Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
1. Introduction
3. Globalization causes
B. Freedom of trade and global cooperation - The neoliberal establishment built a global
economic order governed by mutually accepted rules and overseen by multilateral
institutions. countries and multinational corporations could cooperate to promote
economic growth and prevent economic disputes from escalating into larger conflicts.
The institutions established include organisations like the World Trade Organisation,
which promotes free trade between countries and help to remove barriers between
countries, United Nations, which seeks to prevent conflicts and implement global
security norms and offer assistance during humanitarian crisis, The International
Monetary Fund, which stabilises the international economy and help countries facing
debt crisis, The World Bank, which provides loans and policy advice, NATO, creating
a security alliance and many other organisations or free trade partnerships such as The
common European market, ASEAN, NAFTA.
C. Labour availability and skills - countries such as India or Romania, have lower labour
costs and also high skill levels making it easier to relocate a part of technical
assistance and IT departments. Labour-intensive industries can take advantage and
move the production part of their business to less economic development countries in
order to take advantage of cheaper labour costs and reduced legal restrictions. The
second factor is immigration and international employment, a modern company can
recruit employees from many countries who request smaller wages. there are more
than 200 million people in the world who live in a country other than the one in which
they were born, nearly 60 percent of them are in rich countries.
D. Capital movement. In the modern era, capital moves freely across national
boundaries. Financial or portfolio capital (bank loans and bonds) generally move to
nations and markets where interest rates are higher, and foreign direct investments in
plants and firms flow to nations where expected profits are higher. This leads to the
more efficient use of capital and generally benefits both lenders and borrowers.
[Salvatore, 2013]. Between 1980 and 2016 The global stock of Foreign direct
investment grew from 0.7 to 25 trillion US dollars.
5. Conclusion
1. ”Globalization: the rise and fall of an idea that swept the world” by Nikil Saval
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/14/globalisation-the-rise-and-fall-of-an-idea-tha
t-swept-the-world
2. What Is Globalization?And How Has the Global Economy Shaped the United States?
https://www.piie.com/microsites/globalization/what-is-globalization
3. Globalization: The Concept, Causes, and Consequences by John Williamson
https://www.piie.com/commentary/speeches-papers/globalization-concept-causes-and
-consequences
4. Globalisation by BBC https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zxpn2p3/revision/1
5. Beauchamp, Zach (14 December 2014). "The world's victory over extreme poverty,
in one chart"
6. Hans Rosling, Ola Rosling, Anna Rosling Rönnlund (2018), ”Factfulness”
7. R. Eatwell and M. Goodwin (2018) ‘National Populism: The Revolt Against Liberal
Democracy`
8. United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) annual report 1996
9. United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) annual report 1999
10. Carlos Magarinos, Opening statement of the Director-General at the 8th General
Conference of UNIDO 1999.
11. Mankiw, N., G. (2003) Macroeconomics, Fifth Edition, Worth Publishers, New York
12. Blanchard, O. (2013), Macroeconomics, Pearson
13. Dominick Salvatore (2013) International Economics
14. Fredrik Erixon (2018) The Economic Benefits of Globalization for Business and
Consumers
15. The Impact of Globalization on Economic Growth
https://www.thebalance.com/globalization-and-its-impact-on-economic-growth-19788
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