Actividad de aprendizaje 15

Evidencia 5: Summary “Export-import theory”

Contar con los conocimientos necesarios para realizar un proceso de exportación,

requiere no solo de manejar habilidades lectoras para apropiar las normas y pasos
a seguir, sino también comprender y extraer los aspectos más importantes de
cada texto. Existen gran cantidad de textos referentes exportación e importación
en inglés, por lo cual es necesario fortalecer las competencias en dicha lengua.

Para reforzar lo mencionado, realice las siguientes actividades:

1. Lea el siguiente texto:

Export-Import Theory1

Setting up the business

Whether it is a new or existing export-import business, the legal form, or

structure, will determine how the business is to be conducted, its tax
liability, and other important considerations. Each form of business
organization has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the
entrepreneur has to select the one that best fulfills the goals of the
entrepreneur and the business. Selection of an appropriate business
organization is a task that requires accounting and legal expertise and
should be done with the advice of a competent attorney or accountant.

Ownership structure

In this section, we examine different forms of business organizations: sole

proprietorships, partnerships, corporations, and limited liability companies.

1
Belay, S. (2009). Export-Import Theory, Practices, and Procedures. (2a ed.). New York: Routledge.
Sole proprietorships

A sole proprietorship is a firm owned and operated by one individual. No

separate legal entity exists. There is one principal in the business who has
total control over all export-import operations and who can make decisions
without consulting anyone. The major advantages of sole proprietorships
are as follows:

1. They are easy to organize and simple to control. Establishing an export-

import business as sole proprietorship is simple and inexpensive and
requires little or no government approval. At the state level, registration of
the business name is required, while at the federal level, sole proprietors
need to keep accurate accounting records and attach a profit or loss
statement for the business when filing individual tax returns (Schedule C,
Internal Revenue Service Form 1040). They must operate on a calendar
year and can use the cash or accrual method of accounting.

2. They are more flexible to manage than partnerships or corporations. The

owner makes all operational and management decisions concerning the
business. The owner can remove money or other assets of the business
without legal or tax consequences. He or she can also easily transfer or
terminate the business.

3. Sole proprietorships are subject to minimal government regulations

versus other business concerns.

4. The owner of a sole proprietorship is taxed as an individual, at a rate

lower than the corporate income tax rate. Losses from the export import
business can be applied by the owner to offset taxable income from other
sources. Sole proprietors are also allowed to establish tax exempt
retirement accounts. (Harper, 1991; Cheeseman, 2006a)
The major disadvantage of running an export-import concern as a sole
proprietorship is the risk of unlimited liability. The owner is personally liable
for the debts and other liabilities of the business. Insurance can be bought
to protect against these liabilities; however, if insurance protection is not
sufficient to cover legal liability for defective products or debts, judgment
creditors’ next recourse is the personal assets of the owner. Another
disadvantage is that the proprietor’s access to capital is limited to personal
funds plus any loans that can be obtained. In addition, very few individuals
have all the necessary skills to run an export-import business, and the
owner may lack certain skills. The business may also terminate upon the
death or disability of the owner.

Establishing an appropriate business organization: pointers

 Does the entrepreneur intend to be the sole owner of the export-import

business? If not, how many people have an ownership interest?

 Does the entrepreneur need additional capital and/or expertise?

 What legal form provides the greatest flexibility for management?

 What legal form affords the most advantageous tax treatment for the
business concern and individual entrepreneurs?

 Which legal structure is easy and less expensive to establish and subject
to a low degree of government regulation?

 How important is it to limit personal liability of owners?

 o Which legal structure is the most appropriate in light of the goals and
objectives of the export-import business? (Belay, 2009).

2. Elabore una lista de vocabulario sobre el texto, mínimo de 15 palabras y escriba

su respectivo significado en inglés.

ESPAÑOL INGLES DEFINICION

An export is any good for the economy,

that is, the service sent outside the
exportacion export national territory.

A task is called a certain job or activity

tarea homework that is carried out

Organizations are administrative

structures and administrative systems
created to achieve goals or objectives
organizaciones organizations with the support of the people themselves

Operations in a company are all those

activities that are related to the areas of
the company that generate the product or
operaciones operations service offered to customers

Profit, benefit or utilities are understood to

be the positive balances obtained from an
ganancias Profits economic or financial process or activity.
accumulation allows to express the
disposition, in large quantities, of
acumulación accumulation something
Action or procedure that, along with
others, is carried out to achieve or resolve
gestión management a thing.
The amounts that a company receives for
ingresos income the sale of its products or services
 An insurance is a contract, called an
insurance policy, by which an Insurance
Company (the insurer) undertakes, by
charging a premium and in the event of
the event whose risk is covered by
seguro safe indemnity

That you have the right to ask that an

obligation be fulfilled, especially that a
acreedores creditors debt be paid to you

In economics, the definition of capital is

not specific. Strictly speaking, capital is an
accounting abstraction: they are the
assets and rights (assets of the asset)
less the debts and obligations (liabilities),
capital capital of which the capitalist is the owner.

That is established by law or is in

legal legal accordance with it.
That you have the decision and initiative
to carry out actions that are difficult or
emprendedor entrepreneur involve some risk.

Official body made up of a group of

people who meet to decide scientific,
corporaciones corporations economic, etc. matters of general interest.

Society is a contract by which two or more

people are obliged to make a contribution
in money, in work or in other assets worth
money, in order to share among
themselves the profits obtained in the
sociedades societies company or in social activity.
3. Luego de analizar el material complementario, por favor escriba las ideas
principales de cada párrafo, en presente simple, en inglés. No haga
transcripción literal de los párrafos. A continuación, transforme la oración a
presente progresivo, también en inglés.

 the legal form, or structure, will determine how the business is to be conducted, its
tax liability, and other important considerations

 we examine different forms of business organizations

 There is one principal in the business who has total control over all export-import
operations and who can make decisions without consulting anyone

 The owner makes all operational and management decisions concerning the
business

 The owner is personally liable for the debts and other liabilities of the business

PRESENTE PROGRESIVO

Determining how the business is carried out defines the responsibilities

The different organizations are seen examining the form of the companies

One way for companies to grow is to have full control of exports and imports.

Doing business management operational decisions are made

Debts and liabilities are the property of the owner

4. Organice las ideas en un solo resumen, de manera que se conecten
coherentemente, en 15 líneas.

The legal structure of an organization must determine its organizations, in this way
commercial organizations will be organized.

When a business is formed, the owner of the business must have control of the
organization and be in charge of the operations in addition to the operations
carried out in it, these operations must be taken with the maintenance of the
business in mind.

Setting up an export and import business as a sole proprietorship is simple and

inexpensive and requires little or no government approval.

Individual companies are subject to minimal government regulations against other

business concerns.

Nota: para el desarrollo de esta evidencia se debe tener en cuenta el material de

formación “Using simple present and progressive to export” y el material
complementario asociado a esta actividad de aprendizaje.

Desarrolle esta evidencia con la herramienta ofimática de su preferencia y envíe el

archivo al instructor a través de la plataforma virtual de aprendizaje en formato
.doc o .pdf.

Pasos para enviar la evidencia:

1. Clic en el título de la evidencia.

2. Clic en Examinar mi equipo y buscar el archivo previamente guardado.
3. Dejar un comentario al instructor (opcional).
4. Clic en Enviar.

Nota: esta evidencia es de carácter individual. Recuerde revisar la guía de

aprendizaje con el fin de verificar que ha realizado todas las actividades
propuestas, saber cómo desarrollarlas y entregarlas correctamente.
 Criterios de evaluación
Realiza resúmenes de la información relevante y detallada de un texto técnico en
inglés.