Theory of Structural

Chapter (4)

Statically Determinate Beams and

Frames

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Chapter Outline
4.1 What is a Beam?
4.2 Types of Beams
4.3 Types of Loading
4.4 What is a Frame?
4.5 Determinacy and Stability of Beams and Frames
4.6 Support Reactions
4.7 Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams
4.8 Qualitative Deflected Shape
4.9 Additional Examples

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4.1 What is a Beam?
 A beam is a structural element that carries
load primarily in bending (flexural).

 Beams generally carry vertical gravitational

Forces but can also be used to carry horizontal
loads (i.e loads due to an earthquake or wind).

 Generally, it requires only vertical supports

at ends.

 It’s disadvantage is that it sometimes uses

materials less economically than other
structural systems.

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4.2 Types of Beams

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4.3 Types of Loading

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4.4 What is a Frame?
 A frame is a structural element that transmit applied loads by axial,
shear and bending effects.

 A frame is consisted of beams and columns. In a gravity field, the

vertical components are called columns and the horizontal components
beams. Since the gravity load is usually the predominant load. We
expect that the columns will carry mostly axial load and beams
transverse load, even though both can take axial and transverse loads.

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4.5 Determinacy and Stability of Beams

For Beams; Refer to Chapter (2), Section 2.6.1

For Frames; Refer to Chapter (2), Section 2.6.3

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4.6 Support Reactions

 For statically determinate beams, the support reactions can be

determined by using the equations of equilibrium.

 If the internal hinges are provided, there will be an additional

equilibrium equation (moment at hinge=0) for each hinge.

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4.6 Support Reactions

Example: Find the support reactions of the beam shown in figure.

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4.6 Support Reactions

Example: Find the support reactions of the beam shown in figure.

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4.6 Support Reactions

Example: Find the support reactions of the beam shown in figure.

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4.6 Support Reactions

Example: Find the support reactions of the frame shown in figure.

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4.6 Support Reactions

Example: Find the support reactions of the frame shown in figure.

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 4.7 Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams

 Shear Force:
o A shear force is the force tending to produce a shear failure at a
given point.
o The value of shear force at any point in a beam = the algebraic sum
of all upward and downward forces to the left of the point. The sum
’’ algebraic sum’’ means that upward forces are regarded as being
positive and downward forces are considered to be negative.

Shear force at point A = +25-30-10

= -15 kN

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4.7 Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams

 Bending Moment:
• The bending moment is the magnitude of the bending effect at
any point.
• The value of bending moment at any point on a beam = the sum
of all bending moments to the left of the point. Regard clockwise
moment as being positive and anticlockwise moments as being
negative.

Bending moment at point A

= +(25)(4)-(30)(2)-(10)(1)
= +30 kN.m

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4.7 Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams

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4.7 Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams

 Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending Moment:

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4.7 Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams

 Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending Moment:

Dividing by ∆𝒙 and taking the limit as ∆𝒙 → 0 , these equations become:

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4.7 Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams

 Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending Moment:

When F acts downward on the If an external couple moment 𝑴, is

beam, ∆𝑉 is negative so that the applied clockwise, ∆𝑴 is positive, so that
shear diagram shows a “jump” the moment diagram jumps upward, and
downward. Likewise, if F acts when M acts counterclockwise, the jump
upward, the jump (∆𝑉)is upward. (∆𝑴 )must be downward.

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4.7 Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams

 Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending Moment:

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4.7 Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams

 Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending Moment:

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4.7 Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams

Example: Draw shear force and bending moment diagrams of the beam
shown in figure.

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4.7 Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams

Example: Draw shear force and bending moment diagrams of the beam
shown in figure.

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4.7 Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams

Example: Draw shear force and bending moment diagrams of the beam
shown in figure.

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4.7 Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams

Example: Draw shear force and bending moment diagrams of the beam
shown in figure.

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4.7 Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams

Example: Draw shear force and bending moment diagrams of the beam
shown in figure.

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4.7 Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams

 Shear force and bending moment diagrams for a

frame:
Procedure for analysis:
1. Determine the support reactions for the frame.
2. Determine the internal forces (A, V, and M) at the end of
each member using the method of sections.
3. Resolve all loadings to their components acting parallel and
perpendicular to the member’s axis.
4. Construct both shear and moment diagrams just as before.

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4.7 Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams

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4.7 Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams

Example: Draw shear force and bending moment diagrams of the frame
shown in figure. Assume the support at A is roller and B is a pin

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4.7 Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams

Example: Draw shear force and bending moment diagrams of the frame
shown in figure.

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4.7 Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams

Example: Draw shear force and bending moment diagrams of the frame
shown in figure.

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4.8 Qualitative Deflected Shape
 A qualitative deflected shape (elastic curve) of a structure is simply a
rough (usually exaggerated) sketch of the neutral surface of the structure,
in the deformed position, under the action of a given loading condition.
Such sketches, which can be constructed without any knowledge of the
numerical values of deflections, provide valuable insights into the behavior
of structures and are often useful in computing the numerical values of
deflections.

Concave downward Concave upward

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4.8 Qualitative Deflected Shape

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4.8 Qualitative Deflected Shape

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 4.8 Qualitative Deflected Shape

Example: Draw the qualitative deflection shape of the beam shown in figure.

BMD

Qualitative Deflected
Shape

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 4.8 Qualitative Deflected Shape

Example: Draw the qualitative deflection shape of the beam shown in figure.

BMD

Qualitative Deflected
Shape

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4.8 Qualitative Deflected Shape

Example: Draw the qualitative deflection shape of the frame shown in figure.

Qualitative Deflected
Shape

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4.8 Qualitative Deflected Shape

Example: Draw the qualitative deflection shape of the frame shown in figure.

Qualitative Deflected
Shape

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