will _ .
"I'M lint <':l.<Ia!I.y ;,. Iikcly IG tr. the
w._ .. ....."
..... ..._-_.
-_--
prt>l(I'('tS bo.'ing madt· towanl" n-pn.-
_uu... dlorMcrary and tho ",It '"
b.w. The IIope$ of millions oJ pcopli:' _~
b"'" been rai>ed in Iho ororH. oJ '-'001>- -~
!rico whidl ""'"" 0Ill<k or "'" Ol!empl·
in« to maier tilt tl'llMition from
aurhorilarian ",Ie. Fro"m,tion of lhutr<-
hopo-s by I ~ 'l! problom, wilIlncmrs<'
C<'II!IOIIl;"d<-sl><'I1Iliun. k.1ldin~ 10 fur·
thtr int<'rIW m~ ~ di';"
sinn. 10000ti<:al turmoil, and .-inl'....l
OOIIni<1s. In siron. lh<re is • rI.... risk
of creaIlng a dimale lor lbe mwn of
lht dictallln and Mn~ ",ho
hiM>inJIi,cI<'<I II/> m\ll-'h dMna;re "" Il>c
~ of IlO many d,'Vl"lopi~
Ila1UrO" in the 11'«11' pa... '!lli" is the
~r f"","",-", by. """",g Olh."..,
MdJllYO i\dl'<k'ji. furmcr Exeruu... -----
"'--"'-....
----
-".
Srcn'Iary '" Ihc: En",,,,,,", Cumm;'"
sion fur Nrira, whu has Mid lhal
"/H",IKI'GC'J (QOOI)/ rJrrilll' io (tJ .diti<nu
II{ abjHI />OtVTly: Ill" by J.>r. Kofi
Awoun<>r. Ghana', A",ho>.;ad.,.. to the
Unitl'<l I'atioo.. ,,'ho has said thai
"lVurt1 is,~",tltn <ldi<talo"'i~ . II is
""ipt It> lwIitw lito' &, rtrnr" iuti,.·
riUlUJ1izi"l ",.lliHrfY I.hm.lisll/ o.d
pmdtli",j", ~"'t1rl""lJ11l''''''' Q " . . ,.
(QfI./11rile. 4¥l1fQf r«til't' ~I'
'Of. " #>';15 l%jItJ1l3. istkoitd lKem to
t«/lll<liDD . od<- 1.I.lJig"" <O>ICtSSio• •
Q')' tml/S. is oM'l>.rdt1mI &,0 <:rlpp!l.,
dnII .,.drmw. IJ' ir: IIimuJi/y II tI"".;~
r= ... II ..."1,, "';Ih lit. <"I'tIJJoi.,
i"'''''<1 <IIn", J«itrl distlI>ilititl. "';11
$/01'l.'i..... /I~.-
l/ a- ~mi"", """""""'" nlal""
riaU..,. the" ....UIh<.T """"'.......,;J spiral
wwld III"" be "" in moIion: tal
"""'lei flow .bnrad: IorrigIl and do".......
lie in-........I Ievcl:I wooId faD. as
W<lllid ~nue< from """h ,,"lability·
d<'P<'Odl'l>1 sou""'" to IOIIri"",: fIOriaI
~ ...cb "' ht'ahh and l'du",,1ion
wool<! be disruplC<l: k.;.s Il1knliool
woold tr. lraid Ie I'O"'-"'Y and ....viron·
",""tal lkwadllion: and na\iunil
"''\lOUm'$ would""'" ~ Itnd Ie bo.>
diYtrttd Il, th t mi~wy. to n"....,..;on.
•
fit. 13 '1'110 ..Ioarl blt in AIrico and to topin~ wilh \h., COl'"'''' '''''''''''''' of I<1lal1y "r illc.'l[a!ly. to......"" fr"'llland~

_
_ R _ o l llt _nnI COlnlli<t and inl..-maI migraliI>n.. of 00 """" '" land. of .." ".. Umilt<l
PI'IIltIo _ _ .I,fm _ ... in.... In !hit- way. """ of 1M m<>ol ~ OWO'tunlty. "'had" an CSlima1<'IlI(l(l
luI ~n. of aU "laY be P!'flIO'Iu. million t:.,o,>Ie "'" Iivin8" ""loidc lilt'
............ .....
_ 1ow 1llJ ~ """" _br
>led - lh>I br1""IW in$lability &lid CO\lI1l1)' in whirh tt,,:y ....-e bom.~

__
... .. _ _. .
----".. _-
....
.."""'.
s. ~ .s.t>o ,
povt'ft)'. The br'ololesl ilU,"",-')" of thooe
~ in 1M,.".jrJ wb= p<>Vert, ;. aI
it'! f1lOI!l ~, and w ~ 1"'1>gR'SS
has brousthl r"".,.bencliI.. o/J""'"
A<-tording 10lhe UniI..'d Nation. I'opu-
Ialion Fund (U N ~l 'A.\ . th<- "",.,.,..hclm-
in~ lI\i\iorily of lht..... "'" n:ooomk
mlgnn~ a' Ieasl 20 million arc also
!hoI Ih.or In' by and lam !.he pb.:eo n...; ~ from vinII'II<.~·. drousIl,l. and
whictl tIaYC """mol from 1If')kmg..'II ""rirorImo..1aI dewuction. ~ A:i lht......
p." iod. of in.Lob;lity, """fiicl. and nnmbmo llIOWl1. ond ti lhc ;oou<lria).
~ In hi. 1992 SlaI"""..1 Aw ized o:ounlJ'i". Ix'lliD 10 fet'1 mnn'of lhc

.- 0lgt1r. /rJr /'<Q«.lhe sl'"<maIJ.("........:J

of 1M United Nation>. BoolrUS
Iloutrol\-Ghali. has ... d thai the <W:p.
nl <aU..,. of confIicI art:' " ~", ic
p"-'$Illre.1he = _1ioo with ,he oe<'<I
for a . - and """"ny<>riertU'd ;,,~
tinnaI de"""""'''....1clfon will btromo..
IllOln and mun'l'Yidenl
dnt>ttir. S«i4/ j.;.uti«, oJUI ~iti<tJJ La.t1y.p<>VI.1'1Y and desperation "'"

..._
0#""*"". And in its lUm. cooIIk1 j,; aloo kl>OWJl lr> travel ocrnsa m!erna-

-_
----
----"'-
_. ....
also Olle orw moo! rorrnoon and ~
a!\lllUng ca.".,.. of povnIy and d.....pair.
A11be bowt of lh.i. ~ deoln>c1ive
of s)'tM.Tgi""", is the tll,.... 1 10 Ilrmoc-
",,. iuoolt "o.1J" sotitl'1 D/ tUJfIOffll!i·
ttiIl1 prolfflN ~ ."oaw ,.;pr.," ron Un",..
tional bnnI..-s In the u/dy di!<l!Uisl'" I>f
tom>t\.." and llle tra/f... in drull"-

TIle PTOllpcrity problem

I'l'F. l""Obl<o"" howl....... lam and
Aw "'... ~ Pf(/(f . "ClIo cifrr 1M l/l>o cnmpltx, arc ooly """ deml..1 of tI>e
lnJi/J //oat rool llli/O"W ~ 1In< t II<'" ~ th.u ;.. PlI"'ring twCI" the ZISI
ti.....- tmWtY.Th" Olhl..."Iajor CO>mfOJrlr"l of
llw cri>Ils am..s from a diffurro l dire<:'-
lk>n - tile tfI.... ~ 01 risilIll ~ y.
The industrialized world I1 Iw alrr-ady oo.u rnenliono.-rI ,!;al
The inl<'l'lIction betwI'f1I l'I'E probl<'IIIS tho.- Pl'""'Il tll A"1 10 !!'>r bi~ ...•
and nalional In:ila!»l llk.. and ronJli<u COlnl<.. <M.'r'Wl1dmiIl)lly from "'" r.'tJab.
also hall obvioos ~""""'""' . fur li:<lled ;" du-.rria1 nation.. """='nl'dlng 10
1"-'""" and $lability at 1be inlem.uiorull some f'Slima1<.... lor l'UlDJlle. tho>
Iev..t In >lOme ........ in'tr'IIali<mal Imr-t of 11Jc ""''All'' Al'1l'rican ciI;.",;.n
actirm will be ""l" imI lo hdp prol... ., OIl the global ....vironmenl if ~
popJlation. In ex1rt'me emtI'j(O'IKies. malt'ly 3 timI's llW 01 1bc a,,-~
or in failed Slat.- wh= aD nnIt1" has halian, 13 m..... lIl.OI III IIIe '''''r.IlI<'
brok..-n down. In Olh..- caort.. intr.oru- Br'lIZilian. 35 limeo< thal III thr """"""'
bonaI irIvoIo.'ernenl " iO be 1JKo respo n~ lIIdian. 140 times fhal of 1M IWl'Ig<!
'" ~ from dictatorial regi""-"l Banll~ and ""'"' than 250 IinJelI
thal bIMo """"" to _ by apk>i~ thai of a cilia.. bom into ...... allhr
tbe fruslratiolli of tbe poor. 1ht ~ k:ast lk'Yl:loped naIioM. 0/ Alb-Saharan
and ri<l<sof ""flinll wilh llIOCIl """"ll""" Mnca.~ This a,I(3in I~ an ;-., "md1
citt. aIn.-ady COIloidmblr, ~ Iikdy 10 ha< 1x'<1l 'lridcly dionI.-l d...-wlk "
lW: submnlially In lheyo.'arS ahtad.k< I..... widdy ~ ~ lh< 111 1y
'"'" tlislinRuiolJed modem hlSlOrian ""'~ if far .-., JlOSlIIlou'
has wril""" "n, _ iJUlkt>I~ 1JIo, o:ounlrico in ""'..-orId succeahtUy IJW'"
" _ 1M /JrIf<i1N cooxq ...m of ......a ;i""larpau,'I"n 0/ progt"f'SS.
rapid p<>podtstiO" ""1ft.,-W torl>. · Many of 111l;- ~ nalions un
ItI.,,, Old uml8ri4J u/'GuUn< a.... "" <'2<th, partkularty in I\s.ia. ~ ~
jI/ollSibh "" 0~1.'" able t'ltPC<-1aUoo. of oc<>rIOlIlic JlI'O"1h
Sc<:oI>tIly,lho.' I'Pf: ~l willWa ill !he l'ntl' ahead. <.iM.'f1 Il>e f(lobal
~ in the fonn ali ~ ~ ",",,11 ,,'IcI<'Vioinn and video. and Ih"k

• lary ~ ti pe<>pIc aU..'III1'l dynarnlo: elk<1s OIl human aspinl1inn.

..., Iirnt,b. iI ~ 1ib.-ly 1luIl
.-.,.oflllHo,ll<>IJUIu-'''''· lO be
~ au-ollhe-W
will .......... ..., ill ......,..-. bfllioI
_ ,hlionth.uI IbaI of ..,.
~

""'C*nt~ ..... nIIy.

_ ... _ _
.,.-.-_ _--
. . . ..-- .
....
f"oa. 14 n. ..IMmle .. UCio "-riel

.. ~ tIlO" __ m.r o f - . .
..<IID_ 1M; pr....u. . . . . . !he

II,., ......w
.... ' 5 ..... . ,

cIetl:r
.,.....w ..,.
iol.-rieL
dill thio ;0 \heir

...... ..- . .......... . .!hal. ......

riJIII? Vel

... ............-.."*,_cb<1llad ilf

IhiI
-_-_ ... _-
_----
.._-.
io:lib? l1o-Jr1y,W ~...n:l
.. ill pooili<la lo '"*'" ..........
n.:ni<1l iout; ,..• ..,. ill !he
do: .... klpiac ....nd or ""ft"l thai ~
IIlIould 1>01 '"'l'in-' 10 hi¢ln .....,,, al
,nal,ml ~ II<>IhIng cwld bo-
murc llJU'nli.u.. than ~"lII....inJ rna.

_.
'0
lioItlI of """""" conli:Jl"" lnYO>D1nIlIIy
bullodc <WI ..., waolIirq: \btoir cllIlllClI
in - . . ...,
dowIIlO waICfI

Y"Jull:IO~ _(
mer. Idi;lroe 0fll!inK
n 'f\IIW 0(

'.....
Iioa ill . . dUd " '111 -.1d ..... Ibt
1Jallao'...,
--_
---,-
---- -...
.......... ~ . . w ~.
lorn ,' .......-....- -"1
....-.:r < ,; JiorilIW.
Mol • tIlO" 1Inn'I' , C "
"-'.,.. 1W ,. ~ ,, __•
-"_ ~¥.
1.. 1i..... _ ,.." _ _ . . . .. . ll
. ./MI. nrn.u ,,11*1 . ,.;.., pl.ocipal "j ,Ii,a:
•• Irilti<atiM • /Itt ..m.-.,. L.: ~ I'w. JIl vlllemi lly brioI".
_,."..." flJk "" ftW . Mil/I• • ... '" .. CIl<l tlw ..... IIIIffIO 0/
'0"'" .... l<n<J ... #rJht . ...... . !l<W\'I1)'• ......",. _ JIllion ,IIrnWCh,
priltl4/7 _n:to.- anti iIlvcslinR: in !be fUI1II ond urt.D
L'hin.·. pr'COCIit m ,' 01 """"""it: environmo....10 wilhin which loday'.
~ 1Or~, """,1CL In """ _ lm:llI d war1l;~

l/I'Ill-Taliua. """'" 2 lL....~ 0/ I'Conomk :J M~ !be lnUI!IiOOn 10 new palho

tl... IoliO'"'01 similar In llIIl at the al po ,*,_ in lIM- incluottiab:cl """"
~bli< ot K<wa 1Otlo;y, AI llIIl poIal. Irieo ill ...... 10 lIlIiDIoin or """""'"
C!W', a-"! ~ "" !be ...... lhc quality ol ... >tillle tiani6cla1ly
"W-w.ib~... !he ___ roedu<i<'I ~ ....... 0-
_ . . . . be IIimiIor '" lUI GIl" !he <rile. .... GIl" - " • _dcliIliIm 01
UJiIeod sea.... ...
iIs arIIca oiodtle JII""'_-..ItI bc .... lbt . K' " C

_."
•
1Oda(........ '
.......-.l~
5 cl .........

SiocIllIo' .. " • «MId bc dI:riooocl

Ir.-bdL ....... , . "
r--Iha
••

wilI __
"". ics. if Ihrr • c t -. ...... lO
..... V ,n..illoooa _ 0( Sibil'
......., ,,....q!":
I ~ • • •, • S ,. t ics .
dowloIo Iloo u.I 01 K '
f

...
..... .. .... whidI wiI .... Ibnt ...
....,....,
wiIh
.--.--
GIl"OIiDI.-l1 iot1he 2111 ....

ifntyIos ......... .oel.

........, \btoir m-.. pocb 01 tJI2IftiaI
",ill ~ .....
tllow .. iDduRrioIizfcI <'llWIlrieI. local anti fIolIaI """ \iInils.
......,. """"""" • IfoaoI. I00 tniIlioIl. • n- ~ ate -.'OI
J .- 1.-"".. . . ,. '"
............. 01 ht;rs "" IM -
"" boat ............ . . -
tho lit &o:ldilion 10 btq _
httlltl _ _ n vI _ _ fKD

...,.'*'..._"""'..-
'" ""

llldr(. . die I.Oi ... IdlDaI ~ IflIVoI . . _ .

»

----,--" . .
1I'Kll<... 1M-coIt_ .... _ .. ICY __
. . . . . . . . Iho _ _ . . - .

Sifoa ~ lira ,;; IWI.

....."'"'t.Q,....
- . lit """"'

_ . 1o a-.,1 _
' !
I ...
fir _ .

aop,.. ... _ , :f ' ' i112_

_ _-_,-
. . III fKfI .. u. bill ............ fKa .... L.* . .
, If ..... lbt _w.llNo..-· - . . . . . . . . . -1iIorKy
n. .......
_ _ _ I}$", I .;
tdilIolI. ~ • _
....,dH ' .. ' i
~

• _
• ....,-.
.....
, • .--.. 2 """"""

.....
i s ? $ '" _ lJiMIoj N_ _ p , 011 . . """"' .....
E .... - lftIaf. WHO. IJHESCO . - . . - _ . § '

... lHf'''- 0.. IlID - - . . ...............0 - : - . ..

.................. .
Nigorio. _.000 _ ..... _
-I' ''''~'''

---
~I .. 1M- . . TlIt Me..... JIIUducM in ' - _ "I~I,,, lor
<_,..
..... " ' . inlo .. _Iho ....,
111 ,.......t rr- _
..-. ,
lho1..1hlUI yo'S. III _ - . llle h...
~c~ ,." UN. bollC........" 11. ,ospon6tcl MOl fldio
.. ~,td inuI <1>191... .. Ii'rIint SpOI>. .orioil 01 FKls lot Ib
lIinhI. Ar, mo1htIhoocI. bornSl:f..d· "'HUG H. orld llle incluoIDn 01 .....
"",. child c'owd\, Imno.in<,olion, dilo,· $Oyn in 1KInd,.... 01 JOIP0fI0f1' lOll
mao.: ""', r.'llir' l<lIY intKtiont. pojIIIIl f ,"cIio _""",,,,,.'"
Bruit I
"YlI..... IIltl, AI DS. Ina child rlIIjGf $_",",kIl .hl.. h.. P<Il
dJ' I'IPn\tlll au: i'l ......,
01 "" _ . Fo<fSlflflb llllSllyn ... 120 .....
lhon IOU counlries _ . "" booll plUIic: bIgI. In KItI\1t, \0 .....
lw bttII II'IInIIItH or lod•• • Irs lIIIIChbe_ . Itry llle 1IlUtIGI.. III
....... n _
_ _ _ 01
bftn lIiIDrool ID iii
0..- ........--.
f lllby, lIlIy ...... oppIMH" 2 ...

*' """
.....,.
_...-u..,1IIi,oca ....
"-
... lorI-e.
• ' 60
----,, . ,.
1Iddtd
1ht IIotp "
..
IHdiIg

11 .....
.......,
_
tt.w ...... ,k ..' on""", _ M
' - - . 1IW _

MOl ....,.. " , _

5 '
kIouI

.............
1 - " " IIlta lIiI
.........

_.
. . . . . . . . """"' dtc;.
Tho F_ • U\I IIooot c_ _ ...,. .... a.. .. --. I
I'NdI __
... &--.
~_.~_it

...... . _
. .. _ ..., .......
"""" CIt
- - _ ..

, . . ...... ill . polIiDDo • I'NdI

...... - w _ _•
ngII Ie llIdIfo iI"JClIOIl .....
..,__
~

........ ~
"""'"*'...w .
...,.UlKl

........................
...... -u.s. - . . _ _ .0

taly°O" ......... -
__. ,___--_.
..---_ . ,_
.._-
_- ..
---_
..,.. . . . . . p "1m. Ii ....

. ...... ....
TbI ._ fra. 1I ala-...,..
IlIl m -. ,. _
Iwtilrlll_" 11 bd_odl ..
1ht 1IS1 hlUI ... ..... -_.- ...........
f.m
..... "'
Ill. .· • ~ _ rnakiIw a mil. 1m Ibe ;,,~ ~.,.
&oa pnw:ticW eli.:"...... IIul lhr ......... 1lu'tas 10 ......... 1II'nIriIy now fIT
lhr bt~ otlhll b .bitiw is poAo mon.' ~ 10 aritIr hn i _i....
"""""" \lor ~ \lor ~ ..... UIl <lioporwot. au.' ba .... poIdtiDn by
..... Tht-~~oIlbelut ariol ..............lll • t l ~wy
.... ,....,.'-lIlIt'ftl'd '" • d,~ ~ _Irom Il\J lIilil.Iryolb-
..... -=,' aJIlr. \lor ~
.....
\lIoIIllo. · ·
~"""''' I!oD
btU ' . .
Ita lhr ''*''
N&ioIoo
. , "" ......
Ilftat 10 ~ ... . " . 10 . . . .
'""" "'" ~ ottk._,.h ...
. . . """""'". I"liIoooooa. .... at lb<- ...-W ' • •...,.
... 01 t9!l2. ,¥ ., .... .." tI..-,.
... iii - . tI"'" t.M _ ai ...
.......... tI._ _1*
..... . cPlt£
,
............... ,...-,....,.."
thro lbrnI 1Illb<- , .n. ''"
m ~QoWr•
~

....." tI.._ .,tIw~ po ..., ! . ki .......

_. ... . tf...... ' "'.

. . . _._"",ai.,. • . I a i ~ '~IriI.'"
,...,,,,.._ .. _ ... tI...... ..·_..· ai... _ _
............ iw ...... ai .......
~ ......a j _ _ " ; . . . - ,,, n...- _Ibrtm 10 ........ -.1
• fir' lJI ..irt . . . I......... ... .......... waoriI)' rInrIr nil lor
."JriIUw ••_ail);.' - _ ............... In p.1it.Ior-. ~ ..
t'lISI"iallballhc _ ~ ....

New rotlC<..'Pl" of SC'Cllrity

in 1'" --'d iI:o .nould
irnmt<lot' !nlIul ill 1M of
An '_'IlIiaI,-l<mnM <!lib.. ~ ...
fI"drljnililm o( ...nal is mnnl by I<'ro-
~na I"'·
tainIblT lutuli', And in
"""''''''''''eelU a "'"
UMtd
~1,. f oo.....iI1,II ,.... ,...bal. cau:t<d by Slat,... (<><by. 'o'IlkH.... bts/innin.a Itt be
It.......b1iral.... ti h;" bo<lk 71I, ,.u, uJ rai...-d in Ju PP<Jr1 <II III<' icl,. . tlul polio
/aU of tit, Vtul ",..,.... hi>ll""",, l'iwl cK.'lI IIhwld b. ""Iically ""rlmll.<1 in
IV",l<'d, hu at l~ n , p1,..t IIr difIi<uh R'lf"l<I~ In 1~'E probk",., A1"'"1:!l" tho'
lMSlc <II ~ ...,,,.. nt b ~ 10 I)....,.v" ful <Ii I....... vui<n,
m<>!iI t"" III many developing
Iho.'lal!k of I'"'PlIrinI: fur Ilk- 21 ill n ". may bT I'ltCtOpltd lit"",
hll"i. ' w-".... /J . . . ~ ' Ik- n '/ •• .".;4.....' _ " ,..,... ",. notions, nation al
....."", "-N ..
<l(ff.ili<lw tfriat
~,
"""'1tlI"'"
..mo.I ... UI/"wn.. . I«'In'il)I.
Nf#I' * - tI ~ t.M _ , iI
_ . ri#fIIn ... N tII
I/u;, . . "
llIImu ItJ

~ ..
_.
_ . ...... dtq ..,;,. ,.., " . , tf lN
-.MIll

""
..et'i
~"'
ctfI/'",. lMrtrill., .., .,
,.,. tI ""
......
,.,.,
_..,~

~ .... ..
.
IJaiMII Slam.
security is
threatened by
Mit16 I"'" ri..ria. ~ _ Gist 1>4 . . _ .......
_...
...
t*M
jIiIw.,

-. ,
'*- ..... utI«7 _
;. tI .. ".,.. tllIftI

, """'"'" ..,.
..... .,,..... - .
___... Jmt .. ..,.. ..... -W",.,
~ .

,.
_ _ /air
......
enuircnmenta!

........""',.,." _./u......... ...._"*'-M._ItiDiJw ....

..
. . ........._I*f .; ... _ • degmdatian on a

.........
. .Ubi r
bo _
~
rl
ok",'
--".,....,
Pc:
........
,.".""
...
)1

.....
.. -
U .,..,. ,
t •
If ....~ lib
fino •• GloMI Ma, I •
...
scale tllat
invading army
ti D

~1ro~Atrr...il.is
1Iaa.f,.. __ . _ • .....,~

JIrcoady nw dill IIIlloNI IIf'aIrily is n, iN ' .& tfllftl II- could contemplate.
It..- ""el by PI"': po 'I
.... .....--..... "' i.dIal.

..caJr INIIOD inYadiI ...., <'UIIId.--

. ...,.
io"";N<I_it.1Iaa",
"'~• .......-.. tII~'" Ia,.,ui
t/... ar1Ii-(. _
I · ...

1c<lipIIP" . YI'l _ ~ ... sciII ~.wiaS.IJ.. ~., ... n...._

............ many Ilmo.... ......, . _, .. ,,"';#wt$" __ '''llIIn ""...
10 ""litNy raparil, lhan 10 erwimft. ,..."...,n..,llIIt _ /h • • itftWMJ
n>tnlll p."h ~"lit><I. ftw _ i. 1J/JU ...-ir ,..,...... •
_
~
~.w ~

.... _. .. /It JlMiJi:t -u

~'.
". lit i..-..m./ _ _ '" .....u-
llin, . . IN....... lit ....ri_ _
."",.,
pokito.i11 ~ linandol 11.-_
~IIIW
~1IqltIliaIion ol. n
Iopio• ......t<l, in

- . . aDd ill II<.'iI.'IIIik - ........

,IUII_
MI1y. l l ' ,.nm. . Ift.- . . 1be- ....... oI ltd.....,.
............. "-" ....... Illlrht II.
,_do" ", icII: rlislir.lhor _
. , froao ... lor _ .. Ihr poilinl
.... ~
ilia ill ...-u.. 10 PPt: lin I ' . .. ill
~. il io ....,, _ .......,

.....,1 ....... ~bJ, •• -.:

..
_id<o • • • .., IIIillk dli&. n... <6;Inf; III O<i <_ dw - . . - . .
. . lit c-. al " ...... ...., it oflbo PG"<"ftJ'lholpo ocicb .... '"
lhol"' ~ C.C" .. " , '" lhr """p:- ...""'" I a$ : r JIVW\h
1lor Ilw......o l' I ' \lIoo -.I "0. __
.Iht-........
_ _ it lIIlcII ' - tIM, . . . - . of ~ ....w. e"I""," dAI ci<aIM.
~N Gaft. _V"iC'f"lh""'. oI ....a 5 : 00IlIII00criIi. . . ......
1M lhIiIftl ~ _ n boai)y food po , lioa.-.I
....... iIaIilr: ! ' • • , 7 " "' •
... ....". ci jau,,-u..rl ........ III
The 6111llest ....,. oI lbtw _ . I) " a .t
Tht PP£ ..."blo.... ~ fGYiron...-l . . . .: t AocI at.i< ... tJoeo . . .
...

u.... froao ~ ....,.. 01 """'"" J:QIl< thlI " - btoo'lllWlftd bJ

.."",.... .... w -'" /It maR lbr
J[JeaI nmiIloa .....'. ' i".... u~.
ocllbo bn.>E <O<I\l:XI M U11111:m1ll III
l:riDli: Ihc: bair bo..'f'l('fito oIloruen-.... III
aD ~ lMId ""-'<'I 1M rn-'aI
h u n~ IIo.ol:I di!lC\llilil'd iIIlhl' tlrsl pan
of \hiJI "'1">'1.
Tu nlffi (I.e.' r ~ nariorW
a1lou and inlrmaliorW <OO\Il'ltiion
.... .............in mall}' diIlo.'fl'll1 fftJl - in
the "'loot and poll1kH oIlall.'rrWional
Lndo:. ill IlIIlll' ~ttd and
bbour~ IlMIanal ...... ~
!he n»iao'iIy of lhr -"1"1 ~
I<adcn «lUIII lIo:rd cu be <'Omidrr<....
• h lI"5I of (he imC'fNl4iMal rommu-
nllfl ~:and <apaciIy III ~
mokin.lr WIiMIl InlntoiliO<l.
The fmal pan of lhi~ rtp<II1 thco....
~ k>ok. in '""'" dr1.aiI .II"" ""ntnll
a>nllibulion,,'him Ilk· "",h",",I1Ictll of
Iwic human ~ rwld tllIk , 10 l/Io.!
~ 01 l'!'£ 1W"'bk.... - 10 lho.o
-ma- 01 minimum burnan I>L........ 1<1
1bo S1abWatiol'l of popubliolll. and to
Ib< ...... <If ..............'111>11 ""'"""""___
The synergism of 3
sol ut ions
I'In I fJI ~ It1lO"I ~ lbr
"'CI t . . . Ihf pOl jeI iI-..nl
C Tbr wai..,. . II
, . c" : $."~
] ,. ., of"'"
............ _oI<hi1d . . . F..-;h 01 " ' - ..... is 6MIT
~ Ib <_" . ... the
I/gl f'dIled 10 Ibt .,.... 01 the I't"E
m.- w ok• . • I ' :e.-:I ~"io"" IMR

--.............
_ ••h ~ ~ '-" dowri- w" '. II lriI boo 0:4.... III
.... III W poiallll wbidI ...., r/.1IIr .,... ee_ 01_ .. !l1f.""US
_ ...""*PIlI1IonIrIIlo
_
01"' .... m a:JuM
III thr cIiopoool 01. Iomi-
iMo IIIftr. hNWI . . _iliw: edaca-

b io *'001 all _its III •

.......... la~_ .......
~ ..... lho ;111<"";001;01 HEAJ.11i AND Nl1TRI110 N
<'IlIIlftJJ1IiIy ." _ in I JIQO\iIjoII. II.nclIirijI baoic lutman bnlIh ....
sholIld ttwr to dtcido.1O brinIr lIbouI would IIlriko:' III. -"" 11M: ....m -.
01
add ....... ...., oip;Iinnl ilr.prtM> the Pf'f: probk,n.
1Ilt'lIlS in tile IW'Yinl hnhh. RlllriOOn. F"1fSl. imll"O"\'d tdh i!l one "' tIN!
and ~ or many tniIIion-< 01. !he . - POWerful 01 all """'POll' lor
"",rid', rh ~ ... Spccifie ,lIOal. which OWI<lcinll" po'o'rI'1y . WlI.m." ju~ by
n,11o.'<l Ill ~ poJIl'llli;ll ~ bo.·" o <Ij(n. 'll Ihe KOOOmj(" ~ nusrd by ~lC
by I"" 1Kl6lk'al ln<k..... 01. - ollioo... di~ .... by tile K<lf>OI1IIo ...,...",.
Pan 2 hu rnappo.d lhe w-ltr Ia/>d. t am.d by In""",,","_ in waI<.'r ....,. There is all obviolls
iQIlC In ...tIieh this p:Il ... tiaI ~ ply,. Ibc 0I'l~ l<-'Olimony of
""'ol w., ......,. dnwio« IlIttlboollO "-<Ct'nIl'<"'"' • Ihol ~ in IwaIIh and profou nd
1M I1Ullllllly ~ ~ Md ""Irili<>n Iw>Ip to !rt"qlroye """""""
.&t'lI <I_limled pcM'l'Iy, l"lPd IlOl>- IiriIy .-I to ~ \lie I't'lUl'IlI 0lI
uIIlioa -u.-' D O' 4: mvin>D- odl<r...... "'---.,L connection between
.....ul _ - lho- PI'E probk;D In 1M ..., _ it • obwiun lha
.... n 1t a;1a o, bdw IlOl"" &"..... ............ -.r. the mental and
~ ·oI 11ut pd ......
I'In 3 looks III Ihr . -........
botwN ~ Col . . IIwat. ...
$
......................
.... _'-lbe .. ·
... """" io 6rWt..1IM its. .... ~
"'-'".
'"
physical development
. i ...... Ito. . t ' ' iI« 01 liar _ • bt1IoT '" .wt IiIDe _
..... ........ ....w ........ -..:r io oidl dlitIlrN.. of children a"d t llt~
..................... , ',.. u.. In IMc&tt'd~oI .....
II c' ln. . . . . . . dlt 2l« ttMwy t, _.~.-...._10l
01 t.il:r ill lbt -vs __
social and economic
CI mba..

-
T~ I'\ql.lb.e-
CCllllnlof1llt
....
..,-
n A..... oIdlid~
iIodIodr::
rbiJ' ol

A ~ lt. . . . . iII....-,M,
< .......
lIIlbt ~ _ ~ • IIIl ol;Ioo;-
.... _ 1M.. f

lilt _ _ """ phyadI"

01 etIildIul ..... -W _
-.,;",, ___

w
-.ir .......~'11 .of1llrir_ .....
' $.....•
deoelapment of their
societies.
U A ..... .,,'••__.. ."
. _ n.. hi COIllrib.uiWIlha woWcI be
~~ llllde by ~ baic: IlraIIh ....
I I Tho.. """"""""
COIIUWO~""
"'''*...... 10 aD -oold lhcn., *,", be to ~ boIlI
the: 1IlIort"""" and ~ *"'>
o It. bWt ~ fill"all chikIrm; lMlmic ~ of POQl" <:untlll\l~
 Ub-Sahl ' '''' Africa is the 0fIIy
S '"Ilion at Ill. d8'M<lllinll WO<1d
ltIol hu not ~ uno't<lI.... I wid.
$plIed deeine in fertility. Some
d, _ropl1tfl i>lb.. 11111 I de, ....
his now begLlll; otIlo,. ar. "'" V9l
prl ... 'tll til t ommd lhtmstlvts. Irg...
ll'i tho,"'" "';"",. is .....11
llerno; r.~ trod H..1Ih S!JIveys
(OHSI hI'" recently been tDIIduclid
in 21 $IIb·S . ...,," AlTice" ""lion•.
Re!lO'1S from 13 lUCh 511J<!ies hIM
bun lIU~ Ind prelininlry
mutts' " rvlil.bII fO! lou, ......
Tho _ in. in <<>nj<mtion ""'"
ather oWl"",,,, mok' . cleal mat 11"
liliry h•• !legLI/I to deeli'le in . , I. Ul
m... .r me courmio. olLlel"" ~ in 1111 TFfl of L3 births PI' WOIIII"
Botswan', KenvI. IM Zirnblbwo.
&on fuf ""'.. n. lioM. 1tI~SlH:'
on ,.~ chi""". ""It limI , "" It,
Irom satislll<lOlY. BUI 0lIl" obstl'ofl
irina. _ weight 10 "'" finding thot
!her. hos bo'f<I l declino in lII. lOaI
f.rti5fv lite (TFlIl 01 _ . than .....
IMnII ptr WOII\lln. Tho reponed 1111 01
_ comac.pWo .... /or ...........
hIS nun lignific:oRlly. in Zi'IIl>a tM9.
~ at m. ",eeI women flOW .... I
modern moII1od 01 r~ ~ ill
Botswlnl !1M iii." is Ind in m.
...."'"
M.... conlinntlion ....... from
.~ ..king we.... how nuny
<!liId,"n m.y woOl. In Kl nyl , the
JtlOWOr t.ll ••ry..... r ~ fr o .. ln _ .
age 015 1 in 191\01 to U in 1989.Amono;
women avtlI "0-44. !he ~ ..I numbt<
01eMd,.. _ . ...d55;"""""ll!>osl
I gt<l 1S-19 111, _
wal3.1.
1111 I nsIWf g;"ln
Bo,swltll, Kenya Ind Zimbabwe
h..... also '.,ocI t>ettt< III." "'''1'
AITic," not:,.. in aUlour 01 !Ill " ' ."
01 prOG,es. most eo.n1l1lOllly . ssoci·
. ll d with lllIinIj loni/ity _ riU>g
IlfI\Ill! e<lue.lioo, II,"", child IroIlaf.
ify, wolk.., l.miII' plo~ lIfO-
..,.,.
g,......... and I do9rH of ec:0Il0IIIi<
The most "'.mati< did ... h..
o<e\lf,1ld n Zimblbwe wt._ PHS
'ISU~ lIJWiSt1h111l11 TF!I h.. ll l."
by 1.2 bi1h. PI' W\lIlIIn bllWII"
1981-1980 I rld 1985-\988. BOlSWln.
~I' oeM I Mem. 01 0.8 ""' thl
SI ' " ~ In Kl flyl . lhe Tf R SllmI
to hove lolIIn by U bmhs PI' wom.n
in 101I1.nIl by 0_5 bolwHn 1911 . ...
1989. ~ ISlin Q th.l t:hI dec linl in
Iollilify elllJlcl bl I OCe\e(e!irl\l shl ' Pt,.
" is . Iso POSSibillho, forU'ly h..
beQun 10 hi. in BLIfUI'ldi, M ~1i. Nig..-i..
SI""g.~ iIIId T"9'l. though in • • of
IIm I lht f.B .. TFR is .......,kIll
Ifld thl supllOflinll ovldeoee is less
c...w.eing.
In Nigeri. - willi olmost 0 ~"""
of sub-Soharln Alii",·, poopIt _ t:hI
lVIill bll l1t1listJ•• s ugQISI I dtolino
trom l!l82w 1988. This" tho II'Q'S!
"",.,,,,tl! dtclino of I fly COllnuy in
sub-Sobl,.n Africl III lIall . b<Jl tho
~nding i. 1<apI<T; ~ is: JIOl <ll n silllrll,
for "" ., _ su"''''VS ~
!hIl ooIy 6"4 01 m.,riod """'"" in
N'9"rio 11>1 """'" form 01 comr.......
lion .n<! 11111 only 3.5,. un modll"
__..av.r... ~_ ... fib tyl/l ll .
6Idno boolIon .. !hI """" po....
Ious ., of tho south-WI'Sl lncl pos.
sibly intho SOUllHlSl
Tho.......... ItQ'" IIII! '"' ~"",.I
rltef'" in f.rliIiIy III. yet bl g\lll in
sub·S.",,." Allie. poim to rho I.e'
lhIIU.d ilio••1.. Iuts ".l'llni/'l f _
11191 to..... . nclthfl lhl un of con-
blC.prlQn is '~llIIy 20 por-
,"""go points lowe! IIIl n tould b.
t1qJIetoel """" .0000P1'td '" ~Il
counuin I I limiIll _ . 01 oc <>-
"""'* """Opmolll
~ ' ''l UI thai the . il,um -
IItInc• • !h1l d«tn'l'lino lorrOIy "i.. It.
elll~ and lftol AIric... ....
,"s~ .Melly IS olhor p<lIlIJla1ions
III.. de". - prowling !hll "uff"ienI
priority is given III 'eGUCI/lll ch ild
dl.ltI•. ",,"celinll womon. Incl mlk·
_
ing '"""'""' f.miIy p11l11Wll1 _od•
_.----
.....otylncl c~ l . oill blo.O
------
-~
...
~*
.. _ _ .JoI.
Health and populationgrowth
s.,,'lIldly. ""Ql,hin~ basic' ...." 'llh ~
would ha W'a klnjl"-I<''''' "","<1 "" popu-
IalionlI"O"'lh.
11", I~I po1l<u.illI r.... iJnprovinJ!
~hildnl1', I...alth and ><aVin ~ dtildn'tl's
Iiv\os io ......arly ~01'tJ"oClm, - so""""",,,,"
I1W ~ h;oj II'd llOf11<'lo'ltl<'Slioo Ih, ,,;';'
dom of 'ltvk>;inJl .....h l<dUliq U'" *'l
;mmun"'I"". ORT, and .nlibiol~ un
tho: ,o:round. lIun in=~ clilld!lUl"'
vival ",u", will m,:rely ",,",,-'fbaI"I"'Il"-
b1ion prub k:,n.<.
This awn1l111 ill IlOt only \IlIf:lhinl.
11 .. ~tuunrlly mL<Uk<11.
II", "" Un<1hi<a1 ;uwJmt'fI, bl. ..
it impIico ,hat"" """':III"ble reopo u...
'0 til<' Joopula,iun l""blem I. w ,kllbo..,...
.. ~ly "";,hhold basi< bn~fi,. of
- . ' l'n.>:n ,he I'"un ,", (I\W1'' ' rI
the world'. ~ in ortll'l" Illal II fig.
oiOCan, rI ,hriT m i!rln.'O
p""","lB,(:<'
.ooukl """tin "" to dl~. U......h a prt'
CO'\lI "''''' aIlow<'tI to
1Ilnl1O(k.- ,,,,,,-ani.
,.,,"aiLIhrn l!tt'
a ~'tI and .......
Wnab"-' fu'un' w<mld be dc6.'tif':<! lUll
by Illypola.dati"",..pIo,;;"m oreoviron-
m..utal dis.".".. bu' by ......."""P"'-' rI
,he hunlllll "Pirit.
And 11 is a miSla1rtl1 argumNIt
bl.....,,,· 11 is ""...'tI <>II a ,ni~
of Ib<- rriaIio<t.'<ltip brI"""" rhild
tk:"lh. and ptJpUlaIiou JmJWI1I. 'lllal
1:"":,,,
rd at iou.rup ha>t IlWIj' 001 0\«.
"U 11 ren..:t. til<' ""'lliM Ia<t ,hal a
!\iJmiliI.1lIl1 and sustaint'tI ~ iD
ch ikillrath. i. a1mo;l I"""riably a pn~
rondilion lOr I """ in '""'lt8o«11li~ u...
>od • ,;uSlllint.'tI WI In f<ortilily. ~
0",-' 'U1d1..r1Y1nR aspc<1 of ,hat m.
'iumhip is ,ha"lI<' <lta1h of . mild is
<.>Il"" quidly <VII1IIl ''t! lOr by •
...... prf'gIWltY." r: in ....... wlwre
!hi' is n<ll Ill<' "",,"<.iouo in",nlion. !he
Ik':llh of an in~, mean. ,hill bn1!il'
ffflliOll "'>l>'. and "";!h iI ,"" muu-.
C<'P!M' l~"'. r.,.. boll< 01 ,""....
" ·...on" hiJth clulrl ........ h 111.1"" u....t!y
mt"In thaJ. 0'""" mUdrl'll art' born.
A 9t<'<Jr>d ra...... ot ,ho: rd"ti<>Il,;hjp i.
,hal if OWly rhild.... n <lifo then fW"'IlS
l<'Od 10 in... n'. and oft.....10 O\«.;"",n'.
by hoviOll • b'l.~" numbt-r of ctJjldrnn
,111III t/If'1I lrIually want.~ More
bro:Idly. wl><'''' "'nfido....r'..in mM su"
vival rl'Il...u,. low. ~nl' IfId """"tw· fit. 15 CIIl1d dlllhu'" iii",,"
ni~ ,~nd MI,o PI"l/fl-"'" to the ~
~""I«>I_""-.
of bui!dIOlllamii..... by <'Uf\lciws pIm-
ning.~ l'o'w"...·ly. WNl1 <hikl d,'IfIh
ralt·.lan a nd ,bo.' flo\olio nship beI........'f\
tho: nombtr otbirtl1s andMfl1U11 fm>.
ily <i.e ~ 0""" prcdi<ubk·. f>n..
IIy plannlltl[ btco n~ • 0",", >l~
_
..... aI_"",~--,,,,,,"
_
~"'*"
", ....-IM _
...
..
a=- fa "",,,
_""" ~ - ,,,,
I ~ IIl1ll.1!Bl.... 11l'lI
)lI'tlIXl5itiun..
Many otutl"'" ""'.,. lho: la:;t ......""~
h..~ ~ " " _..a0'tlX Th"l'
ha..... bl'en ...nulled up by the Unill'd -'
N>lion.l'o\>ul>l;"'o OM"",,, in <>IX'"'-'II'
,,""": "J...p"""", ... ts io ,.i/d "''''I-'t1J.
riidl i.<mlY 111, pmlkltlbi/i" rj l~'
/tJ...iIJ n i/4;"g P_ . lrigg.., IU 1"'0·
$iii"" frrJm lr<J1It",11D wolrollrd/f'rlr1ily
.-
.~.
Irdoaciott.:-
nu, roncluoiun ""'" olso l'ftllono.'tI
by 1M 1m ·f-.nh S,nnnu!' in Rir> d~
J""'..... and by ;1:1 Scn<1ary-{;,,'I\(:ral.
M"urin' !ilmrur- "111.. f6m ~ mI.rt •
"ild illoiSS ,,11I/ .m""lrili.. alUl ~
rrw.
dJ.""v. rj do. WorM .so...
",it fn;
Cltildrt. ill ""rial . 01 a.l1 /i>r its lllrII
""u bl nM ... Q ......... rj.rlP;ng It>
" - ,.""JnliMr ".,,,,,. alUl_ .. po<si.
til. tIll;rQlImtlr'QJI.yIrWnirl4b1.. /kff/np-
•
--
......, ,.• III.2 1stU . III" no """od:
--.......-
...-
Threshold effect
This link hrt""",n .-.during <hild
-,.._..,__--
110 ... _ _ . _
_-
--.......-..--
dl.-aths and n"<!ul."in/: lc.'rtillty k:'{cls has
now .......hctl • t'ritind "';nt. To ......
wh y, it i. """'-*WY 10 look in. IInIe ...... . ....
mun.. detail aI !ht. dilTt-'Il'Ul .togl'll of
1h:I, rtb tionship. As. fij(Un> IS """"""
....
.. . . """
the t'3J!y "'-"1/<" of d,'Ctin<, in dtikl
"'-'II,h~ oft... "-lillie rlff'CI 00 fmi~
ity. AI Ihi'SlIIgt-. 1 hWl ondcr·m., """.
tality rat ~ a/f~. the ra!<' of JlUllUIa!i" o
llfOVl1h in lWU lvn ,ooi<1ory "")11: ~
n",,,,,,,, OOviouoly. II"" fro-... thild n'f\
--
_ _.....
----- --- .....
5IlMw- 10 ha..... ml!rln..., of their OWn
and. an otht'r thingS brill,ll "'JUII. this
migh, 1<>w<'T p<>pUbrlion llI'U"'Ih 11II,-,"
by I b' ptm.'f\laj[t. poinlS; bu, it al",
.....·an. (hili ~", ili,y """"'s remain hiI(h.
as i,"",nls rauno, be tt>ttfick'f\1 in ,b<>
........ml of ""-oil' l"ldsting thikltrn: !hi.
teftds to h:wc a mum moI'C I.....
""" oco.'tI cllr.'l" in ~0lI populatlon
1/I'O""h 111.1"" hillh.
II is II the ""Mrqlltl1' SlIIgt! of Ihis
pruo........ whl'f\ und...-.f"", oKlrtality
"
 I"lIk~ 1><'I':in
' 0 fall fro,n aruund 150 p<'I'"
I,OOl H"" bin.h. ' 0 100 prr tOOl and
111<1l to :\0 prr l ,OOO, lhat cont~
.... 1.00, to ,;,.. mo", sharply and fer.
Iilily to fall """" ""'<'ply, ~-~ 16, for
ell""",*" ol...-lhat '" 108 """"I"""
rOT whi<:h the fulures at\' availabJt" COl>-
Ifa<:qltiw uS<' mIl.... n'fIIaiJI beIQw l.'O'
in 1"- roonll'ieo. w"',n' und/,r·fiVf:
mortality ~n . abovc 150_ 1,000.
Only wIle1l child tleath> rail 1><""" 100
_ urn dn<... C'Ofltrxt'll'iYe u"" rise 10
SOl: or tllOI'e." Similarly, r.~...", 15
shows lhat who.'R: uodor,lM: moruIil~
1"lIl<~ r<'Il1lIin hl¢\. 1M Jc'flility rat,
l<'Ild. to romaill aI six, ...-ven, or tip,
binh. Pl.'I' WOtll3ll, It is whc1l child
,hiM fallOl.."ty thaI Ic'l'1ility <!odin""
10 foot, !hn.,<,. ur lWObirth, per woman,
The ~ 0( lI1i. panem, for
!he po..,datiod diInon$iOn of thr PPE
prol>lo",. is lhat lIlaIll' roonuif:s of Iii.,
d....'C~ world han' aIn.'ady pa-.l
Ihrough lhe =1y ~ ofll1io ~
Tile real risk of and ..... po;..d on the II1l'O'Shokl orwhal
could and lIhould be • P1'liod nf rapid
exacerbating 1ort.i~IY dt.,w,.,: ' ntorin" 11101 ~
dc'P'-"H'l' nil a confinu,nK ,Iodine in
UIlCr..r-livt: mortality.
papulation problems Thio hiSlDricil paU"", is Iikt-ly 10
bKon... ....·n n""" prot>OUlla'd
comes not from bc'OlU:!l'. lodJy, >1mool all <"OOnm....
have ..,-ik.'Olab~sl>«l ~ tI01 ~
adt'qual<'ly IWldod, flmily planning
efforts to aring such llfOWZIIlI1It.... Fun.hcr gainf; in child
hcahh and 5Ur\'ival (aD Ihc'frli>lt, he
benefi ts as tmnsla1t'<l . more quickly OWl in the
pa<I. hUo rodllction. in fortility.
In ... rn, d<>inl( whaI<an now he <Iono;,
immuniza tion and ,n improve chlld ",,,,1111 and rodlltt
rhiJd doaill'l'I()U!d tIOI only be • •f·
antibiotics to all tile icalIlodvanoe III ito own righ~ ~ ........ k1
ah;Q be an imponant contribution 10 lhe
1o~1IIl or bin.h rat..... Con"'l'f'llcly, 10
wor/d's children: it IIII<:rw JlI'llIrelI\I w sIo<'ko'ft ...... would
be u, risk ll"aving many ~
comes from the <'llUnme. 00 tho lhreholtl III ...1>-
lUnliol falls in Ii,ni~l)' wilboul a<Wolly
failure to do so. Ial<inK the plSIoK~
10 OIho<W<l<'<!o. the real riIIk ofCXI(-
<'I'baIinJI populalioo prnbIolIlli today
tloc~ "'" CO"",- fro", effort, to brinJl
....m bmdlL< as immunization and
antibiolics to all t~ WOtkI', ~hildt\'o: ~ Sl.,-vndly, arhicvinR 0", lION of a bIl:ii<:
conl6 from the failw'" l ij do...,.
EDUCATION
1he goah thai ho", bH1l ..slobli.'wd
lur lIR· <1ld 0( this ""'wry lndu<k pr0-
viding prinwy ",boo! <odUl.'atlun for at
Ioasl eor.of ,'hiIdren _ boll1 ooys ond
Kirts - by the)"l-ar am
i\fu.'I' !luff ~ of impn-ssi...
prtllIl'..... priOl.ry orbooI tnrOlmont
ood "-1CDbon rat.. have _loll .,..
fallen in many Mrnn and ~ Latin
AnIorican CQIlot';'" in the 1!OOo. On
pn.....1l1tn-'Ild",lho:rd<tn.. ,he ~ 01
primary !<d>ool ,odll<"3tioo fir at ""'SI
M will be OIl<' of III< ""'"' diIIi<uh
,IlOIlo 10 ""hie...... lI"t wilbou.t pnJll" ''"'
to'.'an h that «O'll ~ will botn<ll<'
incre..u.,:ly difTltUb '0 """'" wilh lhe
11'.: dwk1lj(t'_
lhe Iinh b,..t"'ffn I'd,...ational
adt'anCl' and .--tvi1\Jl PPE problm1s
""' many. T" l>f1<in will1, <odu<ali<m.
like beallh, bt'1pII,,, Ioooon 'ho.' hold"f
povt'l'ly. Mony "'Ildic.... portinllarly
0 - iniLialcd by III<- World Bank in
""""ot y.-..rs. have tIl'mon>ilral,od this
,Iltrt. lo ogrIruklltf'. for,,,,,,,,,,,,,,. ".....
ic... in ~\a1oysia. thl' Rt'l'UbOC of K" .
and Thai-laod, and tIIOR' "-'-"'fitly in
RanK~. India. N,opaI, l'IkiOlan,
ood .....,..1 I.-in Amcri<ao """nn'S,
~ ,;huwn that larm.'I'li ...i!h llChooJ.
l<ijt""' IlIOf'\" p;oducriY<' than oirrrilarly
silU.l<od Iarmmo ...... houl cd",...tion,~
Ov<nIL inm>a!lo."8 in Iittr.ltl' Ieuell ood
in primary ""bool """""""" ira", b=l
found to t.. WtongIy "",""",",oil with
I'I\QI'C r.opicl inma..., in 1"'1' capim
incorTIOlI and wiill KfI.'O','r """""",it
<oquat;l)'." (hM!' ""die.,.!Jaw, sIIowo
that 1b<' rt'tHtOtl1ic ""-urrn< fn>m ;,,',-'lll'
tIIf1lt:< in primary ..:IOOItion e"",-,-,d
111_ of ony oIh....kind 01 ~~
Sot-b rond usin"" ronfum wlIai
romnH)n _ .... lIlJl:Il<.... - illal tI<'1t,.,..
.,j""atro people- ca" particij.. IC n"""
fully in the prtX'\'>IlI<'" of olOlIomizaliOll
and """"""","""", and "'" bl.1tl'!· "bit
to taisoP lhoir <IlVI1 In<on.... and ron-
lrIb11lc' 10 lIR· .............,; tlowo1<>pml...., of
,ho.'ir natioM
Education and environment
l'dncalion fo,- all L. one of Il.e . . -
fundam<rltal PR-'I"<'<l.u.it"" for manag. F.du<aled """""" """ally 11m, Il101'1' Fi.. 1& e...tId- . . .......... t
i"ll" lhe envin>n"""'tal dim..n"" <>f!he
PeE ..._
opporlunilies, mo<e owarcness or ram. lr*-fM""'"
_ _ _ 11 _ _lpoo
_ Hill
.. , . no_
ily pIonning poosibiliti<.'s, lOt! ore mor<'
~" ''lll ril\ll lunhtl" dmrioratioll of IiJ«oIy tn diJcu'" IIId 00ridr with \heir
............. l1li ................
1M"'doerable ,'rIIfiro1lJnl1l'" in ...roct. po.rtr><.'n how many <hildrfon tn hive
Ihi> ..."OI'1d'. ~ Jl"<llIIe "'" ~ and w~. They ~ also f1\I>I'e likely tu
itl,Vy ""o" "llraled I<'iIl "-""ire .. ..;d<
'""II" of inlc""""li<>n.. It I<'iIl """'i.....
many b lc. tn postpone \he linl J'I".'R'
1III1<Y. to Irave more tin.... bt\ ~
•
rot ewJlll/f'. trade ~bPra!izatlon lnd binho. and to h:M: 1<._'1' d,ikl"", in ,
in<n _ '<I lirwriaI flo..... t<lhelp diver·
oify cmplor,ne.u <>pp<>rtnn~;"'" II ";U
also "-'<lUiit.' ;nlfl.'Sl""-'Dt ill new melh-
tolal.~
n,."... ~111.'.:,,, art' particularly 0lI'0nlI'
if education """!in,,,," lor more lhan
.
"'" of ~. and l:tIflt"ially in tloch· just two or Ihn'<: 1'.,.... I" 0"" .....dr.
niqul... of O<lil and water ~emetI~ <'I>Odu<ted ill I ~ o ( <On".
In enablf. the millionJ ",",,0 remaiII ill trieJ, the IVffIge number of cllild."'ll
ORrirultu'" tn ......... lho.-ir .......'<1$ in ..... bum III W<IIlIe>l ..; th "" lIe<OIUIary t:d.... •
ralioo .... appro>timately ......"" whll< ,
·" •, • ,,
tamable woya. 1llC' l""'" """-l ..iU
th'nfon' "'" a mi:Ig rwd for ltaining for """""" '""""" <'du<'aIiod had pro-
andrell1lininlr.for!he~IiooO( gmsed 10 lIe<'OIldary ~ the ~
_Kienlili< """"'led!/\': for the intn)- '""" o.pprol<imo.1ely tltJw, - """" all.... • "
dlX'tiotJ 01 ....... ~ '" pQnls and
new war» of (onnin)(; lor !heIIf'O/IIOliIln
of kr>ow\ed.l:<: oboul "",""-,n",,lltal
_c·
I'artnn """h IS in<"ome were talll:" mIG

1~ 1y. 1M ftomale edUCllion

~

,
d."fm' tu lk..lth; (M.. wideninsI: put> facIoris <.'OIlting lUbe ......... as.. k,oy 10 ~
Ii<" ..n";!ivity 10 !hi: vulnl'nbilily and tho! popu.1IIlioa iM;ue. Ad<Iressini !he ,
inlmk.'P<-1Idtnn: '" KflOJ'Slemo: and qOl'5lion of _ """ t... doac to def\n;to
for 111 inaftoe ill _ _ "f lho.'
d>oi<c<. a1lc-matM..... and
con..-q""""" '" I""
many de.:i""'n$
Ihal mulll ~lly bo: mode .. --;.
lonK~erm
!he pop.lo.tion nisis ill the immediate
Iiltnl"f'. lhe l'rt'sidfllt o( the I'upu\o.tion
Council M"'ll"-n'l C.tJey<artson.
"""""""IS: on. bi/Igt'SI 0.......
is
,. _------
........-
_.._-_..
C1icll become mort'

panicular..... 'ffII ,nlJOb

edl-""'int<ll~
nlelhodo."
""mllk-... ~;"viroo·
",.,,,tally ooundnl<'lhod. of (annin ~.
'<now\.
rtl<IIl'
than mosI ""n""lltioual
ill
b o.." IiJ .. o/muJy.. or oJJ 1M. >«iaI
o.d """"",it /omIJ ofi"NSIlIo"'" njdl

""liD" offI1/III«'II IIOruts o"r as

rotWtnL..
I" _
IliJm Im",,'/J bt/wl......, 1111 Inri of"""· ---
AD of liI<"S<: ~.hanli:cs ";u be IlCCCS- "r. UM'OI . ig/t.pttiUry IfOIIitU>.41
S>.r)' if cmtironmeIltal 1X'Oblems"'" to wdmn. ........ II!I<D 0\0,,,,
rmttp/,Itd
be C'Olk'<l "'ith. ADd all deprnd hea-ily 0';""''' "1OHi o"d oboff 100,,. do "r
On ed..calion. Unb. the goal of .. bo.!Ii< 1/1", </Iild"", kif ro\o" IUi.,, ~
<'dllQ.lioo for all no be rexhed. nlil- or OIIJd1mltl] $(~ (/ fa 3 J'(111J
lions '" fX.'OIll<' wiU be den"'<1 know\- ""'''I'''1J<1.... n .. ~ rnJ.mu", '"
,'<II/<. d"*". and OPIlOflnnily. rende- _n'lol/trtili/J;, IiUttlIo <k/gytd ...,,"
ring Ilk..... 1<....bI<- 10 mo.l<,' informed riag•• tffmi... rolI1nurpti.. ...... au.
deli"",,," about their owtI fu","," and placjbiy. 1/1, . ig/tw ~ /WJu UId b,
""" pn'P'lf\'<I to ad.1lJt to the many td", Qu d _.mlut do';, </IilJ.......
clwlgI't; !hallif' ahead. "A lirl toil. Sffl>lIdtl" ""'rol"", f)Jf>i-
{flu, ""'rrin QI 21. A lin toir. Nfl"'
Education and population
_ rri.. Qt 17. q I~ ... "'tr"
"# _
rJd>o/. IJI"" ""' ''Id ", dflu 10 1 M/w.
Fi"""r. Ih<: "P'"Id '" odu"uion ;. 01..., frwr of .. /H1I" Q '" pWatI rtfl rlwJ
o(llIt' ""'"' bo.oi< "'k.'vance lei !he lhird ~JIilM;IJ, -
.....nlC'll of 1M PPF. pmbl<m _ •
poroUaIion gr<lI"lh,
In parti<ular. \he ,..Ju<:oUon of girls Dropout rates
ha< been """,,'II In be one /If the flIO$I tM.'f' lhe I:Istthree decadeo. the deYeI.
~ dd,'l"Jl'lino.nlJ< /If Ierti~ty d«li""," ~ 'O'llIid has mocIe mormon.
As \he m<ld , me<s ill •• Cgnd
de'ode oIligtrting !hl AIDS op;.
uiplo by 1111 y..' 2000. A fillh 011111

d...... thl re?O'lJ !ruin !hi Ironl

bleat. In evllil A1nttn cOllnlries
.r. C ' - - I huhll bud~ il tI~ on
up by /liDS n lltl'lonl-
TIHr chine.. 01 d."IIopInl .n
AIDS i. O'Ie/Ull:ing ........ end
mIla"••• I l..d;ng kiI~ 01 cPlidren.
efl.clivo ••ocino wilhin Ill."""I.
fImI inlpoollllllVl, 1'1>0 bll11lopolin
and hard-won geinsin IndUCing c~ in ",1'fOnIion. ",,",,11iIy by pu!Ilic
mortalily III being '""","Id . lIoMtl lduCl litn In almoO! I I ooun-
In lotll, !hi Worlcl HI.1lIl O,gl ri- uiK, 1""11""""" f.. IlIDS _ "n-
lotion IW!lO) estimate. lIIlIl over 13 lion If. irIc,"Jinglv m<>biIirino "~
million iHO\lI., 1 ..... ian of _ ' JW. "",sibil IlSOllf•• 10/ ' "I 'PIinoj !hi
"''''- 110.. bet_ inllcle<l wiI1l HIY. p<>bIic, lIII """ , protr''''''''' ill ...
ll'te r 2 million M•• died. Idut Ilion "'" stll-,Sl!'lfl'l1O/ pritnl"
In ..b·S.",,"" Alric. IboUl .... . choOl Cllikllln . "" thor po,tnt> ~I
""uII in «I i. inf'tIOd _ lilY. I nd in _ ~ ltIrough rno He,"",,,
"""" co. !hi '111 i$ on.,n Ihru: in JChaoI' 'ncl coUIg.S; I IIClni Min-
TMiIIond 1111 tlla il l in 50. 0". in ,.., i1Uy . , HI.m. SUIYIV I""nd 1I1a1""
__ ;"lecl'onsoccurl in ..... end by 6Ollo 01 lII.ndln, ,.,... _ "-
!hi QflO 01 !hi "lUlie, f cur,em AIDS is s.pr9ild. MOSl nil1ions III
ultld. Con1inUI. moll AsiI.. min using I combmtion .1.0...... "'.-
Alri<lns wiIIlHI inttcted • • ,h V-". gil"""" Incl ml.. _;0- irlclllllin'l
Ill' 11111 lim, II "'J!
Jl miIion Idultt lolvvision. 'il<!io. llId po~" music
ond chilcktn will be lilY i1tOt le<!: 1111 , ,,,, !hlllrl,
101 01 AIDS d•• th, M'Y go 0$ ~h I I RoIUbs hi • • boIn fIIi>:'• • tIul !hll'
1.8 million I VIII, III signs 01 IIofIe IS Il/lIritnce it
Most 011111" dellll , wil lie ill !hi ~ .., Tho u.. 01 condoms hit rison
domopinQ world. I nd moSl will 1HI wh,,_, lhI ""bIic: hIS b..n
_
r.t o","," in _mt.
and chiillnn, me. lhI rli' 01
iI rising SI• • pty, A
chikl born to I n H1V"'fw,!ed IIlOlhor
iIrIarrn.d: in ThIila nd, for ...mjIIt,
condom <lSI hu ne ll. ... I<om \0
milion 10 13) ' " I \'I", And ill
11'1.1 -;"·3 chine. 01 being bomwith cClt.W'lUits which ~... ,CliYtIy
Ill. oil. .. Such ,,,"",e. hi .... on 8O'Jlo 1",,",111 . . . .. lIIucarion lor I!II
chlne l 01 cfVjng lly !hi Ig. 01 Ii¥L youngll goMillion, young peop," "'
Tho.. ~t1<l d\t lnItclioO'l itseIf ,r" 1 beginninl III I dOfll safo' 1IXlI.1
,;ok blel "" oIlhtir po,..,a' lft.otmty bIhI ....... nelucling ,orIl1Cing !til
La CIII for lIlolft. WHO ISIimtlll thot n""d", 01 "'ti,...UI!f'lrtnlfl. O
Ihtrl wiI bo 10 miIion clIiI6ren on
!Mil own in Ame. by Ill. trod 01 tho
dleld, _ orphontel. Ibln<loned 01
'"""'"1'0. ............
l>l. in tt>eir lur1I t.
HlV lnl.cllOl1 "dlt'/ ttQ \0 ..... . n tilt
w_
8y stril<ini people during 1htir
moO! procI,clivll y" <1 - .boul IYflI
1hirdl 01 11l... inl.<1. d " . 1IfIOl" 25-
/liDS il ,.bbinl nllions II .... nas
Ilm illu olllltir Ibl.-boditd Wll<\1I"
In Molawi, lor tllirnplo, wiIIl CII'II 01
I!II worIcI'l his!,,"11 incidlnCII of
AIDS, 1111 ;"Coml loll Ilfell!y
Imounts 10 """ 011111 nll!o<>'l I ' ' ''
domlotic pro<l""~ I pt<I""nion wtlich
is du" III d."tlle and l*hal'$ I1Yl'n
rdU<'alional!'lri<lo's. 1\""" 11>OUg\11otal
nund' <>f '""""'~ <hi~ ,10i>"
bk,l '00.1 ", 1960 and 19''''. Ill<- pro-
I",n;"" c'IIn,llk<l in primary ""hO<ll hal<
<limbo<! f,om und...- IWf10 "",n: than
1M.", tj\I3I1 . p;H""1S; r>ltovanl basic runieula Irl'o
In 100aL 1M 9l]l; of ,""ildr«l in Ih<-
~k>I"l1j( ",orId ""'" 0l3I1 II<"hooI -
sh<J...in~ WI !he in!'lilUliona1 caj>acily
and lho.. iniUal nl<llM.lioo 3ln'>ldy <."lliol
for 1M ""~1 <>f n.....-...n;-.../
I'rinl:l1}' ,<lU<.uion. flul in IlUIlJ' CIlUJl-
lric.. Ih.: poor quolily III Ii>< l'dU<2lion
on orr,,,.. ,...,n,bin,<I " ; 111 6m~c<I job
lJIIP'lrtuni~and Ih~ "','(\ forchildn.'11
W help thrir fantili<>o in (.,Id. and
home... """"'" thallarglo nornbfn dmp
001 of:l<llool bclort- <OOljlItting """"
one' or I"'" Y'...... In ~lh A<ia and
S",uh Iunc...io:a. for c"""lJlk<. lMI\' than
!l5ll.of dlihfnon ...-.roI in P f 1 of pri-
lnary ..."11ooI. bill ""ly abOlll SOl' ,"",h
l(r"lldc 5 (Ii$(.m.- ~ JlI"'Ol~ ,-d~
lional ~y fur II><' 19'ilOo is I~
In """",,-·thOl all thi\oirf'n 0<11 onJy.. an
..,hon! bul n-main 11><."" k>nlI <'IIOll,lth
to ;o;qu,,,, IiItn<)'. nunlmlC)'. and
bo$i<" 0lti""1.,, ond lIl<illo whirh will
b<'\p tl,,:m I" 1mpnM" Ihrir rin....,nl-
>l3n<f'S and I" '''IX" wi!h l/>(' """'y
~lhaIli<'lh<
·ol'J.
AI Ih~ n"""""~ in spill' 01 lonnal
",,,,,,,,n,,,,,,,\!< by j!<WmUI...... I.. nmuS!
be gjd thallhis wk is kin): ~n lOll
61110- l>riorily. In ""''''. "".mlri<-f, an
...........'talioo l<rnnl. ""U<:ltion (.,.- all
is bo.'l(innil1l':. but in n1ll'Jl nlrions lhe
"'~nl 01 Ihi. Koa! 1o‫ס‬i<.
unlikMy. InnW)" ",I_ion. I"" 111<lO<l
irnllo'UlIl inVl:lllm~m of alL is 01 ~
""'''''''111 d ai,nill,l(""ly a ","aIllX'fl"'-'lll-
~ 01 J/(IVf'rIUII<'II oo<W-l" in u...
dc""'k>pi11j( ,,"<IfId ilfld only abool of a
all aid I« """'Iopol"""~
EVl'fI if lhe ""1010 ........""'" <WI bo'
round. Ihrou)l:h .-rooomi<" J8'l"th. or
Ih.: n'Slrul"lurifq( olll.1lionol bud;:cts.
or int.n.....'" in aid. t~ lo5;k will 0<11 be
"""y. 1M tl... <'X~ 01 ~ ~ !he l'<M-'l"1y ",lIie"" iM'< Ilu.I spiroI
<OUIllri<'o IWfT """"I '"'" has "","""
lhal IU""I ~ ..'" ....n br mad" and "" ..
taino.<1 al an aII...-dab.. 00l'l. n.. prin.
<ipol elem<nlO of tilt..... """""-"'SI
Slral'>gic","PI"'"' '0 t..: !he """ <>f para--
t<'OChc'N in pn."",hoo~ iUld primary
",""",,10: """" """,her""';oill,l( ptriodo;
rogular ""ppon and SUI'"""-.on of
I<'a<her perI<>m~, smaU oehooI
ul\jl~ c-Iose '" ~ eommurnlie!< !lm-ed:
low <O;>il.ol """,a of 0<11oo1 ooildinJr.<
""ive in""""'."..,nl of e<>n1n,un;lic...and
I "'- .__
Fig. 11 _ " school. .
"'''''_of'''~
_ ....-.c."'""",
__...
~
n~ __,
...."Ird in on interestinj[ way, ""hooI
<aJ.ndan< and IimM.obko. lhaIlm inl<>
orcounl lilt.· SI-'"""n.:1.i do.'III3I1ds for
ehild...... 10 help in awi<ulIuc.; and Ii><
""PI"'" oj locai """"¥",,,""mt... toI
orp;aniuttions.
Tho diffl(."lJllic.. of rmd;IIJl and C21'ry '
inJr Ib~ !he ~I n,b: of Slnt'1/ies
III ae""",,, unlv<-rsal prinwy edue31ion
in .he 1990s.,.., """""""" BUI ... ....,
lb<' """"''<I'' "' ' ' '
of 1aiIu",. Ae~
the goalof • btiio.: ,<I","t1ion lor all chi1-
d....., would 1It.4p 10 .....-ak<.-nIIlt.·1(rip"I
all of Ii>< main pn>Ugo~ in !ht..
"""""",ie
PI'F. ;.pi.,.) _ eonln"butin): It>
~ lor the poor. gn'"'''' COi*-"ily
10 n....,ood '0 and deal with <-nvin>rl-
.......tol ~",.. and lhe .s.nv.:r
gn>\'1h and .'Orlit'r !Ubilialion of
population..
FAMILYPlANNING
---- ---'-
-'--"
Tho btiio.: human goal. /or 11K· Y"ar
2(0) also inelude the malcmg a>-a;1abIe
of family plonnin,ll infonnalionand !M"f'
vim. lU oil who ......., them _ with d....
"'"P"<"IIO r-adI COWluy'. cuhllrol . ",Ii-
Ifiou.. and >iOCW tro<Won..
,,'" im~ of !hi,< goal fur
n~ 1lI111("f'PE ~,isobvi­
"". in .hal 1<.......... birlhll ....-an """"'...
I'0!'ulalion growIh and n-d""",",, c-nvi-
mruneIltal 0ln"lIll. !luI iI is less aidely
ajl\lI"l. ."iIII,'<! thAI fanlily planning m
also brio)( oi,ocnifi<1Onl inlj>R;lll<""""la in
1>«oI!h. Sl1I"\'ivoL nulrit;on. ",Iunttion.
and the oualil}' oflile for both ol<>lben<
and dlildn-n (~ t3 and 19). II L.
ther!'lln one nf tile moSI p,n"<.>fful
""'""" of breokin,o: inlo1"" arne'Wa",.
of 1hc PPE Sl'iroI. and lIt.-lpinj[ 10 ....",.
I,. in,priU"
As ...uh edue31ion. the fa,nily pIao-
nin ~ guaI should lx' ...", n in lheeoolo'x1
of rt'Cf'nl ""h"""""",,~ In only Ibn.",
dl'l-...les, 1M proponion o( onarril'd
"'"""'" in lho.' d'-"'.-lopjng wor\d who
on' using """'" IOrm 0( onodem family
 n ;"<Jlum" propo<tioo of chi·
A <Ir.. in th. worId'. ,;eMil n.ti""
." in uoubl.. Y.11iIe ""'""Too's oe..•
IlIIII' grew bV I ~l!lIly 2D'5 in 111,
19l1Os....... , ..... fIIOI. MIttie••
child". I.. 0>1. ~.rty. In !WI. ....
in m. I'OI'''lI Slers .-1iI'1I below !III
P/l'>'t'rtI' ..... - . ..,. !Wi•• til.. oI."Y
~ industriotind country.
Od1tf soc,"1 malh,. dllCu...m !h.
doc..... C!'.;ld ;..,.""jllti"" h.1 f .
II low .. ID1IO in cenoin ''''' ity
.,...; in I!IowoJlom he.........,. <:mil'
BalM. IIld IIIi1i hid !owl, _ ..
,0Lls. "'...nLlblo ........ bf gl n \/I
rise: ~ INn S5,OOl OIal$lu eeses
__ "POrted from 198'9 to 1991 ,
....Iuding &I <II",," - !IIlI htghoSl
"umbo, in 1WII decade'!_
Reponed child l buso . ..... 11$0
Ifi~ <IuriI>i I!Io 1911Os; . Ooul lhrw
c!likI'", now dit Ileh d' 1 or ml~
IIl1tmtnt D ~ \he GOVlInnt,,(.
Il"'J<h·p".,.,cilid ", or .., ""'III.
WO(I abuse .lId rtlated crime spi-
SlJb-
,n
..Utd lJI'WIrdo; '~ l.d 375JdJ
~ .• xposed intanl. includ ing ',,"ek
blIbies' ...o born I.eh \'1111. ViokInco
stitt. 111"11 and """""': :JI% 01
"",or'cily chilcl. ... h... known ..""..
lHII tileG by th. time 1I'I"Y . ,. 1~
VO'" old. Tad.y. 31 " ollhl_I...
, r, fornili.. wiIh Children, up from
m , on lhe u rly 19l1lls.
Some 01 tho <hinges IffICIing
Amlncln child". - ""cI1 os lilt
""I IJI rise in lingl. p. rlntMod _ . ,.
beyo<1d till lmmedilll roleh 01 gl><-
, nunorrl. But poI;,; iu to lTVDglllrht
rfleclI II.... go"","~ bt•• inldo-
qu.... _ .. \II providt • u !"'Y nO!
lor child_ WoIIor. P'~_I
_ . cLII bock du~ !hi 19BOI,
including !hi Pfogrlmmt 1.. Aid 10
fl",ii.. ...mtl OIjll!lllln1 ChiIcIrln.
MQrI IIIln l.1 n'IIioIl '"ngll.pl ,....
llmii1l ...,. 1IU1!ltd b,1ow !hi
p<Nll1'I lino du"'IJ lhl <It"d"
RI,"I inl quilil. IUI lin Wlnt
rna<tllity, for """",pll, is B ?Of 1.000
lIinhs in whirl A.meficl; lollu infl nt
"'o<uOry is rUlllli'>ll It IB Pel 1.000 -
tvgh" Ih'n in Colli 01 Poland, "We
orl in d'r/9", of b«oming rwo
Mfion. - """ of tint _ prMWfIo
I ud IllIlfiIIt '" INtd W{>t/d <Io!NW"
~ - ~ms Ml riln Wright Edormll\,
tlt td <>1lho tlWd,on'l O,ft<>so Fund.
MI "V 01 !hi poIi<v objoClim; 01
!hi CIimoo Admir'isI'I1JOII, including
!hi Pllsidlnt'. slIlod ImtIition 10
11M I I 'ImiI... with I woRing ~, .
ent OUI 01 p<MIl1'I, pginI t. I new dell
for Am"ri,"n ,_on. lJninfsl l
hllllh o""lrl g.. lor . ..",pII. Wl)UI(I
bmg its greilul beneliU 10 the esti-
...1Id B million ,!'WId,.n wiIhoIII
tltollh C'".
Theh milv 000 Medi, allo... .6J:~
blnc:kod and .... ~.ned by !hi pist
two AdrnirMsttlliClns, .... quiokly
signlll into IlW_ AJthough • 60K nOi
opproo , h Ihe .. . odords ot ... nyEIIfO'
Plln ,ountr;. s, • glints up 10 12
weeks 01 """,id IIIV1 10 OOf. lor
ntwbclms or sic: ~ ,oIl1iYo. and will
.... Ih. ptISS"'. on ""OW Arneno.n
t.rniIi. ..
Prosid"" Clinton hIS l iso
<ltd. 'ed Ihlt inununinIion is . hgM-
t.. II ohild,... _ -lit. olron ""rlt
Iud o~ln lit: Co"ll'1SS hIS 1lI0·
ot ted " " "Si d lunding to .. p. nd
!hi ""don', ,,"oelllilion ~',","",
. nO hi S o<tld in lIJll(>Otl oltho P,. ";"
dem', "'.......110 boos! H. 1d Stir\,
_ 01 !hi mast """'tsslul .hlcl <It-
wIopm"'IIlfO'i'~' in US lIislory,
In his Idll,...- 10 Ih. UMtd
Notion. GO".III ~S O "'b¥ in Stet.",·
bet 1993. !hi ....._ oIso"I"'i' <>1 1
..... <onurrdrntm 10 !hi worId'. eN!-
rlrorr. "Just I S """ """ nllinn hos
/IImc"-d now" , - I\>.,.."'. lIlol
.....,. child in AmIrie. hiS ~to
hlMth coro. ... ""'It do """. 10 ~
lulie _.inoslt/d fl(/II(l1roqr"nrs
lot cUI11M _ . . . 10 childf lfl
I/flUfIdlIlo MJTId, If. !hi
_ ...., ..., ......:0
"'fl""'fl·

pIanninx ""-ihod IlllS in.:n.,.,;cd fmm
aboul l~ tu abuul SOl. This i. OIl
,'>rtn!onlilWY <I<monstnlion 1II Ill<" txt
1.... full<bm<'nl.Ol and Luxt.~1r
<han~ in hun"", . ltiluMo Il>d ~!IIv­
iau",.., Ix- brou~hl .boul within . "'~
Ili....>fy sIwrt wan' of ~iP"1.
-r. 111. rarlJ 1961JJ; writ. Jolul
lWwkoy ond llaUd.., M.ld..... of I""
Inl.mlaliunal l'I2IJlltd l'arrnlhood
F<:dmlio<l. ·/'I8.lliao IS ..iII;"o "",.
pin 10 111. d" ,rI<>#., ....rid ..uiIk
0/" I&t" .u;Q «mlrtlrtpliDo. TodIlJ,
14'" 38i!.. 11U~o _pin ,'. IM_k>p.-
I., ,.."rid ~" lali.., dla'J' "'Wi. t"
lill/1 - Of'ff Aal! qf aU rtJIIp/I$ i.
Jrr.
(/lllif.l>Nri., yta1S.
on,," if _ ... d<>dl,;",/ IA~ It'Orid
if i. 1",lI$il/(/f/. S«'ial aod drItwt/rofibk.
IV.art •• 111• ...., /() ""'h'''I{ a IIIOrid j.
ri"'" "",o.IIII!·, ~o"... i. rtdlUi.,
d"'li ",In iJ ..ald",1 b1 a "'ON
I~"",nlsfr""', Arall.i#, ptaurd birllo~
SltdI a trorld wi br (/f/~ i. riie.
...."',.. ,,,,,,,,*,,,, Ira.... a ~t fa n1It'
II IN 0.' I.
Iro/ 1lIn• • "'" /trliliry. o:ilJ
die. """""<li", _I'"""
.",w. if a
..11InJIl1 "'" aod """'TO. h o:illilta
KV>FU ri'" />'Ip.I4Ni>o ,_1* "'Iff ..
""'u' ,.rI . I'M. alii! ....""'....Ial
p,...,..,. ri/dl IuIp pr.pr!O(Ilt trlJ>.S
dispGrilits of 1C'tn1tJ. aod J-#rl1 alii!
rlirllltad In ",.II. o/1lK dtunI<tI... of
IAI 'l/>nelJAip i. riitA,... m",,{: -
'!'ha' \rlJl<llioo "' noI ycI COO\~.
F,.,.,mty n_
rat.. hi"" bo.:.on follin)( in
I'<.'Itioru< of the ~1opi1Ul' world ~
1m , and !he Laleol su~. ronli""
Ihal k.,.,i1ity has 0100 now bo.'l(\In lu /aU
in ""l>&IW1UI Afri<a (pan<,l 12). Iiul
""nlrat)' lu lhe ""pc<1Ition. of n""'y,
lb<· \\'or\d l'<'l'tility s..r...y" and the
l~", ond llcahh Surwyo"
h>.'" ~ lh1l u....., .. $1m • ""roy
hi¥b It:v<i uf unrnCI d<-IlIand k>r r.ntily
planning in olmos! all dl......... >Pinlt roun-
1m.. (fig. l!Ol, At any on. lim<'. fur
. ....'Illr. lh"'" oro an ,'SlinIllL-d lal
ntilliCH> _ n in !hi! ~~ world
wlIo do lIOI WIllI another ~
bul whu """" no ......~ 10 OIl clr<'<.'tM:
..
nll1h<Hl of <OrI,~ II:< • n..,.. k.
It Irasl """ I'frgnanq' in liw in the
~ world is unplam><d and
unwanl,..d....
II is nnw 'fI'itkly l\'COgrIila.d !hal ,;".
_ "","",,,_01._ -01
inj; le'Ytb of f<-mal!' rdu<1llio<l, fallin.<: fig. II S""c. fa Ii••
child 'h ...,.... and in<ml.'<inK lIdiIIiloo rbl; ol tII'<'l - . "'" ogo fivo lor
isIrorno. "'" the main fun..... "hich
. :ad ~ to " -""I I"""" ..ilildrcn. a...1 on. os!; _ .. 1_ ~....,""'
Fllllily pWlIIin/( ...'IYi<n ....,... ",:'Oplr:
cbI<I ......... 1·Jl"'..' ......
tu••",m llelhlol c",*", """'" ~allily. and
tho.' av:tilabi5lY "f lRI<h ....'IYi<n can
""'r.,(nr. IIdp to ""'~ qnJck1y lRJI"
lou.. ~ cin,.IlISla1l<...... and a l l~
"
lude! inlO Iuwcr fcnmly mrs," so
,ninlnti<ln~ !he rinK'1aIr bcro...~.. "
~ olcath rIl'" and laIIin~ birth
"'~ "
World" ofdifference
Taken tow.1hcr. lhe imp"wem.n' of
child ....nivaI. h~allh, rdlK'lliun. and
famiJ)' pIanninf: ~ roukI have a
rlecioiYo: in\p;ocI un lhe PPE problem in
the jIl.oars aMId. To pot owro><imol(>
JiKun:. on 0\8.1 lmp:acl, noarhing all of
• _-. - - - ~
" "
_......__--..--.
-_
--_
~ goal. <wkI make lht ~
bel......... world popuLation which _
biIizrs abool a ~twy from now II •
lc-yd '" ~te1y 10 billion 1"-"" _M' _ _
p1r, and a world populalian " hich _
bilia"$ h:df a = Iury Ial.... II a lllla! '"
- ...--
around 20 b~Ii<>n .''' Thi. dif!~ _
rooJIhly "'qUM""'lto dooblr 1b<" .. lire
\lOIlUlalion 0I100....-ld in 1!l93 - may
11'<.'11 be suffi<ic.-nllo .... """i... """"-...
01' failure in ~ the lRJIsition 10
....!ll<ilnablc lulUA'.
All or thi. Slantls in almt>l'Il absurd
ronlraol to lht .. nail,..... uI ,he
f\"$OO~ ~ired. 11\1 ""Ira amounl
"'-'<.'<k-d trl make fImi1y planningV""""
ally avaiIabl,· by lht etHl of this drcadc
woukl be ~lIUIlt'I)' S3billion to $5
billion.)'I'Ir - ~hly a dooblis1g of
I'",,""t .p,nd in ~ _ " Tnday'. lantily
plannin)( ""'' ''"''''' """",nl for bs!han
h.alfof 1'4 of("'1-,",n.,nt budgCl' in lhe
~",,"JIJl workl. and 1M« !han L~ of
all aid frum RO"t'l'JlnK..a in tho.. indus.
lrialiud wnrId,'" In 1'l"aIlmn.. . inl......
liona! support fur family planoiOJ[
~ IlllS not ~ for~
nlllo:1y :!O y,-an, t/louj:h tllcrcis llOIl'l'
......... ~"""" lU "" d"..." from the
bet lllIl 1M Unit<>d SW... has nuw
.... ~ .... d its pc>Il<in oIihe 19aOll and i.
on", """" SOIpportinR ihe riforu or
In' FPA. the wur\d', le-adislJl int....."..
tinnll ~n<y for lanlily planning.·
"
11,. 19 MoIII.... .... - . II ill 10(1 oar1y '" ""l' """-111<.". ~OY­
l1'1l1ll<,,11l 3Il dthr inlmlational ",..".
_ ""' .. """ - . ~ IgI 01 M '"
n,,,nily will ""mmun the"'"""""'" and
~.- lho.. ,,,,,,nulnk'" 10 r'l'acl! lh/, fOlluly
8_ on. nil. to""" 011_'-" is
plannins: J:{laI. Ru, ~ is nOl '00 <Wi)' 10
:10-34",,,, ....,
to""lu,k, that failu'" 10 ~d ad/:-
'lUllldy to such Ollobvious. crnciaI. ""d
" r-w• afI'ord.1bk-100-1";11 be • d-ar siJm !hal
Jl!'-'l;<"t politic:lI ~""'" ""d in;.tit"·
<-quo! ~, tlk' wJr. of 11......
., lions .... "'"
Illinlt: thr lftIllmlSition.
" SYNEI(GISMS
So fAr. thi. """"".,. haslMk<'d Ol thn'l"
~ of l""en1W i",,,,,,,,,,,_,
" health and nUlntion. basi< ""uraion.
and family planning ~ from lbe point of
,w,w ot tlKir individual impacl. on tbe
..-
probk'lllS ofP\M.'1"ly. popul:llion J(I'tIw!h
'~
and mvironmo."tal ~.".;"",'""'. Bul
io'" It<tMr.- ill. <It.·••lnK1'''''~"'"
_
- --..---
_.,--
---'"
--_.- ..... -"' IIl1011.ll ""~ ~I~ of ,'''' m: sp;.
..... .., ' hmo "' "htn ..'t>n0\n&<1i.....yn-
~ bt1......." the dilk'reftl rk"",,,1S
wh~'h rontribule to ill .oiIniun.
1"'" rife"-1 vi" l<'hicYinJl alJ ot ilk·
bL"", h"man fOOls wh,,'lI haw t-n
l.'>t:Ib/ishtod WlllIId th.....ton.· be ll\lIIIy
tim,:. gn":3k'" lhao u.. SUm of lho.'ir
indMdu.ol ","*:que"",,'" Ar<I ~ is Ihi.
~M1 or ~tiorw. 'O'hictl oIJe....
hopr that ilk' achie"""""'" ot such
R<>al.... along wilh Ilk, many other
eh..."... lhaI "'" II<"-"'SlIaI)'. will r'f'\X'I"
"".t • """""",, " JlOWI-'l'fu1 "1I<lIlJ(fI to
m;d<c • siJ(n:fi<1II11 ~ to the
human ""l<O~.
111e diagram on P"l(" ~9 """"'...
ria.. thr m.... obriou. of lbeoe $)'IleI"-
v.m.. M""y <If ib<. rel. tionships
<k'pkt. Il'!'. ill tlfl'<\, UpwarU "IliraI_ "f
11ll· kind which can multiply _ raJ
link" """. thr impart n/ the oriJ(inal
imJll'O"lllll'l1~ FQI' mmple:
U Famlly planning ;o. ma,jortonnibu·
t Ql' to Iowrr U~lW monality rale'S:
Iu",.,. IlO"'.,..fiv<o moruJil}' ",t05 ...., •
mo,inr co.'tibuto, '" i"".....-l ,k-mand
for family planning;"
I I F..dOClllion. panirulat\y ot women.
n...... lhal birth. = lik ~ly to be 10,,....1'
and b<':I~ opaco:d: N l ' " fami,"",
mean that dilld....... "'" mo", Iil<eIy to
beroo '" oourat"" (bnlh ~ lhrir
"""-,,,. CollI alfurtI t/k. """'. n/ ,""U<3l·
ing a <maI ~". nombo.,. of ~hildtm ""d
be"..""" tilt,,", arI' J<>,o, siblitlJr.l and
Jt..s!l ",-~-d for !ho.' nkk """" 10 Inok
afu,.. tlk' YOUfljl<1"l:"'
I I Thr rhih1rl'n "hm.lk" f;;a",iliH .....
Kl. ... ralIy h~"hh irr ",,,I bt111". """I"-
O<hrd. Il<:Ilu oUln,iooal hh n-..
lid".,. ,,-1um, lromin n"'I1's in t lIu·
<3Iioo. M atI~ hu,,",,-t1s of oli1lioo. of
t'hiJ,i...,o "'" <101 bt'"" liting In"n
,chllol;uR ""
nlud, "" tl..-y should
b<mu... m.lnoltition alk'l1' nlrll1.1
dt""inpln"llI. or Ik'..n...· iudi".. tlef~
ric...., ."..,.". lhaI tlll')' an:nUtd<'<l <If
boocau.. • poor nutritional ""allh ""-'II/),
~ PO"' """""'t""ion. ur be..,. .,,,,,, f,.,..
QlIt'!1' illIk~ nk....' that . ,.;,;ni fK"lllI
pcrrcn~ or !l<'tl<x>I da)o< .... misoed
a/I"11'""'' '
II Sintil:uly. b!o1,,'!" """'-",lion helps 1<1
m><>rc 1k1lt.,. ""oI lb. NIll unly"'" edu·
ca,,,\ fanul,," Iikrly '" absorb ""'"'
h<oallh knowl.<lg<· """ br '1ll>re III'lIn'
ort1,~ i'''""""""" 0/ h~ aJKI pn.~
"",,1M: Ik-alth o ~"", they ha...
aho breu .<huIo'll 10 be' nnlCh nl<In'
liktly to drnund and 10 uS<' priYalt' or
publi<' Ik';l(lh """"-"......
Taken l~. ,''''''' ntu,lI2IIy
rrinr""i:IJ( n·la1innohh.. . ·ad 10
'mailer r.mi!;"'" and b<-al1hlt'1. !k'I1..,..
'-"<1""",'<1 ,'lIiMn'll .lhi. in tum ""-'II/)_
lhaI thew d1ik1tt'n .", bt,lle< .b\<' '"
""'JlOIId 10 "'"" <IJII>Ot1nnitk" aIId 'u
''''''' " IiviI\Jl for !he"""·"",,, and tlk';r
own famil~ ... SO thallhritown chilol""
"'" ..... liI<t'ly 1<1 ""joy lk10.,. nUlrilinn.
)....JU,.•"d ,11",..,",". Thi. ""lIOII.
<")'lie' has <km<>rIoInol<'d It. """'.,. in
...rn d""""" ""';'1it." as Ch~ tlk'
~ Ikpublit' of Kot'l'a, Sri l~ and
Taiwan . AnJ "" flJ(lln ' ~ l ~ tllf
''''''ntrios and ~ ...hidJ II""" ......
<>rity In "".....in......l1J<'fl.. in pt1>pk. in
!ho.' 195Ol!1fH! l!J&ls ha... ~ in
oon ,ro ll ;n ~ pnpulaliun grov.1h. ond ..ill
.......,uaI/y S1abiiize ilk... 1IUJIlliaiiorn< .,
much \010..... k"'-ls lh.m would atm'!".
..n... ha.... t-n tl'" """".
n..".., and ilk' nWlY other 't1ulually
,,-inrvnillJ( ,.tIe<:t. 01 reachillJ( ba!;ir
hllltlln gOal. huld ..... "Ia; hupc lhal an
upward "'ntl ran ~ ..,b!lIilUI...1 ror
lilt' downWlll"<l. i\Ion,lI " ith lhe m,.<iOll
of wi<k". '1'l1lJ\uynk.", uppnrlunitirs, It
II; bW~I""'" in ..-hi"ll bal;ir
 THE UPWARD SP IRAL

._--_..-
0 •_ _, _ , _ ... _

.-- - --- ----

--~--

.__ .._---
------
._ - -_
----- ..-
.... --_ ...
--_.-

.. _...
e'

_-----
........ _.. _-
_~_.. -
_
_._ .. _....-
.-..._-
-_.-

._-
-_
--_ ---- _. --
._-
..... ._---
._-
.__---
.._.-
----
_--
-_.... _--
... .---__._-
PR OGR ESS AGAI NST PPE PROBLEMS
(POVERTY, POPULATION GROWTH, EN VIRONMENTA L STR ESS)
--_ _
---
._
flt.lI

- . . ..-
u-ol ...... ............. lbaI
of '.... ' UIbtPPE .....
I\olliaI: doto __
,,011« . ... .........
u.. boot ""-a

of. _ _
............. doto brtI . . Ibr
of
As wftI at \hot
...... and _
haa ... btrIooI lbt a m i ( .b' u.. _
II:tTilR
Ilil
em""'. ot"'d.i
=: " ,,",1K4 ill., 2 lf l!lil
D
.-'II lor
PIP""tr, IIfrita

~
- 0:::..
l!l!!lOo
...... _ , '. -w.

",.RlCA
...,... .. Z ' 'D- rtporI:
_ 1looft , "
Imd; lr'DpiaIt fuml:
--..,..d ........ ot 5
~ . ._IO DotlbP- ..........
_ .-.a: ....,
'" • • iiiIIi, "
bt-.:
~.
*"
• • Ie ......."blt 10. _ .... lbil rnitw IIIlDe, !be" !iIDIaa, _
lilt 1U1htTD
,
.. '" of w ~ ~ _ ~ pon: 01 fAhiopi: ..... Keoty: Wi' de:
•• " • ~ ..-iIhouI. IIJI"C.iol .......... of thco
probIcms of... b&barIa Atrn.
... of u..
~:"*min,,d lIuou.lIl IIIl tltn.
~ by ......... aad tht Ioooi 0Ilt<ft
_ oaub. k-adirl« \<I runn..,. .".,.;".,
_ furth<or faD: in y1cklf. ' ~ h1 1Ula1, at
, • lnl .... uot<l in tlUs report - P'J¥<.'tfY• 1,:_ :lO million P<• ...., ill) ~
pupulalion. 0IId e1Ivln lllm,""t - lilt a1fedl'<l 1:)' 1hl1rt' pr<.1<.'aIIl(jl "" 10 be
.. ~ I " 1lMil..... of A/rio:a "<aU'" for III! 1"'-':11, un<t<..,. cl>r<>s< """SlMllhn.'al uI ~I

.• " "1 ~~ .
Ec_ _ allr. Nrir'I """ btpa 1lid-
... lak_.ds iIIIo puonl)'. III 11M-
""" SlamOIion, "M>...., ..,;....• Aid
tIr Ilru<MI1J:nd CommisIiion, " _
/nIIia11J . . . 1M m.. odt «

----
19l1Oo. ira (Ill' npila C"1' d« ...d by --'1'-';'" Ii .,..
aImoIl ~ • 1'"1", ImQ: the ~ . . ., liI\idI iI/ ,. ,..."
ciIlota " ·1j 'If -..- by ee .......

_-- e-
oIlbt Ia 220 ..... of_brio.
_ ,......._ hII' of l h t ~
~ t'O'l'D .... w __
..... .-II of W Sohan _ _ "'" ill nor lOIlil l

----_--...
... .. . I ' .. of
1 , .
I t. I' . - " " . . - R ID_IbN Atn _ '" I!oI' Sohan I: ...... 1oCI

---
-_
_ btW -..k." 10 ........ Ill; IoalIII ....., 10 U; ~

.._-
.... . . . . . . . . ' Dioo haa ... bf .., ,.... 2lDll." s..tr 30

... _--
----_.
_
_It_d'' _ ~ '''''
__ .. il """ bmI « dlII% ill _
0Ib0r ""lri<IDII of !hi.- ....w. I. """"
If'lriou of 7.ambia. ."""cIio", 10. 19!Q
AJrio::aI ......... . ' 5 C .)"iopi:
~ Nif!ftio.U
1....., _ :rt '"
_'Iolion: ill
bIr Ihrir """""
"'- 25 JC'I"i...
T........ 1lIIIl

~ "-- by the ¥DluatMy Iit'ft<.'Y

!\'POI'I
OXl'AM. 1M pr<:>p:lI'Iioo of clIlJdn:II
Debt defeats development
. hI) art ~ haa ....." from
!A III 251 in lhe ~ !It<'acIl','o H' 'lIllh The ,"'u",," ami ...." "lill fIObllioM of
............,. !\.l.... also d<...1iD«I hi many of A/rita '. prubl,:m. h:vt! 1><..:II ;nIlyotd
lht- hardt"lll'hi! .oa<ion.. 1.hu<itih ""traot- in deLIiI in ~ Olho..,. UJMt.d
diIIary ftIoou h:Ift two "'* \II lift ~ iJUb/ieatioM," ....r
it will b<r
_lirirf,............-
~ <"'..... Wom lhan ......... btl"<10
:!OlIO ~ D 19i1S Ilw ....... poials,
(lriIlI1 1 A&i<aII ~.... ... f"nt, • .... tradiDa: po:iri<-
..... 1115 - " .... _ CliiMiWi . . .
« '.,. ... ~_... . . dot I'" tIIBtd bJ
~
"po""'.' ... _
'" .....,. • r. ' by
CIII ""~! ••d • • illNt ilmdit i:ItnoI . • bJ ......
. ....... ~ptO"....... d< dlor ... 1ariI'........ wloidI
..
~
Ano:': ......
abauI _ lbinl. pra.y adIocol ...... ~

_101 ..... 19l.. 67\. .. ot -W .... ba: d. . d &-

-.I.., lhinI of Ii> ' ~ fir ID l~ . \hf IIIllO:. t....
ld Ibt ...... - , .. lis IIlhtao ...... price: ... Ibt "". IIIiiia <'llP<JI'1
boo "'"" Mil """"IIlh. ....., IIl1&oM ".'''0 !j1.... iII , t.-- ........
of Al"I'nn Ianilia IO<IIy Wi' bnrw di..... ~ ot """" ., $12 Ioi5DD •
. . . . . and maIQ' <'billImi orp/wIO.'Il __ hi Cik '""""'. for """' ,
bJ All)!'; lI'-ll3), t'OqiOi'IlI ofcodte .... lor * .........
boll ... b,. 21~ ....... ~ 19M
_199Il.-
SM.d. ee~ oflnwnal
....,. .. e..w _ !iMl1 'ioc of . .
" ohli;>o las koI II> 1bt T i&atio&
"'~ ....... Thrradlas ......
Tho .mom ....,nd II>
.......,... the dodiow '" ~
"""" .., ...... ~ • 1tlc pnIl>-
~II ... h IS.
--_ . .
fit. Z1 ' ; , , , . , -

"* ... _","",","",_I

.. _ lB
100_

•
,u.n'... -
....... . A _ .. , Iiorol ~ l/)o1Ct:F . . _ _
u .. -'ol _ _ o/d,
.Ott " . ....
halbMl liwrvd1D.....,.~ tt.".._dIr awunt,- Aiia.', .....
fa pIcIirinn IFiIiIIry <'OIlIIi<ti. "'Ild _ be' doasIicaIIr writIta ....... o..bt
b,.. _ of ..,opouo) . " - ..... ...., sbouId ~ ~....,.. to
IIIl"IIhr fullft ..oo:p« fO IlDlI ~ lilt' *""""
WiklG of iIldusIliIb:d •
WdihoocIo of.-.y ""'" oIl1lillioao of ............. ~ quarIm of Aiica',
Afrnol lamilin. AI • miIliloom, 1.5
miIlio<I 10 10 miIlioo bou~ ill
luI:oI debl) """ 10 lhe' World IlanI< and
lilt. InlmIalionaI MoN'tIrJ FWId. lD
•
....l>&haratI Africa ~ hai,l lholt portkuklr. ""'" rrIicf . +.0...,.,..
ohIluld
li",lilIood• ...;Jll'<l ....1 by w&Ill llld COIl·
tlicto in n'«:nl Y"'oW" and mony mi~
......k in m..jor n'<lll<1i<>n. 1n Ibe artwol
am<IWl1llw AIrie. pI~' ""I on it.debts
•
IioAo IlIOl\" ha>1' bc<'umc n-fugco....
ThIrd. ~ ha$ ol!Io btnI d<:vu-
lU 'jf!1r (on far, _
dI'bl ~B>fion las
III the IimitftI
IOlPIi<d to ....olM.
•
~ b,. dclr. As ~ 22 oiI<Iwo. -.I> whidI -..: DOl btialt """"""" any. ~
SrbnII Nrn bnrs. far bnokriktr ...,.J. Wbo.~
poiIIIII"hlr. ckbt rdirf
........ 11-. ~ crhtr ,..pm. '" 1M --... ""'" be Ek<:d to ~ ill
-w. •
"" .. Iupioc Edo _ . "-'"
_ _ 01apUl .-l ~ 1lIlIlIiIl«
1IIiitIry

_f. ....
10 ... ,t.... io

-. -
uptodilurn: IOam;-lIootic"
_ S30 lIiIIior W__ o.lJ _ __,..,. III hNllh.
J
~ "'... . ~poid. n.. . .........:' a·
JiII;Ily addnl IIIIbr IIlUII .-d, • IIlUII StcoooL Nm', n6a ~ ~.
wIlidl ~ lJrilifcI .. tIw 1!IlIOtl.-
1M ....... Ihio ...... '
.-0::"-
do:a, _
$lObiliool is. ~ .....
... Ddl
of
_
IIIr--" ...
!IaIrk
be' a:JownIlO Ito.- .. _ , .

pns"'''
tt='" _ •
f.. ~
thIo ~ 01 IftIIt boorio:n 10
.. ... ----
..---_.
---- ..-

... Aft:r,
. . . . IlIOl\"
"" iIo ""*" ......."..
l!IIII is :spmI "" tbr
-"b.'a po<...." ... _1octumI
.cuodo. 1hrw«b 1M Cft'lIIiuIII "' ., «0-
ho:akh -.I ............", alillI thilcInL... _ ~ lurid. and
To 1M lhio probItm of dcbl into "'" lhrw,h io<' ..... d aid and ~
ovtr.dI tonll'XI or Ihioynr'. SID',,,Ill, Third. mililary !\lltDdiD~ _
\Vorld ~ Oi/bo. f't'llM, lhcloW <'0lIl or do.~ ""'"' OUoI'p/y, This is IlrimarilY
~ 1M bak hu""", ~. in d1<' I't'!\POn,;bllil~ or Nrio:an l(tW<'m-
A£m - lot n..-alth, nulriliun, Mnlion. I1lI!nIS - .l((WI:IlIlIleI1S lhal will be'
told Iamily ~ - "WId bt _ _ ~ banhb' ~ 1M'"' 01 d>r wurtd
in*'"b' $!I ~ a y<W'; lhio k~. il" 1lIt7 COIllinue 10 dMrt 10 miIll1r)'
nady Itw lhan Afri<:a ia CII/Tl'lIltr _ lhernoum;o IhoI ~ bt
IodiIlr "'" '" ...,.,. of( . - -.-.rl illjob ~ ~ • •;'_"",Lol
I!Wll of _ ... a """-I
............ bmilr ... ' . • thIo
burdt'll "'. . _ '" whictI,_-., ...... tducDlrI. - ' _kloi 01
~ ~ ........ bt~
lot ....... 110 tbt . k. '"
_ t.-... ArriI:::o las dk'<Iot~ la:'oIII
Ita
Mrico·• • hidi ta. Bac ~ 10 ..... ."
': lTtof.>u
......ioi:otd llMioM. ouppon Ibr
• • tbt

...... . ,• • • lty Ibr-.-..... _ o I .... IOAiita.,.. . . ~

. . . ' - '"It"*'".-I. The ..... ~ ., tbt l10iItd Norms baI

.t'u . "'''''''_-U''
. . . . . . hasbMI · .. ' 'l .a
'-ial 1>010< • ' - ArriI:::o •1IIIIIiI:"'n- ,. nt

-,-
_.-..wilbovI "
droOl ... a ocako lhaI has DOl ~ bftft
... . . ...,.. .. lit
_ k flO#ttl,-
,.;.., -W

t·ourth, AIri<::oo llOOw o,.. , ilO """"

"
Fl•. Z2 DdI bonm ,naJc~ ~,~o<l lbe- ....nllniln"'nl. tht')'
1oIIIl .... Pi'J'lJ'UilOl Ol'liM'. t!ll h:M.' made 10 In,,,,", a 1(1'1:11('1" lIfW<JI'
liotl nr !Mil" "-""'flues in hwnan
""""'''-....,., and 10 aclJi<,.,... lhe boo....
hullWl ~oab dOllI ha-.: 110,,11 ...mb-
&sh<'II in I"" rK'kl~ or I_h. "ulrili"".
odncalion. on<! Cantily planning.... I"
Pakar ill 1m. and again in Cairo in
1993. NriI",'" poIilinl '"""""'" ha......
Ik<iarn1 Ihl'ir inlmlX>n or .....,rul\ll
mr.c ~ by Ibc! end or lhi. dl'Cadt.
Th"",, coounil",,,n" oho\Jkl now bor
....... by ~d~ c"mmi.."""", or
....1(2. n_,,'I.'$, lor ~ "lJI'<iI"l<" pur-
l""'-"" fromthe indu"'rilIr.....'" nation,..
H/lh. Ihe inll'mllliooal communily
ohould .,;;,j,q AfriclI in ru. WUJ:!:J.
Inward\; ,~ IIOl DIlly Ihruu)(h
"""Il<-'flUiotllO ~ AfOCa·"..".
nomir l"';lion. and ""PfKM11or Mri,:an
g"" . mllll"llls· rommit:nc.-nl. 10 UK'
-'.......-,-.. - -- ach ............1oj b.o<i< human goals, bUI
also Ihrnu~h din'<'! assislllrl<"e 10IIKN'
polici<'o and in..itutiun. which ,k'. :pctI
d,:mOCflley·. foolld.I;""s. Thio islo.o<.
100. /\as "'-"" ""-"l'1I11y ~ by
U\<, s... n'laly-(:e1lt1'lll or Ihc Unilod
Nation",
"7i/fl t oJUI ogoi". oU oUnl$S Aft'i<'n,
~ st.", _nb tUrdilpm"d jp""
otoffn/ bfflI_ ofiOUlObility, 'TIlil <7rl'
"". br /mhfr ""ty IknllO/1lr Ii, f'lNlk oJ
d,Mt><mli< p",t:ri<r>., .
"/krrlilP"".1 oUi "'/1St i"nIUl, ... p.
f>o<I/I>' Ill, rmztiMr nlld Sl'"'l!....iogoJ
ifl>litkM'" oJ lit",,,,,,,,.,. iJn1lIlnOl7
.",,/4 br ""dnSl(J(Jd "" I., "'''''''
lmiItlnb br"",. //l in? pnrtici/ll1~~
...."'''01. Pl~Mi .....do ", I'" .-
....,Ii V.Im lit""",,,,,, "'... oonI.
rilJlfOff. _/is d'tlnt, ""',. ""d ".,mi
iJUlnM/i/y ItiU """, ,..jlll D" 1""..iln!JI,
tffttl "" mtiHm""",ic dtwlop"''''t.....
$iwlS of change
The IIiluation in A!rira can bor tun><d
ruund. Fundamf>n\3l cbmgo.... ' '''''''ll'
;"g from Ihio iaoI di""""",. dtad~.
Nvl' rn::ato>d a dilInt'fIl an.d flU" nlO.....
hoptf"ll~ lor Afritan tk-~Iop­
mnIt In lIMo ~ r...., Yt'l'"- many
Afrl<an rountrie« haw- un<lt1tal<ell ro,,"
damcntal rriorms. 'l ~ ts an almoot
rolltinl"'I·...'i<!< 1""""""""1 wwanJ.
• denxnacy, """'-r /ruotming .00
diffi.:uh Ihat ioon>t')' ....y b<,. Apanhrid
I, cooiliq,: 10 an end. fuIDonll,.." ha......
Ix...... ~\J<.TaIi«d Thectimal'·Ior;".....- .l·
m"'" i. ImpI'<..-iIlll. The cold war ""
longt.,. nwtun.'lI dictalo"dtips.. St'Ytflll
Ioo.o:..... n";ng ....,.", "'"'" booen nodc.'" ,..
oaIod <kn>rn. Mili,lIIY "!""'ding. in '"
1<'a:j/ saolC """nu;",.. h; lJwfIing olJm.
or ~~." And n""" or Alrica', po\iI~
call<"';""" rommtnro 11"."....""'" and
III<;" ~ I " 10 the m<'f'lill$: of
basic numan _I..'"
"T1IEn "'" al""wly oiltn"or. poosi.
bit challllc in alti\udes in ,n..indum
>Ii.o<'" rwions. Unil,";! SI.".. Stcr1:Wy
of !ilol~ W.m·n Chri",,!,""'" has ..ill
lhal rold war ink'l'l'>l' wiII IIOW ",.
,..,placo.od. '" til<' hem or Amc.-nca'.,.,1ao
,;.,.,.rup '''; In Africa, by On eood.';",
__..jllM.t In tlt",omJCJ nlli b_,
t\glJ1s".'" Similar1y, 1'rtosKI<"" Clint""
ha< lK·kn"" .... l!'-'<! thai -A "o!J/II~."" Is
nd.. ""'J I. Afr/nI... AJi'il'tllU ,,"
Sl"'M/i", tn fJdirot pMitic4t ".d .....
"""".. frmJ/J....... w, . ,,"" n Sl'"l{
l.t'mI i• •tlpiq t..... lrowu I• ..,
/TudinftI j.tn" bffl" liltJ>r '. __or:s
".d tilri".ildml.- Ell""""", I<...ten.
I1aV<' nlade sintil>rWl\C'O'II;'Il" and _
enIIlndu81rialia'" "ariono 1.-, """,,'II
10 link IJM. ""'~oualiun of oid pro-
~ 10 1'l'Ol/f<'!lIIlowatd' dt'OllO["·
....." ... d ~uctioo" ;" lltiliw)'
"I"..ndinJl.
l1lI'!ie "'" an sijlIIS of I>npr. 11m h
nlU$l l>c <aid thai .., fan n,.,.,· ha< btto
little!<i.lm or anion by lhe mdu!'lrialix<.'"
f'OIlnlric's. and liI>llhnoa lc~ rots In
aid, "",."....,. ju>llifrable and ~
it nli~n' l>c, '" noI .., odc<iu>l~
~ ' lU (h.: ...,.;m. of ""b-Sohatan
Afric.... And iI. .tier many dcc>dca of
olferinlr IlIO'lI1. ","I,'riaI. ar.d miIiwy
SIIppm1lO oft"" blaIanlly ",""pi and
,.."...,......, dic1alonl,ips.iM induSIriaJ.
i%l:'" nalioM. IIOw....uili 10 1'00;(".. 'll"Od
~';" NriI.... u...... Ihoy mu,"
a100 IC\ 10 $l.....lIl1dlf'1I iI.frio:a·. "'" .
f>Of'ni< pooitioo by wrilinJI Q/f many or
I1lO' .. bwntinrnt'. debl.. by """"itlj/
fait i\IId stable ~ for lts raw Olal'. ...
_Is. by t't"IIudn.lll>riff. 00 Alrica', man·
ufacluA!d ' ' puoU, " ;ond by ~
1M amoun! of old available lor in~·
ing ;" Alrica', \l<'<IIlle .00 IIlCO'tin.Il
basic humao llUId...
Rl:.'1lUNK u...~011""""""inthehrahh

AI1M «f"l pnbk".. di

...,...,. _......,. 'onoJ.
d in 1hi!< ,....,
-.I <'Iluoratkon -.I

T.. ~
~..... ol :IX'

,__ d •
..... io.IIit'• . i: WI .....,.. ill ~ .-iIIo JICi<wislo
a a. . t/Ioob .. toa ..... -.I ...._ • • '"- dtodapioi;E .....
.... ~ . .1d ........ 1bIo_ on... ioo ..... 10
R«rII. If U."'it*"'illr_
toW .... ('fa, " . , . . ...............
lbl- kiDtl 01 ",ct '
.... iNlg. ' "
do:pk>J
.
WliI~
" .'DOw IhIl ~ too pi;II.-iIIo - ' ' ioc
W;t\'Oll 111-"1. , i ' dol-" s' .
-u. .. .w,••
iiltMl
IioII io illr ~ ft';iDto<
io ',.,.,
"'w aW/It
Jnni....
,.
WT

.,. "'
...-dr....
1l>rir _ .6 ' ; ' fJl

itapa1. lbr
n.r .,w,..... ,- ,. ' O"_",ar ___
tIaol .. '«1_«1_ I'd"" 1m til _ _ will wb<W'I" w ....
......... C<pI.'nf. to,. iolo,~ D poIkfII ol ( ~
..... "''''' _a='_..alwpn;. .... -ad "" ""._,., "'lr .....
......
_ "" IlIIUY
po&;nI ill lIII'' ' ' '
~and ndt1s..
mel ""
k-odIs 01_
.... """' l( anilsI-
"".olI .......
AI.,.,,,, lNl _ . ""' .....
0( IIII't'IinI: thr ..... blllQall "","ll$ 01
....... ..-....l

lho' paon.'OI """,,,-'I" III loumaoiIy _ Otomocracy'l c~lgi'

boo laknl .i> 'Il'ilh a ...... ~
bQlh b' hlltWll NW' andlOll I mf'\lII$oC
ll"-....... ~~ 11't: pt<lbIm.. ...hieh " ill
~Illll)' olh, noIlHlly tho.· poon.,a
n"""j[louuI
~ iJI
i"" world. ......." ...
lIUPP>Il "" ......... rilOt1 to
foo.. .. Il:JllofW on<! iJltt"Mlallonal .,iutI
"" 1"- ""'" choIk"tIJl'.. in lho.· 11""1'
t<>Id ....,. Pl'l'lud. f n'QUi.'Inly, II""",
Til e indust rialized

....
rumnlunil"',. hili tlK' 1'fUWl"'."l' kif
'.. .n""'..,.. .",,,........acIvarItt. and """"'" n'~"" J.k lfl a I"'t""i<>u. lI<.'Ca.
politIral .... biliry wiIhin and !xi ......... ..... almo. !WIa Ci'Il i..., IIKO. """'" countries IIIII St
em;,. .awl <1-. thn.....'Il<'d tho.- ilJ.!u,..
III lhr _ Iim<'. ihr pinlo WI tJWil"d ",>tid In lI>t llftctmaIb 01 ihr
" - bMI UIlIdr ia _ potU 01 !Ix- St't'Ond World W....1'hooy ....rtr. ,.,.,.ns.
rethillk their OW II
~ --sd 1IIIl1ll ~ proll'CI('d <allJ. IDlhr dIy ia J 011947 wht1l
&.,..0 """",,,-.I thnoMs, . . . t'-' Gcnc'nl (;0._.
1:1 lIiISliDt!d a definitiol! of
.... _ at tho -"I <rbO;h ... ...... <rbO;h 10 IhiIdIy ....... ..
whit , .... ~ """,til _ bo W _ rQio¥*s ill progress ;11 order to
........ IOWIlIbrir~_ ..... ....,. 01 . .
.. " i' """- dol- .... tho .... 1Iia' ed ....'icaley._
11<.''''' ..
lilt .iIJow_IO'--'" In . . ,""
improve tbe qflality
,,"".,....
IWI!I'.~. pnMdro and

-
p..,l .,.a. 1IlM ... Ibt .... ...
'hldlltw .... ~. ~ ......., ..",;" ool_to II) we of life while
..... . , ' X d " ' I D _ Iht b ':iM ...,., _
..............
Tu....... l5 o(.-brr II.-
..... _ lor

As lsi ••Wit., ........ Ibr ~.

reducing their
..................... KGKli&cmoi- .... I' " _(utkd • htlpiII( to
• wiIhiIo wIIidI W "" " . ' .t lotiltl do ,.., . . . . ; .11:1 ... impact all tile
.....,.,...ailio...... . -'>.ID ..,. .. ~ bat. w """"'-
prlI<lin-.1hiI 0I'0I0Id _ .... UIC'ilJ will> W, lIMotI SUn WI"
btl '" ~ pm.. oIlhr .. ioqal....- bt id.ic..
.- biosphere.
" 'Ik'''' . . ...,.... ...... ~ 10 -no ND_ P1H." Ibr \/"....

"""'4.....,& ,....
awkttIlor ..... ~ <'SpOrtS Ih .... ul oflhoIII1isccl Sllii tat
'""" poor <'IOUIllrin.
wril~
,,"""iIllI 10
d<.... a ~ pruportjorI 0(
-~
It.- . l1li _ /tria /0 ,.".,.
drbl in M'IocIo,d ...-ai<>ro> and ....... md
• n1l<'Wll olald and in_ _ ItI ...;m ............ .......,_.1Iw
b_a .... aN " . - , _11Id
~~·
•
 __• • /III*d......-
IIuIltlon i t . rd
~..td .. In. . teI III KI
iIlk" lIllt Ibt •liIln-'IOtbld
s..li)' _• .-c, "'" """ ............
C 1 • • "'Il. lI(IIithriJ
............ AMI ~ .. Ibio pn:l<'OW lboi..
widI _.:;o:i• • OIl~"" ..... • ...., It'<'nIII . . . . . hal " ' - 10
.lbtkl: ... ~ .. '

,
lr II. Ibr bon!«
ICIioo&, llol borrirr 1bol
' :1 hau
_ta-w
b'
c
* ....--
........ 11 if. ""-t • poliIJnI Mrrilr.
..
.. - "
"". . . .
locuf't. if .
bziae: .... I" ..
.....-.lalllr
_ ......... lbrrWu
~
!.Dolled
...-mol cIzncb
' ~ iII_
........
_

po'
II.-
~ '"
lilt'
n......, it VlfJ iI:k daub! \hol1bo:-W pWb .a '" - ' " or '""' Ilr IlO"'i-
. . W ....-.roeII """ dot: ~ III biliIy '" --" m-...., n •••, _
rnako.·lbt.....".lioa 10 a -W in ""'""" _ ill lh<: ....nd ol pn<.'tinl <.........
the baoi<" 1k"""C!s of ...,.,. ~ ............ hoc,..,.. , lilIrlI ~ oIwioon. Up unl~
and dIllcI ..... 1IJf't and !II whlrh tho! illis """In!}'. for """"'I'Ic. aImoou all
1m","" """"" n", _with all k. p<>l... tw -x... -... ~ in I;"" in...•
.... PRIll"'''' rrowth. l·hall ~ •• ,'X<itt' ess "f a n:lati'rTly uarrtlW l'Iil<' who
""... ~ ~ - <*Il <9<11;""" . WIw ...joy<." an aIrn<'!l """""".... n~'
;" in qIll"'Slioa is !he ap«ily of llIII" 0( rights IIId prMk1l'''' II>d or I;"" ben-
ftIlirnIDn ODd poitnI or- to lofilad "' ...,-. I'urtbl_ pan, ihia
fnIIIODCI 10 """'" l'IUdr _ chaI: .... ol IOfflIin _ _...Ue-CL
~ For .......... ol1bo:"" IIIII<t$
JIlllIR"8Q1!n1al ~ . is
-.-.1
b<inlt _ _
.,, __
TlllIIlt " ......d •
Ill< ' . . ...... . .". d<w IIlIl
do ,.., DoI" ;" _ ..to:iIIlr .... •daiIoed......,
.1,,, ,• ....".".-.
.wt.- ..... ....".
'lll*b'aol_ol,. ' . bbck. ....". AR. IIld
..w... _
os.
..... po " "Thz focw olllllliliatl n.,. .. alic..
iii< ill llw ; l 51 J. '&W$ . - . . . - ol 1".'. lIhi<.
....... .. i'1:r '*-"t silII • ill .... _Id . j f
..... Its I .-.. poIiIicaI .... iii< • r ' .. ...,d""'7.... IriIh ...
_ _ ........ <m.ibzdbr~ 8ul ~ .......... t ' lI lMa _
pok . . 10
_ M'tioa,
'*""
aab' • lor • lb< ""'-I
_I"... Ibt w\IIdy
~ ia 1hz: ....... lJiq ......
ill ....... '. ' 1 .. d ~.hao
..kno_ltd.l<'d .. obit".. ..,.." tllrta· ~ t....... 1<Iday """Ill .... ~
ra tIUf ...... and ourctlildm.a failltl.'ll 1\ Icast ill ~. 11111 all Pf'O\llor
n.'QIIin' ''isiua and llClion .... I dilrtn....1 MouId~ thr ."m" riplland _ _
The most basic ....'IIe In both plac.-.: and ~""'. ThIa prot>- IllIIitin. .... WI !ht. bni< bnK.iiu of
\tin III d~ I x _ polirit'l.l 1"IlIrfl'l!..hould be aVl ilablr III all
advalltages of lMtl1uliono and Ibt llI'ObIo-..... thai lhty This dwl# in 'ihoo hu "''JU"
III
..... ~ to mo.>h'<' is """ ..... lIIld ~ tho! lI'CItld oJ , 'Yl'l\lj lllId imtitD-
_ laed or <'¥ell «1011:11111 I d "" liooo.. and """"'b' b<..-...nina ihe ""-1
progress have 1Iot yet u.. """ orilfiuD1 bntd lbiz r i a/ hwnoaitt'. otnIg\l' b' "'<JCI(':i$,
<ltaol • ." '. but ~ ia.-c.-\lidl Ilul ......... """" ... ilIot ~
bee" made available
to the poorest fifth of
wiI ' -
wIIo
. . . . 11
( I ~,.
" . "'.
Thio .. a __ iidic
_a.. . _baic_
d wiIh br lhnlIl
lhlm '" - . . . .

,.f<idl _
d
....... "'Ih;,~ lIhic", baI!ly
IIdIiAd. l}.., _

.....
. . ridIt:t. l!x

d ol"'
e.._
' - ....
l"t ~ ..... '" 1 '''' III lbr iIlIIft
human society. .... I: ' I ' ,.,... " - I barM ...., wba . . "" 1hz:
................ iII1be brl~ ~_." .nty.n.iI
• lbrpt ..... ......,.t.idrM, ill Ibt tbl_ dt •• l1<, .....
.....'biol¥lIhiclbll '.- ' b " ' - ",<e'. MOl """- civi5IaiaoI iII _
pobIic ""...,.......""" poIiIicaI ..... ....,.Ihz: f'Dd a/. . 2OIIt~.
Iita. II if \ll;a pRl<lt'110 -Ild IllIW'<: oftttI Y<t ~ .. poseiblf lodat. ..,;d • !he:
bt p(lOpIoo lhaa by ~ - \hoi <'CJiI!lK.b ..., ~ 10 IL.., lh<:

• boo l(IaIIuaIIy dioloclllt'<l ...... ~ ollhr kinJ 0/ ~ ia

....... whic'b mIY ""'" ell)' make jIOOC! Thr ~ III tho 1!l!lOs if to
Ihill doo6c ....., . 1hn:loogb lhr d.... ..s ""'"..... and bn>Idm tho _I!thir l1IOl
dtbris III Ilw- !mm<'diaIl:' shods. dial- it ~ W tmI"fltO'. il orda""' "
ltR.aDd ..."'-b o/Ibr po.- elI)'. it ......... ~ ..1t. . . ..tJo:y.
..... ~ ...,. .. _ lhal. -.Inly- lq fronl ~ _ ......,.. eway-
lq m..- ill Ibr t'lhiaoI Iw
-......r. __ a I'"riod 111 - . .
t. " . .,.. '"- IIQf(UIt'uIar ~ \\1Im
Y..
........ __
~....wbr"-""1ho .......
.na~b<.:
_ _ 01 poooomr. it . . '""'- ....
.... tiI:J ,--. _1llif;)WI". 1.5 Jivablt lhIlltwy should IIIn<'I 10iIdl'
. . . . poaplr ........ '" bh ill a . . . . Md ..., «<""10 iIIIr sri-
...... I r o ~ ~ ... ___ oriIJ'. RuI ....... " ' - Ilor -til
...w t.:w lildo. . did Iow.- IIIIiriIc. ad'~I "'" .......
~ ......, AriIoet.. • - - . t I ~...., ~ it poooi.
_101 ,..... " - ....., Md IlIr II>briIc.... ""' 1lor ...... 1IIJIOClli
<2l'S _ . . . ill
td 1IIIPr- ., pnwny l1IOl fnIth _ _ Ion ...
_ _ ....".Md .. __ "'MdJiooo..mimpotus
k k '· · ...-. Thr ftU is lhal. 1O~ ' mlll--"". ..............
~ _ oblilltd ... tIU ~ IIOll _it ....ulal d& .ioo.
............ ho• • ••, ""'""-... Md ...... IMlL Il"ll.-........-m- .. !be
_ ..m .rn... "'"3' t... it ..-.boo- , 1 rI)'" tt!lot if III br <"'~

kw re&<u tho ~ III .. aDd if Iht lnInIilioa 10 I .....;". ...

inIp<lnMt .tIiI\ .. tho .~ othi<'.
;~ wbI< io <'tlIIOid<n.... ~ ;" "'"
..'CIIId ond ...haI. 10 no!.
!<,niWly.lh<o ia l<~ in\c<vI-....
lion in Son......... lor 011 ~. dif6cuhieo
and .....kil, noN'l h<'\('oJo " -pn.... .·n!ll
• fiN d,-'l'lInlion Ihlll lh<' inloma1iooal
~ . ,0 w....... IbrIl it it~1iIl
lhalllt"'llk aDd thrir ~ in
all «lUfttriH, JIlooId ..... ~ intol-
"""'I 0/ 1M u~ ""rIrrini
inY<>lvtd in d~ ~ bul k.w<,..
kll<)WU ~(...itI '" mw malnutrition
and dl..._. Illill'flC'Y and di""billljr.

ooIhinlr ""'iIcill(, Pl.'-.. .

' '<.WI''''''.;lY "'ill "'" 0WHl by ..... do
lho: <hiI-
d"'" - 0/ . IIiItd .... e lIU<'I:Umb l(I rmso
~ud"""'"
Bul ... 1Ir. !bit _ .m;" hu bH:o
IimW II> IIUlkIt-'a ..... Olf<."I1lublicia.-d
....-llI<I<. aDd ~ it bao ~
Ouly lIUI:h • d WlJlC ,.... 11M! Ilk·
l.1>ik uI n""'\injj minimum hullWl
......... lhe .......... priorily ~
.......... Only ..-:h • ~ nil
_ lhIl ~ IaodtTolUpo h .....
""M'"
loiIh 'O'ilh Iht po lhal. ~ btea
~ ~ riI

..... ..... --
........ '"""
1xnI n1nlCkod ~ me, ....... ........ l1IOl wlul _ bor __
cn·fIl_~ __.nl will ...... br . . - IIltIIIIa lbr tWo
iIIiknrT ....... ..., budllro_...... I I I _ ............. ~.­
.................. 0 ~ ... ..,-~_
l'WG ~ 1lUllltIt,10I1I<ll!*.
 'T'ht' foIowiIll ;" !hi' W. hi of ~ "'durifta.owly rlIiklhood.•
The year 2000: .1 :!OOO whirh lbr WIrid'. poliI.
Il
It pn.~. - ' lIr.'IaldL
nl ......,t _pull - • bo1IlI
~
what can be ilIwrillly INsiI* - .
IIIoc WQfId s..nIllior Clllldn-ol ... 30 Nutrition

achieved?
s.... wbt, 1991l.

()om-aD goals 19!I().2000

.........,.
" mlIIiniorI in ~ _ idH ..., of low
bioth ........
~ ,, ~
,~

-_--.{~ z.s

It_. ........
k«l III ....

A -..-.. ,...,. III " "'"

4ot., .....,.
\~"""'<T .. of
it., " ...

--
..... I3Iks 1ll,.1ioo .1'lI prr Ihw-

-......
lJlllO h:' lIirIM - .bitbt ... "'

L.. A ....... af_'.... ~

""
\"j Al . . . . . . ~ _ ~
of .. l!IIr taoll of

L. II """"'- of _ -.I ......,.. ~ ..............

........
......... - . . . lJk. warW'.
r s. _ ..__ .. _
__ Io"'1IIOUlbo of. dlif.li6r•

...
("..-ell " ~

.... ~,- 10 ""'

~ of k..-It dR< 10
aIj..t .......

MID-DECADEGOALS
... ....
Ilrir <"IIunlioa lor III ctUlmIlDI!
~ of prWary fdu<wion by

II haM>li! \If llw Illu~ illiIt'fI(')I rat~

....bIo • funilio.." 10 ......" . ..........
Idd 1Ood .-nrl,r.

... """ ' 0 _

",0ft'I(¥.

111_ Ja I1If II _ . -...

.....N 01
-wJ'11 IIlOIl old'll d"I !I~
_ III
...,.
and lh<' ~",,' of <'<lUll fd ~
,;",Il&l ", ~M\ UIli l)' (.... "",k.. and

( ProIo.",;OQ k>r lhI' nlOny n,illion. 01

rlIik1n." in ""P"riaIlr diff.....k rir-
Child health
I Th· <'ndi<.",~ ", '" pol", .
'"'" ~lintir"rtion ", """..
(by 1\195).
,01,""101."
I A !IO\ I'ftIlI<'IiDn IrI nWtik.. . -
__n.-.. .-.
. . - III \lQlll1I¥ ill of l1li rwn..w><n ond !hI'~." and am • _

--
n:'du<1"" In ..........
oOoo.'f\WIo.~\ in aD "",nlril.... of 1M
d<al~ rompanlI ... Ift"IJumnnl>a.
"lid ~""'1rYIIW. . 011_ " .......uly adooIud C......1IlIoa ... IN
1 ._
....
a; ,ot _ Jlillh"01tbr (1Ql1ll a-tinlbr. lhI' .., !I<tlir. ,,,. . of.
'!l9Oo ....101 ." I'llIlidI:r ~ Irzi;t 9l& .-. of
..........-oflhl' idf'll DI........ ~
p tc~'''''''''_'''''b¥ ~ dlildmI e'...
lO'<1io:. lor mildrm in Iinlf' 01_. __ ii., ·.... lor ..
p • I_Dl ..... -'*'~ Il.-~~
Ii ~ of dIiId ..-.I1tf
l'rotrction for riM aod womt'Il
....
.. .
' ..... "MllllT_JIr F.-.ily ,' ' I ~

rin-f ... ""' ....... , I'

_ _'
...-
cIiontIo<...... 2SlIo
_ioIo.lofdiio ,k _iIsolm...
Ii ~ "
,e ;" ...
<Wd

.... .... ......__... _.

1I_ _" " ' _ _ lib' "'., 00 Itw- _ *-bo <-.lllJ __ , _ ,
.wtlidI
=-.1 ... pc . .... . . loinlto' _ c"
n. (5 ' . of lflIi-c __ ....
B l l l o l .... " ....' ..-..
"'I
...-
f 1<10 Mr. SodI ~ tIMUI boo
s-:..1i'.. 1I111t. t;_ ~ 1II .... ..-.y'O nJlIunoI,
~:.dUC3tion
... .' If _--"""~"""'~_
All 10 " - _ .......... III addUllllO _ .... of pri-
9 tI_,t,t'l I, laI , .1J'IiIIod
IllnlCllnl durin,: mary'""""" 1Rd u ........

....._...
£lonil , ," ..... _ dUJdbinh mel m..nI lI<Ililn .". ....... kldot• .-miol ~
hiPtitl< ~ tftll oboI<1ric" -.llik okiII1i Rl<Ild"..1U .lloo.' <!if.
AclIoh' , . o ! M _ 10,.,,".......... PQ!lOl of ill r:lll1ilit" bV rnollililinI:
1 1"~ ...~ ul lhr ~ LodaJ". V2!ll)' ~ <'tim"",";'
"'-ill ond ""trilinMl ......t. of ~ ~y.
REFERENCES

~_UoWmo· . r""' 11l< 'So......... .. _ .. "Op. ' 311'1'_-. ..._ 110 '; .. ~
_ ~.II -.n t:1lMooo ,. ....., t)mr _ ".. 1••_ 5
1. . . .ri:..,, 1l4
m-1CU·. _ V...... S Eo.... i ', IJllo1CD'. _ Yod,Joolr 3! I_~n~ ...,.., _ _
: ,.,."... ,..' s.. ~ M..d> ",,_GO ._
·. .,_
U•...,OO
l."\liIIMc
- ~",".w
...
""'1lI!IS, 1. . . ~ I_ 17 11'_1 ...., 00 Oor-.. _ .._101"-'_,,,.
".~

• _ Tn" . • Am. Ow- . WlIO.Gooow. I'II!. I:!:!

J
e-., (r\I1IITAQ. r
"'_ _ 01
-
• ; ....
11 ................. - . ........
I ; . _ .. T_ .
.-.,ll':!!,'n1
C '
U!'o1l.»<''AlIU joIoo
.~....,.. __
_ ... C _ ol~i_lJio. ..... n..w. £40; = INCD'. ........."....,1tD
D ...

...
- " _ _ " .. _ _ I"t:!. I.... ' ' QlW U, I' .. en,.
~. n o ' - " ' .

......__.' ,"" 0« ; ]
" , .l/OJllJ'lUQ.1I'llO, w....
r.<n No.. zs. _ ~
31 )
"_

.,I n00"lllIl·
" -_ ~

-
·. ..,_ n• . ,
~ ....... '-""'.,......... 1..... If 1'1'-"1 ...... 00 • t ~
..... . ' ...rlL.
Oi : ~""'I\IID ."," IOIi(F A ~ -' "'lfO.
"-~, l$ W.w,_Oo t ~

7 . ... n.._ ~''''~''''''''.hod.n. MooWl): A ~ -' . '"

""r-~ _ ,J!U. rlL.~ ]I; 'Thr .pc; b,, 1Ii I Sl..-
- o.r-. II_ ~­ _ £iMl~I_
31 t . . . s-...t,...,.,,·.r
I~ _ I~•
'.W'-""" s...,.
s.ritoo loL No. '1
; I .,.".
_
w-.. WlIUA....,.'!i,/IItI2.. 11I110- .1ll..I: e-.".• ,.., lIoo lnf1-. U......
( " _ llW ... ~ _ """" .... "'.-"1 , * , . - ' . IIt , IM
.....ur1d ' . . _11w...1 o..
St._ :l1 U..... ~CI\iIdn-o·••·_l.1~
I~ ~ _

~l".
. "j
t""'" II_~
.OWW _ iMrioII
.... IJo,w.. . . . - Olildn'II. W
1!8lo·. UNln:l'. N1"wVotk. lllW
hor-~N._,m
:II! UoiIrdN..o- l
dt.
l'ro-
_ .N IIt , " ,.., /It,..o
~ 1M. WHU!tJNllU'.loiaI 21 llolI ... lI\lIod bl' "'<on! llo1olII ~

·'"
M.....-. .....".".",.....1.......... and -' ~ 11193 19!I3. !lSlIl'. Ii... Yurk. llOIlI

9
N""' 'iIltk. lll';l3
\\''''''''I~ 'Olh( ~ ' ·'''''' II~
:!I "'_I.......
:l2 Ibid.
( lmf\l»Il iuo. ~~
~ (lII1rMIurliDIIoB. ,.....
~
....-....
Uoil<tl N.. ko I~'ftl f'ro.
H._.I~ . . ...
1\I!l1. l1lfIW. S.., V",," 11I9't. II- Ci
/It,..o
__
two H _ A Ii., •• /iIliIIlIW' ~""' ... «l ......... ouppIiodbfl \nJ.
~I!If:r.

_~ I!I!/IMI91.1\1IO. II'I1Om'llCF.NJ'nI .\\'10 . n........ ... (lib. UNK,.)'. s.... y....

C_lll!l'.: " - IlI'A" 6 ~1 llai1<tlS_ _ CIolIoIr...• n...
10 \'.... N_OIIIftII·. - . no. !t IbiII. ",.... ~,.... Im.. rlL. p. ,"
,..".... ~,..... ,rm.llSKtJ'. ~ :!!i 1_
lbL" XI f! ~ So<l><oollt 1\9-

II W_
,'n l ,..
OO 1"-
:!16 _ 0lI0Im0·....... _
Iiaot............. ril.
..-.H _'."I, . ",..,:
1"'-.......-......

I!
,.
-"'-'1M.&!,.1\"HU.~"J:""

u · ' , . ll.... -r-.. t_"..

:I u.iIooIs.e.OiI4rnI·.r......
...............
",". w lloolitl no
( ..I_ No
.,.,.....
U .-_~·
. ."'1'

.:--c:
....... . . . '
;
1
_of.....
1iHl.~""
),.....
llioI-

I.
V...·.",.,..._ IIo«,, · Soo.5:!. 1 _ PwIr(.JCl lI"ar'lILI. m.lCtJ'. ~
"'IO,..c
-
/Udl W. . . . ,. S - . . .....l CD'. s.- y"",
,e_
t . ..

131:..1_" ' - .. "".!9lII--'co.-. r.--,. « ~_llt' _ I'lO>

.....e_' , _ 7
_ .- ,), I; .. . , .
_ 211 . ·_1_ 1;10 I _c...
.---
. . ....
_.rlL. ...7
s-._~

.,'. . . . 5 I ~ S"'-QMw.. ......,., ... 1.ItiH~_~.....,.Q.

_Von,lIR,._ " ] "'::1 _110= . " . . . .Note-1S 5 •

II l .... S-('WIIr..,·."-l.Sooft.
_ ·.joioI....lOAloOlCU _ _. .
_.....,._ ~t·_

. . . . . . . . . .11 ' .... S-

_a.... ·AI~..:u-.r ...

- -=-<:,,-",---
WlIO.("_ _ ,
....C_.. -.OO•• _ I I _ 1l.C_70n0W_
......L....m ._V.... s....... :5 C 1 .. _ .... • .. 05 I,,-.-.no t .~~
• I • . . . . -•• ' 1 I
lrot.._r__ - . . . _
~

......_u-:,.._ol C-,.:TWlIr.J-r. . w.-..

Wl ....... !'1 ,~ •
110. , *, I-'AoIiIIlo\I:rr-
• ••. . - .
_Jw"D
_ .""""o.-
t ':lolClJ'.",
_C~. •
_ •• ,.-....
I C1lIII ~
Bl
r
" ......... ......,.,
_niIdhoool-. lr.oll:lJ'. lf_ ~_ _•NororV,,", _!'oIIon.r....... .....,.s.m...
.... ~L"lAJ1M.,1. :JO Ift · \ '"""' . ,. s.. !Is.lobo<IIl9I/Il 1'lo.:Jll" ' - 1_" 10
II Wond - . I t_ D",' _ .~ .... 1 , W_ _ f t (.". . .

1m. \O·ont ...... W~ lJ.c. ..... n..~ . ,. Z

l . ,. ~ 1.100 .. ... VoL ' .I'lo.J. 1.l<klb<or 1!l!lZ.
U_N_ ClOIIInoo', t.... l-'NK: ~]I." ....._ II'. "'. _
Vurk. p.2
"
 If'. _ ,.". lilt '/I'_ _ e-I....

-_
_ l - . l N-...' ? ., ,....

'II ~""T' Pc"u.4

_,.",.. ...L' ..... 1000_'.

-.,
T_ e.-~,. ~_ _ . " 7

_e-JW7I..... UoOd U "',.,,, DfIIUllt:-..

D_ _ .1ft - . S- V.....
...... __,. ..
n . '.

~-.LWFC. . . ..
~ - y""'-
n
....
~~-. ~.I'looI,.d.. .... I'"IS

.. .......
~·.Io n...-.~ . II r...... " _.01 . I 01 'II - . _ - . . " . . . , I •

•
W.W

'" ..._aow_-..,..,-
s..,yod;l.
, _.""'-""_

.......
. . . . . . . . \Ii' "
-,...~
_ ",.,,1'. '
I..\. .. -~ . .-
"" _ 'oM
D.C. d8I.

' a. .CI6Ie-.
_~
--
"l-.I~ n._<F"
_Ap. , ..rAO.-.IW1 ..
Il! 0...- D, "
~

Do'
__A """.1t.4
.. e-t.
...s.r.d. ll< I
....... So.If. OIIIC.I'I' 1I
Dot..... . 1m
...
ee. uc,
"~"'''Nrw5t<wllr

.... . ..................
•
Siloc'"
'It <:-.N."""
_ _ V
_~

... _ _ oI. . Siloc"

'
_

L._c..Jr." .''''
- . .. JI ""-
~

lIlo' Po
. . e - ~. '-II
t1
_~
T"""'AIobi- IJ World C • [a.' • llII C

~ II.
I'

....." • • f , . ..... ....

" I • c-. 11'_
oaIlI. ' " .. C'"" .. I e -
~ Rmrw. V'" II. Ne.2" ............ 1>-19 Ioal<=. D.C."'I"
:<0 ..... , 1\1f1
l1lf. \JBoI c.,. . \...... H.-.J-
~ 1:k-...}oI&, OS I *
......_ t.. IllKi1oOti: 14I.. 01
8 1 Coro-.A1. ....... pp.m "ll7
82 WGtl/lII&Ilt._o. . I I ""',....,
;,0
~~ ~ ... i* ,• •"'.
lI'WI .... CP , _ . . . "" Third
o! !'<o> I ~ ",' ,
.~
il"•• ,.-...Jo6ooY...... t

/9!IJ'. ....... Thio,..............._

dod "-"'ioa 10 Ik;oioh••. . . - . . Ih<
" •...,... -. . ' . s...:ioI. ,.... 47. S5 'jI' _"'br l llo~~llr KooI Iok1PoF loot _ ""'"-_
,~ S. A _,Am_ ofC_ 1O poIi<yald oIt" .........
51 Ibid. Ibo l1<IlI<ooI s......... - . . lii lh< il:l Ibid., .. 2
57 U" IIod N._ I ~ _"' _ Group of n . OoilodN...-- I Ort.>b« /II ltvoo.Joho IL. aId ..bt1'<, .... <to.
tIonal t:e.-mlr 0IId Social....,...... '0' I/aohad. 11001.. fJ 1!ah1. M.....,. 'II.lIId
·t·omiIl' I\uiIdioa br ~........ I,"",," A M S<~"""""oI .,.,..11Mo<I AItio,Sh=Iio, 1lMine t 11iI)' C'horIao:
:\Iudrol ~~ Chlld s.......... .........-..- .. ..C-.....,......l MoruI-
s.r.ival .... t'<rtlllly'. N~7f277~l l l. lI!llIt<I NoIt.-. ;ry:1b< ~ C_·. Ol\Oljr nrrio'd
~T/ES.VSf: Il.JV1 '.lI_ s-. Nrw Vo<k, 11192 '"" br IfNICD' br..... """"'"'"'"
:'i<'O yen. ~ fP ~. """' rio., P. II Cooaril. w,.. ",,", oaI NonkAth.
SJ "- "-"' ~ _ 68 lI_Nmonoo r.... n..

--
06:<, I!l!l2
saiInI. 1'1' Tor ' - ' --, _ ~II_·, I k /!1!13. lL'i .w-. _ IL aod H ' 5
SOR. \\·
n-r. - .-...y....
n
••
f.. , I I ._ 1I~"F]'A. Nrwy..... 1!1!13 -.I.'Dok. ·
0-0' . ill _1JoicIo<lo.'
. oIC_• •", ,,

:iot ,-.......,..&,:-
,~

••
..... _A••'; . ........-...
)II FlIrIidt.,... I..aod !JWi<tL _ 'L
1"..., I
~. _ V
F !iIIoeoo. . .
IWll. .. Pl
J-"'"' ~ _
!.I£
-. \'oI.:!a.,s..

• -.,10/&1:... ....
e - ....... n--r-.., n .... tl _ o I 'w...l ""'"- /Q IJoio<4s-. D' oI.....
_ e - I . '/I' "
.r.io
_D.C.lllIIII
•
C ' ._ • •
_ .... r _ f_
Co .
of ...
.oaID0004
'f"...,__.,.... . .
_~oaISorioI_
~ 11

--
Woo1ol C ,
SIalr"'
. ..' F<niIIt'••"'-'*
I'

_Po '"
_
.lIIo
.ewC- '''''.OdonI
• 1(:_ l-.l~""''''''''''
l-.t-'~ V""' _
I.IL _ <t.. t ",

Ii ."..nno.lS
..... 'Il"erW c

.............
: • • l:00Io ...

._-
st. :'_~Oo ., e .... ... 0. . . . . (110 • ,e- • ...... _ewwr....,.... n.
_. ~/} "
..wC , f . ':'. • ;"
J'IoW-~""" 1J!lL. ~ .. 15
e- F-. L.""lIC1:J'. _ n.o-,.,,....
-.~
......
......,.--
~ Ihafil, n. _ ~ ~
1l! ....
aodDo.' 1 ... (80 ,e-

-
.$5
""'.dL
'I

y nc... 1Ii
7' ·AGnotw W. .. n. f Sl "-_00,,: _"'"
..,.,. • II ....
•.,...
,-..dL."""
I.
57 ~. "" !" , ~. _Do""
J'aoo()"" . e.-,.
SO-V.... _
. 1"1 !Ito'" .. D.lL
......J. ""....
~ 1I,L. ...
,__ ~
4.1,,,_
!! W.... 8oI*. . _Do " • .,...
~ ~....,. riL... 25 ,",",,", ... 5 ; " F_. t:.lI> ,m. 11'_ -.
!It OXI..AA1.Nw: ,.,.tt-.", ~ I' If i . - . I9liIZ. fIIl. 113 J<:\ .... -.otA.. ......
l:blord.. Apt I-...J:I tlQ.211
F.... .... . oI_ ofoht:_
'\l'_ ·.St' 5 00ilIc...
j!i lIorD. .. T"""' A~
~ <M. ...ioo ._... i o _ .. e- ~.i". , ; . .,_
..... ~ _ _ '-d. _1Imtw.Vol.I7. No,2"
......,....... "".rc.. fill. ZlIoJ I .-l »JII ~ 19!l 1
 1'\lIoi, \'ijoyao 1\.. ·M..,,""" FamilyI'\ao-
...... .. l.•,..b. ...}oo....Jf/I~Sd­
"'". \\ 01.25.J.......,.,W!
901 Codty-(" ...-. ~ ~
J""..-rouncil. ·F....._
.a. -' t......." Chan.....
r''''''''· liIolIoll'''...I101\o11
l!l93l'oW Hollman U<hlr1' ~ Uoil«!
NllioMr~~I~.
N,... Y00:1<. 7 J<IO< 1!193
95 WIIo'\d II.>oll. 11"..0/ ,~_, R"..,
19!1;l.... ~p.29
00 CIlI<y.c...-.MIfJIIRi. .....<it-
'!I llolllrom U _ I ' _ Edut'aliII<laL
s.i<n,i6.."""Cullot>l ~
pobli....... ;., 1I:-/10J' . n, ~ ~
.\ _ l nJ."" ril. . p. 'tI
911 Ibid.. /L 28
!I!I ~MlI)"ll.. ~~Jw.u.'
11"'-"_ .. 11'''''''.... F-r.. UNICEF.
_Vork,lW2
S........ I....... C.. h<rilltIL_;...
... ()<It f/ I\mon)': no mlAC SMtttr1.
"","'*'ion Pr-. Ilhaka. 1m
100 lll:rwIrJ.J<>ba.... Mobh. IWldan.
1........,. f'lanDiIIIl Call C"""'
l .....h lot ....... in _.J '"
l"1llllt. .
~. 101"""and M..w,.. I>avid. t'do..
~ ~"" .w.Ori>nlllnioltr.
*"1 Prr-ooo. 1!193... 47.
101 Thr W(It\d F<"f\iIity s..n".._...-d
lI<1...... 197:11111d 19!U._lbffinl
_~ ... "' <uIIort rorr>
~~ IIlIIiIIII>I OUIW'Y Sl>tiolb011 for.
!ili ry .... ..., ~ I'll< """",,"
iIIb'n>ollOII ... CItIaIIoI. jo/uI. ..... ""'"
..... <d1... n. W_ I~S.""TA..
~. u.rum UnMoniry rn...
,~
1m 'lbC' 1~ IQo! tinJIh So.owyt,
_i11 1~ , """"",<inuod",,"
worIIlIf""" II"IIo'\d F<rIiliry s..n"._
~ l'la'iIIId 1!l92!!lOf\·i.baIIl
"..".,. ot . ..... _ _ ....... U-.
""-d lot """ <IJfY<'l'1' in :lIl"""""'-
--.""'
zso ~-
FII<furtbr<~
..,..Ib< '!liS e-,."",,,, SlUin
--
..n... JnotiIultIot -..... Ilc-<Mop-
","IIlIMI..... InIrmdiuIIal. Cok<mbio,
1(1'1 Th<' ~ 1l<"""""'" Now
Swwrt'indin;n"."" riI.
lG1 W... o/l.~I'" ~I'l-rio
m."''N< A C~· \ "M..... /! /iS
e..,.",,;,.. Stwlift. N<. 3. I!IIlI
105 """"". Ml<hoo-I A.."'" """"" 'C.,... LZtMW. $«MI . .. &-i< 1'mo<lr
~ U.. "Mo<bb. ~ /5192. C.IoboI ("ooltion tnr MrIno. W.....
l'1iIO:r..-to. Tl'l'I>loond~·. InI;toII.LJ.c.. 199:!
SIl<M j . F. .. iI, fftlo""', Vol.:n Nil- 123 ~...... "'" A,\ltIo.""""'"
~;oo,ot
&, ~""' I9!TJ IbrU_ S _ n.sr.t,"fOl>/
I06 UaiI<clN-'~" W_ ~ • .. ~Iro,. 1992. FAll. kI_. 1992
~'. 1o.... ~ T... C"'I>,;,,<f,. I ~ MU' Orildmr.~; Joimt",
.~ , . - 1951J.2150."Jl. ril. /io...,. I~ ~"' '',
1111 Th<~_"""N'" 199aI. lip. cit- P. 7
~ find;"';'·.op. <it- 125 l/niI td r>....... ll<\ ,laIo.... rr.,.
I(M! Unikd 11_ ro,..latioa F...... '.w.f r;rmm><. I1,,,,,,. ~ /Upon
~ A.>sisttloct 1/</»'1 19IQ. 1m. ",,<it-.p.l 1
1m.USFl'A.N<wVorl<, l\I!l"l 12& u,,;tH s _ ·AIritI<l l lttol ("tin A
"""'.U_
109 ~ llolJon. 'SIOO M..... Mon: lor Caolimlina: ~upediwnd 10 o.v......
Fomily 11ImiIIg', n. WlUIIoi..,.,.. ,..... N>I-...... ri\-... \"n 19'J3
2(J llW 177OXfAl.l.Op.tit
110 r \28 s......""Y'G<....... 0/ """ Uniled
RJi"
MokWn.ODdThapo. Sbpm..
n;JJ s.,.;~ n.- f,,-uJ, Iia..
.,..... ........,. II.""", lolcn>ltlionoI.
II.otiOIIo. 's..- ~ oilIoovffip.
ID<'RI _ ill Nri<o'. SG/~M /-l8lI1•
Nonb r......... Srpr<m..... l!lll
S« abo . _ F""",", ...",......,."""
P"oe<"' ~, 1$1\•......, ..... "'<don'•
_,m
..........","' Unil<d S"""""' G«>m.
12\1111<' ~<Jfl_,....,.-idlrlg.
,..... s.tt _ _,r>o. 7. WIlO. 61ll.. .... forA&r.m --w k>k>p-
DMoiool<>lForniII' ~~ """" ill ~...'oriolI """ ~ d
19\M <:t:wu.y 19'1.: II>< II'(It\dS",nmillor CbiIdtftl. _
III Modri.1ofIa. r mw" l l<di...... Or;/.
J_·. Jo~;"~· Sooot ~ by ""'''''''''''''''' 01
"""""' all Afri,.. """"'"""- 15 _
M_ ...Mkooflt<t;. 1\·. ...... ~ S_ionold<o<"""
p....- Nil- to.IWo1lWll C<IIUlcil S""
Yor!<.l9!l2
......, ~and ..... I'I' ."1_
""'~Ial~
112I\·OIId 1l,W.. Wo<fol l~ ' &1an
1.'I!I3. Op. <iL
""''<l<liIllI"'"
llrpni>:aDon IIf Mtinm
UIIil;y JnImIotiIIIIII C""l.......... 011
113WOIId I\.IoU. 11'"",," ~"" Rt1'O" ~ .. _Cbildrm. Dokor.
1992. "l' riI. 25-27 ~""" I'm:
11 ~ OKFAM.Op.riI. 13ij~_oI""" UoiI<'<l
liSUIliIo<I S.oIiooa 11, "10,;,,,,, ,~ Pro- S1IiOIIo, '(M., ' 1"" CriIiI;"
l/l'OIIUlIO".II. .... I_ _ Rt1'O" Dt .. ...... . .. r .,lIIiIIo,·.
1 992. ~ ciL. bux :1.1. .. ~ SGISMI.wn. """'1 10 "'" """""
11~~~II .. U_ SIaIeI """" .. G\obAl IJ,,, q",.", C _
_,mn._;a,. I,....
....
f """""""'~ """'"""'" 10 ........"'... <>I IiOII. C1n«C_. AIIoota.l
lbel\lrbe r"...,l<ipJ>.. . 1lank. Abid-
jon. lol a)' 199:l 131 !><Ft.~
11 7 OXl'A.\ l. op. ciL. pp.JI.,J2 _~_. otif'ol>.
11~ WorldC......-- on F.nrirocImmI .....,.. .... ,,.....,...., Iliri«oti. op.
.-.:I 1I•...-Iopno."IIl (1lnu>dllood e-
n'l1soionl. Op. ril. 1:lZ 'C~oIl_.op. riI.
lXllluokd lo'Aid lor AIri<1.• n. &.-
.
119UDiItd 1'.0.-, u._.,. II-'..o/""..
~~1I<r>e.- ....." " .
" "'. II MI)' 199:l
1OIa_ Gnoordo 1951J.ZISO,op. <iL 1:W QooIcd " s.m-n. ~ H. ""
120 Uniled Sm- ChiIdrrII'1F\tlId. n-
~"'N_ 19!U ",, <it.. p.3.'i 13.'i OXfMl. "" <I<.
121 S..... Ior.........,.MW I Clrilbn, 1:lS G<in'. AI. "" ciL. pp. m::m
MWI POI'''' Ho"",. 1. _ J'ri. 131 s.o.Am:irt)"lI. ~"" ~"" ;IUI: A.
...w,j,..IW /~ ~"",1If
_ UaiI)r, M<!isAbobo, MId
e....,... E~ I... ~&..
~!'I>'oo. (M ."I, 1981
U"'1 CEF'. S.., \"<rt. 1m
!itot ..... \Jailtd N"""'o.-·,
Fond.1l<"li1 _ lor AIm: A(".otnr
l1rJlont ........... on II """" 0.............
mrnl·. U/<o1CEF. S<wYo<t. Moy 1!193
•
Stati stical tables

ECOIIQlJlic mid social statistics on ti,e nations of the world.

willi particular reference to children's well-bt'illg.

GenllfalllOle 00 the dlta -Q Counby groupings

-~
Explan&llOn Dt tyrT\bDli"
Index (0 COUlllnfl
-Q
_M O,Iinition,
MaIn """roes
-~
-~

Tables

2
,
Basic iodicI(1)($

N_"
Kulth
-~
""M
_M
,•
,•
Ecor>omit lIldicalafs
Women
-"_.
lias polll/loos coulllries
-'
•
5
Educal>Qn
OelllOllflpl'uc mdlCltors
-'
-' "
The rate of prOll,ess
ReQlOnalsummaries
_u
-~

"
GENERAL NOTE
ON THE OATA
Tht' daIa ~ in m- ableo .....
lI<Wn~ by lk'flllitloM ~
and ... planatio.,s uI 'YJIIbols. ,......
<Ieffl<od /rum 00 IIWIY _reel - 12
n.,;o, ~ IlI'l' 1iliI<'Il ill 1It<'~
IQf)' malrrial _ will intYilably .--.. •
.,..jd., ~ of dMa rcliobilily. Offirial
ll\l"I.'fllmenl <L1to l'l'<.'ei\1'd by u...
"""",,,sible lInil<d Nati<ln!o Il(l'Il<J'
hawo """'" used ~.. _'bIo- I~
!he many ntlI:S wlll:l1' Iltere are f'IO reI>-
.... olli<iol ~ ~n""'by
!he _1>10 11n~t'<l Nl\lion,\ IIllt'n<)'
11m: bn:lI u:i<'d. \I'bffl, _h i:lll.'mlt-
llc~ ~ e.;lima~ do 001
oi5l.lIw: IIhlet1dmvon llI!Ie< ...........
panicularfy dll&l't"a:iYr'Il (mm 1iIl' II)-
Jlf1lIW\I1~ UNICEI' (M'ld oIJlce. IV!>o'n'
...-Dlc oolr ~.w.- <W I't:\IR.'
S(:nWM! .... looaI data ha.... bfton u..ed.
on. for lili'~. """'" binh
and h Bl...... inbnl n_ly nI<....
ee, p;on of I!Io' A'l(Ilbr worit OIl
~mIIl'" aod ~~ UlIllM.aktoI
by l~ Unih'd NitUons ~ 1m-;.
$IOn. ThtoIe and OIher inlom:allolWly
prud"""" eotinwes "'" n~ prr;oo.
~.whirll~ s~_ofll ...
~ lhl'aim ol\hl:_i.~...:don iI
EXPLANATION OF lei pn;Mde a broad picI"", IJI 1M oil. ..
SYMBOLS lion uI children and W\lI1ll'D ~.
dHalk:d .uta qualiIlcO\iorw and iolol·
<10109 ""' ""'" JSII>llre lII'IlI'JPIiolt· for
l:l<iu:sluI, ~'. On!)' lW<l1\)mbols
~ .-d iD L""
~'t.
tJ5)l 1'! <'tIlimat<.. .,.. indi-.'ldual toun ...... 11ft primarily """"«I frum dIotII
...,po<U.od by !he IJniled ~'mion>o 1'"",,1ati<m IMisIon.ln """'" """'.... Ihto>Ie
ewm..ICS mlI)' ditr..'r Iron, lIIr lIIlellt ' 1lIlionaI fil:un. In Jl<," KuI, datlI
...w--d d.. rillll_;~ u.., lalll_....,
tlllimo "'ll.
dooIa will dUb from liK>or ""'00 "' ....
Iic:r UI\ICf:f ....blinWIlS. In poniaI.
lar. !he 1In<\c:r-Gv<' ,nortollly ""~
(lJ5M M) ~'''''' ... htn'l' ",-"" tt"'o'iwed
n!!iDJ( _ daIa ond • ~hoook'llY finl
owlird on. om:ill nl1lllbl'r of ro.mlrir><
iIl!he Iaot fl'P<lIl,
11K. Jl.'Q'I1t m'IItion or "'-"""Y ~
~ COUnlM haI .......hl'd in loIS
""""trio.~ wilh popu1llipn. 0/1 miIIinn
or I~. In>l<lld DlIh<: 129 ,"'hidl"''ft'
1..:....1<'(\ In ,"" ~ ...".,.... In
lIRIrr 10 ~ 1 ' - ""'" """'"
tm ill IIX' maitl ~ and SlIl1 lMin-
lIIin -r .....wHIily. l!l<' ~1
...mmarirlll\;M· """" nIll"e<ll<J . ........
ndt IIbk' (tabtr 10)
Ch:IIlIl"" II.... ""'" m.k'- to twO
l:"licator.lllllh;'J'l*'51l'*'.
~ of ',;liD 1mt!«(t';.'lIiIIlI',
Om-".
Iinm IJ!.I S tI>OI!IhJ. ICI 20-23 "''''Ilh...
1,... I""""k'llt<' or lrOilT<" in ~
ctuldrt'll is 11ll' ..'<'<IIld in<'IIn;iQn. This
~ ha5 Ill'tfI :«:\m«l by
UN ICIif IIId WHO r... mon~1lribg
kldlnr dtiI<'lm<Y n'lturtIon. In' '" tJxo
lIIl'lb(JtJxo \\'<.rid Sununil r""a,iIdrrn.
J lndiclll'" data thai"*" l<I}t'iII'>' or
~oIh<TillOlIlt-op<cifll'd in
Ihrrolumn hl.~ difloor from llw'
~ ..KYnl ddInilioo, or ,d r 1'lQ Q111y
pan '" a ""Will)'.
J>Ilt U ,.".BI«I in thefle
INDEX TO COUNTRIES

'" tho- """"'lilt ~ __ ~."

..-..:l ill ..... • $ onil:r If IWir
t.' d I~ ....... - -1MI7
.....
.----
Goo II ;

. -- -
• " "-
,'"" . -
.
.
"
•"
.......--
......ft,..... ... \.
.-"". .. 11"•• "s '[ •

-.......
- •,
'd'.
ill <II, In lIdIw
••
,..
-- •
•,
•
---.- •• '"-
''"""o
n
..... •..
--............
.s
'"
n,
••
Ai;

-....--.....- •• 7$

...
....
.......
••'",.
II
n.,,1IIIIIIl: - . tit •n
,."
_:.,._~

,.,
••,
••
I. -.
on
,.
.....
5;(wf.~

......
..--_-
8"",illl.

....... '"
•
_. II>
_......
...... PI"

-. n,

-
JIP'" I.
• «",_1" •• "'10"
•" .....
,.,.
m

•,.• ,-
......-.....-
So; 1M.Io:.

B"tt1
I• ....
~OI '".

"" Kotu.1Itll. or
DtIII l'w lIt9
m
,---
"'. •
••n """'"
.... •••
SV<-Ar....,.
lMIl'c o.no~.
••"
-... - .......
Cut, T- - . U Rep. aI
C _,

e -II AItoc... NlIP

,.•
""
~

.....
,.
•
,-.
"•n ''''
T"""*' .. r. .
,- . ••
•••
.. ..-
Ulpn"'tlo ' . ' 't.

---
tr
, ;;:....
_
"'" '"•
n

M
••
1 • __

0-

... ..
---
r' ,
•"
,. ....--
'..."'"..... ,.• M..... HI

.-
••
--
""
"-
---_...
m
m
"
••-_. t' I I I

t,
••
"•
•, ...-
,-
"'-
""
v _v.
lit'..
,'".
.•
n

---
a
....
Mt4
a_ •"
.--.....- ,.,. --
e
"" "'
••
Y I '_lb-.l
'"•
-. ....-
bn
•" n

G_
m
•
"
I.

- •, .- "
Table 1: Basic indicators
- -
-- -- --..-• - --..• -.- - -- ..
- .-
.-
, ..
- •

- - - -
••
••
--
-
• •• •••

,• - •-
•• • ..• ..• o.. ..•'" - • -
•u •
• • • • • • • •
,
•• . .s:.._
• ••
-.. ,... -.. ..-• -..•• • •• •••
..
•• '"n
0 '
.. • •
..
• ,• •• •• •

•••
•
• ,--
- • •
•. ..• •. .
•• •• ••
n
w

,
m
•

-- •••• ...•• '"..• ....'"... ...." ••..••. ••• -..•. ••• .•••• • •
e
0
•
•••
• • •
••" .-
• -
"0
,• -
"
-
~

,- •• - • .. .
, .
, '0

., ..
n
u
.
...• -..• '".'" .'. .."" ..•• .." -..••'" • • •••
•
,,,
m
••
n
~
•
0
• •
""
••
•"
••"
•
,

0 " ."• ."

•

~.
•. •• "
1 1~'

•
.. --
.."
-r-.
..
• •
..'" ..•
• .
• . ... •••
.'
.. • '"
..
m
..
'Ill

•
•
• •
~

•
0

•
•• -
"
• •. ..• •, •• • ,
• ... ... .• ... .
• • • • "
..
m n ~
0 '" '" • • • ••
"
• -
.. m
..
•• • . • . "•. •• .. •• •• ••
'" • • ~

.. , • •
•

• • - •
_ U ..... m
•
•• -
"

'""
••
~
,

---.. ..•.••• •• .. ••• ••." '"..• •••• ••• •• .•• •-• ..•
- • • m u
'0 • •
•
0 • •

• -
•• •
• •
• •• •• . • • U
•• •• •• "•• •
•• •
n
•, :=::.... •• • •• • • • • •
'" U

••
• -
• -
.
- •• .•• • ,.
'" '"'"
..
•
-•.. ..•• ••
.. ..
•• •• •• •• • •
•
»

• -
••
• -
•
-- ..
'"
E

•
-. ..
•
'"
•
m

• • -
•
..
-- ••'" . ,..• •• " ". • '"- •, , • ,
,
" - •
•
••
0'

O.
..
•
• •
•
•
•
• ,• • ..••
•
• • • •
•
•
..
=••
• •
• •
»

•
»
•
,
• • •

•• -
m
"
~
•
• '"• '" • •• •
• . .. • .." .•'" "" ••
m.
." '"
•
-,-
" i:r:.'::.-
m • ,. •
0

..•"
"U
• • .
- • - '"
,.•• •• ,.
",,
•
• 0
'"
••"
••
,• -----
~
'"
•"•
••• m •••
..•
•0 '" ••
.• •• .."
"
•• ..
•m
.. • - •
M

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Table 8: Basic indicators on less populous countries
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MEASURING HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
An InltodlletlOl1lO Illble 9

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lbr _~ fa' <MJdl) I~ c....' - 01
(l'S.\l1b io !t l...a_l _'Q! d at MIlIl "*cu
.............. ~ 01.-=11 dIt WI IbIIIbt IDooft" IIiIniu III L'!i\lR
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nullll:MT ordon...", II"" ~ I"Jp.I- hlP<'r ..... III fltOj(I .... b". MY. a 10
lIliocl - • <of orlIi<lI _ """"" to III PlJiaI A.'<!II<1Im II' ilIal r«luctlun t.ap.
_ .. IIooo'er lo-wl of u....... fM Il1OI'
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I00 to 90ft'l'"'t"Rl. a I'I'Ikoctlom or l~
\Il« ""lrillonal Iwldlh .-l lJ>o:o ho.'3/th ~ tht- _ ... Ill1lolinIlaD fmm :!II
~ fA plUlll<n; \be, ~ 01 10 IO.tpu.nl.a ~ or5O\.1
lmmunlatloll.nd OKT """ u.e, .... II,.." UIt'd ill ~ wilh
....,. <JI. _1'fnIIl ond dliId '-IIl1 . CST' ~ I""'J, (h.. ll5M R .xl ;,,-
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_~._ . . . . . . iI ... t-,.,... _ ol ••• _II . . ""
k ~ 01 u.. b<'OIldl _ oIlho ...... ihol _ ollhr whIc:h

......,
IlIIfIlIiI3t III rIlildmIl-' 01""""'... ~a::hitwd .....-- •
1IW t'S.\IR hovoo oho ll<biewd .....
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irnpunarJl Iodirtllo< 01 !hl' _ 01 a
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Table 9: The rate of progress
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Table 10: Regional summaries
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COUNTRY
GROUPINGS

SU8.SAHofN.N .tRlICA
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MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AfRICA

-.... ... .--........-
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EAST ASIA AND PACIfIC
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LATIN AM ERICA AND CARIBBEAN
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INDlJ$TRlAI.lZEDCOUNllllES
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O£VElOPlNG COUNTRIES

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LIASI' 0EYEl0I'ED COUNlll4ES

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DEFINITIONS

u_
lInd.-.fiw mortality rll'
M ' lid _ _ _ l'IIII
Crod. t.rt!ll1tl
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,......."'
_• • .11. Il~_IIoe~
. ._ _ ...... _ ,....
_s,,;:
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. . . . . . 11'. . _ ..........
,Ill-".. _ _ ...
."''-' ' Tool fertjfty QUI
_.-lllI' ......." ' .
_....". "'

-....... .- .. --
_al_ol
m.
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"
;; ,
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lifO'
•
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Ufban popuIIuon

-_
...._ ....... l7f'
.....--.10 ' ___
t

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GNP
&Ila

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lhIlIIIII
__
............
~

-
I....
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... -_e.

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-",
. . .
_

. . ""- ....
_01"__ ,
AbsoIut' poverty IMiI
no._ _ .....

--
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_
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. . . '" GNP
~b _ "' .•.
l3pIllI
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_J\QUdWMnllCJlitlb' '9
I*lS_' ....
PIio:aInIIIIa IIIdloIhIo ,I _ .....
Lire expectancy I t birth
_.M lIlIlI
""'del~,
"* IP"" ThiI
__ I1"""d OOA
_~,.
TIlt ..... 1Il_ -.tIcIro dIM.. wwll
.... ~ ...-,.a ID . . ""'"""IV .... ,...-,g "'~_"'bO'
""""__ "'~Gl."''' Access to M,llh $aMen
Dabt selVica
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cfIBlIifIll

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p

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Pnrnwy n sttOlldIfY llVoImlf'll ..,...... $

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n.

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_

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---
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_ ...
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..-..111111_~ .... CtiIdrwIl ........ finII gradlI 01 ItIoolIr a I _ " _..; ,
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•
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•
MAIN SOURCES

Und.·ti¥I end infIlll motility Breastteeding

...., ~... ~ l.l'lIIm t 54 ... ,....s.-. ....
l.IoiIIof II-. t ~ 'M:J4II
5 b.... _Wi:IIol ....
....... US _ _ III . . e-. Op 'o'Ml Cruell _til end birth rates
_,--. ' Ilaoi.-
lMdel We9'l WIStIIlg IlllI
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WIn! '~ _0..-
p.e ...... s...,
.~'"
lJIiIIl ' - r 0.-. ~ I.Jfban popullllCll'l
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,.,. ..... t
, I)r,.,. ...
"OIl rJ .. .....
......
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.....
faoIl . . . . t 0:"
~"-(f".olDI
GNP PII' Capltl

Ufe upectlncy
......
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Access 10 dunking water arid sen- .,

u penditurl on he.IIII.lilucltion
anddefence
. . . . . . " " .....
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@. . . . . . . . . " ' "
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Ilatioo facllitlGS
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~
c.a ._1UNUlXIl
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Do ?
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~........

--....,.
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""" ...... Debt $lIIVil:e

---- --
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lmmooilltlOl1

....
Household lIICome

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n,
\'frnt .... 'MQ
OF

....
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-
, ...........

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Ul'ICEF/N"ICOk' T..........r,ji
Pond 2. ptJp 6
UNICt:I'/MIlAAif Murray-lH
Panrll ptl,V 10
UNICEF/J""""'!' n"",\...

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UN1C ~;FI}...n'lU)" HaRk,.
1>udS,....,.. /6
tr.oOICEl'/Jrn,..". 1l.>fllt'Y
1'anr16.....,.. 20
tr.oOlOl'/~ HIflifT

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1...... 12..,..«1
L1\1CEJ't.sa 'ltAltlll N""
l'antl13,.NIl' ..4
lJKICD'/ frmn:nr Ktofty
Panel l4. ,"".f6
UKICEfI J\'f"t1lI)" Han.Iry
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m;:1t"ll' ~ a......"-"...
P.O. """ ..1U. s.irI>bi. Jinoy:o.
IDI'K: ~:I' IlI-P-I flII<T'" I\·... 1IOd

PJ ). IloJJ 443, fIlIl40a IX. COlt ..,.,...

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..... iht' t : . . -

,-
~ 1itfN 7$M, sanla F' d< I""",,",

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p.o. _I- ISI. /loIIlPIDl IQ3lO. TW..s
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1'.0. ... 561~ \.olOoooIllI ~

-
" I I . No1ooI
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s.;"....,.-..,...... ~ Z2nd lloor
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