18 Integration in the Complex Plane

EXERCISES 18.1
Contour Integrals


3
3 
1. (z + 3) dz = (2 + 4i) (2t + 3) dt + i (4t − 1) dt = (2 + 4i)[14 + 14i] = −28 + 84i
C 1 1


2
2
2
20
2. (2z̄ − z) dz = [−t − 3(t + 2)i](−1 + 2ti) dt =
2 3
(6t + 13t) dt + i (t2 + 2) dt = 50 + i
C 0 0 0 3


2
16 736
3. z 2 dz = (3 + 2i)3 (3 + 2i)3 = −48 +
t2 dt = i
C −2 3 3


1
1
4. (3z 2 − 2z) dz = (−15t4 + 4t3 + 3t2 − 2t) dt + i (−6t5 + 12t3 − 6t2 ) dt = −2 + 0i = −2
C 0 0


π/2
1+z
5. Using z = e , −π/2 ≤ t ≤ π/2, and dz = ie dt,
it it
dz = − (1 + eit ) dt = (2 + π)i.
C z −π/2


2  
2  
2 1 21
6. |z|2 dz = 2t5 + dt − i t2 + dt = 21 + ln 4 − i
C 1 t 1 t4 8
7. Using z = eit = cos t + i sin t, dz = (− sin t + i cos t) dt and x = cos t,

2π
2π
2π

ˇ Re(z) dz = cos t(− sin t + i cos t) dt = − sin t cos t dt + i cos2 t dt

C 0 0 0

2π
2π
1 1
=− sin 2t dt + i (1 + cos 2t) dt = πi.
2 0 2 0

8. Using z + i = eit , 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π, and dz = ieit dt,

  
2π
1 5
ˇ − + 8 dz = i [e−2it − 5 + 8eit ] dt = −10πi.
C (z + i)3 z+i 0

9. Using y = −x + 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, z = x + (−x + 1)i, dz = (1 − i) dx,

0
7 1
(x2 + iy 3 ) dz = (1 − i) [x2 + (1 − x)3 i] dx = − + i.
C 1 12 12

10. Using z = eit , π ≤ t ≤ 2π, dz = ieit dt, x = cos t = (eit + e−it )/2, y = sin t = (eit − e−it )/2i,


2π
2π
1 1
(x3 − iy 3 ) dz = i (e3it + 3eit + 3e−it + e−3it )eit dt + i (e3it − 3eit + 3e−it − e−3it )eit dt
C 8 π 8 π

2π
1 3π
= i (2e4it + 6) dt = i.
8 π 4

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18.1 Contour Integrals

11. ez dz = ez dz + ez dz where C1 and C2 are the line segments y = 0, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 and y = −πx + 2π,
C C1 C2

1 ≤ x ≤ 2, respectively. Now


2
ez dz = ex dx = e2 − 1
C1 0


1
1
ez dz = (1 − πi) ex+(−πx+2π)i dx = (1 − πi) e(1−πi)x dx = e1−πi − e2(1−πi) = −e − e2 .
C2 2 2

In the second integral we have used the fact that ez has period 2πi. Thus


ez dz = (e2 − 1) + (−e − e2 ) = −1 − e.
C




12. sin z dz = sin z dz + sin z dz where C1 and C2 are the line segments y = 0, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, and x = 1,
C C1 C2

0 ≤ y ≤ 1, respectively. Now


1
sin z dz = sin x dx = 1 − cos 1
C1 0


1
sin z dz = i sin(1 + iy) dy = cos 1 − cos(1 + i).
C2 0

Thus


sin z dz = (1 − cos 1) + (cos 1 − cos(1 + i)) = 1 − cos(1 + i) = (1 − cos 1 cosh 1) + i sin 1 sinh 1 = 0.1663 + 0.9889i.
C




13. We have Im(z − i) dz = (y − 1) dz + (y − 1) dz
C C1 C2

On C1 , z = eit , 0 ≤ t ≤ π/2, dz = ieit dt, y = sin t = (eit − e−it )/2i,

1 π/2 it 1 π/2 2it π 1
= (y − 1) dz = [e − e−it − 2i]eit dt = [e − 1 + 2ieit ] dt = 1 − − i.
C1 2 0 2 0 4 2
On C2 , y = x + 1, −1 ≤ x ≤ 0, z = x + (x + 1)i, dz = (1 + i) dx,


−1
1 1
(y − 1) dz = (1 + i) x dx = + i.
C2 0 2 2

   
π 1 1 1 3 π
Thus Im(z − i) dz = 1− − i + + i = − .
C 4 2 2 2 2 4

14. Using x = 6 cos t, y = 2 sin t, π/2 ≤ t ≤ 3π/2, z = 6 cos t + 2i sin t, dz = (−6 sin t + 2i cos t) dt,


3π/2
3π/2
dz = −6 sin t dt + 2i cos t dt = 2i(−2) = −4i.
C π/2 π/2





z
15. We have ˇ ze dz = zez dz + zez dz + zez dz + zez dz
C C1 C2 C3 C4
On C1 , y = 0, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, z = x, dz = dx,


1 1

zez dz = xex dx = xex − ex  = 1.
C1 0 0

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 18.1 Contour Integrals

On C2 , x = 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, z = 1 + iy, dz = i dy,


1
zez dz = i (1 + iy)e1+iy dy = iei+1 .
C2 0

On C3 , y = 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, z = x + i, dz = dx,


0
z
ze dz = (x + i)ex+i dx = (i − 1)ei − ie1+i .
C3 1

On C4 , x = 0, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, z = iy, dz = i dy,


0
zez dz = − yeiy dy = (1 − i)ei − 1.
C4 1


Thus z
ˇ ze dz = 1 + ie
i+1
+ (i − 1)ei − ie1+i + (1 − i)ei − 1 = 0.
C




16. We have f (z) dz = f (z) dz + f (z) dz
C C1 C2

On C1 , y = x2 , −1 ≤ x ≤ 0, z = x + ix2 , dz = (1 + 2xi) dx,

0
f (z) dz = 2(1 + 2xi) dx = 2 − 2i.
C1 −1

On C2 , y = x , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, z = x + ix , dz = (1 + 2xi) dx,
2 2

1
f (z) dz = 6x(1 + 2xi) dx = 3 + 4i.
C2 0

Thus f (z) dz = 2 − 2i + 3 + 4i = 5 + 2i.
C




17. We have ˇ x dz = x dz + x dz + x dz
C C1 C2 C3
On C1 , y = 0, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, z = x, dz = dx,


1
1
x dz = x dx = .
C1 0 2
On C2 , x = 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, z = 1 + iy, dz = i dy,


1
x dz = i dy = i.
C2 0

On C3 , y = x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, z = x + ix, dz = (1 + i) dx,


0
1 1
x dz = (1 + i) x dx = − − i.
C3 1 2 2

1 1 1 1
Thus ˇ x dz = 2 + i − 2 − 2 i = 2 i.
C




18. We have ˇ (2z − 1) dz = (2z − 1) dz + (2z − 1) dz + (2z − 1) dz
C C1 C2 C3
On C1 , y = 0, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, z = x, dz = dx,


1
(2z − 1) dz = (2x − 1) dx = 0.
C1 0

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18.1 Contour Integrals

On C2 , x = 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, z = 1 + iy, dz = i dy,


1
1
(2z − 1) dz = −2 y dy + i dy = −1 + i.
C2 0 0

On C3 , y = x, z = x + ix, dz = (1 + i) dx,


0
(2z − 1) dz = (1 + i) (2x − 1 + 2ix) dx = 1 − i.
C3 1

Thus ˇ (2z − 1) dz = 0 − 1 + i + 1 − i = 0.
C




2
19. We have ˇ z dz = z 2 dz + z 2 dz + z 2 dz
C C1 C2 C3
On C1 y = 0, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, z = x, dz = dx,


1
1
z 2 dz = x2 dx = .
C1 0 3
On C2 , x = 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, z = 1 + iy, dz = i dy,


1
2
z 2 dz = (1 + iy)2 i dy = −1 + i.
C2 0 3
On C3 , y = x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, z = x + ix, dz = (1 + i) dx,


0
2 2
z 2 dz = (1 + i)3 x2 dx = − i.
C3 1 3 3

1 2 2 2
ˇ z dz = 3 − 1 + 3 i + 3 − 3 i = 0.
2
Thus
C




2 2 2
20. We have ˇ z̄ dz = z̄ dz + z̄ dz + z̄ 2 dz
C C1 C2 C3
On C1 , y = 0, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, z = x, dz = dx,


1
1
z̄ 2 dz = x2 dx = .
0 3
On C2 , x = 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, z = 1 + iy, dz = i dy,


1
2
z̄ 2 dz = − (1 − iy)2 (−i dy) = 1 + i.
C2 0 3
On C3 , y = x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, z = x + ix, dz = (1 + i) dx,


0
2 2
z̄ dz = (1 − i) (1 + i)
2 2
x2 dx = − + i.
C3 1 3 3

1 2 2 2 2 4
ˇ z̄ dz = 3 + 1 + 3 i − 3 + 3 i = 3 + 3 i.
2
Thus
C

21. On C, y = −x + 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, z = x + (−x + 1)i, dz = (1 − i) dx,

1
4 5
(z 2 − z + 2) dz = (1 − i) [x2 − (1 − x)2 − x + 2 + (3x − 2x2 − 1)i] dx = − i.
C 0 3 3




22. We have (z 2 − z + 2) dz = (z 2 − z + 2) dz + (z 2 − z + 2) dz
C C1 C2

880
 18.1 Contour Integrals

On C1 , y = 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, z = x + i, dz = dx,


1
5
(z − z + 2) dz =
2
[(x + i)2 − x + 2 − i] dx = .
C1 0 6
On C2 , x = 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, z = 1 + iy, dz = i dy,


0
1 5
(z 2 − z + 2) dz = i [(1 + iy)2 + 1 − iy] dy = − i.
C2 1 2 3


1 5 5 4 5
Thus (z 2 − z + 2) dz = − i + = − i.
C 2 3 6 3 3

23. On C, y = 1 − x2 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, z = x + i(1 − x2 ), dz = (1 − 2xi) dx,

1
1
4 5
(z 2 − z + 2) dz = (−5x4 + 2x3 + 7x2 − 3x + 1) dx + i (2x5 − 8x3 + 3x2 − 1) dx = − i.
C 0 0 3 3

24. On C, x = sin t, y = cos t, 0 ≤ t ≤ π/2 or z = ie−it , dz = e−it dt,

π/2
π/2
(z 2 − z + 2) dz = (−e−2it − ie−it + 2)e−it dt = (−e−3it − ie−2it + 2e−it ) dt
C 0 0
1 1 1 1 4 5
= − ie−3πi/2 + e−πi + 2ie−πi/2 + i − − 2i = − i.
3 2 3 2 3 3
 z   
 e    e5
 ≤ |e | = e . Thus 
z 5
ez 5π 5
25. On C,  2   ˇ dz ≤
 24 · 10π = 12 e .
z +1 |z| − 1
2 24 C z 2 + 1
  

 1  1 1  1  1 1 3π

26. On C,  2  ≤ = . Thus   dz  ≤ · (12π) = .
z − 2i  |z|2 − |2i| 34 C z 2 − 2i 34 2 17
√
27. The length of the line segment from z = 0 to z = 1 + i is 2 . In addition, on this line segment

|z 2 + 4| ≤ |z|2 + 4 ≤ |1 + i|2 + 4 = 6.


  √

Thus  (z + 4) dz  ≤ 6 2 .
2
C
  

1 1 1  1  1 1 π
28. On C,  3  = 3 = . Thus 
 dz  ≤ · (8π) = .
z |z| 64 C z 3 64 4 32


n 
n
29. (a) dz = lim ∆zk = lim (zk − zk−1 )
C
P
→0
P
→0
k=1 k=1

= lim [(z1 − z0 ) + (z2 − z1 ) + (z3 − z2 ) + · · · + (zn−1 − zn−2 ) + (zn − zn−1 )]

P
→0

= lim (zn − z0 ) = zn − z0

P
→0


(b) With zn = −2i and z0 = 2i, dz = −2i − (2i) = −4i.
C
30. With zk∗ = zk ,


n
z dz = lim zk (zk − zk−1 )
C
P
→0
k=1

= lim [(z12 − z1 z0 ) + (z22 − z2 z1 ) + · · · + (zn2 − zn zn−1 )]. (1)

P
→0

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18.1 Contour Integrals

With zk∗ = zk−1 ,


n
z dz = lim zk−1 (zk − zk−1 )
C
P
→0
k=1

= lim [(z0 z1 − z02 ) + (z1 z2 − z12 ) + · · · + (zn−1 zn − zn−1

2
)]. (2)

P
→0

Adding (1) and (2) gives

1 2
2 z dz = lim (zn2 − z02 ) or z dz = (z − z02 ).
C
P
→0 C 2 n




6
31. (a) (6z + 4) dz = 6 z dz + 4 dz = [(2 + 3i)2 − (1 + i)2 ] + 4[(2 + 3i) − (1 + i)] = −11 + 38i
C C C 2
(b) Since the contour is closed, z0 = zn and so



6 z dz + 4 dz = 6[z02 − z02 ] + 4[z0 − z0 ] = 0.
C C

32. For f (z) = 1/z, f (z) = 1/z̄, so on z = 2eit , z̄ = 2e−it , dz = 2ieit dt, and

2π 2π
1 1 2it  1
ˇ f (z) dz = −it
· 2ie dt = e  = [e4πi − 1] = 0.
it
C 0 2e 2 0 2
   
Thus circulation = Re ˇ f (z) dz = 0, and net flux = Im ˇ f (z) dz = 0.
C C
it −it it
33. For f (z) = 2z, f (z) = 2z̄, so on z = e , z̄ = e , dz = ie dt, and

2π
2π
−it it
ˇ f (z) dz = (e )(ie dt) = 2i dt = 4πi.
C 0 0
   
Thus circulation = Re ˇ f (z) dz = 0, and net flux = Im ˇ f (z) dz = 4π.
C C

34. For f (z) = 1/(z − 1), f (z) = 1/(z − 1), so on z − 1 = 2e , dz = 2ieit dt, and it


2π
2π
1
ˇ f (z) dz = · 2ie dt = i
it
dt = 2πi.
C 0 2eit 0
   
Thus circulation = Re ˇ f (z) dz = 0, and net flux = Im ˇ f (z) dz = 2π.
C C

35. For f (z) = z̄, f (z) = z so on the square we have






ˇ f (z) dz = z dz + z dz + z dz + z dz
C C1 C2 C3 C4

where C1 is y = 0, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, C2 is x = 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, C3 is y = 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, and C4 is x = 0, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1. Thus

1
1
z dz = x dx =
C1 0 2


1
1
z dz = i (1 + iy) dy = − + i
C2 0 2


0
1
z dz = (x + i) dx = − − i
C3 1 2


0
1
z dz = − y dy =
C4 1 2

882
 18.2 Cauchy-Goursat Theorem

and so     
1 1 1 1
ˇ f (z) dz = + − + i + − − i + =0
C 2 2 2 2
 
circulation = Re ˇ f (z) dz = Re(0) = 0
C
 
net flux = Im ˇ f (z) dz = Im(0) = 0.
C

EXERCISES 18.2
Cauchy-Goursat Theorem

1. f (z) = z 3 − 1 + 3i is a polynomial and so is an entire function.

1
2. z 2 is entire and is analytic within and on the circle |z| = 1.
z−4
z
3. f (z) = is discontinuous at z = −3/2 but is analytic within and on the circle |z| = 1.
2z + 3
z−3
4. f (z) = 2 is discontinuous at z = −1 + i and at z = −1 − i but is analytic within and on the circle
z + 2z + 2
|z| = 1.
sin z
5. f (z) = is discontinuous at z = ±5 and at z = ±3i but is analytic within and on the circle
(z 2 − 25)(z 2 + 9)
|z| = 1.
ez
6. f (z) = is discontinuous at z = −5/2 and at z = −3 but is analytic within and on the circle
2z 2 + 11z + 15
|z| = 1.
π 3π
7. f (z) = tan z is discontinuous at z = ±,± , . . . but is analytic within and on the circle |z| = 1.
2 2
z2 − 9 π 3π
8. f (z) = is discontinuous at i, ± i, . . . but is analytic within and on the circle |z| = 1.
cosh z 2 2
9. By the principle of deformation of contours we can choose the more convenient circular contour C1 defined by
|z| = 1. Thus  
1 1
ˇ dz = ˇ dz = 2πi
C z C1 z
by (4) of Section 18.2.
10. By the principle of deformation of contours we can choose the more convenient circular contour C1 defined by
1
|z − (−1 − i)| = . Thus
16
 
5 1
ˇ z+1+i dz = 5 ˇC z − (−1 − i) dz = 5(2πi) = 10πi
C 1

by (4) of Section 18.2.

883
18.2 Cauchy-Goursat Theorem

11. By Theorem 18.4 and (4) of Section 18.2,

    
1 1
ˇ z + dz = ˇ z dz + ˇ z dz = 0 + 2πi = 2πi.
C z C C

12. By Theorem 18.4 and (4) of Section 18.2,

    
1 1 1
ˇ z + 2
dz = ˇ z dz + ˇ z 2 dz = 0 + 0 = 0.
C z C C

z z
13. Since f (z) = is analytic within and on C it follows from Theorem 18.4 that ˇ dz = 0.
z −π
2 2
C z −π
2 2

10
14. By (4) of Section 18.2, ˇ 4
dz = 0.
C (z + i)
  
2z + 1 1 1
15. By partial fractions, ˇ dz = ˇ dz + ˇ dz.
C z(z + 1) C z C z + 1
(a) By Theorem 18.4 and (4) of Section 18.2,
 
1 1
ˇ z dz + ˇ z + 1 dz = 2πi + 0 = 2πi.
C C
  
(b) By writing ˇ = ˇ + ˇ where C1 and C2 are the circles |z| = 1/2 and |z + 1| = 1/2, respectively,
C C1 C2

we have by Theorem 18.4 and (4) of Section 18.2,

     
1 1 1 1 1 1
ˇ dz + ˇ dz = ˇ dz + ˇ dz + ˇ dz + ˇ dz
C z C z + 1 C1 z C1 z + 1 C2 z C2 z + 1
= 2πi + 0 + 0 + 2πi = 4πi.
2z + 1
(c) Since f (z) = is analytic within and on C it follows from Theorem 18.4 that
z(z + 1)

2z + 1
ˇ z 2 + z dz = 0.
C

  
2z 1 1
16. By partial fractions, ˇ dz = ˇ √ dz + ˇ √ dz.
C z2 + 3 C z+ 3i C z− 3i
(a) By Theorem 18.4,
 
1 1
ˇ √ dz + ˇ √ dz = 0 + 0 = 0.
C z+ 3i C z− 3i
(b) By Theorem 18.4 and (4) of Section 18.2,
 
1 1
ˇ z + √3 i dz + ˇ z − √3 i dz = 0 + 2πi = 2πi.
C C
  
√ √
(c) By writing ˇ = ˇ + ˇ where C1 and C2 are the circles |z + 3 i| = 1/2 and |z − 3 i| = 1/2,
C C1 C2

respectively, we have by Theorem 18.4 and (4) of Section 18.2,

     
1 1 1 1 1 1
ˇ √ dz + ˇ √ dz = ˇ √ dz + ˇ √ dz + ˇ √ dz + ˇ √ dz
C z+ 3i C z− 3i C1 z + 3 i C1 z − 3 i C2 z + 3 i C2 z − 3i
= 2πi + 0 + 0 + 2πi = 4πi.

884
 18.2 Cauchy-Goursat Theorem

  
−3z + 2 1 1
17. By partial fractions, ˇ dz = ˇ dz − 4 ˇ dz.
C z − 8z + 12
2
C z−2 C z−6

(a) By Theorem 18.4 and (4) of Section 18.2,

 
1 1
ˇ z−2 dz − 4 ˇ z − 6 dz = 0 − 4(2πi) = −8πi.
C C
  
(b) By writing ˇ = ˇ + ˇ where C1 and C2 are the circles |z − 2| = 1 and |z − 6| = 1, respectively,
C C1 C2

we have by Theorem 18.4 and (4) of Section 18.2,

     
1 1 1 1 1 1
ˇ z−2 dz − 4 ˇ z−6 dz = ˇ z−2 dz − 4 ˇ z−6 dz + ˇ z−2 dz − 4 ˇ z − 6 dz
C C C1 C1 C2 C2

= 2πi − 4(0) + 0 − 4(2πi) = −6πi.

  
18. (a) By writing ˇ =ˇ +ˇ where C1 and C2 are the circles |z + 2| = 1 and |z − 2i| = 1, respectively, we
C C1 C2

have by Theorem 18.4 and (4) of Section 18.2,

      
3 1 3 1 3 1
ˇ − dz = ˇ dz − ˇ dz + ˇ dz − ˇ dz
C z + 2 z − 2i C1 z+2 C1 z − 2i C2 z + 2 C2 z − 2i

= 3(2πi) − 0 + 0 − 2πi = 4πi.

19. By partial fractions,

     
z−1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ˇ z(z − i)(z − 3i) dz = ˇ dz + − + i ˇ dz + − i ˇ dz.
C 3 C z 2 2 C z−i 6 2 C z − 3i

By Theorem 18.4 and (4) of Section 18.2,

  
z−1 1 1
ˇ z(z − i)(z − 3i) dz = 0 + − 2 + 2 i 2πi + 0 = π(−1 − i).
C

20. By partial fractions,

   
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ˇ dz = dz − i dz − dz.
C z 3 + 2iz 2 4 ˇC z 2 ˇC z 2 4 ˇC z + 2i
By Theorem 18.4 and (4) of Section 18.2,

1 1 1 1 π
ˇ z 3 + 2iz 2 dz = 4 2πi − 2 i(0) − 4 (0) = 2 i.
C
  
8z − 3 8z − 3 8z − 3
21. We have ˇ z 2 − z dz = ˇ z 2 − z dz − ˇ z 2 − z dz
C C1 C2
where C1 and C2 are the closed portions of the curve C enclosing z = 0 and z = 1, respectively. By partial
fractions, Theorem 18.4, and (4) of Section 18.2,
  
8z − 3 1 1
ˇ z2 − z dz = 5 ˇ z−1 dz + 3 ˇ z dz = 5(0) + 3(2πi) = 6πi
C1 C1 C1
  
8z − 3 1 1
ˇ z 2 − z dz = 5 ˇ z − 1 dz + 3 ˇ z dz = 5(2πi) + 3(0) = 10πi.
C1 C2 C2


8z − 3
Thus ˇ dz = 6πi − 10πi = −4πi.
C z2 − z

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18.2 Cauchy-Goursat Theorem

22. By choosing the more convenient contour C1 defined by |z − z0 | = r where r is small enough so that the circle
C1 lies entirely within C we can write
 
1 1
ˇ (z − z0 )n dz = ˇ (z − z0 )n dz.
C C1

Let z − z0 = reit , 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π and dz = ireit dt. Then for n = 1:


2π
2π
1 1 it
ˇ z − z0 dz = ire dt = i dt = 2πi.
C1 0 reit 0

For n = 1:

2π
1 i 2π
i e(1−n)it  1
ˇ dz = n−1 e (1−n)it
dt =  = n−1 [e2π(1−n)i − 1] = 0
C1 (z − z0 )n r 0 rn−1 i(1 − n) 0 r (1 − n)
since e2π(1−n)i = 1.
    
ez ez
23. Write ˇ − 3z̄ dz = ˇ dz − 3 ˇ z̄ dz.
C z+3 C z+3 C

ez
By Theorem 18.4, ˇ dz = 0. However, since z̄ is not analytic,
C z+3

2π
ˇ z̄ dz = e−it (ieit dt) = 2πi.
C 0

 
ez
Thus ˇ − 3z̄ dz = 0 − 3(2πi) = −6πi.
C z+3
  
2 2
24. Write ˇ (z + z + Re(z)) dz = ˇ (z + z) dz + ˇ Re(z) dz.
C C C

By Theorem 18.4, ˇ (z 2 + z) dz = 0. However, since Re(z) = x is not analytic,
C
   
ˇ x dz = ˇ x dz + ˇ x dz + ˇ x dz
C C C C 1 2 3

where C1 is y = 0, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, C2 is x = 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2, and C3 is y = 2x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1. Thus,


1
2
0
1 1
ˇ x dz = x dx + i dy + (1 + 2i) x dx = + 2i − (1 + 2i) = i.
C 0 0 1 2 2

EXERCISES 18.3
Independence of Path

1. (a) Choosing x = 0, −1 ≤ y ≤ 1 we have z = iy, dz = i dy. Thus

1
(4z − 1) dz = i (4iy − 1) dy = −2i.
C −1


i i

(b) (4z − 1) dz = (4z − 1) dz = 2z 2 − z  = −2i
C −i −i

886
 18.3 Independence of Path

2. (a) Choosing the line y = 13 x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 3 we have z = x + 13 xi, dz = (1 + 13 i) dx. Thus

3   3
(1+ 13 i)x 1 1 
z
e dz = e 1 + i dx = e(1+ 3 i)x  = e3+i − e0 = (e3 cos 1 − 1) + ie3 sin 1.
C 0 3 0

3+i 3+i

(b) z
e dz = ez dz = ez  = e3+i − e0 = (e3 cos 1 − 1) + ie3 sin 1
C 0 0

3. The given integral is independent of the path. Thus

2−i 2−i

2z dz = 2z dz = z 2  = 48 + 24i.
C −2+7i −2+7i

4. The given integral is independent of the path. Thus

2−i 2−i

2
6z dz = 6z 2 dz = z 3  = −15 − 24i.
C 2 2

3+i 3+i
2 1 3  26
5. z dz = z  = 6 + i
0 3 0 3

1 1

6. (3z 2 − 4z + 5i) dz = z 3 − 2z 2 + 5iz  = −19 − 3i
−2i −2i

1+i 1+i
3 1 4 
7. z dz = z  = 0
1−i 4 1−i

2i
2i
1 4 1 2  123
8. (z − z) dz = z − z  =
3
−3i 4 2 −3i 4

1−i 1−i
1  7 22
9. (2z + 1)2 dz = (2z + 1)3  =− − i
−i/2 6 −i/2 6 3

i
i
1 
4 
10. (iz + 1) dz = (iz + 1)  = −i
3
1 4i 1

i
1 πz i 1 1
11. e  =− − i
eπz dz =
i/2 π i/2 π π

1+2i 1+2i
1 z2  1 1 1
12. z2
ze dz = e  = [e−3+4i − e−2i ] = (e−3 cos 4 − cos 2) + (e−3 sin 4 + sin 2)i = 0.1918 + 0.4358i
1−i 2 1−i 2 2 2

π+2i 
π 
z  π
π+2i
z π
13. sin dz = −2 cos  = −2 cos + i − cos = 2i sin sinh 1 = 2.3504i
π 2 2 π 2 2 2

πi πi

14. cos z dz = sin z  = sin πi − sin(1 − 2i) = i sinh π − [sinh 1 cosh 2 − i cos 1 sinh 2]
1−2i 1−2i

= − sin 1 cosh 2 + i(sinh π + cos 1 sinh 2) = −3.1658 + 13.5083i

2πi 2πi

15. cosh z dz = sinh z  = sinh 2πi − sinh πi = i sin 2π − i sin π = 0
πi πi

1+ π2 i    
1+ π
2i 1  1 3π
16. sinh 3z dz = cosh 3z  = cosh 3 + i − cosh 3i
i 3 i 3 2
 
1 3π 3π 1 1
= cosh 3 cos + i sinh 3 sin − cos 3 = − cos 3 − i sinh 3 = 0.3300 − 3.3393i
3 2 2 3 3

887
18.3 Independence of Path

4i

4i
1  π π 
17. dz = Lnz  = Ln4i − Ln(−4i) = loge 4 + i − loge 4 − i = πi
−4i z −4i 2 2

4+4i

4+4i
1  √ π √ π 
18. dz = Lnz  = Ln(4 + 4i) − Ln(1 + i) = loge 4 2 + i − loge 2 + i = loge 4 = 1.3863
1+i z 1+i 4 4

4i   
4i
1 1  1 1 1
19. dz = −  = − − = i
−4i z 2 z −4i 4i −4i 2

√   1+√3 i  
1+ 3 i
1 1 1  π 1 √ π 1
20. + 2 dz = Lnz −  = loge 2 + i − √ − loge 2 − i −
1−i z z z 1−i 3 1 + 3i 4 1−i
√ 
√ 1 7π 3 1
= loge 2 + + i + + = 0.5966 + 2.7656i
4 12 4 2
21. Integration by parts gives

1 z
ez cos z dz = e (cos z + sin z) + C
2
and so

i i 1
1 z 
ez cos z dz = e (cos z + sin z)  = [ei (cos i + sin i) − eπ (cos π + sin π)]
π 2 π 2
1
= [(cos 1 cosh 1 − sin 1 sinh 1 + eπ ) + i(cos 1 sinh 1 + sin 1 cosh 1) = 11.4928 + 0.9667i.
2
22. Integration by parts gives

z sin z dz = −z cos z + sin z + C

and so
i i

z sin z dz = −z cos z + sin z  = −i cos i + sin i = −i cosh 1 + i sinh 1 = −0.3679i.
0 0

23. Integration by parts gives

zez dz = zez − ez + C

and so

1+i 1+i

zez dz = ez (z−1)  = ie1+i +ei (1−i) = (cos 1+sin 1−e sin 1)+i(sin 1−cos 1+e cos 1) = −0.9056+1.7699i.
i i

24. Integration by parts gives

z 2 ez dz = z 2 ez − 2zez + 2ez + C

and so
πi πi

z 2 ez dz = ez (z 2 − 2z + 2)  = eπi (−π 2 − 2πi + 2) − 2 = π 2 − 4 + 2πi.
0 0

888
 18.4 Cauchy’s Integral Formulas

EXERCISES 18.4
Cauchy’s Integral Formulas

1. By Theorem 18.9, with f (z) = 4, 

4
ˇC z − 3i dz = 2πi · 4 = 8πi.

2. By Theorem 18.10 with f (z) = z 2 and f  (z) = 2z,


z2 2πi
ˇ (z − 3i)2 dz = 1! 2(3i) = −12π.
C

3. By Theorem 18.9 with f (z) = ez , 

ez
ˇ dz = 2πieπi = −2πi.
C z − πi
4. By Theorem 18.9 with f (z) = 1 + 2ez ,

1 + 2ez
ˇ dz = 2πi(1 + 2e0 ) = 6πi.
C z

5. By Theorem 18.9 with f (z) = z − 3z + 4i,

2


z 2 − 3z + 4i
ˇ dz = 2πi(−4 + 6i + 4i) = −π(20 + 8i).
C z − (−2i)

1
6. By Theorem 18.9 with f (z) = cos z,
3
 1  
cos z 1 π π
3 dz = 2πi cos = i.
ˇ π 3 3 3
C z−
3
z2
7. (a) By Theorem 18.9 with f (z) = ,
z + 2i
z2
  
z + 2i 4
ˇ dz = 2πi − = −2π.
C z − 2i 4i

z2
(b) By Theorem 18.9 with f (z) = ,
z − 2i
z2
  
z − 2i −4
ˇ dz = 2πi = 2π.
C z − (−2i) −4i

z 2 + 3z + 2i
8. (a) By Theorem 18.9 with f (z) = ,
z+4
z 2 + 3z + 2i
    
z+4 4 + 2i 4 8
ˇ dz = 2πi =π − + i .
C z−1 5 5 5

889
18.4 Cauchy’s Integral Formulas

z 2 + 3z + 2i
(b) By Theorem 18.9 with f (z) = ,
z−1
z 2 + 3z + 2i
    
z−1 4 + 2i 4 8
ˇ dz = 2πi =π − i .
C z − (−4) −5 5 5

z2 + 4
9. By Theorem 18.9 with f (z) = ,
z−i
z2 + 4
  
z−i 12
ˇ dz = 2πi − = −8π.
C z − 4i 3i
sin z
10. By Theorem 18.9 with f (z) = ,
z + πi
sin z
  
z + πi sin πi
ˇ dz = 2πi = i sinh π.
C z − πi 2πi

11. By Theorem 18.10 with f (z) = ez , f  (z) = 2zez , and f  (z) = 4z 2 ez + 2ez ,
2 2 2 2

 2
ez 2πi −1 −1 −1
ˇ (z − i)3 dz = 2! [−4e + 2e ] = −2πe i.
C

12. By Theorem 18.10 with f (z) = z, f  (z) = 1, f  (z) = 0, and f  (z) = 0,

z 2πi
ˇ (z − (−i))4 dz = 3! (0) = 0.
C

13. By Theorem 18.10 with f (z) = cos 2z, f  (z) = −2 sin 2z, f  (z) = −4 cos 2z, f  (z) = 8 sin 2z, f (4) (z) = 16 cos 2z,

cos 2z 2πi 4π
ˇ 5
dz = (16 cos 0) = i.
C z 4! 3
14. By Theorem 18.10 with f (z) = e−z sin z, f  (z) = e−z cos z − e−z sin z, and f  (z) = −2e−z cos z,

e−z sin z 2πi
ˇ 3
dz = (−2e0 cos 0) = −2πi.
C z 2!
2z + 5
15. (a) By Theorem 18.9 with f (z) = ,
z−2
2z + 5
  
z−2 5
ˇ dz = 2πi − = −5πi.
C z 2

(b) Since the circle |z − (−1)| = 2 encloses only z = 0, the value of the integral is the same as in part (a).
2z + 5
(c) From Theorem 18.9 with f (z) = ,
z
2z + 5
  
z 9
ˇ z − 2 dz = 2πi 2 = 9πi.
C

(d) Since the circle |z − (−2i)| = 1 encloses neither z = 0 nor z = 2 it follows from the Cauchy-Goursat
Theorem, Theorem 18.4, that 
2z + 5
ˇ z(z − 2) dz = 0.
C

890
 18.4 Cauchy’s Integral Formulas

16. By partial fractions,   

z dz dz
ˇ dz = 2 ˇ −ˇ .
C (z − 1)(z − 2) C z − 2 C z −1
(a) By the Cauchy-Goursat Theorem, Theorem 18.4,

z
ˇ (z − 1)(z − 2) dz = 0.
C

(b) As in part (a), the integral is 0.

 
dz dz
(c) By Theorem 18.4, ˇ = 0 whereas by Theorem 18.9, ˇ = 2πi. Thus
C z−2 C z−1

z
ˇ (z − 1)(z − 2) dz = −2πi.
C
 
dz dz
(d) By Theorem 18.9, ˇ = 2πi and ˇ = 2πi. Thus
C z−1 C z−2

z
ˇ (z − 1)(z − 2) dz = 2(2πi) − 2πi = 3πi.
C

z+2 −3 − i
17. (a) By Theorem 18.10 with f (z) = and f  (z) = ,
z−1−i (z − 1 − i)2
z+2
  
z−1−i 2πi −3 − i
ˇ dz = = −π(3 + i).
C z2 1! (−1 − i)2
z+2
(b) By Theorem 18.9 with f (z) = ,
z2
z+2
  
z2 3+i
ˇ z − (1 + i) dz = 2πi (1 + i)2 = π(3 + i).
C

1 1 2
18. (a) By Theorem 18.10 with f (z) = , f  (z) = − , and f  (z) = ,
z−4 (z − 4)2 (z − 4)3
1
  
z−4 2πi 2 π
ˇ dz = =− i.
C z3 2! −64 32

(b) By the Cauchy-Goursat Theorem, Theorem 18.4,


1
ˇ z 3 (z − 4) dz = 0.
C
  2iz 4
  
e z e2iz z4
19. By writing ˇ − dz = ˇ z4 dz − ˇ (z − i)3 dz
C z4 (z − i)3 C C

we can apply Theorem 18.10 to each integral:

 
e2iz 2πi 8π z4 2πi
ˇ z 4 dz = 3! (−8i) = 3 , ˇ dz = (−12) = −12πi.
C C (z − i)3 2!
    
e2iz z4 8
Thus ˇ − dz = π + 12i .
C z4 (z − i)3 3
     1 2
cosh z sin2 z cosh z 8 sin z
20. By writing ˇ − dz = ˇC (z − π)3 dz − ˇ (z − π )3 dz
C (z − π)3 (2z − π)3 C 2

891
18.4 Cauchy’s Integral Formulas

we apply Theorem 18.4 to the first integral and Theorem 18.10 to the second:
  1 2  
cosh z 8 sin z 2πi 1 2 π π
ˇ (z − π)3 dz = 0, ˇ (z − π )3 dz = − sin = − i.
C C 2 2! 4 2 4

  
cosh z sin2 z π
Thus ˇ − dz = , i.
C (z − π)3 (2z − π)3 4

1 1
  
1 (z − 1)2 z3
21. We have ˇ dz = ˇ dz + ˇ dz
C z (z − 1)
3 2
C1 z3 C2 (z − 1)2

where C1 and C2 are the circles |z| = 1/3 and |z − 1| = 1/3, respectively. By Theorem 18.10,
1 1
 
(z − 1)2 2πi z3 2πi
ˇ dz = (6) = 6πi, ˇ dz = (−3) = −6πi.
C1 z3 2! C2 (z − 1)2 1!


1
Thus ˇ dz = 6πi − 6πi = 0.
C z 3 (z − 1)2

1 1
  
1 z 2 (z+ i) z2 + 1
22. We have ˇ dz = ˇ dz + ˇ dz
C z 2 (z 2 + 1) C1 z−i C2 z2
where C1 and C2 are the circles |z − i| = 1/3 and |z| = 1/8, respectively. By Theorems 18.9 and 18.10,
1 1
   
z 2 (z+ i) 1 z2 + 1 2πi
ˇ dz = 2πi = −π, ˇ dz = (0) = 0.
C1 z−i −2i C2 z2 1!


1
Thus ˇ dz = −π.
C z 2 (z 2 + 1)

3z + 1 3z + 1
  
3z + 1 z (z − 2)2
23. We have ˇ dz = ˇ dz − ˇ dz
C z(z − 2)2 C1 (z − 2)2 C2 z
where C1 and C2 are the closed portions of the curve C enclosing z = 2 and z = 0, respectively. By
Theorems 18.10 and 18.9,

3z + 1 3z + 1
     
z 2πi 1 π (z − 2)2 1 π
ˇ dz = − = − i, ˇ dz = 2πi = i.
C1 (z − 2)2 1! 4 2 C2 z 4 2


3z + 1 π π
Thus ˇ dz = − i − i = −πi.
C z(z − 2)2 2 2

eiz eiz
  
eiz (z + i)2 (z − i)2
24. We have ˇ dz = ˇ dz − ˇ dz
C (z 2 + 1)2 C1 (z − i)2 C2 (z − (−i))2

892
 CHAPTER 18 REVIEW EXERCISES

where C1 and C2 are the closed portions of the curve C enclosing z = i and z = −i, respectively. By
Theorem 18.10,
eiz eiz
     
(z + i)2 2πi −4e−1 (z − i)2 2πi 0
ˇ dz = = πe−1 , ˇC dz = = 0.
C1 (z − i)2 1! −8i 2 (z − (−i))2 1! 8i

eiz
Thus ˇ dz = πe−1 .
C (z 2 + 1)2

CHAPTER 18 REVIEW EXERCISES

1. True 2. False 3. True 4. True

5. 0 6. π(−16 + 8i) 7. π(6π − i) 8. a constant function

9. True (Use partial fractions and write the given integral as two integrals.)
10. True
11. integer not equal to −1; −1
12. 12π

13. Since f (z) = z is entire, (x + iy) dz is independent of the path C. Thus
C
 3

z 2  7 3

ˇ (x + iy) dz = z dz =  =− .
C −4 2 −4 2





14. We have (x − iy) dz = (x − iy) dz + (x − iy) dz + (x − iy) dz
C C1 C2 C3

On C1 , x = 4, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2, z = 4 + iy, dz = i dy,


2   2
i 
(4 − iy)i dy = i (4 − iy) dy = i 4y − y 2  = 2 + 8i.
C1 0 2 0

On C2 , y = 2, −4 ≤ x ≤ 3, z = x + 2i, dz = dx,


3 3
1 2  7
(x − 2i) dx = (x − 2i) dx = x − 2ix  = − − 14i.
C2 −4 2 −4 2
On C3 , x = 3, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2, z = 3 + iy, dz = i dy,


0   0
i 
(3 − iy)i dy = i (3 − iy) dy = i 3y − y 2  = −2 − 6i.
C3 2 2 2


7 7
Thus (x − iy) dz = 2 + 8i − − 14i − 2 − 6i = − − 12i.
C 2 2

893
CHAPTER 18 REVIEW EXERCISES

2
2
136 88
15. |z 2 | dz = (t4 + t2 ) dt + 2i (t5 + t3 ) dt = + i
C 0 0 15 3


1+i
1 1 πz 
1+i
1
16. eπz dz = e  = (1 − eπ )
eπz (π dz) =
C i π π i π

17. By the Cauchy-Goursat Theorem, Theorem 18.4, ˇ eπz dz = 0.
C

1−i 1−i

18. (4z − 6) dz = 2z 2 − 6z  = 12 + 20i
3i 3i


1+4i 1+4i

19. sin z dz = sin z dz = − cos z  = cos 1 − cos(1 + 4i) = −14.2144 + 22.9637i
C 1 1


2i 2i

20. (4z 3 + 3z 2 + 2z + 1) dz = (4z 3 + 3z 2 + 2z + 1) dz = z 4 + z 3 + z 2 + z  = 12 − 6i
C 0 0

21. On |z| = 1, let z = eit , dz = ieit dt, so that


2π 2π
1 1 
−2 −1 2
(e−2it + e−it + eit + e2it )eit dt = −e−it + it + e2it + e3it  = 2πi.
ˇ (z + z + z + z ) dz = i 2 3 
C 0 0

22. By partial fractions and Theorem 18.9,

  
3z + 4 7 1 1 1 7 1
ˇ z2 − 1 dz = ˇ dz − ˇ dz = (2πi) − (2πi) = 6πi.
C 2 C z−1 2 C z − (−1) 2 2

23. By Theorem 18.10 with f (z) = e−2z , f  (z) = −2e−2z , f  (z) = 4e−2z , and f  (z) = −8e−2z ,

e−2z 2πi 8π
ˇ 4
dz = (−8) = − i.
C z 3! 3

cos z sin z − cos z − z sin z

24. By Theorem 18.10 with f (z) = and f  (z) = ,
z−1 (z − 1)2
cos z
  
z−1 2πi −1
ˇ dz = = −2πi.
C z2 1! 1

1
25. By Theorem 18.9 with f (z) = ,
2(z + 3)
1
  
2(z + 3) 1 2π
ˇ dz = 2πi = i.
C (z − (−1/2)) 5 5

26. Since the function f (z) = z/ sin z is analytic within and on the given simple closed contour C, it follows from
the Cauchy-Goursat Theorem, Theorem 18.4, that

ˇ z csc z dz = 0.
C

27. Using the principle of deformation of contours we choose C to be the more convenient circular contour |z+i| = 1
4 .
On this circle z = −i + 1 it
4e and dz = 1 it
4 iedt. Thus

2π  
z 1 it
ˇ dz = i e − i dt = 2π.
C z+i 0 4

894
 CHAPTER 18 REVIEW EXERCISES

eiπz
28. (a) By Theorem 18.9 with f (z) = ,
2(z − 2)
eiπz
  
2(z − 2) eiπ/2 2π
ˇ dz = 2πi = .
C z − 1/2 −3 3

eiπz
(b) By Theorem 18.9 with f (z) = ,
2z − 1
eiπz
  2πi 
2z − 1 e 2π
ˇ dz = 2πi = i.
C z−2 3 3

(c) By the Cauchy-Goursat Theorem, Theorem 18.4,


eiπz
ˇ 2z 2 − 5z + 2 dz = 0.
C

29. For f (z) = z n g(z) we have f  (z) = z n g  (z) + nz n−1 g(z) and so
f  (z) z n g  (z) + nz n−1 g(z) g  (z) n
= n
= + .
f (z) z g(z) g(z) z
Thus by Theorem 18.4 and (4) of Section 18.2,
  
f  (z) g  (z) 1
ˇ f (z) dz = ˇ g(z) dz + n ˇ z dz = 0 + n(2πi) = 2nπi.
C C C


 
30. We have  Ln(z + 1) dz  ≤ |max of Ln(z + 1) on C| · 2,
 
C

where 2 is the length of the line segment. Now

|Ln(z + 1)| ≤ | loge (z + 1)| + |Arg(z + 1)|.

√
But max Arg(z + 1) = π/4 when z = i and max|z + 1| = 10 when z = 2 + i. Thus,

  
 
 Ln(z + 1) dz  ≤ 1 loge 10 + π 2 = loge 10 + π .
  2 4 2
C

895