Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
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Two Principal epistemological camps.
(i) Anglo- Saxon school / neo- classicism/ neo- liberalism
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Development & Underdevelopment
-‘development' within a given social formation would be full realisation of
productive potentials of the society or transition to higher social formation;
'underdevelopment' would be the opposite condition of non-realisation of
full potential of development and/ or blockage to transition to higher
formations due to both endogenous & exogenous factors.
- Capitalism, and its highest stage imperialism, by its nature of incessant drive
towards expanded reproduction intervenes in the development process
elsewhere. But the impact would depend on mode of articulation with pre-
capitalist economy. i.e. mercantile, industrial or financial.
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Spatial Structure of Underdevelopment
- ‘nature' & 'society' in constant interaction with each other; 'production' as
'appropriation of nature within & through a certain form of society' ; territorial
'space' as' humanised' or 'historical' nature .
• Mongoloid stock (Kirat) from South-east, Caucasoid Stock (Khas) from north-
west, and Austro- Dravids from South, in Kathmandu valley around 1 st
millennium B.C.
-Kathmandu valley with excellent agro- climatic advantage for stabilized
agriculture & primitive entrepot trade, became citadel of early civilization
• Great influx from Southern plains after 11 th century; assimilation with tribal
communities; proto-class societies/ 'state-communal' formations
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General Differentiation of the Economy
• Discernible shift of both labour force & GDP away from agriculture to service
sector at the cost of industry sector, a sign of growing comprador and
bureaucratic capital.
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Stagnation of Agriculture
• Very low development of productive forces reflected in overwhelming
domination of traditional factors of production like land & human & animal
labour; low cropping intensity; low productivity; predominance of
subsistence (cereal) crops; steady decline in food surplus and now net
deficit;
: Only eastern Terai & Kathmandu Valley have some 'healthy' signs.
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Industrial Retardation
-Historical decline after mass influx of factory made goods since the
beginning of 20th century ; No combination of capital formation, free labour
& domestic market
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Proliferation of Circulation Capital
- Early entrepot trade between India & Tibet (China) via Nepal ["foreign trade
antedates domestic trade" ]
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Unequal Exchange & Dependency
- Export of primary product (cardamom, pulses, tea, ginger, skin, herbs) &
import of finished products (machineries, motor, vehicles, chemicals &
drugs etc) lead to unequal exchange
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Financial capital & foreign Debt
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Restructuration of Society & state
- Problems of development/ underdevelopment of Nepal both in social & spatial
dimensions are essentially problems of transition of pre-capitalist society
hybridized by endogenous & exogenous factors to higher social formation.
- Ten years of armed insurgency (PW) and other movements have shaken the
foundation of the old society & state.
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