BIO-CHEMISTRY

Bio-chemistry:-
Bio-chemistry ia field of science that deals with the study of chemical process in plants
and animals.

Carbohydrates:-
Carbohydrates are defined as polyhydroxy,aaldehydes,ketones and their derivaties,
composed of carbon hydrogen and oxygen. Carbohydrates are important group of compounfs
containing C,H and O in which the ratio of H and O is same as in water.

Formula = CH2o

Role of Carbohydrates:-

 Provide energy Sources.

 Provide energy Storage

Classification of Carbohydrates:-

S.No Monosaccharides Oligosaccharides Polysaccharides

.
1. These cannot be Composed of 2 to More than 10 – monosaccharide
hydrolysed monosaccharide unit
2. These are sweet- These are also sweet tasting These are also sweet tasting
tasting
3. Highly Soluble in Water soluble boot lesser extent Sportingly soluble in water
water
4. E.g – aldose, glucose, Sucrose, lactose Starch, cellulate
ketone, fructose
Distribution of Body Water:-

Water converts of the body 60-70%.

ECF ICF
(Extra Cellular fluid) (Inter Cellular Fluid)

Plasma=3.0 liters
Extra Cellular Fluid =8.5 liters
Intra Cellular Fluid=1.0 liters
Total Body Water+ 42.0 liters
Water lisser :- Faccal loss, wrine, loss throw lungs.

Regulation of Body Water:-

Vacoprassion Cantidiuretic Harmane
Isng the permlability of digital tubales & collecting ducts of H 2O.
Isng the reabsarption of water in kidney hebules.
It thus helps to retain H2O in the Body.
DEHYDRATION:-
Dehydration is a condition in which water loss exceeds H ZE H2O intake resulking into
used water condition the body. Dehydration is a deficit of total body water. It occurs when
free water loss exceeds free water intake, usually due to exercise, disease, or high environmental
temperature.

Loss of water

Primary Secondary Due to intake of hypertonic solution

Cause (prolonged ( sed or sed (sugar/salt condition sed)
vomiting dectrolyte const)
diarshoea)

MINERAL:- (supplied through diet)

Minerals are essential for the normal growth and maintenance of the body. Minral elements are
supplied through the diet.

S.No. MAJOR ELEMENTS TRACE ELEMENTS

Calcium Iron
Magnesium Iodine
Phosphorus Copper
Sodium Manganese
Potassium Zinc
Chloride Molybdenum
Sulphur selenium
fluoride

CALCIUM:-
™ SOURCES:-
 best sources – milk & milk products
 good sources – egg, fish & vegetables(cabbage, beans,) leafy vegetables
 poor sources – cereals .
FUNCTIONS:-
 Constituents of bone, teeth.
 Regulation of nerve muscle.
DEFICIENCY DISEASE:-
 Hypercalcocemia
 Hypocalcaemia
 Rickets
 Osteoporusis

PHOSPHORUS:-
PHOSPHORUS

body phosphate 80%bone & teeth 10%muscle& blood „

 Intracellular ion
 Seen in all cells
SOURCE:-
 Phosphate food additives.
FUNCTIONS:-
1. Formation of bone and teeth
2. Production of high-energy compounds eg; ATP,CTP,GTP& creatine phosphate
4. DNA & RNA synthesis
5. Formation of phosphate esters, eg;G-6-p, phospholipids, phosphoprote
Deficiency disease:-
 Rickets
 Osteomalacia
Potassium:-
SOURCES :- (vegetable, Fruits & meets)
Rich in potassium-banana. orange, apple, pine apple almond, dates, beans ,yam and potato &
tender coconut
FUNCTION:-
 Principal action in interacellular fluid nerve
 Muscle action Na+/K+ ATP ase.
Deficiency Disease:-
 Cardiac arrest small bowel ulcers.
Chloride:-
SOURSE:-
  Table Salt
FUNCTION:-
Fluid & electrdy i.e balance, gasbric, fluid choride, shift in HC O 3 transport in erythrolytes.
DEFICIENCY DISEASE:-
 Infantsfed salt free formula
 secondary to vomiting
 diveretic therapy
 renal disease
MAGNESIUM:-
SOURCE:-
 Leafy green vegetables.
FUNCTIONS:-
 Constituent of bone
 Teeth
 Enzyme
 Activator
DEFICIENCY DISEASE:-
Secondary to melabsorption or diorshea or alcohalisim.

SODIUM:-
SOURSE:-
 Table salt
 Salt added to prepared food
FUNCTIONS:-
Fluid regulates plasma volume acid-base balance nerve and muscle function Na +/K+ ATP ase.
DEFICIENCY DISEASE:-
 Secondary to injury or illness.

MICROMINERALS
CHROMIUM:-
SOURCE:-
Meat ,liver, brewer’s yeast, whole grains nuts, cheese.
FUNCTIONS:-
 Aids in metabolic rxns (component of theimine)
 Structural role (as component of some protein such as hairs, nails & skin)
DEFICIENCY DISEASE:-
 Impaired glucose tolerance
 Secondary to porenteral nutrition.
Cobalt:-
SOUSCE:-
 Foods of animals organ.
FUNCTIONS:-
Reuired only as a constituent of vitamin B 12.
DEFICIENCY DISEASE:-
Vitamin B12 deficiency
COPPER:-
SOURSE:-
 Liver
FUNCTIONS:-
Constituent of oxidose enzyme’s. Cytochrome oxidose, cytosolic superoxide, dismutase,
role of irin aborption.
DEFICIENCY DISEASE:-
 Anaemia
IODINE:-
SOURSE:-
 Iodized Salt
 sea food
FUNCTIONS:-
Constituents Oif Flyroxine , Tridthy
DEFICIENCY DISEASE:-
 creatinism
 goiter and hypothyroidism
 myxodema
IRON:-
SOURCE:-
 red meat
 liver
 eggs
 iron cookeries
FUNCTIONS:-
 constituents of leme enzymes
 aids in transporting oxygen
DEFICIENCY DISEASE:-
 aneamia
MAGANESE:-
SOURCE:-
 Creals Legumes
FUNCTIONS:-
 Bone development
 Aids in amino acid metabolism(as component of orginases)
 Promotes thiamine storage.
DEFICIENCY DISEASE:-
 Unknown in humans.
 Parkinsonism.

URIA CYCLE