AGRICULTURAL

Revised 2017
MACHINERY
AND
EQUIPMENT
Learning Objectives
n To know the different power transmission systems used in
POWER TRANSMISSION DRIVE agricultural machinery
n To enumerate the advantages and disadvantages of the different
by power transmission systems
Alexis T. Belonio, MS, PAE, ASEAN Engineer n To identify the various components of the power transmission system
n To know how to compute the sizes of the various power transmission
Former Associate Professor
Department of Agricultural Engineering and Environmental Management
systems
College of Agriculture Resources and Environmental Sciences
,Central Philippine University, Iloilo City

Former Affiliate Professor

Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
College of Engineering, Central Luz on State University
Science City of Munoz , Nueva Ecija

Former Adjunct Assistant Professor

Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering and
Department of Chemical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-industrial Technology
University of the Philippines at Los Banos
College, Laguna

Some Applications of Belt and Pulley

Classifications Drive

n Flat Belt and pulley

n V-Belt and sheave
n Sprocket and chain
n Gears
n Coupler and flexible shafting
n Universal Joint

Some Applications of Sprocket Classifications of Belt and Pulley Drive

and Chain Drive
n Flat Belt – It is a flexible material which are
band on two or more pulleys where power
is transmitted from driver to the driven
pulley
n V Belt – It is a transmission system that
consists of an endless flexible belt that
transmit power by contacting and gripping
the sheaves which are keyed to the shaft
of a driving and the driven machine.

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 Characteristics Flat Belt and Pulley Drive
n Suitable for high speed drives.
n Adaptable to dusty and abrasive
environment.
n Transmit power on a long distance shaft.
n Longer life, high efficiency, low cost, and
low maintenance.
n Also applicable for short distance drive
by using pivoted or spring actuated
motor bases.
Characteristics of V-Belt and
Sheave Drive
n Suitable for long center distance drive.
n Ability to transfer heavy tensile load.
n Usually used to transmit power
between parallel shaft. In some cases
they can also be used for non-parallel
drive.
n Applicable for single or in multiple
sheaves.

Belt Materials Flat Belt Size and Number of Plies

for Rubber Belting
Width (mm) Minimum Maximum
n Leather 51 3 4
n Rubberized Fabric 76 3 4
n Rubberized Chord 102 3 5
n Reinforced Rubber or Plastic 152 4 6
203 4 6
n Fabric
254 4 6
305 4 6
406 5 8
508 5 8
762 6 10

V-Belt Specifications
Type of Cross Width Height Power Range
Section (mm) (mm) (watts)
A 13 8 186 – 1,457
B 16 10 746 – 18, 642
C 22 13 11,186 – 74,570
D 32 19 37,285 – 186,425
E 38 25 74,570 and above

Width

Pitch Line
Height

40 deg

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Ordering Belts
n Flat belts are ordered according to
the material, width and number of
plies. Example, canvas type flat belt
4 inches wide, 4 plies.
n V-belts are ordered according to
brand, type, (A, B, C, D, E, etc) and
length. Example, Mitsubishi B-52
belt means type B with
circumferential length of 52 inches.
Pulleys and Sheaves
n Pulleys and sheaves are used to transmit the power from the belt
to the shaft.
n They are generally made of cast iron. However, there are steel
pulleys that are also available and are made in various sizes and
combinations.
n Pulley and sheaves should be carefully selected to fit the need
Brand
Length and requirement of a drive.

Type

Pulley and Sheaves Classifications of Pulley and

Sheave Hubs

Flat Pulley Sheaves

Suitable for flat belt drive Suitable for V-belt drive

Split Solid Spokes

Classifications of Belt Drive n Cross Belt Drive

According to Type of Drive – Pulley shafts are parallel with each other
n Open Belt Drive – Pulleys direction are opposite
– Requires longer belt length
– Pulley shafts are parallel with each other
– Higher arc of contact of belt on pulleys
– Pulleys have the same direction
– Suitable for flat belt drive or special type of v-belt
– Shorter belt length
– Smaller arc of contact of belt on two pulleys
– Suitable for v-belt and flat belt drives

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n Quarter Turn Drive According to Number of Pulleys
– Pulley shafts are perpendicular with each other
– Requires longer belt than open belt drive
– Relatively higher arc of contact between belt and pulley
– Suitable for flat belt or special type of v-belt

Drive with Two Pulleys

Drive with More Than Two

Pulleys

Formula Determine the speed of a hammer mill

that is driven by an electric motor at a
Pulley Speed and Diameters speed of 1740 rpm. The motor pulley is
4 inches while the milling machine
N1 D1 = N2 D2 pulley is 3 inches. Assume that there is
no slip on the drive system.
where:
N1 - speed of driver pulley, rpm Given: Motor pulley - 4 in.
D1 - diameter of driver pulley, in Motor speed - 1740 rpm
Machine pulley - 3 in.
N2 - speed of the driven pulley, rpm
D2 - diameter of driven pulley, in. Required: Machine speed
Solution: N1 D1 = N2 D2
N1 = (1740 rpm x 4 in.) / (3 in.)
Pulley Diameter – outside diameter of pulley
= 2320 rpm
Pulley Speed – number of rotations of pulley per unit time

Belt Length (Open Drive)

Speed Ratio

L = 2C + 1.57 (D + d) + [D – d]2 / 4C
Nr = N1 / N2

where:
where: Nr - speed ratio, dmls L - belt length, in
N1 - speed of driver pulley, rpm C - center distance between pulley shaft, in.
N2 - speed of driven pulley, rpm D - diameter of large pulley, in.
d - diameter of smaller pulley, in.

Belt Length – It is the stretched-out length of the belt

Speed Ratio – It is the ratio of the angular speed of
two pulleys making no allowance for slip and creep

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Find the length of belt required for a v-belt
drive whose driver pulley diameter is 4
inches and driven pulley diameter is 12
inches. The center distance between pulley Solution:
is 36 inches. L = 2 C + 1.57 (D1+D2) + (D1-D2)2 /4C
= 2 (36 in) + 1.57 (12 in + 4 in)
+ (12 in – 4 in)2 / 4 (36 in.)
= 72 in. + 25.12 in. + 0.44 in.
D2 = 12 in. = 97.6 in use 98 in
D1 = 4 in.

C = 36 in.

Given: D1 - 4 in; D2 – 12 in; C – 36 in.

Required: Length of belt

Belt Length (Crossed Drive)
L = 2C + 1.57 (D + d) + [D + d]2 / 4C
where:
L - belt length, in
C - center distance between pulley shaft, in.
D - diameter of large pulley, in.
d - diameter of smaller pulley, in.
The main shaft of an engine that drives
the rice mill line shaft drives a 24 inches
flat pulley on a crossed drive assembly.
The main shaft pulley has a diameter of 6
inches. The distance between pulleys
measured from the center of the shaft is
20 ft. What would be the length of the flat
belt needed for the drive. Add 1 ft from
the computed belt length for splicing
purposes.
D2 = 24 in
D1 = 6 in

C = 20 ft

Given: D1 – 6 in.; D2 – 24 in.; C = 20 ft

Required: Length of belt

Belt Length (Quarter Turn Drive)

Solution:
L = 2 C + 1.57 (D1+D2) + (D1 + D2) 2 / 4C
L = 1.57 (D + d) + √(C2 + D2) + √(C2 + d2)
= 2 x 20 ft x 12 in./ft + 1.57 (24 in. + 6 in.)
+ (24 in. + 6 in. ) 2 / (4 x 20 ft x 12 in./ft)
where:
= 480 in. + 47.1 in. + 0.94 in. L - belt length, in
C - center distance between pulley shaft, in.
= 528.04 in. + 12 in. allowance
D - diameter of large pulley, in.
= 540.04 in. or 45 ft d - diameter of smaller pulley, in.

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 Width of Flat Belt
Chain Characteristics
W = ( H x S ) / ( K x C) n Shaft distances are unrestricted, i.e. the drive is well suited for
long and short-center distances.
where: n It do not creep or slip. They maintain a positive speed ratio
W - belt width, mm
between the driver and the driven shafts
H - actual power transmitted or nameplate rating,
Watts n They are more physically more compact than belt drive
S - service factor, dmls
n They require more accurate alignment of the shaft and the
K - power rating of belt, Watts/mm
C - arc of contact factor, dmls sprockets.
n Arc of contact is smaller for chains than for belts.
n They are more practical for low speed.

The Roller Chain Sprockets

n Types
n This is the most important type for – A - plain plate
agricultural use. It is available either – B - with hub on one side only
single- or multiple-strand type. – C - with hub on both sides
– D - detachable hub
n Roller chain composed of roller, links,
and pin links, alternately spaced
throughout the length of the chain. The
roller link consists of two sets of rollers
and bushing, and two link plates, and the
pin links consists of two pins and two link
plates.

Roller Chain and Sprocket Drive

Large
Sprocket

Chain

Small
Sprocket

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 Useful Terms
Formula
n Chain Pitch – It is the distance between adjacent joint members.
Sprocket Speed
n Pitch Diameter - It is the diameter of the pitch circle that passes
through the centers of the link pins as the chain wrapped on the
sprocket. Nr Tr = Nn Tn

where:
Chain and Sprocket Size Nr
Tr
- speed of driver sprocket, rpm
- number of teeth of driver sprocket, dmls
Nn - speed of driven sprocket, rpm
l The size of chain and sprocket drive is designated as RC Tr - number of teeth of driven sprocket, dmls
Number. The higher the chain number, the larger is the loading
capacity of the drive.
l Bicycle chain usually used RC 10 while RC 40 to 60 are
commonly used for power tiller transmission box

Length of Chain
Speed Ratio

R = Nr/Nn L = 2 C + [(Tl – Ts)/2] + [(Tl-Ts)/ 4 π2 C]

where: where:

R - Speed ratio, dmls L - length of chain, pitches

Nr - speed of driver sprocket, rpm C - center distance between shafts, pitches

Nn - speed of driven sprocket, rpm Tl - number of teeth of large sprocket, dmls

Ts - number of teeth of small sprocket, dmls

A chain and sprocket drive is Driven

Mixer
designed to drive a horizontal Sprocket Solution:
mixer at a speed of 100 rpm.
Nr Tr = NnTn
The power source from a
Tr = 100 rpm ( 45 T) / 400 rpm
smaller sprocket has a speed of
= 11 T
400 rpm. What is the size of the
R = Nr/Nn
smaller sprocket needed if the
= 400 rpm/100 rpm
large sprocket has a teeth of 45
= 4
T. Also compute for the speed
Driver Sprocket L = 2C + (Tn-Tr)/2 + (Tn-Tr)/ 4 π C
ratio of the drive and the length
= 2 (48 in)pitch/0.5 in. + (45T-11T) + (45T-
of chain if the center distance
Given: 11T)/4 π 48 in. x pitch/0.5 in.
between shaft is 48 inches.
= 192 + 17 + 34/3789.93
Assume a chain pitch of 0.5 in. Nr-100 rpm; Nn-400 rpm; Tn – 45; = 209 pitches or 104.5 inches
per pitch. C – 48 in. ; chain pitch – 0.5 in.
Required:
Tr, R, L

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 GEARS
n Gears are tooth wheels used to transmit power and motion at a
constant ratio from one rotating shaft to another by means of a
positive contact of successively engaging teeth.
n Compared with V-belts and chain drives, gear drives are more
compact and can operate at a higher speed. It also provides
precise timing of motion.
n In agricultural machineries gears are commonly used in
transmission drives for tractors, self propelled combines, power
tiller, and many others.

Gear Drive for Transmission Boxes

Gear Characteristics Gear Classifications

n They are the most durable and rugged of all the mechanical drives.
n Gear with Parallel Shaft
n They are usually used for transmission in compact drive system.
– Spur Gear
n They transmit high power at efficiencies up to 98%.
n They are expensive and requires high replacement cost. – Helical Gear
n They requires better lubrication and cleanliness. – Harmonic Gear
n They easily affected by shaft misalignment – Planocentric

n Gears with Intersecting or Skewed Shaft

– Worm
– Beveloid
– Hypoid
– Face
– Helicon
– Straight Bevel
– Spiral Bevel
– Zerol
– Crossed Helical
– Spiroid
– Cavex Worm
– Cone Drive

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Helical Gear
n It can carry more load than the
equivalent size spur gear.
n Operates more smoothly and
quietly.
n More costly than spur gears.
n Herringbone is similar to double
helical gear.
Straight Bevel Gear
n This is the simplest type of gear for intersecting
shaft.
n It is commonly used for shaft intersecting at right
angle but can also be used for shaft mating at
any angle.
n Gears are designed in pairs thus are not always
interchangeable.
n Supporting shaft and bearings must be rigid to
maintain proper tooth contact.
Spur Gear
n It is the most common type of gear.
n Teeth are straight and parallel to shaft
taxis.
n It advantages are simple, low cost, and
easy to maintain.
n Drawbacks are have less capacity and
are noisier than other types.
Worm Gear
n It provides a maximum reduction ratio for a
given center distance.
n They are quiet and smooth action.
n They are used only for speed reduction.
n Cannot back-drive at ratios greater than 20:1.
n Contact area is large hence load capacity is
high.
n Shaft are almost always at right angles.
Gear Ratio
n It is the ratio between the number of teeth of the driver and the driven
gear.
Gear Ratio = Number of teeth of Driver Gear/
Number of teeth of Driven Gear
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 Gear Tooth Load Design Power

Ft = T / [D/2] or This is a required power which is a function of the type of load

and lubrication
= 19.1 x 106 kW / [ D x N ]

where: Ft - transmitted load, N

Design Power = Power to be Transmitted x
D - pitch diameter, mm
Service Factor
kW - power, kW
N - speed of shaft, rpm

Service Factor for Type of Load Service Factor for Type of

Lubrication
Hours of Uniform Loading Light Shock Heavy Shock
Type of Lubrication Service Factor
Operation
Intermittent 0.7
8-10 1.0 1.2 1.4
Grease 0.4
11-16 1.1 1.3 1.5
Oil, Drip 0.2
17-24 1.2 1.4 1.6
Oil, Bath 0

DIRECT DRIVE References

n AMTEC. Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards. Volume 1.
Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center. UPLB,
Laguna.
n Creamer, R. H. 1984. Machine Design. Addison-Wesley Publishing
Co., Reading Massachusetts. 645pp.
n Krutz, G. Thompson, L. and P. Claar. 1984. Design of Agricultural
machinery. John Wiley and sons. New York. 472pp.
n Levenson, I. J. 1978. Machine Design. Reston Publishing
Company, Inc. Rreston. 512pp.
n Miller, W. S. (ed). Gears and Gear Drives. Mechanical Drive
References Issue. Penton IPC. USA. Vol 55 No. 15. June 30,
1983.
n Penton/IPC. Machine Design. Mechanical Drives. Vol. 55 No. 15.
Penton Press, 1111 Chester Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44114. June
30, 1983. 240pp.
n Spotts, M. F. 1984. Design of Machine elements. Second Edition.
Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. 504pp.

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 Problem Exercises
Thank you very much and
1. An axial flow biomass shredder is equipped with a 5 inch diameter God bless!!!
double groove v-belt at its cylinder axle. The engine that drives the
machine is rated at 2400 rpm at optimum engine throttle opening. If
the engine pulley is 4 inches, what is the speed of the shredder axle?
What is the speed ratio of the engine and the shredder pulleys?

2. Two pulleys of a rice mill, one at the main shaft and the other is at
the engine, are running at opposite direction. The pulleys were
measured to have a center distance of 6 meters from each other. If
the main shaft pulley is 8 inches while the engine pulley is 6 inches,
Recip ien t, 2 0 1 6 Ou tstan d in g ASEAN En g in eerin g Co n trib u tio n Award (AFEO, Malay sia)
what would be the total length of the belt is drive system? Asso ciate Lau reate, Ro lex Award s fo r En terp rise 2 0 0 8 (Gen ev a, Switzerlan d )
Lau reate, Eco n o mic Bu sin ess Dev elo p men t, Th e Tech Award s 2 0 1 0 (San Jo se, Califo rn ia, USA)
Recip ien t, Bettermen t fo r Man k in d Award 2 0 1 1 (Mo rg an Hill, Califo rn ia, USA)
Award ee, Sev en In sp irin g Mo d ern -Day Filip in o Hero es 2 0 1 1 (Yah o o So u th east Asia)
Award ee, Hero es fo r Better 2 0 1 5 (Western Un io n Ph ilip p in es)
Award ee, Th e Ou tstan d in g Yo u n g Filip in o 1 9 9 7 (TOYM an d Ro x as Fo u n d atio n )
Award ee, Ou tstan d in g Pro fessio n al in Ag ricu ltu ral En g in eerin g 1 9 9 3 (Pro fessio n al Reg u latio n Co mmissio n )

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