APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGY   ○ ex.

persons with disabilities, mid 

● theories; combination of qualitative and  developed country, Informal 
quantitative methods  Settlers/Underprivileged = 
● any kind of anthropological research that is  squatters 
done to s ​ olve practical problems​. This  ➢ 2000-2004 = Global Culture 
means that there are stakeholders and   
clients who stand to gain or lose from the   
project.  IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND PROJECT APPRAISAL 
   
Anthropologists are needed:  Policy Researcher 
● we need to know how ​humans adjust to  ● most common role 
physical environment​.   ● provides cultural data to policymakers 
○ ex. The evacuation centers are not  ● political process 
designed for the diverse culture of  ○ you should not generalize all (e.g. 
the communities (e.g. IPs, senior  muslims are bad) 
citizens, children).  Impact Assessor  
● When solving problems, they should k ​ now  ● assessing the effect of a particular project 
the culture​ before coming up with a solution  ● program, or policy on local people 
instead of a band-aid solutions. The  ○ ex. Maam DG as cultural heritage 
government should hear out the  impact assessor, psychologists as 
communities prior to the intervention.   media impact assessor 
○ ex. Are tampons fit for the  Trainer  
conservative culture of Philippines  ● teaching role 
○ ex. Batanguenos: it’s hard for them  ● imparts cultural knowledge about certain 
to leave because they know what  ● populations in cross-cultural situations 
will happen and they don’t  Advocate 
understand the scientific  ● active supporter of a particular group of 
terminology of the scientists. Also,  people 
they can’t easily leave their  ● involves political action 
livelihood.  ● cultural survival, inc.  
● To c ​ ollect evidence​ and data to ​formulate  ○ knowing the data or information of 
theories/history timeline​.  an advocacy 
  ○ do not destroy the culture 
APPLIED VS. ACADEMIC ANTHROPOLOGY   
Applied Anthropology  FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY 
● uses anthropology knowledge to improve  ● identification of human remains from natural 
policy decisions aimed at resolving social  and cultural disasters 
problems  ● Law-enforcement 
● practical application  ○ they describe bones; 
  ○ the trephination means releasing 
Academic Anthropology  the bad souls 
● traditionally seen as the advancement of the  ● *use of anthropology to solve crimes 
theories and methods of the science   
  FORENSIC ARCHAEOLOGY 
HISTORY OF APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGY  ● Forensic at work 
➢ 1930s = associated with colonial  ● Forensic workers apply specific or other 
governments  specialized knowledge to questions and 
○ Ex. foreigners exploring the  issues related to the law.  
sustained natural resources of IPs  ● their job duties fall into two basic categories:  
➢ 1940s = World War 2; Federal government  ○ analyzing evidence  
➢ 1950-60s = Civil Rights; Culture of Poverty  ○ acting as expert witnesses in legal 
○ more introduction of the rights  proceedings. 
○ discrimination (native Filipinos in  ● *the wrongdoing in the Philippines is that 
Museums)  they show the flesh of the victims instead of 
➢ 1970s-80s = Gender Equality  their clothing* 
○ introduction of gender equality;    
○ people are being educated;   GENETIC LAB TECHNICIAN 
○ earliest sex is female  ● untangles legal questions of identity 
➢ 1990s = Age of Political Correctness  ● DNA: Blood Types 
○ ex. Homo Luzonensis, Javanese   
Homo  HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 

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 ● ORTHODONTICS​: branch of dentistry that  ○ what will be the impact of the 
corrects teeth and jaws that are positioned  development and the environment? 
improperly.  for example, yung Dam, how will it 
● HUMAN MORPHOLOGY  affect the community and the 
  environment 
MEDICAL ANTHROPOLOGY  ● implementing and monitoring the program 
● studies biological and cultural factors that  ○ it takes 5 years to monitor a 
affect health, disease, and illness  program 
   
ARCHAEOLOGY  DIFFICULTIES IN INSTITUTING PLANNED CHANGE 
● context of Death—framing a series of  ● resistance by the target population 
questions about the “how and why” of  ○ displacement of culture, everyday 
human behavior  activities, and resources of the 
● events leading to death  Kaliwa dam 
● cause and manner of death  ○ a lot of false information given by 
● ante- and post-modern treatment of remains  the community 
● ultimate disposal of individual remain  ● discovering and utilizing local channels of 
  influence 
USE OF FORENSIC ARCHAEOLOGY  ○ communicate with the 
● differences between Forensic Anthropology  non-government organizations 
and Forensic Archaeology  ○ how to ready during earthquake 
● Current Crime Scene Recovery Techniques  ● need for more collaborative applied 
and the Task of Evidence Accumulation  anthropology 
● As part of the Multi-Disciplinary Teams -  ○ forensics: they know how to identify 
DMORT  when you’re dead 
   
Buried Skeleton  CULTURE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 
● Excavation technique involves slicing away  ● large scale development projects 
at the soil in thin sheets  ● historic preservation 
● Rather than shovel type digging  ○ erap sucks  
● Be careful with probes and soil core  ○ hotel na dating funeral 
Archaeological Grid  ● state and federal agencies 
● controls of horizontal and vertical  ● work with native people 
positioning   
● Tied into a datum point  ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOR: “CULTURAL 
Excavation by Levels  AWARENESS” 
● use small hand tools   
● each level should have depth from 2 to 4   STRUCTURE OF PRESENTATION 
● Dirt from each level should be screened  ● What is culture? 
separately and labeled  ● understanding cultural differences 
Screening  ● dealing with cultural differences 
● dry and wet screening through hardware  ● see some experiences...  
mesh   
● use minimal mechanical movement of soil to  APPLYING ANTHROPOLOGY 
reduce chances of damaging any physical  ● Came from american Anthropological 
evidence  association (AAA) recognizes two 
  dimensions 
APPLIED AND PRACTICING ANTHROPOLOGY  ● ACADEMIC ANTHROPOLOGY​: includes 
● making anthropological knowledge useful  cultural, archaeological, biological, and 
  linguistic anthropology 
INVOLVEMENT IN A PROGRAM  ● APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGY​: application of 
● assembling relevant knowledge  anthropological data, perspective theory, and 
● constructing alternative plans  techniques to identify, assess and solve 
○ ex. Taal and vice mayor, phivolcs  contemporary social problems 
should also know the knowledge  ● Has many applications 
about the community, national  ○ MEDICAL 
governments, police, DRRM, public  ■ Ex. di nakakasakit ang 
health, psychologists, and LGUs; the  mga aeta like allergies, but 
anthropologists deliver the report)  uso malaria sa kanila 
● assessing the social and environmental  Ex. for africans, nagka 
impact  immunity sila sa malaria; 

CHLOIE CIRUJALES (2020)

 they have sickle cell as a   
antibodies against malaria,  THE FOUR SUBFIELDS AND TWO DIMENSIONS OF 
walang tumatanda sa  ANTHROPOLOGY 
kanila,,, bc of sickle cell  ● CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY: development 
○ DEVELOPMENTAL  anthropology 
○ ENVIRONMENTAL  ● ARCHAEOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: 
○ FORENSIC  Cultural resource management (CRM) 
○ PHYSICAL  ● BIOLOGICAL OR PHYSICAL 
CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT  ANTHROPOLOGY: Forensic Anthropology  
● Branch of applied anthropology aimed at  ● LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY: study of 
preserving sites threatens by dams,  linguistic diversity in classrooms 
highways, and other projects   
○ Why are artifacts important: more  URBAN ANTHROPOLOGY 
on preservation (we should not  ● Cross-cultural and ethnographic and 
destroy the significance of these  biocultural study of global urbanization and 
burial sites  life in cities 
○ Involves not only preserving site but  ○ Human populations becoming 
allowing their destruction if they are  increasingly urban 
not significant  ○ UN estimates that about a sixth of 
  earth’s population living in urban 
WHAT IS APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGIST  slums 
● Practicing anthropologists their profession  ● Urban Vs Rural 
outside of academia  ○ Robert Redfield focused on 
● Applied anthropologists work for groups that  contrasts between the rural and 
promotes, manage and assess programs  urban contexts in the 1940s 
and policies aimed at influencing human  ○ In any nation, urban and rural 
behavior and social conditions  represent different social systems 
● Manage policies related to human behaviors  ○ Applying anthropology to urban 
  planning starts by identifying the 
THE ROLE OF APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGIST  key social groups in the urban 
● Combats ethnocentrism  context 
○ tendency to view one’s own culture  MEDICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 
as superior and to apply to one’s  ● Unites biological and cultural 
own cultural values in judging the  anthropologists in the study of disease, 
behavior and beliefs of people  health problems, health-care systems, and 
raised in other cultures  theories about illness in different cultures 
● Proper roles of applied anthropologists  and ethnic groups 
○ Identifying needs for change that  ● DISEASE​: scientifically identified health 
local people perceive   threat caused by a bacterium, virus, fungus, 
■ Ex. nCov: scarcity of  parasite or other pathogen 
masks  ● ILLNESS​: condition of poor health perceived 
○ Working with those people to  or felt by an individual 
design culturally appropriate and  ○ SCIENTIFIC MEDICINE​: 
socially sensitive change  distinguished from Western 
■ Ex. what’s the proper thing  medicine, a health-care system 
to do for the victims of taal  based on scientific knowledge and 
volcano, diet of relief  procedures, encompassing such 
goods (no stove), opening  fields as pathology, microbiology, 
of cans  biochemistry, surgery, diagnostic 
■ Ex. socially sensitive:  technology, and applications 
motel  ● Different ethnic groups and cultures 
■ Harmful policies and  recognize different illnesses, symptoms, and 
projects that threaten  causes 
them  ○ Disease various among cultures 
○ Protecting local people from  ○ Spread of certain diseases, like 
harmful policies and projects that  malaria and schistosomiasis, 
threaten them  associated with population growth 
■ Ex. mining industry for IPs  and economic development 
(environment  ● PERSONALISTIC DISEASE THEORIES​: blame 
contamination)  illness on such agents on sorcerers, witches, 
■ Ex. travel ban  ghosts, or ancestral spirits 

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 ● NATURALISTIC DISEASE THEORIES​: explain  ○ CURERS​: specialized role acquired 
illness in impersonal terms  through a culturally appropriate 
● EMOTIONALISTIC DISEASE THEORIES​:  process of selection, training, 
assume emotional experiences cause illness  certification, and acquisition of a 
(e.g., “susto”)  professional image, a cultural 
WESTERN MEDICINE  universal 
● Despite its advances, Western medicine is   
not without its problems  HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT 
○ Over prescription of drugs and  ● evidence-based tool that incorporates p ​ ublic 
tranquilizers  engagement before decisions​ are finalized 
○ Unnecessary surgery  for policies, plans, and projects, which helps 
○ Impersonality and inequality of the  create more equitable, healthier 
patient-physician relationship  communities. 
● Biomedicine surpasses non-Western  ○ Evidence-Based Tool 
medicine in many ways  ○ Used before decisions are finalized 
○ Thousands of effective drugs  ○ to create more equitable, healthier 
○ Preventive health care  communities 
○ Surgery  ● combinations of p ​ rocedures, methods, and 
● Medical anthropologists serve as cultural  tools​ by which a policy, program [a series of 
interpreters between local systems and  projects over time], or project may be judged 
Western medicine  as it's potential effects on the health of a 
ANTHROPOLOGY AND BUSINESS  population, and the distribution of thos 
● Anthropologists may acquire unique  effects within that population. 
perspective on organizational conditions and  ● intended not to determine, but to ​support 
problems  decision-making 
● Applied anthropologists act as “cultural  ● conducted as a desktop, rapid, or 
brokers” to translate managers’ goals or  comprehensive process 
workers concerns to other group  ● prospective concurrent, or retrospect 
CAREERS AND ANTHROPOLOGY  ● guiding values are democracy, equity, 
● Anthropology’s breadth provides knowledge  sustainability, and the ethical use of 
and an outlook on the world that are useful  evidence 
in many kinds of work  ● takes a community or broader perspective 
● Knowledge about traditions and beliefs of  on health, and considers the social, 
many social groups within modern nation is  psychological, economic, environmental, and 
important in planning and carrying out  political determinants of health as important 
program that affect those groups  as specific health issues in assessing health 
PRIMATOLOGY  impacts 
ACADEMIC AND APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGY   
● Academic anthropology grew most after  WHY CONDUCT A HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT 
World War II  ● HIAs promote c ​ ross-sectoral cooperation 
● During 1970s, and increasingly thereafter,  ● HIA champions a​ participatory approach 
most anthropologists still worked in  that values, includes, and empowers the 
academia but others found jobs with  community 
international organizations, government,  ● HIAs ​promote equity 
business, hospitals, and schools  ● HIAs make for b ​ etter decisions 
THEORY AND PRACTICE  ● HIAs raise the p ​ rofile of health and health 
● Ethnographers study societies firsthand,  issue​s, and make it more likely that they’ll be 
living with and learning from ordinary people  considered in all circumstances 
● Theory aids practice, and application fuels  ● HIAs bring the ​community together 
theory  ● HIAs promote h ​ ealthy behaviors and 
● Anthropology’s systemic perspective  practices 
recognizes that changes don’t occur in a   
vacuum  CONDUCTING BELTLINE HIA 
HEALTH-CARE SYSTEMS  ● Screening 
● Belief, customs, specialists, and techniques  ● Scoping 
aimed at ensuring health and preventing,  ● Risk Assessment 
diagnosing, and treating illness  ● Dissemination (information materials) 
○ All cultures have health-care  ● Monitoring and Evaluation 
specialist (e.g. curers, shaman,   
doctors)  WHY CONDUCT A HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT 

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 ● can be used in n ​ umerous a
​ nd ​varied  ● “culture evolves as the a ​ mount of energy 
situations  harnessed per capita per year increases o ​ r 
● proscriptive HIAs provid​e information before  as the ​efficiency of the means of putting 
the fact, leaving time to make adjustments  energy to work is increased​” 
in plans  What is less obvious in change 
● Can promote s ​ ustainable development​ and  ● loss in the quality of life for the majority of 
environmental responsibility  people 
● Are ​adaptable to the needs​ of many different  ● ecological degradation 
groups  ○ ex. shopee instead of going to 
● Can ​assist ​policy development   divisoria 
● Help some other policy makers address  Change - Internally 
policy making requirements  ● inventions and innovations 
● Recognizes that ​other factors​ besides health  ● invention is something drastically new 
guide decisions  ● innovation contributes a small change to an 
● A proactive process that ​improves positive  existing object of material culture 
outcomes​ and d ​ ecreases negative  ○ ex. beef rotten detector 
outcomes  Externally - diffusion 
  ● spreading of an idea, behavior or thing 
WHEN SHOULD YOU CONDUCT A HEALTH IMPACT  ● Ralph Linton suggests that 10% of cultural 
ASSESSMENT  items found in one culture actually originated 
● Should be conducted ​before the proposed or  in it 
policy is fully planned or implemented​, so  ● Striking new ideas are few and far between 
that it can take advantage of the information   
the HIA provides  DOING A CULTURALLY-SENSITIVE RESEARCH 
  APPROACH IN PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT 
WHO SHOULD BE INVOLVED IN CONDUCTING A   
HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT  CULTURE 
● HIAs should involve​ representatives of all  ● culture involves the​ learned patterns of 
stakeholders​. These include:  shaped group behavior​. These​ learned 
○ people directly affected​ by the  shaped behaviors​ are the​ framework for 
proposed actions or policies  understanding and explaining all human 
○ those who are i​ nvolved ​in carrying  behavior​. 
out the proposed actions or policies  ● There is ​NO deviant culture​ (since we are 
○ Nonprofit and non-governmental  CULTURALLY SENSITIVE) 
organizations (NGOs)​ concerned  ● people with ​common origins, customs and 
with the issues and/or the  styles and living​, who ​share a sense of 
populations affected  identity and language​.  
○ Advocacy groups  ● Their c ​ ommon experiences​ shape their 
  values, goals, expectations, beliefs, 
CULTURE CHANGE  perceptions, and behavior 
● change is c ​ onstant  ○ ex. Sorsogon Culture: covering 
● over the millenia - language must change,  themselves with soil and banana 
kinship concepts change, very likely of God  leaf to thank their bountiful 
have change  resources 
● But subsistence has not   
○ ex. God’s perception may change  CULTURAL RELATIVISM 
depending on how we educate  ● implies a NEUTRAL STANCE or, as best, an 
people  attitude based on deep understanding and 
○ ex. the continuing tradition may  tolerance for a particular people 
change depends on the  ● pakikipagpalagayang loob​: building rapport 
development  ● idea that a person’s beliefs, values, and 
○ ex. Grab food  practices ​should be understood based on 
● housing has not  that person’s own culture​, rather than be 
○ ex. condominiums  judged against the criteria of another. 
○ ex. urban life, less space, economic  ● ETHNOCENTRISM​: insensitive to other 
hole  cultures, while cultural relativism shows high 
● domestication of animals has not  cultural sensitivity. 
○ ex.   ● CULTURAL SENSITIVITY​: people habitually 
● food groups (ferraro)  embedded behaviors, traditions, norms, 
Leslie White  values and beliefs that distinguish them as a 
● “​basic law of evolution​”  group - or a culture 

CHLOIE CIRUJALES (2020)

 ● ETHNOCENTRIC​: positive (nationalism,  in ways likely to appeal to a given 
identity of migrants)  group.  
  ○ this may include using​ certain 
CULTURAL DIFFERENCES  colors, images, fonts, pictures of 
● unfamiliar behaviors and beliefs are  group members, or declarative 
understood as​ odd, strange and  titles​ (e.g., guide to Fisherfolks) 
uncomfortables​ and therefore interpreted as  ● EVIDENTIAL 
“bad”  ○ seek to enhance the perceived 
● at its most destructive, this cultural cohesion  relevance of a health issue for a 
leads to an ethnocentrism…  given group by presenting e ​ vidence 
● ARGUMENT  of its impact​ on that “group” 
○ 1. the ​inuits (eskimo)​ see nothing  ● LINGUISTIC 
wrong with​ infanticide​, whereas  ○ seek to make education programs 
Filipinos believe infanticide is  and materials more accessible by 
immoral; Infanticide is neither  providing them in the d ​ ominant or 
objectively right nor objectively  native language​ of the target group 
wrong  ○ linguistic strategies may involve 
● ETHICAL ISSUES on CULTURAL  translating program information 
RELATIVISM  from one language to another. But 
○ …  retaining consistent meaning and 
○ “no” to this question  context 
● WEAKER FORM OF RELATIVISM  ● CONSTITUENT-INVOLVING 
○ in this weaker form, the  ○ hiring staff members who are 
anthropologist is to ​strive for  indigenous to the population 
objectivity​ and, at the same time,  served​, training paraprofessionals 
be tolerant​. in other words, one  or “natural helpers” drawn from the 
denies that a p ​ ositive value exists  target group and adhering to the 
for a d​ isturbing cultural trait b ​ ased  “principle and process of 
on some ​“objective” standard​ but  participation” identifying,,, 
still tries not to object to it  ● SOCIOCULTURAL STRATEGIES 
METHODOLOGY  ○ discuss issues in the context of 
● referring to the methodology of cultural  broader social and/or cultural 
relativism as “​PARTICULARISM​” (​ accepting  values​ and characteristics of the 
each culture has distinct practices) o ​ r  intended audience (resnicow et al) 
“​LOCAL CENTRISM​” ​(based on a specific   
group or community)  SELF-CULTURAL AWARENESS 
● in the field — ​cultural relativism​ means that  ● to ​understand the reasons for our actions 
while the anthropologist is in the field, he or  and reactions​; 
she temporarily ​suspends (“brackets”) their  ● based upon the social constructions of our 
own esthetic and moral judgement  culture  
● the aim is to obtain a certain degree of  ● these social constructions can​ differ from 
“understanding” or “empathy” with the  culture to culture 
foreign norms and tastes  ● to realize that the s ​ ocially 
● during fieldwork one frequently  acceptable/unacceptable social 
  constructions​ within a culture are ​‘natural 
LINGUISTIC STRATEGIES  common sense” t​ o the​ people in that culture 
● Seek to make education programs and  because they are continuously a part of 
materials more accessible by providing them  their way of life​; learned from an early age 
in the dominant or native language of the  ● to ensure ​we do not​ take the “natural, 
target group  common sense” practices for granted and 
● May involve translating program information  become or ​remain ethnocentric 
from one language to another but it retains  ● to facilitate​ increased acceptance ​of other 
consistent meaning and context  cultures by the realization that there are​ no 
  right or wrong cultural beliefs  
  ○ People have a tendency to regard 
FIVE MAIN CATEGORIES  one’s own cultural group as the 
● PERIPHERAL  center of everything and the 
○ give programs or materials the  standard to which all others are 
appearance of cultural  compared 
appropriateness b ​ y packaging them   
 

CHLOIE CIRUJALES (2020)

COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT IN ARCHAEOLOGY  ● People in the community  
AND CULTURAL HERITAGE MANAGEMENT  ● Anthropologist/Archaeologist 
  ● Indigenous people 
Community  ● Farmers 
● People in one area  ● Elders 
● Baseline of a community is something  ● Women 
shared  ● Children 
● It can be e ​ xperience, interest, values, and  ● Local businessmen 
other matters that consume the personality  ● Community leaders 
of an individual  Experts 
● What differs in defining community is its  ● Teachers 
progression through time, location, social  ● Businessmen 
strata, and knowledge  ● Lawyers 
● SUBCULTURE​: smaller group of culture and  ● Politicians 
people within a culture  ● Community leaders 
Cultural Heritage Management  ● Archaeologists 
● Administrative process of taking care for the  ● Researchers 
preservation and d ​ evelopment of cultural  Indigenous 
heritage ​for the p​ urpose of establishment of  ● Group of people or homogenous societies 
identity, awareness, and tourism  identified by self-ascription and ascription by 
● Material (objects) and non-material  others, who have continuously lived as 
(traditions) preservation  organized community on communally 
● LEARNING of culture (not studying)  bounded and defined territory, and who have, 
Archaeology  under claims of ownership since time 
● study of human activity through the recovery  immemorial, occupied, possessed and 
and analysis of material culture.  utilized such territories, sharing common 
● Study of material remains of the past, but to  bonds of language, customs, traditions and 
all the materials used in the present as well  other distinctive cultural traits, or who have, 
● ETHNO-ARCHAEOLOGY​: contemporary  through resistance non-indigenous religions 
culture  and cultures, became historically 
○ ex. GARBOLOGY (shell-midden  differentiated from the majority of the 
tools)  Filipinos 
Cultural Heritage   
● It is a ​material and non-material things that  Law and Institutions in the Philippines for cultural 
transcends or inherited from ancestors,  heritage management 
ancestral land, and heritage site​ that plays  ● National Commission on Indigenous People 
significant value and role to the identity of  (NCIS) 
the people concerned  ● National Museum 
○ Ex. PGH   ● National Historical Commission of the 
● An administrative process of taking care for  Philippines 
the preservation and development of cultural  ● Cultural Center of the Philippines  
heritage for the purpose of establishment of  ● Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino 
identity, awareness, and tourism  ● National Archives of the Philippines 
  ● National Library 
COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT  ● International Work Group for Indigenous 
● Participation of community to the various  Affairs 
decision making, planning, design, and  ● Anthrowatch 
execution of activities and projects   
○ We can’t just push a program   Law and Policies 
○ Ex. manobo cannot accept the  ● Indigenous Peoples Rights Act of 1997 (R.A. 
condo wherein there's a comfort  8371) 
room inside your house.   ○ A.1 Administrative Order no. 1, 
Sites  series of 2004  
● Heritage sites (Intramuros, Vigan, Old  ○ Guidelines on the formulation of the 
Spanish Settlement)  Ancestral Domain Sustainable 
● Ancestral Domains (Banaue rice terraces,  Development and Protection Plan 
burial grounds, etc.)  (ADSDPP) 
● Coastal Areas (Tagbanwa of Coron Palawan,  ● NCCA 
Port, etc.)  ○ B.1 School of Living Traditions 
Stakeholders  (SLT) 
● Local government  ○ B.2 NCCA Grants and Program 

CHLOIE CIRUJALES (2020)

 ○ B.3 Order of National Artist  ● Pre-field informed consent: discussing the 
○ B.4 Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan  objectives of the research with the locals 
○ B.5 Philippine Cultural Education  ● Formalizing the study through “sula” 
Program  ● Interviewing with the locals 
● FPIC: Free Prior Informed consent   ● Verify the data with the locals 
○ (for the projects; for students,  ● Give a copy of the preliminary report to the 
magbabayad ng 500 for research  leaders of the cultural groups 
na walang publish; even for  Mindoro 
documentaries)  ● 7th largest island of the Philippine 
  Archipelago 
Analysis  ● Proverbial melting pot of the people from the 
● The government already have various efforts  surrounding islands of the Visayas including 
in p
​ romotion of and protection of Cultural  Luzon 
Heritage  ● Aside from the migrants who have called 
● Law and policies were created to make sure  Mindoro their home, the island is also the 
of the protection and development of our  home of one of the world’s remaining 
heritage  hunting and gathering groups, the Mangyans 
● Various activities and recognition events  ● Often referred to as the island of Ma-i, Otley 
were supported by government institutions  Beyer, Mayit, Gardner 
to promote awareness that Philippines  ● According to Chao Ju-Kua, it was a major 
culture is rich and we should appreciate it  trading center for barter and trade with 
  Chinese merchants and other foreign 
QUALITATIVE METHODOLOGY  traders. It’s a prosperous island and 
● Qualitative methodologies in cultural are  excellent seaports for international 
characterized by their humanism and holism  commerce 
(a philosophical position that argues that  Municipality of Victoria 
human and human behavior cannot be  ● Victoria was once part of the municipality of 
understood or studied outside the context of  Naujan until its creation on 15 September 
a person’s daily life, life world, and activities)  1953 and was originally known as 
METHODOLOGICAL STRATEGIES  Borbocolon or “a big river”. 
● Methodological strategies include:  ● It has several barrios 
○ Cognitive  ● 1/3 of its municipality have flat topography 
○ Observational  with the rest characterized as having 
○ Historical  undulating land features ranging from rolling 
○ Ethnographic a ​ nd ​discourse  to hilly to mountainous areas. It is about 
approached​ to research  16.65 meters above sea level 
● Each approach focuses on distinct aspects  ● PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AREA 
of the social world, the approaches vary in  ○ Landforms 
terms of their appropriateness for different  ● Distribution and Consumption 
problems, their level of analysis, and the role  ○ Bagsakan 
of the anthropologists and researchers  ○ Galang-balanan 
PRIMARY DATA GATHERING  ● Land Resources 
● CULTURAL HERITAGE INDEXES  ○ Agricultural municipality 
○ Baseline data in consultation with  ○ Good cropland 
the affected indigenous and local  ○ There’s grassland 
communities, to ascertain those  CULTURAL PRACTICES 
components of cultural diversity of  ● Manifestation of a culture or subculture, 
the affected indigenous or local  especially in regard to the traditional and 
community  customary practices of a particular ethnic or 
FOLLOWING ANTHROPOLOGICAL PROTOCOL AND  cultural group 
ETHICS  RITUALS 
● Courtesy Call: Mayor of Victoria  ● Social acts 
● Courtesy Call brgy. Captain Villa Cerveza  ● Participants are committed to practice those 
● Permit/Interview with the NCIP Oriental and  beliefs that lie behind the rites 
Occidental  ○ Ex. Reading the “kasunduan” 
● Background Information of Minority groups:  ○ Ex. Inquiring the importance of pigs 
Leader of Alangan Mindoro; Fr. Gariquez,  and knives: “Beyek tiyaboy”: pig 
Mangyan Center-Calapan  sacrifice functions within the local 
● Courtesy call and meeting with the leaders of  ecosystems, their territory, its 
SADAKI, Ramil Baldo and Joseph  plants animals, geographical 

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 location, and illnesses; “Finding the  ● When ​alien culture traits diffuse into a 
Lapay”  society on a massive scale​, acculturation 
MARRIAGE  frequently is the result 
● Arranged Marriage  ● The culture of the receiving society 
● Endogamy  significantly changed 
● Exogamy  ○ Ex. there’s an excavation in the 
FAMILY  Mangyan community to find WW2 
● Extended: has more than two generations  soldiers; what they gave is their 
and may include siblings and their spouses,  ancestors for 10,000  
grandparents, grandchildren and cousins  ○ Ex. Religion influenced by Spaniards 
● Kinship: Patrilineal  ○ Ex. Language (native language vs. 
● Residence: Patrilocal  language in school) 
POLITICAL SYSTEM  ● However, acculturation does not necessarily 
FARMING  result in new, alien culture traits completely 
CULTURAL ARTIFACT  replacing old indigenous ones 
● “Lingeb-yakis”  ● There often is s ​ yncretism​, or an 
● Ex. ‘Alangan-Mangyan’ believe in ‘Kanyam  amalgamation of traditional and introduced 
Agalapot’ who is their god who created them  traits. The ​new traits may be blended with or 
and provides for everything that is bound to  worked into the indigenous cultural patterns 
be impacted. They communicate their god  to make them more acceptable 
through a prayer called “Ampong Balogo”. It  ○ Ex. religion (you're catholic but you 
is performed by sacrificing a  believe in Karma/paganism) 
chicken/pig/”agpansula”  ○ Ex. Highland Maya Indians of 
● Oldest Alangan Mangyan read and translated  Guatemala and Chiapas State of 
the pancreas of the pig as a compass to  Southern Mexico provide an 
foretell the future. Healthy and firm pancreas  example of religious syncretism. 
signals positive experiences while unhealthy:  Spanish colonial authorities forced 
curse. When it is cursed, ritual is repeated  Christianity upon them beginning in 
until it gets the healthy one.  the 16th century. However, the 
● Curse: affliction of disease. Cured:  Maya defined some of the Christian 
“Agpansula”- traditional healing   saints as also being their ancient 
● Tigian  Indian gods. 
○ Version 1: boiling water in a pot  ■ As a result, their 
with white stone inside (suspected  indigenous religious belief 
individual must scoop out the white  system was essentially 
stone from the boiling water using  only added to and 
bare hands); anyone who will be  modified. The overt 
scalded will be deemed the  religious practices seemed 
perpetrator of the crime  to be Christian to the 
○ Version 2: using hot bolo. Same  Spanish authorities but 
mechanics with the boiling water is  they retained dual 
applied  meanings for the Maya. 
  Their religion was enriched 
*pre, during and after cultural heritage impact  by the syncretism 
assessment; we want to know if there’s change in the  ● Whether acculturation takes place often 
community; we, as researchers, can be barriers of  depends on the relationship between the 
change*  culture that is receiving the new traits​ and 
  the c​ ulture of their origin 
ACCULTURATION  ○ *Why did early Filipinos embraced 
● Secondary groups  Christianity  
● Primary group: family (being enculturated by  ○ (it is because the Spaniards are the 
them)  dominant group implying that being 
● If one society is m ​ ilitarily dominant​ in the  a non-Christian makes you evil)  
culture contact and they perceive their own  ● If one society is​ militarily dominant​ in the 
culture as being s ​ uperior in terms of  culture contact and they perceive their own 
technology and quality of life​, it is ​not likely  culture as being s ​ uperior in terms of 
that they will be ​acculturated  technology and quality of life​, it is not likely 
○ This was the case in the contact  that they will be acculturated to the 
between the British settlers of  dominant society’s culture.  
Australia and the Aborigines they  ● This sort of d​ isdaining rejection of 
encountered  acculturation o ​ ccured following the collapse 

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 of the Western Roman Empire during the 5th  followed by the arrival of ships 
century A.D.  laden with European goods 
○ This was the case in the contact  ○ Cult believers were to construct 
between the British settlers of  storehouses for the goods and to 
Australia and the Aborigines they  prepare to repulse colonial police. 
encountered  Because it was predicted that the 
○ Ex. Ethnocide: harsh acculturation  cargo ships would arrive only after 
● If a society is m​ ilitarily dominated​ but still  the believers used up their own 
perceives its culture to be superior but  supplies, they stopped farming. 
perceives its culture as being i​ nferior​ is a  ○ The 1931 Cargo Cult leaders were 
likely ​candidate for acculturation  arrested and the cult quickly died. 
○ Ex. Genghis Khan’s descendants:  However, it cropped up again and 
case with the Mongois of North  again in various forms throughout 
Central under Genghis Khan after  Melanesia, especially after World 
they conquered China in the 13th  War 2. Some of the later 
century AD. The Mongolian  movements blended Christian 
occupiers largely adopted Chinese  theology with indigenous cultural 
culture within a generation. They  ideas. 
were acculturated by the people  ○ A North American Indian equivalent 
who they had defeated in war.  of the Cargo Cult was the Ghost 
● Contact between societies that are militarily  Dance Movement of the late 19th 
and technologically​ equals​ r​ arely results in  century. It began in Northwestern 
acculturation​. This is especially true if both  Nevada with a prophet named 
societies believe themselves to be culturally  Tavibo. 
superior to the other.   ○ As a result of visions, he claimed 
○ Ex. Contemporary France and  that all non-Indian American would 
England are examples.   be destroyed by a catastrophic 
○ Words, foods, and other relatively  earthquake and that the Indians 
superficial cultural traits regularly  would get all of their wealth and 
diffuse back and forth between  power. Dead Indians would return to 
them (especially in the upper social  the living, food would be plentiful, 
classes), but there is no massive  and all would live peacefully and 
influx of cultural traits.  happily together 
○ As a result, the Frenchman (on the  ○ Ghost Dance followers were 
left) remains strongly French and  instructed to purify themselves, 
the English (on the right) remains  dance in a certain way, and sing 
proudly English in culture  special songs in order to hasten 
● In contrast, rapid, p ​ sychologically  these changes. By 1872, most of 
overwhelming acculturation​ usually occurs  the followers lost faith and the 
in societies that are both​ militarily  movement began to die out. This 
dominated and believe themselves to be  was followed by even more rapid 
culturally inferior​ in terms of technology and  acculturation in North and Central 
quality of life.   California 
○ Many of the indigenous societies of  ● Millenarian groups ​develop in small, 
Australia and North America  previously isolated societies​ with l​ ow levels 
suffered this fate.  of technology 
  ● A ​response to the psychological stresses 
MILLENARIAN MOVEMENTS  resulting from​ oppressive culture contact 
● Started and led by prophets who ​preach a  situations​ in which they are p​ ressured to 
religious-like belief i​ n the coming of a ​new  acculturate​ with little control over the 
millennium or period of great happiness,  changes 
peace, and prosperity ​brought about by a  ● Their old cultural ways no longer seem to 
new order of things.   work and the new, alien culture is only partly 
○ ex. Cargo Cults of New Guinea and  understood 
neighboring islands of Melanesia.   ● They also usually use ​supernatural means to 
○ They first appeared in 1931 at Buka  carry out their goal 
in the Solomon Islands  ● Involves a leap of faith. In doing this, they are 
○ Prophets predicted that a flood  acting rationally from their own culture’s 
would soon engulf all Europeans in  perspective. However they are using good 
the region. This flood would be  logic based on false assumptions 
 

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● When a​ society is helpless to resist a  ■ The core Naparama belief 
massive cultural invasion​ and​ strong  was the warriors who were 
pressure to abandon traditional cultural  vaccinated would be 
patterns in favor of alien ones​, there is  protected from bullets, 
usually considerable PSYCHOLOGICAL  spears, and knives. 
STRESS.  “Vaccination” was a rite in 
● CULTURAL SHOCK​: r​esponse to the new  which numerous cuts were 
reality and disorientation from the failure of  made on the chest and 
traditional skills​ and values in dealing with  neck of initiates with a 
the ​rapidly changing situation  razor blade. Ashes and 
● It is common for​ MILLENARIAN  unidentified herbs were 
MOVEMENTS​ to occur when there’s culture  rubbed into the wounds. At 
shock/acculturation  the conclusion, initiates 
○ Ex. Cults are Millenarian Groups  were struck hard with the 
■ Messianic: Jews for Jesus  sharp edge of a ___ to 
■ These are conscious,  prove their invulnerability 
organized attempts to  ○ Ex. Rizalistas: Rizal is their Jesus; 
revive or perpetuate  they have their agimat 
selected aspects of the  ○ Ex. Jehovah’s Witnesses 
indigenous culture or to  ■ Millenarian movements 
gain control of the  that did not fail 
direction and rate of  ■ It survived because it 
culture change  changed and adopted to 
■ These movements have  methods that do not 
also been referred to a  require magic and leaps of 
messianic, nativistic, and  faith 
revitalization movements  ● Healthy signs in that ​they occur​ as long as 
● Goal of millenarian: ​control of the alien  there is enough of the old culture surviving 
people, customs, and values that are  to be viable 
threatening the native ones  ● It attempts to​ stem the tide of psychological 
■ Movements are ​deliberate,  disorientation​ by c
​ onstructing a meaningful 
organized, conscious  culture​ from what is remembered of the past 
efforts to construct or  and what is poorly understood of the alien 
reconstruct a satisfying  culture that is dominating them 
culture 
■ There is a focus on 
particular aspects of 
culture, there is also a 
focus of the culture as a 
whole system in the minds 
of a movement’s 
participants 
● Aim to revive earlier cultures 
● Millenarian movements are started and led 
by prophets who preach a religious-like belief 
○ Ex. Naparama:  
■ still appear from time to 
time; developed in 
Mozambique; spawned in 
the chaos and destruction 
of a prolonged civil war. 
Mass starvation and 
cultural disintegration 
were rampant. Manuel 
Antonio was the prophet 
leader of the Naparama 
“Spirit Army.” He was a 
mysterious man in his 20’s 
who intentionally kept his 
tribal identity a secret 

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