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Data Aqtiltion,Design and b-plementafion: Opportunities and Challenges for Effective Programs in
Mature Reservoim

P.K. Pan@~d ,MB. Clark, Fins Oil and Chemical COrnpamY;T.A. Blasingme and L. Doublet, Twas A&M Univemity
.
.-

CoPYri9ht 1994 S-acletf of P.v.1..m En9?.wrs, l.c.

Thk war W- prepared for pr%w!io. S me SPWDOE Ninth Symposium on Impmved bit Rec.avmy held in Tulsa, Okl@homa, U.S.A., %7-20 Aptil 1994,

Thh paper was sdec!ed for pmseneation by an WE Program Commi!lee follwmng rwiw of I. forma!to. contained 1. an ab$tr.ti submitw w the au!ho~s]. ti!ents of the paper,
as presented, have nog been rwiewd by the society of Pe!ro!eum Engineers aod are s.binc! 10 Cnrwtron by the author(s). Th@ ma!erial.s Ln8se.1.d. does .’$ .ec-aritY refleti
any pmilion of ,he Society of petroleum Engtn&rs, [M oflicws, or members. Papers premnted a4 SPE mwtinqs am subpl w Wblication rwiw by EdNmlal Committals at the SecWy
01Petroleum E“@leem, Permisdon to COPy is msl,kled ,. a“ abstract of “al mom ,han X0 words. lIIuWMIO”S may not be copied, ‘ill, abstracl $h.auld .wntiln C.3”SPIC”OUSackrmwledgrmlnt
0! where and by whom !ha @sPw Ls P,esent@d, W,!(. tib,arkan, SPE, P.O. B,. &X3836, Sbhardsnn, TX 750 B3@36. U.S.A., T@lex 7S3265 SPEW

SuMMAuL .: ... . .=.....-. ~~~~

.= A team appmacb is afso important to achieve data acqtiltiozt
objectives in mature maervoirs. However, the data
Data acqtiltion ales@ and hnplementation challenges for acquisition situation may be very different fmm that of
mature reservoirs Which are *ets for Improved Oil “new” reservoirs. The desire and need for IOR may be
Recovery (IOR) applications are discussed in this paper. critical as the economic finit may be rapidfy appmacbing
Exampks are provided for Sbaflow Sheff Carbonate (SSC) and data required for IOR may not be available Smafler
reservoirs in the Permian M,n of W* T&~. =ervoir size and lower remaining rssrvea may present
economic constraints towards the acqai+tion of e%sentialduta
WfcztAre Wturclteaervoira? Mature reservoim am deilmd for the implementation of many IOR methock The lack of
= PrOPefi= titb ufditiond recovery potential by production, fluid properties and other data in the earlier
impknentation of advanced reserroir cko@rimtiOn tools stages of field devefopmmt may preseut un ~e.r in
and tecfmiqws, reserroir management and/or changes in history matching with numerical aimufation methods. This
recovery mecbankm. Attributes of mature reservoirs are msrdts in unreliable reservoir pccfonrrance forecasts for IOR.
depicted in Pigure 1, which shows the hportaace of Often, the impknmntation of data acquidtion programs in
reservoir characterization as a function of tiefd development matore reservoirs present opportunities to enbauce near-km
stage. Reservoir cbaraclerhtion and an understanding of resel-roir performance through effective reservoir
hetemgeoeity becomemoreimporkntformaturiag~moim management.
as these factors have a profound impact on future reservoir
development and management strategies. Mature “hssrvoirs Data acqtiltion strategi~ for pmpertics which are being
are typically characterized by some type of secundary drive considered for abandonment are not addreased io this papw.
mwhanism. A clnuy$e to a tertiary mode or implementation Redevelopment of these prapertks is often required to exploit
of other IOR methods may be necessmy to extend the bebind pipe potential and undeveloped zones or horizons.
economic fiiit and productive life of the tidd.
XNTRODUCTI12N - DATA ACQUISITION
In recently discovered reservoirs, advances in reservoir ~ Y
management technologies and practices allow operators the
OPPofi~ty ~ ~pkamt timely, judicious and integrated Tire data acqtiltion process for mature reservoirs ran be
data acquisition programs (Ref. 1-3). Typicafly, data segmmted into two @or areaw
acquisition focuses on use of a team approach (Ref. 4, S) as
illustrated in Fiiure 2. 1. Res&roir Characte&ation W These data consist
of geological, petropbyairai, geophysical and PVT
2 DATA ACQUISITION DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION 0PPORTUNITD3S AND
CHALLENGES FOR EFFECTIVE PROGRAMS IN MATURE RESERVOIRS
data and am utifized for development of an
integrated reservoir description (IRD).
2. l@es’vOirPerf nrmanceDakReaervoir surveillan~
production, wefl teat, pressure, special mre,
gsmtatktical and other engineering data. ALSO
utilized with rfaervoir characterization data for
development of the IRD.
The IRD may””then be used to assess IOR development
potential with the aid of toofs like reservoir sindatots.
Reservoir Cb “ tion ad Het&mgemeitx Figure 1
illustrates the importance of ~ervoir heterogeneity as a
function of primary, secondary and tertiary field
devefopsnent andgeologicaf complexity. The cmt of iqjectant
increases as progression to tertiary recovery methods is
implemented (Figure 1). Generally, defksing reservoir
heterogeneity andcompartmentafization is more diftlcrdt with
low porosity and low pmm?abifity carbonate formations thars
for clastic systems, which may have an order of magnitude
improved porosity nnd permeability pararnetem.
As a field progresses towards IOR isssplenrentation, reservoir
heterogeneity and compartmentalization is generdy the least
understood aspect of reservoir characterization. For this
reason, data acqubition programs for maturing reservoim
should focus on detlring reservoir heterogeneity as this factor
wilt have a profound impact on the success of IOR projects.
Wider application of geophysical data acquisition (2-D tid 3-
D surface seismk, cmss-borehole tomography and interwefl
reflection profifing) have tremendous promise to provide
additionoJ definition for the lateral, interwdl character of
resemoirs.
-Oir Performance and Ea@eer@ Datx Rewrvoir
perfomnance data amdysk is criticaf for continued
performance optimization. fmportant reservoir performance
dota acquisition areas include pressure trsmsisnt data
analysis, Iong-tems production data anafysis, surveillance
data anslysis and data for optimization of completion and
production procedures.
A relatiomhip similar to reservoir heterogeneity is illustrated
in F]gure 3 to emphasize the importance of PvT/Phase
Behavior and SpsciaJ Core data as a function of field
development stage and gsdogical complexity. The area of
PVT is particularly important because crude oil properties
are a key ingredient for the application of IOR methods
regardless of gedogiral compleI~ity (e.g. MkMity Pressures
for Hydrocarbon Miscible Processes). Special core data are
used to undemtand reck/fluid interaction pararnetem and am
SPE 27760
ncsded to forecast future reservuir pcrfonnancc and to
match past performance
Geostafi.dicaf Metho& Even under the best of
circumstances, comprehensive data acquisition for reservoim
typicalfy covem onfy a very smsafi fraclion of the reservoir.
Geostatistics can be used to quantify and understand the
uncertainties inhermt with reservoir characterization (Ref.
6). However, comprehensive data acquisition pmgmms as-e
still very important to minimii rmcertaintiea in reservoir
anafysea. Obtaining data which provide information over a
wide range of reservoir scafes, frmss micrnscnpic to cor.+o-
Iog scafe and then to interwell scafq are @td in deilting
boundary conditions. This allows for obtaining cfosure in the
range of possible outcomes when geostatktical reservoir
characterization methods are used for considering
devdopment uncertainties.
_ s~$~ Taber and Martin (IW. 7) have
empfm.sud the msportance of making the distinction between
oil properties and reservoir characteristics. They suggest
that oil viscmity is a good method to classify IOR methods
which work best for fight oifs, heavy oils and even tar sands.
011 viscosity is used as a screening criteria since it af&ts oif
remvwy more than oil gravity. For application of numerical
tools fike bbxk oil, compositional or thermaf simulation,
speciafizsd IOR laboratory fluid data are required.
Important reservoir characteristics for consideration of IOR
methods (Ref. 7) incfude current oil saturation, formation
typ% resemoir compartmentalization, heterogeneity and
formation pmpertks, such as: gross and nit thickness;
porosity and pemneabifity; and depth and temperature
De.veIofxamt Potentiak Assessment of development potentiaf
for implementation of IOR methods typically involves the use
of reservoir simulators. The quality of reservoir description,
tluid and rocldfluid interaction data are key to reducing
uncertainty in IOR devefopmesst forecasts with sinusfation.
Andinrate of originaf-oil-in-place (OOfP) andremaining-oil-
in-piace (ROfP) is rssefuf for screening IOR potentiaf. Use of
reservoir performance analysis methods (Lg. deche curve
analysis, Fetkovitcb anafysis) may be utilized for
understanding reservoir behavior and optimizing near-tam
reservoir performance.
W* ~ Progmms: A sestion of this paper is
devoted to quafity assurance progrnms for data acquiskion.
Frequently, in the course of reservoir studies, questions arise
as to the vafidlty of previously acquired data. Design and
implementation of rigorous quafity assurance programs are
extrmrely useful in minimking the uncertainties related to
 .
, SPE 27760 P.K. PANDE, M.B. CL- T.A. BLASfNGAME, L. DOUBLET
data quatity. These programs me af] the more important for
matnrc reservoirs since lmdgclsry, tinre and other constraints
may prevent operators from “reacquiring” certain data to
validate or invaKdate data quality concerns.
RESER VOIR CHARACTERIZATION/lNT13GRATIjD
RI?$$ERVOIRDESCRIPTION. -. .. . .. . . .
Rcaervoir characterization provides inspoctant information
for assessing reservoir devdopment potential. hrfontmtion
obtained from reservoir characterization studies pertains to
understanding the flow of fluirk in the reservoir. Examples
include reservoir heterommeitv and comsrartasentafization.
and/or discontinuous shale and anhydrite beds, assd loss or
mhancensent of pm-asity due to diagesrcsis. Rock typing
from whol,e care and electric log models allows for
identification of flow units and porosity and permeability
relationships. This information also helps for selection of
optimal layecissg and grid cotilgarationa for simulation.
Unfortunately, in many ea.% whole care and rock data may
not he available.
In this s@ction the geological, petrophysical, geophysical,
phase behavior (PVT) and special core (SCAL) data
acquisition requicenmmta for reservoir characterization and
development of ass integrated reservoir description are
discussed. Aa a focus SSC reservoirs of the Penniars Basin
are considered. These res-oira are typically very
heterogeneous, both I.aterally and vertkdy, and are thus
highly compartmentalized. Low values of porosity and
permeability typicaDy rcault in low recovery eftlciencies.
In general, reservoir heterogeneities are more complex in
carbonates than in clastic reservoirs (l@ure 1). However,
notable exceptions am cfastic turbkiite reservoirs which, due
in part to camplex reservoir architecture and morphology,
can be extremely diftlcuk to dfacribe. Frequently, only
erosional remnants of the original tnrbidite deposit are
preserwed in the geologic reeord.
Need Far Core The development of a good geologic model
is greatly facilitated hy having rack samples. Preferably the
mck samples am from whole core Sometim@ only cuttings
or rotary sidewall core are available. ‘l%is data mmt be
integrated with electric log data (gamma-ray, spectral logs,
reaistivity, density-neutron or other porosity logs, photo-
electric and other log derived data). Unique relationships
between these data will define reservoir rock types and
reservoir flow units which can then be extended to an
interwd scale.
Amount of Cor-rz The amount of core required depends
3
upon the cample.xity of the reservoir. In general, more rock
data will allow for a more detailed reservoir description.
The geologist and engineer must work together to determine
what is needed ta satisfy the simulation rcqnirements within
the budgetary constraints of the project.
-.$e.~h~. SVWqI~ s~timrdv Pravid= the
methodology for interpreting the relationships between
depositional cnvirmnnents and Iithofacies (Ref. 8-16). The
sequence stcatigraphy approach to interpreting the reservoir
facilitate an integration of gccdogical and engineering data.
Reservoir heterogeneities and interwell comectibility can be
ddineated in the context of flow units based on data fram
whole tack anafyaes and petrophysics, including rock-log
modclling.
The seqa?ncs stratigraphy methodology ia applicable ta
cdhnatcs and cfastics. The facies arcbitccture of the flow
units compri.vhg hetemgcneaus reservoirs is a function of
rapid and very frequent cbangea in sea level over relatively
short periods of gealogic tisne. These rises and falls in
celative sea Ievd produced mrdticycfic shoalhrg upward
deposits with compkx but predictable stacking patterns and
lateral transitions in fithofaciea. The relationships between
porosity and permahility reflect changes in depositional
environment which are rdated to rapid changes in sea level
on a shelf with localized and very low relief topography.
Primary depositional porosity types and intercomectivity
patterns have subsequently been overprinted and aftered by
dolomitization and/or other rfiagenetic pmcesiea.
Hi@ Eequcnq Euvtacy and De@&tiomf Cycfici@
Although the shelf areas where SSC reaervoim were
deposited were essentially topographically featureless,
localked highs with a relief of only a foot or less allowed for
the development of shallow water shoals. These shoafing
areas may have mnged across several depositional
environments extending from the open marine outec shelf
into tidaf flat areas. Wave and carrmt action concentrated
and organized peloidal, ooiitic, carbonats sand and bioclastic
debris into gminstone and packstone Iithofaciea which
comprise the principal mscrvoirs of the Clear Fork Group.
A change in ma level of only a few feet may have further
accekatsd the formation of these shallow water cycfk
deposits and extended the Iaterd and vertical distributions of
these high energy Iithofacies.
R-oir Litho&rr+s Tsacis - SbcIfaf Topography and
Disgalssis During transgmssiom and sea level rise,
accumulations of subtidaf grainstoncs and packstones which
developed on Iodized topographic highs may have been
reworked by wave and tidal current action and subsequently
redeposited and concentrated in adjacent paleotopographic
 .. .
4 DATA ACQUISITION DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION: OPPORTUNHTES AND
CHALLENGES FOR EFFECTIVE PROGRAMS IN MATURE RESERVOIRS
lows The grainstone and packstone tcxtums, which formed
on the highs nsrdwithin the lows, both have the potmtial for
good porosity development and intercormectivity when grain
to grain contncts were preaerred. In the absence of a grain
dominated environment, however, the depositional lows may
have bean mors mud domiuated reading in a reservoir rock
type with poorer overall reservoir quality.
Tklal flut and supratidnl gminstones and packstones may
have high porosity from fenestcal developments msd the
preasuce of vrsgs due to the dissolution of minerals and
various sdlochenss such as bioclastic debris. However, due to
the abuudasrce of mud in rocks dominated hy vugubr
porosity, intercossnwtivity is often low and reservoir quaEty
poor.
During periods of sea level fall, subaerial exposure and
intermittent inundation could have contributed to the
formation of a grain dominated mck as well as the
acceleration of diagenetic processes. D@2sresis on highs may
frave enhanced porosity md pwsneability through refhw
dolomitization, whereas diagenesis in sheffnl lows nmy bnve
been limited due to less overaJ1subaerial exposure.
The overall consequence of three sedimentary and diagenetic
processes is to produce an isochronous reservoir fitbofacies
tract comprised of several d[ffercsrt mck type% Tfds
Iithofariea tract may have porosity and permeability
enhanccmmnt in grain supported rocks which aftersrate and
interdigitate with mud supported or dominated rock typt%
with relatively poor reservoir quafitia. The overafl resuft is
reservoir hetemgem?ity and compartnmrtalkation.
Puroaity aud Permahiity - Petraphys&al/Rorf-Lag Modd:
Thecomplmity of porosity aud permeability rdatiousfdps can
best be comprehended through the direct examination of mrk
samples obtained from conventional whole core ador
sidewafl core aassspl~. There is no direct relatiombip
befween porosity and permeability. It does not follow that
reservoir recks with the highest vrdues of porosity have the
highest connectivity.
The interrelatiosssbips between porosity and permeability
must first be established through whole core arrafyses. Tfsis
data may he used to develop a petrophysird rock-log modef
to define reservoir and non-reservoir rock types and
reservoir flow units. Confirmation of the geologic model and
facies architecture involves extension of the mcldlog model
into walls where okdy log data is availabk. Geological cross-
ssctions and various mapping exercises can then be used to
define the spatial and vertiral distributions of Iithofack
titlin their respective depositional environments.
SPE 27760
Borehole and ❑ear-borehole information obtained from mrk
~P1es, @ dab, and data fmm wefI production and kt
&ta cass then be integrated with the geologic reservoir
characterization model through gsostatistirof auslyses and
rwervoir simulation.
Wfsule Rork haf~ - “Data Relevant to Resexvuir
PerfO— Ass understanding of primary porosity types
and connectivity is criticsd for estabfisbing recovery potential
cud psrforssmnce of reservoir flow unik. P&rophysical arrd
petrologic studies, as wefl as imaging tefhniqssea, will help to
fnrthcr delhe the history of diagentic prowwea influencing
Cosmectitim withh the reservoir.
Whole or sidewofl core.data a!one may be adequate to define
porosity and permeability relatiousbips at the wdlbore.
However, it is not practical to obtniu this information from
all wells in the reservoir and this data may not reflect
astrophysical properties at the interwdl scale. “Point” data
at the wdlr is also not enough to develop a three dimensional
genlogic dcwription of flow asritsand the relationship of flow
uuita to flow harriers and non-rcwrvoir rorks. Leg
reaponws must be rafibrated with the whole core to
dsternsine if a rock type has a sperific log signature Ths
log cbasarter cars then be integrated with a rork/Iog model
and followed into the reservoir through recognition in tbe
non-cored welfs. Development of a rock-log model may be
complicated iu rcservoim where modem log suites arc not
avaiIable.
Rock samples shoafd be systematically obtnined from the
reservoir to defineate lateral asrd verticat heterogeneities.
The amount of core required and where it should be taken
from the reservoir will be different for each reservoir and the
intended application. Porosity and permeability
devdopment is directly related to depositional proces.scs
which caunot be determined fmm log data alone.
Pore to throat sim ratios (the aspect rntio) and the number
of pore throats comecting with a specific pore (coordination
number) are meamm of flow potesrtkd and rerovery
eftlciesrcy. These dsta can be obtained from thin-section and
pore network studies based, for -PI% on liquid resin
~P%sa3don of pore systems from rock samples. Three
dimensional analyses yieId data that are essential to
accurately depict pore geometries and their interconnectivity.
Pore throat data from mercury injection capillary pres.su~”
measurements aIong with data fmm SEM image analyses and
thin section studks provide information that is rritiral to
understanding the relationships between pore geometries and
pore throats.
.
“~ SPE 27760 ‘ “P.K. P~E, M.B. CLARK, T.A. BLASINGAME, L. DOUBLET
Geophysical Appficatiom: It is feasible and may he cost
effective to monitor the movement of fluid interfa~ with
seismic field tests. As a waterflood sweeps a reservoir, pore
fluids are changed from connate water saturations ta water
saturations reflecting residual post sweep conditions. The
change in water saturations will he evidenced by changes in
acoustic impedance which can be monitored by a base survey
and subsequent post flood surveys on time seJected intervals.
Carbon dioxide (COJ floods may also be monitored in a
simhr reamer.
The monitoring operations can be done with surface
reflection seidc, three dnensionol (3-D) surveys, interwell
retlsction profiling and cross-harehole tomography. Inactive
fields, surveys can be conducted to sample noise so that it
can later be detected and removed in the data procea.ving
Operations. Seiiic fines can dso he strategically positioned
accordkg to engineering and geologic information about the
reservoir so as to best monitor the anticipated waterflood
responses.
Seismic applications in sequence stratigraphy and reservoir
modeiling are well documented in the literature (Ref. 13,17,
18). Isochronorsa aurfam or time lima can be tied ta wefl.v
and correlated throughout the reservoir. In th~ manner,
reck units that have similar electric log signatures and
appear to be correlative, but are not actually in
communication, can be identified. 3-D surveys can be used
ta help define the internaI and extemat morphology of
depositional units and their distribution within the reservoir.
Infill drilling activities can then be strategically targeted
within tbe reservoir and the drilling of poor weJ1locations
minimhd.
Recent sub-salt discoveri~ in the Gulf of Mexim reflect the
success of state-of-the art sskmic modelling techniques. A
tecfuique known as forward modelling of seismic data
involves using a geologic model to derive synthetic seismic
sections based on various velocity and density data
estimations (based on electric log data when available) for
assumed mck types, thicknea$ distribution and stratigraphic-
strssctud associations. Methods of forward modelling can
be employed (ray tracing, wave equation and other models)
depending on the complication of the geologic amlog to be
simulated.
Seismic attributes, such as amplitude variation with offset
(AVO), aIlow for tbe recognition of gas in clastic and
carbonnts reservoirs. Successful case studies of AVO
analyses are well documented throughout the Gulf of Mexica
region. Other processing teclmiques involve the conversion
of seismic time defkred data to depth defined dati 15y
inversion. The wellbore depth information can be tied to the
5
sei.dc and the morphologic surfaces of the geelogic model
which may then be spatially defined by depth.
PVT/Pfsaae B&avior Datw The assessment of many IOR
methods requires the use of black oil, compositional, mixing
parmneter, thermal and other types of simulators. PVT data
are UVmdlynot considered a history match pamsneter since
in most simulation studies, fluid properties can be
represented with single or muftiple PVT region(s).
Tbe orea of greatest uncertainty in the sinndation history
match process is usually in the geological reservoir
description. This concern is umafIy the area of most intense
focus during the history match process.
Since PVT data usually are not a history match parameter,
it is afl the more important to be certain that the PVT
properti= used for sinmfation are in fact representative of
reservoir conditiom during the entire duration of the history
match.
Csmmt msd Origimd PVT Da@ PVT data acquisition is
often overlooked since it is sssnally represented with one or
two PVT regions. Many times only “original” PVT data are
available. To properly aasrss IOR potential, input required
for sixnukitom includes a description of reservoir fluids under
the “existing” or “current” reservoir stat~ If a fiefd has
beess produced for a long period of time under several
depktion mechanisms, resampling of wefls with surface
recombined or bottomhole samples may be required.
IY original PVT data are available and a long period of
ra-oduction historv existv. it is necrsarv to “histarv match”
~ewly acquired” fiuid da~ with “origin~” fluid da~ with the
use of a PVT simsdator (Ref. 19).
IOR Application Data Reqnkaemtx Many IOR
~PPfi~tiom fOcW on the use of immiscible or miscible
m.pxhon gases (e.g. COZ for oil reservoirs, Nz for gas
condensate reservoirs) to recover additional hydrocarbons.
In these cases, it is critical to understand the fluid
interactions which occur betwems the hydrocarbon and
injection fluid. Equation of state modek (EO.%)am typirdy
devdoped to describe the fluid behavior and interaction in
sinndation studies.
Merrill and Newley (Ref. 20) concluded that EOS required
for IOR applications “cannot be reliab[y devefoped from just
stanckyd black oil data.—.and a series of slii tube tests”.
These investigators recommend conducting additions
experiments which focus on defining injectant-hydrocarbon
phase behavior. These tests cost more than what is obtained
from routine “black oil” PVT analysis but the cost is reduced
6 DATA ACQUISITION DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OPPORTUNITIES AND
CHALLENGES FOR EFFECTIVE PROGFW$LS IN MATURE Reservoirs
significmrtfy when planned and” condurfed as part of arr
integrated PVT sampfii arrdanalysis pmgmrrr.
Oif Flmgrzp_ The use of oil fingerprinting tecfnriquer
have been demonstrated as an effective data acqoiskion and
Ceservoir Srrcveillance tool (RX 21-24). 011 fingel-printiag is
a chromatographic t@mique which can distinguish Mw=
different oils. In the case of muftiple PVT regions, oils or
zones, the tecfmique can also be used as a method of
production allocation for reservoir surveillance.
This tecfnrique plays mr important mle in Pv data
acquisition since it caa be used to estabIiih that maftiple PVf
regions exist. Once eatabfiihcd, PVT sampling and t@ing
progmma caa be targeted for each of the zones or PVT
regions.
Often, the iafocmation from oil fingerprinting in identifying
different oiIs or PVT regions providea tmmendons insight
into geological and reservoir management iamea. If oifs are
significantly different, the optimal strategies for development
and reservoir management may be different for each zone or
PVT region. Usually there am underlying geological reasons
(i.e. cOmparhner@r.atiOn) for thepreaence. of more thao one
PVT region. Tbe fingerprinting data can aid in
rmderskmding the fundamental geological tits in a ccservoir
with multiple PVT regions.
011 fingerprinting is also a vafuable rcacrvoir srrrveihrwe
tool as it can be nsed for production allocation in reservoirs
with commingled wells. The technique has advarrtagea over
conventional production logging tools which cannot be used
when fluid rates are low. Normal weII operating condition
do not have to be dkturbed when obtaining production
allOcation data from Oil fingerprinting. This heIps in
obtaiaing more representative allocation data. With.
production logging, alteration of normal well operating
conditions may affwt the rrqrresentativeneas of the allocation
data obtained.
RoUt& and Special Care Dsda - Rmk/Fhrid Intcractiom:
Rixrtine and Special Core Data (SCAL) are essential. for
obtaining rock/fluid interaction parameters needed for
prdcting future fluid production ratea, as well as in the
history match of past production or performance. Skopec
(Ref. 2.S) bas emphasized that “coring and weflsite core
handfing should follow the beat possible praclicea because tbe
value of core anafysis is fimiied by tbk initiaf operation”.
Development of an “integrated” routine and special core
program which encompassed considerations fmm the tiefd
core acquisition, preservation, and laboratory anafyses to end
use are important. An example of such an integrated routine
SPE 27760 ~
and speckrf cnre program is ihstmted in Figure 4 arrd
described bdOW.
Cm@ Program, Drif@ Cortvideratioms: One of the most
impo~t pammeter-s in a coring program is the drilling
mud. Some of the concerns which must he addressed in
deaigaing a mud pmgrmrr for coring a wefl inckrde
wettabtity pammetem, core recovery, lost circrdatiorr,
presanre control, maintaining bole integrity, mirrinriing
flrrshing, rmd flnid saturation. In Weat Texas cachomte
formations, “bkmd” water baaed drilling mud or fluid made
from celativefy inert materials is usnafly a good choice.
Rheologimf and filtration properties shoafd be controlled by
the addition of materiafa or polymers which do not after the
nettability nf the whole core. The pH of the coring fluid
shordd be neutraf. Good coriog tlnkfs produce qnahty cores
and the procedures outlhed above am consistent with other
guidelines recommended in the industcy (Ref. 26).
F14d Cace Handfing Pcocedacea For Wettabiity
Pmswmtion: WettabiIity preservation is irnportmrt as it
impacts the reardts from speciaf core rmafysis laboratory
meavrawments (I@. 27). Thece am mrmy approaches which
can be used for wettabifity preaermtion. The key is to
develop the most cost-effective stmtegy for particular
appficatiorrs. For Weat Texas carbonates, one approach
which has been found to be effective is to place whole core
(typicafly 4 inch diameter) ia a hydrocarbon environment
(feaae cmde) immediately upon retcieval in the ticld. Tfds
approach of utilizing Iease crnde befps to preserve the
original wettahility of the reservoir reck.
Sp&af Core Aaafysk Sample Points After placing the core
in a hydrocarbon environment, sample points for plugging
the whole core for speciaf armlysia are sefectcd based on
geologic data, reservoir characterization data and well log
cross-sections
Wcttafrility Prcaerration of Care plugs For Sr2AIA Placing
the cut plugs for SCAL in lease crnde has beerrfound to be
an effective technique for wettnfility preservation of acquired
core and core phgs cut for subsequent use in special core
analysis (Ref. 28-31).
Sumning of Phrga For Special Cam Arrafysix The first step
in implementing a SCAL pmgmnr is to make certain that the
testing is performed on the “right” or appropriate rock
sarIIPks. TOOoften, expensive labor-ato~ teats are performed
on rocks which may not have flow potentiaf. Performing
expensive special core laboratory tests on rocks which do not
represent the reservoir zones or facies of intere4 not only
waste vrduable laboratory efforts arrd monetary reaourcrs,
, SPE 27760 P.K. PANDE, M.B. CL- T.A. BLASINGAME, L. DOUBLET
but present data which may be analyzed beyond its real
significance. Thus, it is critical to ascertain that the correct
rock types am considered for SCAL. In addition, the
appmpfite porosity rmd permeability ranges within a
particular mck type tnust be Utib.ed.
An allowdion of special core tests based on relative
importance of the rock type or facies, to the reservoir
hydrocarbon production ensures that the most important
mck types am included mecitorioudy in the SCAL laboratory
progcmn.
Imaging Teclumlo@a: Following the step of integrating
geologicaJ facies description to obtain representative samples
for SCAL, imaging technologies and additionnf screening,
surh us effective permeability to oil (k..), can be applied to
further screm rock samples for SCAL. The use of &
easurea no change in oil saturation or wattabiIity for the plug
preserved in lease crude.
The introduction of high-resolution scanning x-ray computed
tomography (CT) and nnclear magnetic reaomssce imaging
-) Or magnetic rcsonmrce imaging @lRI) to reader 3-
dimemioual vissrafhtioms of porous materiafs givs us the
ability to quantify and quafify features important for fluid
flow in tbe cmw Imsgiog technologies allOw us to visualize
3-rfimensional distributions of porosity and fluid saturations.
The cmt of imagiog is typicafly a fraction (or several
m%~tud= 1sss) than that of specialized SCAL teata like
steady state and unsteady state displacements, and electrical
propeck data. Besides providing information on selecting
the appropriate sample5 for SW analysis, imaging
technologies also aid irr the interpretation of SCAL
Iaboratocy teats.
Speciaf Cm-t?Teatiag Conditiom: Often, laboratory data are
obtained at non-reservoir conditions. The criticality of
adjusting data at non-reservoir condition to rfservoir
conditions must be evaluated. If correlations are used to
convert data to reservoir conditions, their amiability must be
addressed.
Consideration must also be given to the need for conducting
the SCAL tests at reservoir temperature, reservoir pressure
and use of synthetic vs. actual reservoir fluids which maybe
Iive oil or dead oil. The testing conditions of interest are a
function of resecvoir type (m-iddepth) and other conditions
fike the pressure range of interest. It is important to ensure
that representative data are obtained using the most cost-
effective testing conditions of temperature, pressure and
fluids.
7
Comidentimr To FiddDevdopmmt Phase As with the case
of PVT Mu, ii may be more cost effective to obtain SCAL
data which represent data needs for all phases of field
development (primary, secondary, tertiary) as one cohesive
pmgiam. The alternative is to nbtain SCAL data for each
and every step of reservoir development in different
pmgmms and this may require more time and budgetary
resources than a cahrsive progmm for afl development
phasea. With une single SCAL pmgmm, duphcation of
SCAL implementation activities ducing the Iatw stagea of
fiefd development are avoided. In addition, the incremental
costs to obtain data for a subsequent stage of fieId
development are lower when performed together. One
_ple Of this for West Texas carbonates is to conduct
tectiary displacements of core directfy aftec secondary
rfiaplacements, rather than going back later for the IOR (e.g.
COJ displacmcumt at some later point in time.
pETRoPHYsfc4L
AND LOGGING DATA . .
Log Data Acqnkition and Andy& Open hole log data
ceprssent property distribrrtiom in the rrservoir that maybe
compomd with available core data to focnudate a
geological/petrophysicaf modef that can be used throughout
the fife of the resecvoir. An economically justified cased hole
monitoring program can he used to measure cbangea in
saturation pmfdes (lT)T), differential depletion (’PDT, and
tracer surreys), andproductiotinjection flowregimea (tmcer
surreys). In - of highly corrosive fluids, tubular
cocrosion surveys can be recorded to chd caaing/tubing
integrity.
when economically feasible, there are several important
factors to consider in acquisition, stomge, and retrieval of
well log data. These factors include type and chronological
age of log “data, log data qrdty control, data acqukition
format and log mmfysis software packages (l&#. 32-35).
Type and Chmnolngical Age of Log Datz In the mature
remcvoirs of the Petmian Basin of West Tmas, there ore
many instances in which log data acquisition was neglrcted
or kept to a minimum. While it is tcue that complete log
suites are not required to ideatify the obvious pay mm=, in
order to accurately chamcterk the reservoir Iithology and
to identify rock and flow units, it is essential to have fairly
good covemge of tbe reservoir. This degrm of detail is
desirable due to the heterogeneous and compartmentaliid
nature of many low permeability carbonate reservoirs, and
the fact that core data will usually be limited at best. In
instancea where only limited, or older open bole log data is
available, there will usually beat least porosity and resktivity
data along with a gamma ray for correlation. O1dsonic and
neutron count cate logs can be easily converted to porosity,
8 DATA ACQUISITION DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OPPORTU?WTIES AND
CHALLENGES FOR EFFECTIVE PROGRAMS IN MATURE RESERVOIRS
although they shordd osdy be used qualitatively and for
correlation betwesn more modern log suites (when available).
In cases where them is no open hole log data for a large
portion of the reservoir, cased hole log data from
compensated neutron, cased hole soniq and thermal decay
tools (TDT) rms be used to estimate porosity asrd water
saturation when economically feasible.
L4glhta Qnafity C4mtrok Log data qnafitycn.trol must be
practiced “rsal-tirne” iu the field. AU major logging service
companies have their owm quality control programs;
however, problems do sometimes occur. Open hole log data
qrsahty must be emmced - leaving location sisrrs this is
the only opportrnrity for data acquisition in an open hole
environment. A log quality cfmckfiit may help to sliiinats
many problems, but there is no substitute for constant
vigilance.
Data quafity checks are afso important when receiving data
from log database libraries. An initial scan of the data may
save valuable time later. Much of the data from older logs
was usually obtained via hamd-digitizing methods and some
of the original curve wsponse charactsristica may have bm
lost due to ass ursstmdy hand. The advent of log data storage
on computar hard drives, tap=, and dukettes has eliminated
this probksrr. fn addition, new digitizing software allowa
well logs to be scanned by the computes which helps to
efisninate the hormus srror.
Data AcspsMtion Format and I.mg Anafysis Sufhvasw The
data formats for log data acquisition and storage are widely
varied. The logging ssrvice company shonld hs ab!e to
reproduce the data in a format that is compatible with the
software parkage to be used for log analysis. There are
marry robust software packages available for gwdogiral,
geophysical, petmphysicd, and reservoir enginseriug usage.
The package that beat fita the needs and goak of the
camp~y shoufd km sekcted. Just about all log analysis
programs wiI1 accept LIS, LAS, and ASCII formats,
however, there are also a multitude of service company and
analysis software-specific formats that may not be
compatible. To–”save “time, a common format for data
acquisition should be choseir prior to the logging job.
RESER VOIR PERFORMANCE . estimation of reservoir continuity, which is vital for tbe
Irrorder to accurately estimats the performance character of
an oil rewrvoir, we use a team approach. ThK involves
engineering and geoscience personnel to interpret as well as
integrate the geological, petrophysical, and reservoir
performance data. Reservoir performance data (Well tests,
production and injsction rates and preamms) can be easily
SPE 27760 ,
quantified in an engineering sense. However, the
interpretation of these data, particularly
with respect to the
gmlogic modsl and the hetemgensitiea premnt in the
reservoir, requires camfrd asrd consistent review by ~
engineering arrdgmsrience psrsomel.
Such integration allows us ta pmrfict the bshavior of iufill
wells asrd otfsec future mbanred oil recovery efforts,
eapeciafly when the reservoir heterogeneities that am
identified cars he suhsaqueniJy avoided or exploited. One
particsdarly vafusbl~ but typically underused resource, is oil
and watw production data. virtually all operators have
recorded monthly ratea on a wdl-by-wdl or a lease-by-lease
baais. These data not ordy provide the mea.rwto estimate in-
placs re5erves for a givssr proress (primary, sscon~, or
tectiary pmcessrs) but thsse data cars also be used to verify
reservoir properties and to correlate and predict future
performance us well as iacmrrrentd reaerw due to a
particular process.
The ability ta estimate the expected performance of a
ressrvoir and contrast this with actual performance data is
critical to mcovsry opttilzation. Inadequate or poor
stimulation asrdcompletion techniques may significantly altsr
the producing capacity of a reservoir. Tbe timely
identification of such cases is imperative to optimizing
performaurs. ISI this section, tools am described to help
characterize reservoir heterogeneity, differential depletion,
and to establish prefsmntial flow paths in the reasrvoir.
Although some reservoir performance data may not be
economically feasible to obtain, it is rwmnrneuded that as a
minimum, it is necessary to acquire frequent and accurate
rate and pressure data for reliable performanw analyses.
Reservoir performance rms be evaluated through data
acquisition and analyses in the areas of pressure transient
data anaIysia, long-tans production and injection data
analysis, surveillance data ana!ysis, and completion and
production pmmdures.
Prexsum Tmrraimt Data Assalysi.x This asralysis inchsdes
pressure buildup and falloff tests and tbe analysis of
injectivity tests such as step-rate tests. These analyses may
also include data fmm both single-well and multiwell tests(if
pecmeabllity and continuity permit) where these data allow
exploitation of any reservoir, and low permeability reservoirs
in particular.
As described in Ref. 36, it is recognized tfrat well testing
procedures in mature reservoirs may often be performed
accurately rising surfacderived pressure data. This
remedies tbe problem of lost injection and production during
. SPE 2776fI P.It. PANDE, M.B. CLARK T.A. BLASINGAME, L. DOUBLET
the pre and post-testing periods. Rsw?rvoir pmpcrtks can be
estimated asrdtbe reservoir modef maybe more fufly dflned
(i.e. fractured weffs, daaf-porosity systems, bounded
reservoir systems, ete).
Criticaf to any pressure transient testing sequessce is the
careful design and implementation of the sequcssce. This is
perticufarly true for mature re+ervoim with pattern
dewsfouments. h“ suds casea interference feahsms can be
assd stirmdation featares sass be inadvertently ignored.
1.4ng-tcrsn Productiadfssjrdio. Data Anafysk AS
mcrstioned above the rigorous amdysis of production and
iq”rction data has been lorgefy ignored. Tfsie has bsen due
to a concern about data accuracy, but even more so due to
the lack of anafysis and interpretation reaourws within the
engineering connmnsity. Refs. 37-40 provide considerable
infonssation towards interpreting production data to the same
depth of accuracy and detail that is rxpected from pressure
transient data.
,,TraditiomIll dscfi”e c-e analysis Which*1= On~pirid
curve fittissg and extrapolation has long bsen the primary
mechanism of aaafysis for production data. These anafyscs
do provide good correlation with movable reservoir volomes
for a particular drive process (primary, secondary, or
tertiary). However, the empirical methods do not provide
insight into reservoir properties or sustainable production
rstss, although many empirical forecasts have been shown to
be quite accurate ovez short periods.
The most important innovation in production data analysis
has been the devefopmeut of type curve methods (Ref. 37,
38) where rigorous analytical solutions and correlated
aPirical solutions for enalysk and interpretation are used.
In addition, Refs. 39 and 40 provide material balance
relationships thnt can be used to accaunt for variable
pressures and cates during production. These type curve
analyses aflow for the identification OR
1. Moveable/recoverable fluids for a particular
development stage.
2. Reservoir pmpertiex psrmeabifity - thkkness
product, estimate of skin factor (provided transient
flow data exists), reswvoir pore volume and
drainage area:
3. Analysis of vsriable-ratehariable pressure drop
data, provided the proper material balance relations
are used for the oil and gas production cases.
9
4. Rigorous and semi-rigorous production
extrapolations.
With specific regard to water injection and production dsta,
assy of the sssafysis and interpretation schemes used for the
anafysis of oif production data carsafso be accurately appfied
to water injection and production data. Type curve smofysis
has berss attempted and verified for cases of water coning
(RX. 41). The most common use of water production data
is the coccefation of water-oil ratio v- cnnsufative oil
production to estimate the cunudative oil recovery at some
prescribed fiiiting value of the water-oil ratio.
Reservoir performance contour maps or “bubble maps” of
water iqjxtion, water production, and oil production can be
used to cosrefate movcmesst of water sssd pattern swsep
efticiesscy. These maps are nsnslly considered quefitative
information. However, monitoring of refative quantiti= of
fluids can be very nsefsd in determini ng pattern eflicicncy as
well as the need for remedial action.
In most mature reservoirs, production ond injection data
may be the onfy data that are avsifable for performance
analysis. As the wells in a lease are often connningkxf at a
satelfite battery, cace mast hc taken to include the affects of
production allocation. One alternative woufd be to simply
enafyz data on a Iea.w-by-lease rather thass well-by-well
basis.
Ssn-rcWaacc Data Anafysis lo temns of fiefd operations, it
is desirable to have as much continuously or regularly
mmsured data aa possible. Its particrdsr, analysis of data
from production logs (where rates permit), continuous
mea.muwnent and production dnta are useful. These data are
very relevant, but in afl likelihood, an operator will not be
able to justify the expense of such a large colkction of data
unkas the data is taken for a pilot stady.
One of the objectives of thii paper is to encourage at least
some form of continuous surveifkusce. As mantiossed above,
production and injection data mo@oring is a start; however,
data from production logs, curs injectivity and pressure
transient tests, and use refativefy sophisticated monitoring
techniques, such es cased hole saturation profiles (Thermal
Decay Log), are afso vafuabl.%
For water injection WSIISspecifically, Hall (Jlef. 42) ossd
Heam (Ref. 43) plots can be used to detmine =timat~ Of
formation properties and identify evidence of pore plugging.
In addition, injcstion/pmduction radioactive tracer flow
surveys may help identify plugged zones, as wefl as interwell
communication via thief zones or hydratilc or natural
fracture connectivity.
 —.—
10 DATA ACQUISITION DESIGN AND EWPLEMENTATION. 0PPORTUNITEX3 AND
CHALX.ENGES FOR EFFECTIVE PROGRAMS IN MATUP.E RESERVOIRS
b311&ddi011and ~ “onRro&durEs: The most important
cIcments for a suecessfuf production operation am a well
planned and implemented completion coupled with an
aPPrnPfie Sf.inmfation treatmeut. There is simply no
subshtute for a competent completion and stinudation
sequence. Complete and accurate data acqui.4tion smd
storeae is fssentiaf for bistorirml data such as the uerforatsd
payinterralv, cnmplelion procedures, stismdstiontrcatmsntv,
cud subsequent renrediaf treatrueats. Problrsns arise when
weU files am not updatad on a regufar basis. As this data is
required to ondyze completion sftlciency, i~ectivity and
production patteims, aud reservoir pcrformrmce trends, its
iurportancs cannol be ovemnrphiwimd. Although, sm “after
the fact” eveluatio~ a thorough enafysis of the preceding
data can identify poor stimrdation and completion pracficea.
Often whet is thought to be a complsx producibility/
injectivity problem related to reserroir heterogeneity(s), is
actaally a sirnpIe problem rslated to completion or
stinndation problems such es incomplete removal of near-
wellbore damage, partiaf penetration, poor perforation
effkiency, wellbore tiI1, or pore plugging with fimes and
cbenrical precipitates.
Remediation of completion and stimtiation problems is
afmost always costly, both in terms of treatment costs as well
os reductions in oil production-wbicb are often permanent,
regardless of remediation sfforts. But more importantly,
these completion and stinndation problems are not only
tumec.essary, they are preventable. Considering matore
reservoirs, it can be argued that nothing can be done about
the initiaJ completion or stimulation. Thus, the on[y
prosperfs left are remedmtion and/Or restimulation.
It is important to make sum that the mistakes of previous
operators or persmm-el are not repeated.
In the course of conducting reservoir studies, situations arise
where previously acquired data is inadequate or may be
inconsistent with respect to othsr known data about the
reserroir. To avoid such situations with data acquisitions,
the following guidelines are suggested to emure acceptable
data quality.
PVPIPlras? Behavior, Routine and Spcriaf Cm-c Quafity
Ammance Precision in labomkwyprofcwoldoes not gamantee
accumqv in Iabonztory results. Laboratpv.persom@ bavs the
ability to make very precise measurements in laboratory
tests. However, if the material to be tested in the lab is not
“properly acquired” then there is a situation where very
SPE 27760 .
prerise rcndts on a lahoratory test are availab!e, but the data
is not accurate or representative of reservoir cenditiom or
properties. Examples include execution of proper pmcedm
for bottomhole or surface sampling end procedures for
refrieval and preservation of cers materiel.
Cafiiration uf LabOmtorg Equipmemb if is important to
utibe appropriate calibration techniques on laboratory
equipment prior to conducting tests. Frequently; fack of
calibration of Iabmntory equipment leads to ermmxms data,
evq thoogh the laboratory tdmicim may have
painstakingly performed the protocol set for testiug. Taking
these precautions diligently, one can focus on utifizing the
various laboratory data for the vafkfation of reserroir
perform~~ opposed tn d@ding whether or not the data
as
obtained is wo-ithwhile.
Quafity A=mance Guidefiu.s Although, the cmrcspt seems
simplq quafity assurance is one importaut faclor which
reservoir and development engineers frequently do not
considw as thoroughly as is warranted.
Quality assurance programs shoufd focus on the following
main areas:
1. Identify problems in data quafity that mu arise due
te inadequately precise laboratory procedures.
2. Review raw, rmsmoothed data to track pmbkms to
their fundaruentaf caoses. Engineers or other emd
users of data should review the raw laboratory data
as well as raw data reduction methodologies. Raw,
ummoothed data, as well as fiuaf results, should be
included in data reports from fsboratories.
3. Equipment cahbrations should be checked and
mcbecked iuuncdiitely prior to and after conducting
Laboratory testing to rule out potential calibration
problems in analysis of data which may not seem
reasonable.
4. Measurement of Iahoratory quantities by mors than
one technique is advisable, especially for critical
data. This use of cmss-chscks and built in
redundancy into laboratory programs makes it easier
to quickly identify laboratory quality assurance
problems as they arise rather than some distimt
point in the future after the laboratory program is
complete.
Sprunt and Hmuphreys (Ref. 44) provide an excellent
discussion on how to obtain ‘reliable laboratory
~ SPE 27760 P.K. PANDE, M.B. CLARf& T.A. BLASINGAME, L. DOUBLET 11

measurements. Gtidefinea have been provided for selection Amo s

of Iabomtories for testing. The need for cross-checks, check
samples, and regular reviews with Iahomtories is
emphasized. Sprrmt ind Hwmpbreys afso empfrasii the
need for proper catalogukqg of Ma.
CONCHJSIONS
The following cmrcfmione are made with respect to data
acquisition for mature reservoirs:
The support of the United Stat= Department of Esseryy is
appreciated for technology transfer activities for the Class II
Oil Program for which the North Robertaon Unit has beess
selected. The authors thank the masragemerst of F- Oil
and Chmrid Company for their support in disseminating
the results in this”papw””to tbi petibleum indus@”.
@WcEs

Data Ac@v.itiors Costs and Wbsea: Costs of individual data 1. Ram, S.H., “LlmirAquidion and Ar@’siv For
acqtiltion items needed for field development are generally E&cienfReswvoirManag-” JPT, Apfi, 1992.
tlti,, (fioWh not ir@@fi~t) when related tOthe COStOf
isrrplenrerrtationof field development and IOR methods. 2. W~gins, M.L. and Startznan, R.A., SPE 20747,
However, the finassanf impacts of these data may be “AnApproach to Reservoir Mamzgensenfj” Presented
tremendous nnd criticaf to a project’s success. For this at 65th Assnual Tecfsnicaf Conference and
reason every attempt must be made to optimize the vafue of fihibition, New Orleans, Louiabna, September 23-
acquired data. 26, 1990.

R61umvoir Cbmcbimtion and Reservoir Performance 3. Jackson, S., Chang, M.M., asrd Tharsj M., “Da@
Am@& Importance Availability of core is critical to R-* ~ A-n for Re=~O~
identifying pay and non-pay rock types and development of Chorrufsrizdonj “ IIT Research Institute, NIPER,
a rock-log model. These data can be used with reservoir Bartlesville, Oklahoma, March, 1993.
performasw+ petrophysicai, and other data to defiie flow
units. Geophysical methods are an important tool to define 4. Tbakur, G.C., SPE 262S9, “W7iaf Is Reservoir
nnd vafidate interwell features and heterogeneity. UtiIity of Mamgernenf?” Presented at 1994 Permian Basin Oil
reservoir performance data and surveillance data ore vitat to and Gas Recov~ Conference, MidIand, Texas,
reservoir performance optimization. March 16-18, 1994.

Objectives, Pfams@, Alterziativea and Co~. These 5.
factors must be continually evaluated in data acquisition
programs. Knowing the objectives, planning for them,
understanding the akernativa and consequences of taking
data and making meaarsmmenta, and the ss~ative
consequence of incorrect measurements or data are key to
successful data acquisition programs. 6.
Team Approach to Data Acqssi@tion: A multid~~pfiiry
approach will provide for more meaningful data acquisition.
The team should include geologists, geophysicists, reservoir,
production and drilling engineers, and fabomtory persomel.
7.
Jnitiaf Data Acquisition Operatiom: The initial operations
conducted in acquiring data need to be effestiwdy executed
as this will impact all successive measurements.
Qrrafity Asmmnce Design and implementation of quality
assurance program are key to obtaining rtilahle data for 8.
development decisions.
Satter, A., Brugnrasr, R.J., Yard, M.B., and hfims,
D., S., SPE 25605, ‘17se Role of SirnuMors In
Reservoir Management,” presented at the SPE
Middle East Tecfarical Conference asrd Exhibition,
Bahnin, April 3-6, 1993.
Kelkar, M., “Reservoir Chamc&rimtkm h
Ztigmiion and Geos@tMml Analysis, ” Reservoir
Cbamcim”zation Panel Discussio~ 1994 Permian
Basin 011 and Gas Recovery Conference, MkJlmid,
Texas, NEucls 16-18, 1994.
Taber, J.J., and Martin, F.D., ~ W9,
Technical .%cenirsg “Guides for the Enhmwed
Recnveq of ~” Presented at the 58th Annual
Technical Conference andExbibition, San Francisco,
Cafiforsria, October 5-8, 1983.
Ruppel, S. C., SPE 24691, ‘SfyZesof Lkposifion and
tigersesis in Zeonarabr Car&ma& Reservoirs in
Wed Texas: hrtplicntion.v for Impmvcd Ressrvoir
Chamcter@uion, ” 1992.
 -.

J2 DATA ACQUISITION DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION: 0PPORTDNITD3S AND SPE 27760 ,,

CHALLENGES FOR EFFECTJYE PROGRAMS IN MATURE RESERVOIRS

9. Pomar, L.N., “H&h Resolution Sequence S&nmus, ” Society of Exploration Geophysicists,

Strwti.gnzphy in Pmgrading Miicene Cbknmtsz Geophysical Development Serirs, Volume 2, TnIsa,
~44? @ _ fJU@Pret@% “ .AAPG Okfahoma, 1992.
No. 57, in “~
Smti Irfi” 1994. 18. King, G.A., “The Application of Seismic Methods
for Reservoir Description and Monitoring,”
10. Guevara, E.EL, ~f presented at the China Petsolemn Society Production
perwdan
~ ubmarine Fan Geophysics Meeting, September, J.988.
Waterfbmd Unit. SDmberrv Tr-mO&Midkurd lkzsim
Texas : TbCUtiVdti of Texas Bureau of ~.-c 19. Pande, P.K. Meyer, B.J., Banthia, B. S., and Lawaf,
GeoIOPYRemort of Inveslkttiona, No. 172, 1988. A.S., SPE 26115, “Overviewof Key Rsmainin gzs.mes
In Reservtil?uidl%ptntiss od Phace Eehav&xfor
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 .

14 DATA ACQUISITION DESIGN ~.. lMPLEiWE&TATION opPoRTi_NITIES ANO SPE 2776a

CHALLENGES FOR EFFECTIVE PROGRAMS IN MATURE RESERVOIRS F

Figure 1
SIGNIFICANCE OF RESERVOIEL CHARACTERIZATION AS A FUNCTION
OF FIELD DEVELOPMENT STAGE AND GEOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY

COST OF [NJE.’STANT
LOW !4..,.”, “

“(.s!!

FIELD DEVELOPMENT/101IMPLEMENTATIO?4FEA5E

figure 2
TEAM APPROACH TOWARDS DATA AOQUISITION

+-=

..... .

/ RESERVOIR ,

—-’ .—mmmhlmu .m.,uamM

. . ..% .- w.”, . . . - L
- .-0. .—. - .C”.”.. e . . ----
._— .- .(. .- .C”-.

“w:.. .%,.

—.
,=~,m: ~
06,.,.,.,.,,. m..,.,,,,,..,

R.. .,”.,, ,r”yt.”.. . . . .. .. . . . . F’,..al.,l. m for m. i

SPE” 27760 P-K. PANDE, M.B. CLARK, T.A. BLASINGAME, L. DOUBLET 15

Figure 3
81QN1F1CANCE OF PVT/PE&SE BEHAV1OR AS A FUNCTION OF
FIELD DEVELOPMENT STAGE AND GEOLOGICAL cOMPLEXITY

COST 08 lNJ ECTANT

“(
, .- “.dh,m

“,,.

HELD OEWIOFMENT/IOJl
IMPLEMENTATION PEASE

Fiiure 4

ROUTINE AND SPECIAL CORE ANALYSIS

(SCALI DATA ACQUISITION PROQW

E9U T UW COW ANALYSLS

ANAL YSIS
SPECL4LCCJB.E

..

.,.,, .-=. . .

,...-—=.~.-