2012 IEEE 23rd International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications - (PIMRC)
Uplink Analysis for FFR and SFR in Composite
Fading
Azwan Mahmud and Khairi Hamdi,
School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Manchester, United Kingdom
Abstract - This paper presents an analytic framework using
area spectral efficiency (ASE) for evaluating the uplink perfor-
mance of Frequency Reuse (FR) techniques. There are two main
FR techniques which are the Fractional Frequency Reuse (FFR)
and Soft Frequency Reuse (SFR). The analysis adopts moment
generating function (MGF) approach in which composite fading
are considered. The composite fading encompass not only path
loss and log-normal shadowing but also Nakagami-m fading. This
is invaluable for evaluating the performance of uplink in FFR
and SFR and provides insight into the design guidelines that
encompass much of the real world channel models.
I. I NTRODUCTION
In Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
(OFDMA) systems used in Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access (Wimax) and Long Term Evolution (LTE),
the intra-cell user channels are orthogonal to each other. Hence
the interference in OFDMA systems is primarily the intercell
interference [1]. A higher capacity of wireless system can be
achieved by shrinking the reuse distance [2]. A full bandwidth
reuse (i.e. reuse one) in each cell can maximize capacity but
can lead to high outage probability to users at the edge of the
cells. Using OFDMA subchannel management, the users near
base station (BS) are allocated with frequency reuse of one
while users at the cell edge (CE) are allocated only a fraction
of the total bandwidth. By doing this, the CE users of adjacent
cells do not interfere with reference cell CE while providing
good interference avoidance to the cell centre (CC).
FFR and SFR are the two main FR deployment methods
under investigation in this paper. In the FFR, the bandwidth is
divided into partitions of four subbands as in Fig. 1. In each
outer cell, the CE is assigned an orthogonal frequency to the
neighbouring CE subbands while the same reuse one subband
is reused for the CC of all three inner cells. The FFR CE
reuse factor () is assigned to 3 in this paper, and the total
subband is  + 1. FFR reuse 3 is known to gives an improved
intercell interference, but a significant resource is lost due to
partitioning of the outer cell [3], [4]. The assignment of the
user to reuse 1 or reuse 3 areas can be done based on the
terminal’s distance to the BS, or on the instantaneous SINR
situations. It is well known that since the CC and the CE do
not use the same subband, the FFR eliminates the inter CE-CC
interference between both the inner and outer cell user. The
main FFR interferers will be coming from the nearest adjacent
CC’s as the distance between the two CC’s are closer than the
nearest CE subbands.
The SFR in Fig. 1 is using the same dual-ring frequency
usage strategy as FFR. The main difference is that the whole
978-1-4673-2569-1/12/$31.00 ©2012 IEEE 1285
bandwidth will be reuse at each cells. In the SFR, the CC
users are allocated with the whole subbands while the CE
is allocated only certain part of the bands. The CE subband
allocation is such that all three sectors CE’s have an orthogonal
subbands. It is well known that for CC usually bound to
transmit at lower power level than the CE. Again, the decision
on the part of the frequency band on which the individual user
are assign can be based on its location or interference situation.
The SFR is more bandwidth efficient than FFR as it uses all
available bandwidth in the CE and the CC, with a setback of
having more interference to both the CE and the CC users [5],
[6].
A. Related Works and Contributions
Previous studies on performance analysis have not consid-
ered a fair blocking probability in composite shadowing and
fading for uplink in FFR/SFR system comparisons. They have
focused mainly on the maximization of the sum capacity of
individual FFR under study. Recent work on FFR, SFR and
hybrid FFR such as Incremental FFR (IFR) and Enhance FFR
(EFFR) has focused on finding the optimal frequency reuse
techniques to attain high spectral efficiency and coverage [3],
[7]–[9]. Advanced techniques such as convex optimization
has also been used to maximize network throughput [10].
Fairly recent contributions in [11], elaborate the comparison
between FFR and SFR in term of key metrics such as coverage,
resource allocation and throughput using power control under
Rayleigh fading analysis in downlink scenarios.
In this paper, we intend to analyze uplink FFR/SFR per-
formances based on fair resource allocation criteria using
normalize ASE under various channel parameters to give an
equal grade of service to both CE and CC. Fairness in channel
distribution is an important metric to consider especially in
modern cellular networks. A fair channel availability in both
cells is a must nowadays to support an intended guaranteed
grade of service regardless of their geographical locations. Our
chosen model will be using unified channel model consists
of composite Nakagami-m fading and lognormal shadowing
together with path loss. The model can cover a wide range
of fading situations such as Rayleigh, Rician, shadowing,
path loss and AWGN and thus representing a more realistic
real world channel model. Two main aspects of channel
management that are important in the FFR/SFR system are
the allocation of the number of channels to each frequency
reuse area which takes place in the cell planning process and
the actual assignment of channels to serve the calls in each
 and using the same assumption as the FFR, the channel
allocation for SFR CE will be
NoSF R
= 1 − ri2
N
From this equations, the advantage of SFR over FFR is the
ability to achieve 100% allocation unlike FFR, due to resource
sharing between CE and CC. However, as seen in Section IV,
the ergodic capacity of SFR users over the whole cell is not
always better than FFR as the ri increases.
Figure 1. Resource allocation for the CC and the CE in FFR and SFR
B. Uplink Model
Consider an OFDMA uplink where reference user roams
cells, which are performed in real time. Here, we explicitly freely over the circular cell with coordinate(r, θ). Reference
study the first issue. While finding the optimal FFR/SFR user connect to the closest BS with distance r and θ is the polar
system is of utter importance under fair channel allocation, coordinates relative to its BS. All the mobiles (desired and
this paper intends to show that the derived analytical results interfering users) are assumed to be independent and uniformly
using MGF approach provide a clarity of analysis and an easy distributed in their respective cells. In case of perfect power
mathematical expression so that a quick and simple evaluation control, the transmitted power of the reference user depends
can be undertaken, rather than simulating one under various on the distances to its home BS, hence
random variables. The simpler evaluation will be greatly
useful for planners especially in the initial planning stages Sk = S0 ξk [dk (r, θ)]−β (5)
for determining the pros and cons of the chosen FR system.
where S0 is transmitter power level (common to all transmit-
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section II
ter), Sk is the received power on this subchannel, ξ k is the
we present the system model and in Section III we analyze
composite shadowing and multi-path fading and β is the path
the capacity derivation using MGF. Results and analysis are
loss exponent and is environment dependent. dk (r, θ) is the
given in Section IV and Section V concludes the paper.
distance between the transmitter and receiver as

II. S YSTEM M ODEL dk (r, θ) = D2 + r2 − 2.D.r.cosθ (6)
A. Resource Allocation for FFR and SFR with D being the distance between two adjacent cells, r is the
In typical LTE system with a bandwidth of 50Mhz, 50 random variable (r.v.) for the distance of the reference mobile
subbands may be available to serve users per cell, each one to its BS, θ is r.v. of the angle between BS and interferers.
with a bandwidth of 200 kHz. Given a total available channel The probability density function (pdf) of reference user in
N , the following relationship for channel allocation of the FFR the CC at radius r and angle θ relative to their BS’s is
reuse 3 system for interior and exterior users can be deduced pr (r) = 2r/Ri2 (7)
N = 3NoF F R + NiF F R (1) where 0 ≤ r ≤ Ri and pθ (θ) = 1/2π where 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π.
The pdf for reference user in the CE that lies between Ri
where NiF F R and NoF F R are the CC channels and the CE
and R is given by
channels respectively. In uniformly distributed users over the
cell, the resource allocation between CC and CE is propor- pr (r) = 2r/(R2 − Ri2 ) (8)
tional to area it covers. From (1), it can be seen that the total
number of channels allocated N is equal to N =  − 2.ri2 , where Ri ≤ r ≤ R and pθ (θ) = 1/2π where 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π.
where ri = Ri /R is the normalize radius. The normalize CC In order to maximize capacity, users in the CC are allowed
channels allocation per area for FFR-3 becomes to use the wider band allocation Ni and every other adjacent
CC’s will be reusing the same subband. The CE will be
N iF F R ri2 allowed to transmit using only a fraction of the allocated
= (2)
N 3 − 2ri2 bandwidth which is the outer band No . The instantaneous
and for the CE SINR of the CC and the CE for e.g. FFR, can be represented
NoF F R 1 − ri2 as
= (3) ⎧
N 3 − 2ri2 ⎨ 1 J ξ0
dj (r,θ) for CE
1
ξ [ ]−β + SN
For SFR, the available channels for CE and CC is NoSF R SIN RF F R (x0 , y0 ) = SIR j=1 z r R
⎩ 1 W ξ 0
dw (r,θ) −β 1
for CC
and NiSF R , respectively, and all subbands are reallocated in SIR w=1 ξw [ r ] + SN R

the cell. We can deduce that the outer channel allocation is
the balance of total channels minus the channels allocated for
the inner segments
NoSF R = N − NiSF R
(9)
where W is the interference from the CC’s 1st tier interferers
(6 interferers) and 2nd tier (12 interferers). J is the interference
from the CE from its 1st tier (6 CE interferers) while the
(4) interference from second and third tiers of CE’s are assumed

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to be negligible. ξ 0, ξ j, ξ w consists of a unit mean gamma using (2) and (3), the normalize ergodic ASE as a function of
r.v. with parameter m and log-normal shadowing parameter, normalize radius ri can be expressed as
with mean μ and standard deviation σ. The channels are
assume to be independent and identically distributed (i.i.d) ri2 1 − ri2
ASEF F R = 2 .CF F R−CC + .CF F R−CE (11)
and correlated channels are not considered in this paper. 3 − 2ri 3 − 2ri2
The SN R = S0 /N is the average signal-to-noise ratio in
Using the same derivation, the ergodic ASE for SFR over
the absence of interference from other interferers, and the
three cell can then be expressed as
SIR = SSk0 . dw (r, θ) and dj (r, θ) is the r.v. for the distance
between the reference user and the interferers and can be 3.NiSF R .CSF R−CC + 3.NoSF R .CSF R−CE
calculated using (6). ASESF R =
3.N
In order to compute the average SINR in (9), a closed (12)
form expression for the pdf of SINR is required. In this where CSF R−CC = log2 (1 + SINRSF R−CC ) and
regard, it is important to note that SINR in (9) is a ratio of a CSF R−CE = log2 (1 + SINRSF R−CE ) is the ergodic
mixture of a large number of r.v.’s, for which a closed form capacity for the SFR CC and SFR CE respectively. The
of pdf is generally difficult to get [12]. A huge numerical normalize SFR ASE as a function of ri can now be
integration is required to solve the averages of the r.v.’s for represented by
{ξ0 , ξw ,ξ j, , dw , dj , r, θ}. On the other hand, this method is
time-consuming and so there is a need to simplify the process ASESF R = ri2 .CSF R−CC + (1 − ri2 ).CSF R−CE (13)
to ensure that a faster yet still accurate measurement can be
In the next section, we will derived a simplified expression of
done and also tractable. In Section III, we embark on some
ergodic capacity in (11) and (13) using MGF.
theoretical analysis based on lemma in [12] that would allow
an explicit expression to be obtained for the average capacity
under Nakagami/lognormal fading without compromising the III. E RGODIC C APACITY
accuracy.
In this section, the capacity of a fully loaded FFR cellu-
lar system in a composite Nakagami fading and lognormal
C. Area Spectral Efficiency
shadowing together with path loss will be derived. In the
Our aim is to leverage the use of ASE as a tool to determine composite multipath and shadowed fading, the combined pdf
the suitable systems to be chosen between FFR/SFR under of the composite fading is given by [15, eq. 2.31] as follows
different fading, shadowing and path loss conditions. For a
ˆ∞
fair channel availability between CC and CE in FFR/SFR, any 2mm x2m−1 −mx2 1 (x − μ)2
system designed must has the ability to service equal number pX (x) = exp( )√ exp(− )dx
Γ(m) y 2πσ 2σ 2
of channel probability per unit area. The importance to ensure 0
fairness in resource allocation is a must as to maintain the (14)
quality of the overall wireless network especially when there where μ (dB) is the mean power in dB, σ (dB) is shadowing
are diverse requirements around the voice, data and video in standard deviation, m is the Nakagami fading parameter ( 12 ≤
mobile communications. The availability of the service can m ≤ ∞) and Γ(.) is the gamma function. The Nakagami-
be measure using the probability of call blocking or Erlang B m statistical model can be used to simulate many fading
where the model depends on the number of channels available conditions such as one-sided Gaussian distribution (m = 1/2),
to handle concurrent calls and the traffic expected to utilize Rayleigh fading when m = 1 and Rician distribution can also
the system [13], [14]. In order to ensure the same fairness and be approximate using Nakagami m value when 1 < m < 2.
equal rate of access to the channel for both cells, the blocking As m → ∞, the Nakagami fading channels converge to
probability of the CC and the CE must be equal. Nevertheless, AWGN channel. Nakagami-m fading is useful and able to
to solve the blocking probability of the CE and the CC is very simulate many fading condition and it is usually used to
difficult and the use of time consuming simulations represent measure indoor mobile and land mobile multipath fading [1].
the only viable approach. The composite Nakagami and lognormal fading is a typical
For a fully loaded FFR cell with sector radius distance R, scenario in congested urban area with a high density of
the ergodic ASE for a cell can be derived as the average slow moving vehicles and pedestrians. Using equation (9),
capacity over three cells normalize over cell cluster size times assuming that the transmit power and interferers power are the
number of channels in bit per second per Hertz per square same, the ergodic capacity (e.g. for the CE) over composite
kilometer as Nakagami/lognormal fading is given as
N −NiF F R ⎡ ⎤
3NiF F R .CF F R−CC + ( 3 ).3.CF F R−CE ξ
ASEF F R = C = E ⎣log2 (1 + J
0
)⎦ (15)
3N djCE (r,θ) −β 1
(10) ξ
j=1 jCE [ r ] + SN R
where CF F R−CC = log2 (1 + SIN RF F R−CC ) and
CF F R−CE = log2 (1 + SIN RF F R−CE ) are the ergodic where E[.] is the statistical expectation operation.
capacity for the FFR CC and FFR CE respectively. Assuming However, the calculation using (9) is cumbersome and time
that users in both the CC and the CE are uniformly distributed, consuming as the sum of the r.v.’s pdf of the SINR in the

1287
 FFR
equation must be found. Using Lemma1 in [12, eq. 5], the 2.4 SFR
Simulations
ergodic capacity for e.g. FFR CE, can be represented by as
´ +∞ 1  −zξ 0CE
 2.2
CF F R−CE = (log2 e) 0 z 1 − E(e )
J di
CE (r,θ) ]−β
×E(e−z j=1 ξjCE [ r ).e−zb dz 2

(16)

Ergodic ASE [Bit/s/Hz/km2]

J dj
CE (r,θ) −β
1.8

where E(e−zξ0CE ) and E(e−z j=1 ξjCE [ r ]

) is the
average of the composite gamma r.v and lognormal r.v for the 1.6

useful signal and interferers signals in the CE, respectively, 1.4

and b = 1/SN R. m=1,2,5

Statistical information of a real, non-negative and continu- 1.2

ous r.v. X can be represented by its MGF as a function of

real variable s, and the MGF of MX (s) = E[e−sX ] where 1

E[.] is the statistical expectation operation. The pdf of X, 0.8 m=1,2,5

fX (x) can be readily be obtained by taking the
¸ inverse Laplace
1
Transform of the MGF, i.e. fX (x) = 2πj MX (s)e−sx ds. 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
The MGF has been proven to be a powerful technique for Normalize radius ri

efficient performance analysis and has greatly simplified the

Figure 2. Normalize ASE for uplink FFR and SFR against ri under
evaluation of capacity in digital communications [12]. From composite Nakagami and log-normal shadowing with m = 1, mu = 1,
(16), the sum of independent r.v. can be represented by the σ = 2 and SNR at 2dB
product of individual MGF, hence
J dj
CE (r,θ) ]−β

J dj
CE (r,θ) ]−β
E(e−z j=1 ξiCE [ r )= E(e−zξjCE [ r ) Putting (18) and (21) into (11) provides a simpler expression
j=1
of ergodic ASE for FFR uplink. The same uplink capacity can
(17) be derived for SFR, with the difference is that the interferers
After some calculus (omitted due to space constraint) and for the CC and the CE are from all neighbouring co-channel
using MGF, the ergodic capacity of FFR CE under composite of 18 cells.
fading can now be simplify as
ˆ∞ IV. N UMERICAL R ESULTS
1 −zb
CF F R−CE = log2 e (1−MCE (z))MI(CE) (r, θ, z)e dz The simulations was done using Monte Carlo and compared
z with the analytical expressions derived in the previous chap-
0
(18) ters. The power profile are assume to be of static nature and no
where MCE (z) and MI(CE) (r, θ, z) is the MGF for the refer- coordination between BS is assumed. The traffic is assumed
ence user and the interfering signals from 6 cells, respectively, to be uniformly distributed over the cells, therefore the portion
given as of traffic assigned is proportional to the area covered by CE
and CC respectively. To see the effect of composite fading to
1 
Np
z (√2σxn +μ) −m
MCE (z) = ( √ Hx (1 + e ) (19) the system performance, the normalize radius ri is varied from
π n=1 n m 0.1 to 0.95 while the SNR are varied between 2dB and 30dB.
and Without loss of generality, the total number of subbands N are
´ 2π ´ R  √
normalize to 1 and the radius of the cell R is also normalize
MI(CE) (r, θ, z) = [ π1 0 Ri √1π n=1
N p
Hxn (1 + e( 2σxn +μ)
d (r,θ)
to unity.
× mL
z
.( j r )−β )−mL R2 −R r
2 .dr.dθ]
6
Fig. 2 shows the analytical result and the Monte Carlo
i
(20) simulation of the uplink capacity of the FFR and SFR under
The ergodic capacity for FFR CC (from 18 interfering variable Nakagami fading index m and fixed shadowing pa-
co-channel users) is calculated the same way and can be rameter μ and σ at low SNR (2dB). The simulation was carried
represented as out with 105 iterations and the results matches the analytical
ˆ∞ results. By varying the ri , we can see that as the value the
1
CF F R−CC = log2 e (1−MCC (z))MI(CC) (r, θ, z)e−zb dz ri increases, FFR system improve its performance while SFR
z performance decreases rapidly. As CC area becomes bigger,
0
(21) more interference from other cell users interfering to the
where SFR systems. The effect of co-channel interference is more
Np
1  z √ significant to SFR than the FFR at higher ri (ri > 0.8).
MCC (z) = ( √ Hxn (1 + e( 2σxn +μ) )−m (22) Fig. 3 shows the ergodic ASE for the FFR and the SFR
π n=1 m
under Rayleigh fading (m = 1) with the SNR is varied
and
´ 2π ´ R Np √ between 2 to 30dB. The higher the SNR, more improvement
MI(CC) (r, θ, z) = [ π1 0 0 i √1π n=1 Hxn (1 + e( 2σxn +μ) in ergodic ASE for both the FFR and the SFR. One interesting
× mLz
.( dw (r,θ)
r )−β )−mL Rr2 .dr.dθ]18 findings is that we can see that the SFR curves tend to
(23) converges to a single line starting at point ri = 0.65. This

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 4.5 FFR
SFR
Simulations

4
4 will increases the ergodic ASE for the FFR and the SFR
as the spectral efficiency for each system improves since the
3.5 interfering signals are more attenuated [2]. For β = 4, the
SFR is more preferred system when the normalize distance
Ergodic ASE [Bit/s/Hz/km2]

3 ri < 0.8, if β = 3 the cut-off value is about ri < 0.72.

2.5
V. C ONCLUSIONS
2 This work has presented a new way of measuring the
SNR=2,6,15,30
performance of a FR based network using ASE to evaluate
1.5 FFR and SFR systems under fair channel allocation. Together,
we have simplified the calculations of ergodic ASE for FFR
1
and SFR under composite fading using a MGF based approach.
0.5
The analytical approach will greatly simplify performances
SNR=2,6,15,30
evaluation without having to deal with complex and time
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Normalize radius ri consuming simulations for multiple random variables. The
spectral efficiency of SFR under full traffic load significantly
Figure 3. Normalize ASE for uplink FFR and SFR against ri under better than FFR under simple fixed allocation scheme. How-
composite Nakagami and log-normal shadowing with m = 1, mu = 1,
σ = 2 and SNR (2 to 30dB)
ever this is always true only when the separation of normalize
radius ri < 0.65.
2.4
FFR
SFR
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