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(d) Free flooding

IRRIGATION ENGINEERING Solution: (b)
2018 Methods of irrigation
23 Sep 2019 (Morning Session) (1) Free flooding
 In this method, ditches are excavated in the field
& water is allowed to flow through ditches.
10. Which of the following is an advantage of  After the water leaves the ditches, no attempt is
tile drainage? made to control the flow by means of levees, also
known as wild flooding.
(a) It decrease the volume of soil from which  This method is useful for close growing crops,
the roots can obtained food pastures etc. particularly where the land is steep.
 This method may be used on rolling land (to-
(b) It decrease air circulation pography irregular) where borders, checks, ba-
(c) If removes the free gravity water that’s sins & furrows are not suitable.
 Water application efficiency is low.
not directly available to the plants.
Subsidiary Ditch
(d) It decreases bacterial activity Outlets
M Outlet
A
Solution: (c) I
N
Advantages of tile drainage are:
S
U
• It provides aeration to root zone. P
P
L Subsidiary Ditch
• It removes the free gravity water that is not di-
CIVIL JUNCTION Y
Outlets
Outlets
rectly available to plants.
D
I
• It improves soil structure and materials, soil tem- T
C
perature. H

• Facilitates easy movement of farm machines.

Main supply
ditch
11. How can we control water logging in ag-
ricultural land? (2) Border flooding
 In this method, the land is divided into a no. of
(a) By avoiding crop rotation strips (Each strip is of the order of 10 to 20 m in
width & 100 to 400 m in length) separated by low
(b) By lining of canals
levees called borders.
(c) By closing the nearby natural drains  Water is allowed to flow from the supply ditch
into each strip. The water flows slowly towards
(d) By increasing the intensity of irrigation the lower end & it infiltrates into the soil as it
advances.
Solution: (B) Intake Field Channel
12. Which technique of water distribution in
10 to 20m
frame is also called trickle irrigation?
Slope
(a) Border flooding Level
100 to
(b) Drip irrigation 400m

(c) Sprinkler irrigation

Drain

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(c) 55.71 cm

(d) 51.71 cm
(3) Sprinkler irrigation (Overhead Irrigation)
 Best suited for very light soil. Solution: (b)
 Not suitable for soil with low infiltration rates
(clay). 8.64  B 8.64  100
D 
 A sprinkler Irrgation system is suitable when the Duty = D 1400
land gradient is steep & soils is easily erodible.  0.6171 m  61.71 cm
 Sprinkler Irrigation provides more land for crop-
ping & 80% water Application efficiency. 2018
 Generally used for Tea, Coffee, Not at all used
for Rice or Jute. 25 Sep 2019 (Morning Session)
Special Point: For rice & jute, standing water is 25. What is the variation in duty of water from
used. the head of a main canal (M) to that in the
(4) Drip irrigation (Trickle Irrigation) field (F)?
 Water & fertilizer is slowly & directly applied to
(a) Duty of water at M is always greater than
the root zone of the plants.
duty of water at F
 Best suited for row crops & orchards like grapes,
tomatoes, cabbage, corn, fruits etc. (b) Duty of water at M is always equal to duty
Special Point: Sprinkler & drip irrigation systems of water F
falls under a category known as pressured irrigation
systems. (c) Duty of water at M can be greater or less
CIVIL JUNCTION than duty of water at F
2018
(d) Duty of water M is always less than duty
23 Sep 2019 (Evening Session) of water at F
13. 1 cumec day = ? Solution: (d)
(a) 0.86 hectare-metres

(b) 864 hectare-metres River

F
(c) 86.4 hectare-metres Main canal
Canal head Major distributory
(d) 8.64 hectare-metres regulator
E Branch
canal
Solution: (d) C Outlet discharge factor
Minor B A
distributory Field
The volume of water discharged in a period of 24hr Water
at a rate of 1 m3/s is called cumec-day. course

1 cumec day = 86400 m3 = 8.64 ha.m Duty A >Duty B >D C >D D >D E >D F
2018
As one moves from head of the canal to the field,
23 Sep 2019 (Evening Session) the duty of water increase.
24. If B = 100 days and D = 1400 hectares/ 26. In an irrigated area, 12 m3/s of water is di-
cumec, then find delta. verted to a 0.32 km2 field area for four
hours. The soil moisture measurement in
(a) 65.71 cm
the field done after irrigation showed that
(b) 61.71 cm 0.4 m of water has been stored in the root

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zone. The water application efficiency (cor- flood plains flows in two or more channels
rect to nearest decimal) in this case is: around alluvial islands?

(a) 85% (a) Braided river

(b) 58.5% (b) Flashy river

(c) 74% (c) Virgin river

(d) 56.6% (d) Tidal river

Solution: (c) Solution: (a)

Given, Area = 0.32 km2 • Braided river: When a river flows in two or
more channels around alluvial island it is known
Discharge Q = 12 m3/s
as a braided river.
Time (t) = 4 hours
• Virigin river: When water in a river completely
Depth of water in root zone = 0.4 m dries before joining another river or the ocean,
such a river is called virgin river.
W s
Water application efficiency (h a ) = W • Flashy river: If the flood rise and fall in a river
f
is sudden, then it is called as flashy river.
Where, Ws = Quantity of water in root zone • Tidal river: River which receives water from
Wf = Quantity delivered to field tide in the ocean is called tidal river.
2018
ha =
0.4 ´ 100 CIVIL JUNCTION
æ12 ´ 3600 ´ 4 ö = 74.1% 23 Sep 2019 (Evening Session)
çè ÷
0.32 ´ 106 ø
7. If crest length is equal to the width of the
channel, then it is called:
2018
(a) Deformed weir
25 Sep 2019 (Morning Session)
(b) Non-suppressed weir
18. Among the classification of canals based
on alignment criteria, identify the canal in (c) Suppressed weir
which the number of cross drainage works
(d) Balanced weir
is maximum?
Solution: (c)
(a) Contour canal
8. Sarda type fall was designed to:
(b) Side slope canal
(a) Minimise the depth of cutting
(c) Ridge canal
(b) Have no relation with depth of cutting
(d) Detour canal
(c) Maximise the depth of cutting
Solution: (a)
(d) Maintain the depth of cutting
2018 Solution: (a)
23 Sep 2019 (Missing Session) 9. Which of the following dams is classified
based on structural design?
6. Which of the following rivers in alluvial
(a) Storage dam
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(b) Gravity dam the bank or at an angle pointing US or D/S

(c) Detention dam • Groynes are the structures constructed transverse

to the river flow extending from the bank into the
(d) Diversion dam
river.
Solution: (b)
A dam is a barrier constructed across river in order to
n al Paren t C an
create a reservoir for storage water. Ca al
in g
ak
ff-T
Gravity dam: It is a solid masonry or concrete O

structure with an approximate triangular cross-section.

In such a way that external forces exerted on it, are
resisted by its own weight.
• Moderate Gravity dam is permanent type of struc- D ow
nstr e
am Pa re
ture. nt Ca
n al
Type of gravity dam (depend on height)
1. Low dam (upto 100 ft.)
2. Moderate dam (height between 100 ft. to 300 • These are also called spur dikes or transverse
ft.) dikes, and constitute the most widely used river
3. High dam: (Higher than 300 ft.) training works. They are constructed in order to
protect the back from which they are extended,
10. A fall is constructed to:
by deflecting the current away from the bank.
(a) Create surplus energy Water is not able to take sharp embankment, so
(b) Maintain surplus energy
CIVIL JUNCTION the back gets protected for certain distance U/S
and D/S of the groyne.
(c) Destroy the surplus energy
(d) Overcome surplus energy
12. An overflow dam is also known as a ——
Sol. (c) —
(a) Reservoir
11. Temporary spurs are also called: (b) Rockfill dam
(a) Barrages (c) Spillway
(b) Bunds (d) Gravity dam
(c) Canals Solution: (c)
(d) Weirs Spillway crest is the upper most part of spillway over
which water discharge
Solution: (b)
Essential requirement of spillway :
Bund: It is an embankment constructed parallel or 1. It must have sufficient capacity
nearly to the river to protect area on one side from 2. Must be so located that it provide safe disposal
flooding. of water.
3. Must be hydraulically & structurally adequate
• It is designed on the same principle as an earth
4. A spillway is water way provided in dam for
dam.
carrying the surplus flood water from a reservior
Groynes or spur safely to a downstream river.
 Spillway: Acts as safety Valves for the Dams.
• Groynes may be aligned either perpendicular to

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 A spillway may be located either within the body ing of a canal and a drain. Bed level of Ca-
of dam/at one end of the dam/entirely away from nal = + 211 m: Full supply depth of canal
the dam in a saddle as an independent structure. = 1.8 m: Bed level of Drain = + 209.4 m;
 The free overfall spillway is most commonly used
depth of flow at high flood level = + 2.2
for low earth dams (or earthen banks/dams).
m. The suitable type of cross drainage
2018 work is:
25 Sep 2019 (Morning Session) (a) Aqueduct
13. A company has proposed to design a weir (b) Canal syphon
across a river in alluvial soil. The piezo-
metric head at the bottom of the floor is (c) Syphon Aqueduct
computed as 10 m. The datum is 3 m be- (d) Super Passage
low the floor bottom. The assumed stand-
ing water depth above the floor is 2 m. Solution: (C)
The specific gravity of floor material is 2.5.
The required minimum thickness of the
floor is:
(a) 4.2 m
(b) 2 m

(c) 3.3 m
(d) 1.5 m

Solution: (b)
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2m
t Floor bottom

3m
Datum

Pressured head + datum head = 10 m

Pressure head + 3= 10 m

Pressure head = 7 m
Weight of floor and weight of water above it will
counteract this upward pressure head

So, 2 gw + tG s gw = 7 gw

2 + 2.5t = 7

t = 2m

14. The following details pertain to the cross-

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