INTERNSHIP REPORT

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE

AWARD OF THE

BACHELOR’S OF TECHNOLOGY DEGREE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

CONFERRED BY

AMITY UNIVERSITY MUMBAI

SUBMITTED

BY

VISHESH KUMAR VERMA

B.TECH CIVIL ,ROLL NO. BCIV1702,

ENROLLMENT NO. A70415817001

SUBMITTED TO

Dr.B S ASHA

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

AMITY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,

AMITY UNIVERSITY MUMBAI

 Amity University Mumbai
Amity School of Engineering & Technology

Bhatan,Panvel-410 206

Bachelors of Technology – ( CIVIL)

Semester - (VIIth)

This is to certify that Mr. VISHESH KUMAR VERMA Enrollment No.

A70415817001 of B. Tech Civil Engineering semester VIIth has

satisfactorily completed the Summer Internship-II prescribed by Amity

School of Engineering & Technology, Amity University Mumbai during

academic year 2020-21.

--------------------------------------
--

Stamp/seal of the Institute Name and Signature of Examiner

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

SR. NO. Contents Page No

Acknowledgement IV
List of figures V
Abstract VI
Chapter 1 Introduction 3
1.1 Filtration Process in Water Treatment 3

1.2 Conventional Water Treatment Process 4

1.3 Advance filtration process 5

1.4 Difficulty to Filter Storm Water Using Conventional Filters 10

1.5 Storm water Filtration Systems 11

1.6 Bioretention Filter 12

1.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Bio-Retention Filter 14

Chapter 2 Review of Literature 16

Chapter 3 Summary 27

Chapter 4 References 29

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am highly indebted to Director Dr. SHRIKANT CHARHATE, for the facilities provided
to accomplish this internship. I would also like to thank my Department Coordinator Dr. B
S ASHA for his constructive criticism throughout my internship.

I want to thank Dr. Sushree Sangita Mishra who helped me during my work and also being
my personal mentor and guide throughout .I would like to give special thanks to Prof.
Shruthi B. K and the department for helping me throughout with his wise suggestions,
innovative ideas and whole-hearted help.

I am extremely grateful to my department staff members and friends who helped me in

successful completion of this internship.

VISHESH KUMAR VERMA

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Sr no. Name of the figure Page

Fig (i) Bioretention System 1

Fig (ii) Bioretention Filter 2

Fig 1.1 Filtration Process in Water Treatment 3

Fig 1.2 Conventional treatment 4

Fig 1.3 Advance water purification Process 6

Fig 1.4 Free Chlorine Disinfection 7

Fig 1.5 Membrane Filtration 8

Fig 1.6 Reverse osmosis 9

Fig 1.7 Advanced Oxidation 10

Fig 1.8 Bioretention system 13

Fig 1.9 Bio retention filter 14

v|Page
 Abstract
This project demonstrated an Urban Storm Water Management Technique using
Bioretention Filter. As the cities develop and grow, benefits from important natural water
ways areas are often ignored and overlooked as a result of which natural areas are degraded.
This has resulted in increase in impermeable areas, flooding in some areas while drought in
some areas. This necessitates adoption of sustainable storm water management practices in
cities. The project demonstrated runoff could be harvest using bio retention media and water
could be utilised for domestic secondary use. The aim of this project is to harvest and utilize
runoff water using bio retention media prepared by engineered soil.

Urbanization increases the amount of impervious surfaces and adversely affects the quality
and quantity of surface and ground water resources. Imperviousness leads to decreased
infiltration, increased surface runoff, and washed off pollutants in the storm water runoff.
Storm water management strategies such as low impact development (LID) are control
measures designed to restore the natural hydrologic flow and improve the quality of storm
water. Although LID practices have shown improved quality of urban storm water, their
performance is highly dependent on local conditions such as design parameters (media,
plants, retention time) and climate .

The elementary importance of improved management of storm water for urban centres,
irrigation, industrial, domestic, and stock uses across the world cannot be overemphasised.
This project report presents a review of the bioretention technique of storm water treatment.
A comparative study of available treatment measures with respect to advantages,
disadvantages and pollutant trapping efficiency is presented and discussed. This project also a
tries to highlight the current storm water reuse techniques to reduce the water crisis.
Conclusions based on a comparative study of storm water treatment measures and reuse
techniques are presented, which will be useful for storm water researchers, planners and
storm water management in general.

Bioretention basins/rain garden is a very suitable low-impact development (LID) practice for
storm water management around the globe. By using this practice in urban areas, flash
flooding problems can be decreased and the environment of an area can be improved. The
concept of bioretention was introduced a few decades ago and has been proven to be the best
management practice (BMP) for storm water in urban areas. Due to urbanisation, natural
surface areas are converted into hard surfaces such as roads, through which water cannot
infiltrate into the ground. Due to this, infiltration decreases and surface run-off increases,
which causes depletion of ground water continuously. In this study, the concept of bio
retention filtration and it’s functions are mainly explained.

Keywords: Biorentention , Storm Water , Filtration

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7|Page
 Urban Storm Water
Purification Technique
Using Bioretention
Filter

Fig i: Bioretention System

(Source:https://www.google.com/search?q=bioretention+filter+photo&sxsrf=ALeKk020tCImSdFpVL
hOo3hxe6wol9hFkA:1594391733582&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=uTGRtSitVHZVXM%)

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 Fig ii: Bioretention Filter

(Source:https://www.google.com/search?q=bioretention+filter+photo&sxsrf=ALeKk020tCImSdFpVL
hOo3hxe6wol9hFkA:1594391733582&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=uTGRtSitVHZVXM%252CFDY
1pQ--wovtpM%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-kT9eodJp-bYhCfUIuY2_cJ8Jbt9)

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Filtration Process in Water Treatment

Water filtration is the process of removing or reducing the concentration of particulate matter,
including suspended particles, parasites, bacteria, algae, viruses, and fungi, as well as other
undesirable chemical and biological contaminants from contaminated water to produce safe
and clean water for a specific purpose, such as drinking, medical, and pharmaceutical
applications. The filtration systems for drinking water usually incorporate a five-stage
filtration process: sediment, mechanical, chemical, mineral, and bacterial.

Filtration is a process that removes particles from suspension in water. Removal takes place
by a number of mechanisms that include straining, flocculation, sedimentation and surface
capture. Filters can be categorised by the main method of capture, i.e. exclusion of particles
at the surface of the filter media i.e. straining, or deposition within the media i.e. in-depth
filtration.

Fig 1.1: Filtration Process In Water Treatment (Source:

https://www.askpowerplant.com/filtration-process-in-water-treatment/)

Strainers generally consist of a simple thin physical barrier made from metal or plastic. In
water treatment they tend to be used at the inlet to the treatment system to exclude large
objects (e.g. leaves, fish, and coarse detritus). These may be manually or mechanically
scraped bar screens. The spacing between the bars ranges from 1 to 10 cm. Intake screens can
have much smaller spacing created by closely spaced plates or even fine metal fabric. The
latter are usually intended to remove fine silt and especially algae and are referred to as micro
strainers.

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Filters, as commonly understood in water treatment generally consist of a medium within
which it is intended most of the particles in the water will be captured. Such filters might be
manufactured as disposable cartridge filters, which can be suitable for domestic (i.e. point-of-
use treatment) and small-scale industrial applications. Larger forms of cartridge filters exist
which can be cleaned. One version is precoat filtration in which a porous support surface is
given a sacrificial coating of diatomaceous earth, or other suitable material, each time the
filter has been cleaned. Additionally, a small amount of the diatomaceous earth is applied
continuously during filtration. However, in most cases, filters used in municipal water
treatment contain sand or another appropriate granular material (e.g. anthracite, crushed glass
or other ceramic material, or another relatively inert mineral) as the filter medium. Filtration
using such filters is often referred to as in-depth granular media filtration.

1.2 Conventional Water Treatment Process

Fig 1.2: Conventional treatment(source:

https://iaspub.epa.gov/tdb/pages/treatment/treatmentOverview.do?treatmentProcessId=1934681
921)

Conventional treatment consists of the following unit processes: coagulation, flocculation,

clarification, and filtration, and is typically followed by disinfection at full-scale.
Conventional treatment is often preceded by pre-sedimentation, may be accompanied by
powdered activated carbon (PAC) addition, utilize granular activated carbon (GAC) as a filter
media, and in some cases be followed by GAC adsorption. Conventional treatment is often
preceded by pre-oxidation, or oxidation takes place concurrently. Oxidants common to
conventional treatment are chlorine, chloramine, chlorine dioxide or permanganate.
Occasionally membrane processes, either membrane filtration or ultrafiltration, accompany
conventional treatment.
In coagulation, a positively charged coagulant (usually an aluminium or iron salt) is added to
raw water and mixed in the rapid mix chamber. The coagulant alters or destabilizes
negatively charged particulate, dissolved, and colloidal contaminants. Coagulant aid
polymers and/or acid may also be added to enhance the coagulation process. Turbidity and
total organic carbon (TOC) are measures of particulates and dissolved organics impacting
coagulation.

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During flocculation, gentle mixing accelerates the rate of particle collision, and the
destabilized particles are further aggregated and enmeshed into larger precipitates.
Flocculation is affected by several parameters, including the mixing speed, mixing intensity ,
and mixing time. The product of the mixing intensity and mixing time is frequently used to
describe the flocculation process.

Following flocculation, agglomerated particles enter the clarification unit where they are
removed by sedimentation by gravity or are floated and skimmed from the surface of the
clarification unit. In the sedimentation processes, the majority of the solids are removed by
gravitational settling; particles that do not settle and are still suspended are removed during
the filtration process. Sedimentation is generally accomplished in rectangular or circular
basins and is often enhanced by the addition of inclined plates or tubes which increase
effectiveness of the process by effectively increasing the surface area of the sedimentation
basin. Dissolved air flotation (DAF) is another clarification process in which air is diffused as
fine bubbles and suspended particles are floated to the surface and removed by skimming.
Generally, DAF is most effective for small, fine, low-density particles like algae and may not
be effective is all instances. Like conventional sedimentation, solids not removed by DAF are
removed during filtration.

Residuals generated by the conventional treatment process include coagulation solids

(sludge) and spent backwash. Spent backwash is often returned to the treatment process as a
means to minimize water loss. Sludge may also be recycled to minimize coagulant and
coagulant aid doses and improve process performance. Process solids (i.e., coagulation
sludge and filtered solids) will contain elevated concentrations of contaminants removed
during the treatment process. Depending on the source water concentration of a particular
contaminant and any disposal limitations, it may be necessary evaluate the disposal of
process solids with respect to state and local hazardous waste regulations.

1.3 Advanced filtration process

Advanced Water Purification produces high-quality drinking water using the most advanced
treatment processes available. Though technologies can vary, many systems use water
purification that includes three processes: microfiltration, reverse osmosis, and ultraviolet
light/advanced oxidation.

Advanced wastewater treatment is employed when specific wastewater constituents which

cannot be removed by conventional treatment must be removed. Individual treatment
processes are necessary to remove nitrogen, phosphorus, additional suspended solids,
refractory organics, heavy metals and dissolved solids. Because advanced treatment usually
follows high-rate secondary treatment, it is sometimes referred to as tertiary treatment.

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Advanced Water Purification Process

Fig 1.3: Advance water purification Process (Source: https://eastcountyawp.com/treatment-

process/)

STEP 1: Free Chlorine Disinfection

Microorganisms can be found in raw water from rivers, lakes and groundwater. While not all
microorganisms are harmful to human health, there are some that may cause diseases in
humans. These are called pathogens. Pathogens present in water can be transmitted through a
drinking water distribution system, causing waterborne disease in those who consume it.

In order to combat waterborne diseases, different disinfection methods are used to inactivate
pathogens. Along with other water treatment processes such as coagulation, sedimentation,
and filtration, chlorination creates water that is safe for public consumption.

A leading advantage of chlorination is that it has proven effective against bacteria and
viruses; however, it cannot inactivate all microbes. Some protozoan cysts are resistant to the
effects of chlorine.

Chlorine needs time to inactivate any microorganisms that may be present in the water being
treated for human consumption. The more time chlorine is in contact with the
microorganisms, the more effective the process will be. The contact time is the time from
when the chlorine is first added until the time that the water is used or consumed.

Chlorination is a very popular method of water disinfection that has been used for many
years. It has shown to be effective for killing bacteria and viruses, but not for some protozoan
cysts. With the concern about trihalomethanes, a carcinogenic disinfection by-product, many
communities have become hesitant in the continuation of this process.

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Fig 1.4: Free Chlorine Disinfection(Source: https://eastcountyawp.com/treatment-process/)

STEP 2: Membrane Filtration

Membrane filtration is a streamlined process that helps create clean drinking water. This
process is often used to improve food quality, as it helps separate particles from water to
create other beverages such as beer, milk and juice. There are four different types of
membrane filtration, including nanofiltration, ultra-filtration, reverse osmosis and
microfiltration. A different type of filtration process is used for different sized particles. The
particles found in salt water are the smallest, so reverse osmosis is used. However, the
particles in river water might be larger, so microfiltration is used. Though water filtration is
used for a variety of reasons, one is to help create beverages and dairy products in the food
industry. This process helps concentrate and purify a variety of foods, from beverages such as
beer and vegetable juice to dairy products such as yogurt and cheese. This process is used in
several stages of food and beverage development so these products are safe to be sold and
used.

Various types of membrane technologies have been used successfully in centralized and
decentralized waste reuse applications. The desired end use of the treated water dictates the
degree of water quality and influences the membrane process necessary to achieve that goal.
Microfiltration (MF), and Ultrafiltration (UF) are typically used due to their ability to
produce waters extremely low in suspended solids and turbidity. Membrane Bio-Reactor
(MBR) is used for direct wastewater treatment due to its ability to produce waters low in
effluent nutrients. Nano filtration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes are used for
advanced wastewater post-treatment applications where a high quality permeate is necessary
such as groundwater injection for IPR or a sensitive industrial application. Membrane

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treatment processes provide a significant advantage in water reuse applications due to their
proven ability to provide reliable, predictable, and consistent water quality.

Membrane filtration has become a viable and recognized method of water treatment,
producing a water quality safe for human consumption, improving the properties of a waste
stream destined for downstream waterways, use in indirect potable reuse or in a few cases,
direct potable reuse and offering a multitude of additional process advantages.

Fig 1.5: Membrane Filtration(Source: https://eastcountyawp.com/treatment-process/)

STEP 3: Reverse Osmosis

Reverse osmosis involves taking water from the ground and putting it through a process that
removes all of the water’s minerals and deionizes it so that it is safe for people to drink.
Without this critical process, people would not be able to extract the harmful materials found
in natural water and could become sick or die as a result. This process is used in
desalinization, which is when ocean water is turned into clean, fresh water. Reverse osmosis
helps remove the salt from ocean water leaving behind clean water. The world is running out
of fresh and natural resources to use, and 97 % of the water on the planet is salt water.
Reverse osmosis can also help recycle water to make it clean and safe again, and also is used
in wastewater treatments.

Reverse osmosis removes contaminants from unfiltered water, or feed water, when pressure
forces it through a semipermeable membrane. Water flows from the more concentrated
side (more contaminants) of the RO membrane to the less concentrated side (fewer
contaminants) to provide clean drinking water. The fresh water produced is called
the permeate. The concentrated water left over is called the waste or brine.

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A semipermeable membrane has small pores that block contaminants but allow water
molecules to flow through. In osmosis, water becomes more concentrated as it passes through
the membrane to obtain equilibrium on both sides. Reverse osmosis, however, blocks
contaminants from entering the less concentrated side of the membrane. For example, when
pressure is applied to a volume of saltwater during reverse osmosis, the salt is left behind and
only clean water flows through.

A reverse osmosis system removes sediment and chlorine from water with a prefilter before
it forces water through a semipermeable membrane to remove dissolved solids. After water
exits the RO membrane, it passes through a postfilter to polish the drinking water before it
enters a dedicated faucet. Reverse osmosis systems have various stages depending on their
number of prefilters and postfilters.

Fig 1.6: Reverse osmosis (Source: https://eastcountyawp.com/treatment-process/)

STEP 4: Ultra Violet/Advanced Oxidation

Ultraviolet Light (UV) with advanced oxidation is a further safety process where extremely
concentrated light, similar to the suns rays, kills any organisms that may remain after reverse
osmosis. UV combined with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)), similar to strong bleach, is an
effective disinfection/advanced oxidation process that keeps trace organic compounds from
reaching drinking water supplies.

UV water filters utilize the electromagnetic energy of the light to offer protection against
harmful substances in water by attacking them at their genetic core. The UV energy destroys

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illness-causing microorganisms by altering their DNA and eliminating their ability to
reproduce.

Water oxidation is used to break down water into two elements- hydrogen and oxygen. The
process separates the water back into its original elements so that it can be used for other
things. People and other living organisms need oxygen to live, so this process can be used
anywhere where oxygen is readily needed, such as filling up oxygen tanks. Given that climate
change and air pollution are currently harming the environment, people are looking for other
sources of fuel, one of which is hydrogen. This treatment process helps provide water and
hydrogen where it’s needed to improve the environment as a whole.

Fig 1.7: Advanced Oxidation (Source: https://eastcountyawp.com/treatment-process/)

By the time the water reaches the fourth treatment step, only hydrogen and oxygen molecules
are left behind – pharmaceuticals, bacteria, chemicals and viruses are gone. The water can
then be stored in a local reservoir or aquifer. The stored water is treated one more time before
being distributed into the drinking water system.

1.4 Difficulty to Filter Storm Water Using Conventional Filters

1. Variation in turbidity

When plants begin to experience a variation in turbidity i.e. —the cloudiness of water due to
the presence of a large number of particles,—it can have negative effects on the quality of the
process and effluent from the plant. It’s helpful to have a consistent year’s worth of data to
evaluate the turbidity levels coming into the plant from season to season prior to designing
the system

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2. Variation in flow

Many times, industrial companies make educated guesses as to what they think their flow
rates are going to be. If an industrial facility is not equipped to handle these variations, they’ll
likely experience upsets to the system that will carry turbidity over and plug any downstream
filters.

3. Changing feed chemistry

Many surface and well waters have seasonal variations in water chemistry. Industrial plants
need to be very careful in the design of any raw water treatment systems to be large enough
to handle these changes

4. Hydraulic Retention Time

Perhaps the most important aspect of any water treatment process is time. Any treatment
solution needs time to run its course and certain treatments take longer than others.

5. Operation / Supervision

Biology is a complex subject; therefore, it stands to reason that a biological water treatment
process would be complex in certain aspects. On a broad scale, the overall process seems
simple enough. However, the design and operation of an Water treatment typically requires
experts in biological systems design to monitor it. A system like this needs a little more
skilled supervision than just watching out for mechanical failures and monitoring pH. There
needs to be highly skilled operators and supervisors that can check for the viability and
efficiency.

1.5 Storm water Filtration Systems

Media and Membrane Filtration

Innovative media and membrane filtrations systems have become increasingly common for
treating storm water runoff. Generally, filters tend to be more effective at removing common
storm water pollutants than settling technologies such as hydrodynamic separators and are
commonly utilized as standalone practices or as polishing systems in treatment train
configurations. While performance varies by media type and gradation, filters are known to
effectively capture finer sediments and some media also effectively target dissolved
pollutants such as metals and phosphorus.

Manufactured filtration systems are usually housed within rectangular vault or round
manhole structures. Many technologies incorporate sumps or chambers to encourage
sedimentation within the structure in order to reduce loading on the filtration media or
membrane which reduces the overall maintenance frequency and cost for the
technology. Manufactured filtration systems often utilize a customized gradation of filtration

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media or porous membranes to remove storm water pollutants. Common media include
expanded perlite, zeolite and sand as well as other specialized media to target soluble
pollutants through chemical processes. Media is generally housed in removable cartridges or
compartments within a concrete vault or manhole structure. Flow enters the system and
passes through the media where solids are physically filtered from the flow stream and
soluble pollutants attach to specialized media.

Performance of media filtration devices is highly dependent on the gradation, depth and type
of media, the hydraulic loading rate and pollutant characteristics. Media filters utilized for
storm water treatment are able to remove fine silt particles as well as soluble metals and
nutrients. Finer gradations of media are capable of removing more pollutants, but must
operate at a lower hydraulic loading rate to avoid premature clogging and excessive
maintenance. Many media filters can treat higher flows than they are commonly designed for
in practice for short durations, but it is essential that longevity is considered when designing
media filters to avoid frequent maintenance requirements. Generally speaking, filters tend to
require a larger foot print than other flow through treatment practices because of the need to
maintain lower hydraulic loading rates to ensure both performance and longevity.

1.6 Bioretention Filter

A bioretention filter consists of a soil bed planted with suitable non-invasive (preferably
native) vegetation. Storm water runoff entering the bioretention system is filtered through the
soil planting bed before being either conveyed downstream by an under drain system or
infiltrated into the existing subsoil below the soil bed. Vegetation in the soil planting bed
provides uptake of pollutants and runoff and helps maintain the pores and associated
infiltration rates of the soil in the bed. A bioretention system can be configured as either a
bioretention basin or a longer, narrower bioretention swale. In general, a bioretention basin
has a flat bottom while a bioretention swale may have sloping bottom. Runoff storage depths
above the soil bed surface are typically shallow.

Bioretention filters are used to remove a wide range of pollutants, such as suspended solids,
nutrients, metals, hydrocarbons, and bacteria from storm water runoff. They can also be used
to reduce peak runoff rates and increase storm water infiltration when designed as a multi-
stage, multi-function facility.

Bioretention areas (also referred to as bioretention cells or rain gardens) use soil, plants and
microbes to treat storm water before it is infiltrated or discharged. Bioretention areas are
shallow depressions filled with sandy soil, topped with a thick layer of mulch, and planted
with dense vegetation.

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 Fig 1.8:Bioretention system(source:
https://www.google.com/search?q=bioretention+system&sxsrf=ALeKk00qPg3mnUvG_V8x8cLlIihD6
4a3OQ:1594307586378&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjS9uTKusDqAhVozzgGHQQ-
BS0Q_AUoAXoECA4QAw&biw=1366&bih=608#imgrc=Yv9UHyBAh4uQKM)

Biorentention filter works using the bioretention area .Storm water runoff flows into the
bioretention area, percolates through the soil (which acts as a filter) and eventually drains into
the groundwater; some of the water is also absorbed by the plants. Bioretention areas are
usually designed to allow ponded water and with an overflow outlet to prevent flooding
during larger storm events. Where soils have low permeability or where faster drainage is
desired, designers may incorporate a perforated under drain that routes to a storm drain
system.

Bioretention areas can provide excellent pollutant removal and recharge for the "first flush"
of storm water runoff. Properly designed bioretention areas will remove suspended solids,
metals, and nutrients. Distributed around a property, bioretention areas can enhance site
aesthetics. In residential developments they are often marketed as property amenities.
Routine maintenance is simple and can be handled by homeowners or conventional
landscaping companies, with proper direction.

Bioretention is the process in which contaminants and sedimentation are removed from storm
water runoff. Storm water is collected into the treatment area which consists of a grass buffer
strip, sand bed, ponding area, organic layer or mulch layer, planting soil, and plants. Runoff
passes first over or through a sand bed, which slows the runoff's velocity, distributes it evenly
along the length of the ponding area, which consists of a surface organic layer
and/or groundcover and the underlying planting soil. The ponding area is graded, its center
depressed. Water is ponded to a depth of 15 cm (5.9 in) and gradually infiltrates the

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 bioretention area or is evapotranspired. The bioretention area is graded to divert excess runoff
away from itself. Stored water in the bioretention area planting soil exfiltrates over a period
of days into the underlying soils.

Fig 1.9: Bio retention filter(Sorce:

https://www.google.com/search?q=bioretention+system&sxsrf=ALeKk00qPg3mnUvG_V8x8cLlIihD
64a3OQ:1594307586378&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjS9uTKusDqAhVozzgG
HQQ-BS0Q_AUoAXoECA4QAw&biw=1366&bih=608#imgrc=540o__aB2Qfh9M)

1.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Bio-Retention Filter:

Advantages:
• Can be planned as landscaping features
• Very effective in removing urban pollutants
• Can reduce volume and rate of runoff
• Flexible layout to fit into landscape
• Well-suited for installation in highly impervious areas, provided the system is well-
engineered and adequate space is made available
• Good retrofit capability
• Aesthetically pleasing if properly designed and maintained.
• Reduces amount of runoff from drainage areas.

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• Effective at removal of sediment loads, nutrients, traces of heavy metals, bacteria and
organics found in storm water.
• Allows for a flexibility of design layout so able to fit this practice into most landscapes.
• Relatively low maintenance requirement
• The flexibility of a design layout allows it to be readily implemented into green spaces,
streetscapes, median strips and parking islands.
• The provide storm water volume control.
• They utilize a native forest ecosystem structure and landscape processes to enhance storm
water quality.
• They are efficient in the removal of sediments, heavy metals, and nutrients the impact water
quality.
• They are relatively low maintenance and cost effective.

Disadvantage:

• Requires landscaping and management

• Susceptible to clogging if surrounding landscape is not managed
• Not suitable for areas with steep slope
• Regular inspection
• Litter/debris removal
• Replacement of mulch layer
• Vegetation management
• Soil spiking and scarifying

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 CHAPTER 2
Review of Literature

As discussed in the previous chapter, the bioretention filter has many advantages over the
conventional filters and has been used in many places in India and other countries. This
chapter provides a comprehensive review of the literature on bio retention filter and the work
done by researchers on the same.

I. Hamedani et al., (2019)

had experimented the removal efficiency of different sand and bioretention media. A
synthetic water and four different media, including limestone sand as native soil, were tested
to identify the optimal bioretention design. The results of water quality analyses suggested
that limestone sand showed significantly higher removal efficiencies, especially for the
removal of heavy metals.

The hydraulic head in the gutter and the orifice flowrate were monitored throughout the
experiment to maintain consistency, and the feed tank was refilled during experimental runs
to sustain the desired injection rate and total volume, which were 150 mL/min and ~10
gallons, respectively.Rain gauges were installed at outlet of the columns to monitor the
effluent volume and flow rate.

The objective of this study was to compare the removal efficiency of four different media by
conducting column experiments using a synthetic storm water. Of the four tested media, sand
performed better in removal of phosphorus (92.9%) (p<0.0001), while BioFilter532 seems to
perform better in removal of nitrogen (12.3%) ,High phosphorus content of Biofilter532 lead
to leaching of phosphorus. Additionally, phosphorus and nitrate removal require sufficient
contact time and saturation, thus small infiltration rate was essential for effective treatment.
Therefore, the media with high hydraulic conductivity showed poor treatment performance,
especially in nitrate removal. All media perform well in total lead removal, while removal
efficiencies for copper and zinc were different. Man.Sand had the highest removal rates for
all three metals. Limestone sand (Man.Sand) was identified as the best performing media
with the highest water quality index; however, Man.Sand alone cannot be used in
bioretention designs since it is not suitable for cultivation of vegetation. The use of Man.Sand
combined of organics to sustain vegetation and enhance the water quality was promising as
our results suggest. Furthermore, the impact of vegetation in enhancement of nutrient
removal by plant uptake is to be tested as well. Further studies should also investigate the
causes of high copper concentration in effluent samples and potential modifications to
improve the water quality.

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II. Parkinson , (2011)
had focused on the provision of drainage systems and storm water management strategies in
low income urban settlements. Although engineered infrastructure is a necessary component
for drainage of urban runoff, non-structural approaches are important complementary
measures, focusing on actions to prevent and mitigate problems related to flooding, as well as
those related to pollution and deterioration in environmental health conditions. As these rely
predominantly on behavioural changes to be effective, a participatory approach is
recommended within a strategic framework of urban storm water planning.
Due to the high intensities of rainfall during rainy seasons, the lack of drainage infrastructure
and the failure to maintain existing systems, the impacts of flooding are widespread and, as
described below, it is the poor who are most susceptible and consequently suffer the
most.The nature of flooding events relates to the physical context and may affect
communities in different ways.
Although it is difficult to prove conclusively because of the complexities of disease
transmission routes, there is considerable empirical evidence to indicate that flooding and
poor drainage have a significant impact on the prevalence of illness, and that large-scale
flooding may disrupt water supply and sanitation systems and result in disease epidemics.In
poorly drained areas with inadequate sanitation, urban runoff mixes with excreta – spreading
pathogens around communities and increasing risks to health from various waterborne
diseases.

III. Milik et al.,(2018)

had collected results of tests for the content of heavy metals in sediments from the urban
drainage to determine the actual threat they pose to the environment. As a result of the
combustion of liquid fuels, significant amounts of nickel, vanadium, cadmium and zinc get
into the aquatic environment. Due to the amount of sediments accumulated in the rainwater
drainage system, periodic pollution monitoring should be carried out leading to the
determination of the method of management and utilization of sludge. The use of separators
contributes to the reduction of the presence of heavy metals in the aquatic environment.
Sediment from devices for storm water runoff treatment, especially those located in city
centres, industrial districts and within the area of highways are characterized by a high
content of heavy metals and are found to be most contaminated. Due to a lack of adequate
rules and norms determining boundary values for chemical contamination in sediment from
storm water drainage systems, it is necessary to encourage introduction of adequate rules to
enable regulation of the issues concerning storage and usage of sediment. It is necessary to
develop and introduce uniform legal laws which will standardize the issues concerning
storage and management of storm water sediment because inappropriate management and
usage of devices can lead to contamination of the natural environment and adversely affect
the wastewater management system in towns posing a threat to human health and life.

IV. Jing Wu et al.,(2019)

developed A knowledge table in the storm water management field was obtained, the
development context of the field and the research focus of each stage were understood, and
the future development trend of the field is inferred.

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Forming the existing knowledge table in the storm water management field on the basis of
the time stage ,table information statistics are conducted in accordance with the research
results to form a knowledge table of the storm water management field.

New researchers and readers can obtain basic information of the field on the basis of the table
and determine the number of articles, countries, institutions, highly cited documents,
influential authors, and keywords at different development stages of the field, providing
valuable information and reference for new research.

Others Statistics show that the United States played an important role in the research of the
field in its early years, and then various countries successively conducted research on storm
water management suitable for them, showing a multi-direction development trend of the
field.

V. Ceder et al.,(2012)
conducted the Storm water Practices Research project to identify and evaluate best
management practices/storm water treatment practices (BMPs/STPs) for post-construction
storm water runoff from transportation infrastructure.

The research project included the following components: • A broad-based search of literature,
transportation and environmental agency resources, and other storm water technical sources,
to identify innovations in storm water management technology, for consideration by this
study. Evaluation of the selected BMPs/STPs applying the agreed evaluation criteria,
resulting in the development of detailed descriptions of the practices.

VI. Williams et al.,(2016)

presented a methodology used to conduct a laboratory test of a storm water filter. In the
absence of any published protocols for filters the methodology was developed based on
protocols for hydrodynamic separators, combined with scientifically defendable and practical
procedures. What this paper presents is a storm water filter test program that has been
executed in a typical hydraulics lab and which could be easily reproduced elsewhere. The
Test program included testing the removal performance and Lifetime of the filter. A simple
Way to present the resulting data, so that an end user can compare technologies with
confidence ,is described. The rationale behind the methodology and data interpretation is
discussed, with the hope that this will provide a basis for progress on a standard protocol.

VII. Begumi et al.,(2008)

found that elementary importance of improved management of storm water for urban centres,
irrigation, industrial, domestic, and stock uses across the world cannot be overemphasised.in
this storm water treatment and reuse techniques and introduces a new technology known as
‘Green Gully’ that collects, purifies and reuses storm water throughout an automated network
system. A comparative study of available treatment measures with respect to advantages,

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disadvantages and pollutant trapping efficiency is presented and discussed. This paper also
highlights the current storm water reuse techniques to reduce the water crisis.

Storm water treatment and reuse is important for improving urban water cycle management,
given the current and increasing stresses on water resources all over the world. There is a
requirement for the development of innovative technologies or modification of existing
technologies for the collection, treatment, storage and distribution of storm water. Without
this, it is likely that storm water recycling will be limited to smaller scale, less complex
systems. Design standards for storm water treatment for the purposes of reuse, based on
targeted research, are also needed. Successful research into the reuse of storm water will
provide significant benefits in terms of protecting receiving waters from pollution, and
reduction in potable water demand. The comparative study presented in this paper clearly
outlines the relative advantages, disadvantages and pollutant trapping efficiency of different
treatment measures and reuse techniques and is a useful document for storm water
researchers, planners and storm water management authorities.

VIII. Sidek et al.,(2004 )

carried out by two methods namely grab sampling and automatic sampling method. Firstly,
by using grab sampling method, samples of storm water are taken from ten stations along
ecological swales. In-line sensing using automatic samplers (i.e. Sonde) is also being carried
out to measure four parameters i.e. pH, conductivity, temperature and Dissolved Oxygen at
ecological pond. The ecological pond which is placed downstream of the BIOECODS
catchments pond is a community facilities which include a wet pond and a detention pond
acting as a facility to control the storm water quantity, a constructed wetland as a storm water
treatment device, a wading river which connects the wetland and a recreational pond where
the treated storm water flows into Kerian River. The ecological pond system is strategically
placed at the downstream end of the BIOECODS to optimize and effectively attenuate and
treat storm water runoff generated from the USM Engineering Campus development area. In
this paper, recent results of the storm water quality data collection programme for the period
of June – October 2003 are discussed.

Performances of ecological swale in treating most pollutants show that there is reduction in
their concentrations from upstream to downstream during the study period . The quality of
the storm runoff, which falls in Class II, National Interim Water Quality Standard for
Malaysia before flowing into Sungai Kerian, shows that ecological pond performs well in
treating the storm runoff to reduce the pollutants in the water. Further data however is needed
in confirming the performance of BIOECODS systems in removing storm runoff pollutant.

IX. Nassar et al.,(2013)

discovered that Rain water is an important source to feed the groundwater aquifer, whether
directly or by harvesting and recharging. The importance of purification is for reducing the
risk of pollutants from recharging runoff rainwater. The use of sand filter as a technique
considered not expensive and commonly used for removing contaminants from water and
waste- water treatment industries. The methodology used laboratory testing, by designing and

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constructing pilot plant to experiment the sand filter for purification, and made simulation for
the infiltration of storm water through sand filter of 2 meters depth, in order to find the
relationship between the depth on one hand, and the removal of suspended solids and fecal
coliforms bacteria on the other hand, to know the effective depth that gets the purification.
The research results during three days of infiltration show that the sand filter can remove
fecal coliforms bacteria at a depth of 150 cm, and provide purified water with a concentration
of suspended solids less than 20 mg/litre at a depth of 75 cm.

In this the Use sand filter for purification the storm water can be removed fecal coliforms at
the depth of 150 cm. Sand filter produces effluent with less than 20 mg/l suspended solid
concentration after the depth of 75 cm. Percentremoval of fecal coliforms and suspended
solid through sand filter increased as the depth of the sand filter increased. 80% of the
removal of fecal coliforms occurred at the depth of 75 cm, and about 60% of influent fecal
coli- forms will be removed at depth ranged between 50 cm to 75 cm of filter media. 83%
removal of suspended solid occurred at the depth 37.5 cm.

X. Becciu et al.,(2015)
found that in modern urban drainage systems, storm water detention facilities are important
tools to reduce flood effects and discharges of uncontrolled pollutants into water receivers.
For their design, simplified methods and continuous simulations of observed data are
generally used. One of the main targets is to limit the frequency and the entity of overflows.
In this article, a probabilistic approach for the derivation of the distribution functions of
spilled volumes to evaluate the efficiency of a storm water detention facility is proposed. The
possibility of pre-filling of the storage capacity from a previous rainfall event, which can
increase the probability of overflows from the storm water detention facility, has been
considered. The effects of the simplified assumptions have been deeply investigated and
discussed.

The efficiency of storm water detention facilities is very important for environmental
purposes and flood protection of downstream areas. The reduction of spills from these
facilities should be one of the main targets in their design.

In this article, an innovative approach for the estimation of the efficiency of storm water
detention facilities to cope with overflows has been discussed. It is based on the analytical
probabilistic derivation of the distribution functions of spilled volumes. With reference to a
couple of rainfall events, the proposed method allows considering the effects of the pre-filling
from the first runoff on the spilled volume at the end of the second one.

Derived expressions are very simple to apply and can be a valuable support to engineers in
the design of storm water detention facilities. The probability distribution functions of spilled
volumes result mainly function of the average values of the rainfall characteristics, storage
capacity and outflow rate. They also allow evaluating the probability to have a certain
amount of spilled volume in relation to the storage capacity. Moreover, final expressions take
into account the minimum intervened time used for the identification of independent rainfall

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events and the hydrological losses for infiltration, evapotranspiration and filling of depression
storages.

Effects of all simplifying hypothesis on resulting formulas have been deeply investigated and
discussed. The reliability of the proposed approach has been tested by its application to a case
study. Goodness of derived formulas has been confirmed by the comparison between results
from their application with those from the continuous simulation of observed data. The use of
the proposed approach can be suitable in many engineering applications, especially when
strict discharge limits increase the probability of spills from storm water detention facilities
and when the continuous simulation of series of recorded storm events is not possible or
reliable according to the amount and quality of rainfall records.

XI. Raimondia et al.,(2015)

discovered that Storm water detention facilities are often used in modern drainage systems to
reduce the hydraulic load on existing sewers, due to the increase of impermeable surfaces and
to the more frequent extreme rainfalls, consequence of climate changes. Although their
design is mainly aimed to limit uncontrolled spills into receiving water bodies, storage
capacity for water quality enhancement is often considered, mainly with the purpose of
increasing the retention time. Standard analysis is usually based on empirical methods or on
continuous simulations. This paper focuses on the probabilistic analysis of retention times
aimed to provide guidance to engineers for the design of storm water detention facilities. In
particular, the influence on retention time of the possibility of water mixing from consecutive
rainfall events, due to the pre-filling of the storage capacity from previous runoffs has been
investigated.

The analytical probabilistic method proposed in this paper allows estimating the probability
distribution function of averages retention times in a storm water detention facility. It can be
a valid aid for designers when long-term series of rainfall data are no available and only
average values of the main rainfall variables are known, as often happens in the practice. The
knowledge of the probability that the average retention time exceeds a fixed value can give
valuable suggestions about the efficiency of the detention facility in the sedimentation of
different pollutants contained in storm waters. On the other hand, resulting formulas can also
be used in the design of a storm water detention facility to estimate the storage capacity that
guarantees to have a sufficient average retention time for pollutants removal and to
understand if an increase in storage volume corresponds to an effective increase of retention
times. The proposed approach needs to be tested by its application to different rainfall series
to better study its reliability and the influence on results of the different simplifying
assumptions.

XII. Raimondi et al.,(2017)

found that in the design of a storm water detention tank is important to guarantee a sufficient
retention time for the sedimentation of suspended solids, the biological uptake of nutrients
and the die-off of bacteria carried in rainwaters. Long retention times increase the capacity of
pollutant removal, but also the possibility of spills in downstream receivers and the risk of

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environmental pollution. In this paper, an analytical probabilistic approach, to estimate the
probability distribution function of the average retention time and the efficiency in pollutant
removal of storm water tanks has been proposed. The possibility of water mixing from
consecutive runoff events and storage carryover due to successive rainfall events has been
considered.

Proposed approach relates the efficiency of a storm water detention tanks in pollutant
removal with the retention time. In particular, the probability distribution function of the
average retention time has been estimated. Derived formulas are easy to implement and can
be a valid aid to engineer, when there are no long-term registration of records data and only
the mean values of rainfall characteristics are available. Moreover, they can be used to size
storm water detention tanks because allow to analyse the influence of outflow rates and
storage volumes on the probability distribution of the average retention time, that is on
probability distribution of the efficiency of the storage in pollutant removal.

XIII. Hatt et al,.(2007)

discovered that the storm water runoff from industrial sites is often subject to a higher level
of treatment than municipal “non-point” source runoff due to its unusually high
concentrations of pollutants. Typically, samples from these sites must be taken quarterly and
analysed for pollutants such as zinc, copper and total suspended solids (TSS). Selecting a
treatment option for these industrial sites can be complicated by several environmental
factors related to runoff chemistry as well as physical makeup.

The work presented here presents a program of bench-scale and full-scale tests that are used
to generalize a model of system performance. Using multivariable regression analysis, a
predictive model is identified that can be used to screen applications for appropriate media
selection. The results indicate that rule-of-thumb performance predictions such as “percent
removal” are likely not accurate enough to be used to confidently select a media. Regression
models built from multiple input variables produce a closer correlation and indicate a better
predictive model.

The empirical model created by this study will continue to be calibrated as more field
samples are added to the data set. Ultimately it will be used to more confidently select and
size equipment appropriate for a given site. Eliminating the need for costly pilot systems or
“adaptive management” programs is a valuable way to plan for the environmental regulatory
needs of industry and municipalities. The findings of this study will also be used to further
the development of filtration technologies. By better understanding where and when the
system works best, it is possible to create new products that can better target unmet needs.

XIV. Eljamassi et al.,(2019)

discovered that a modelling of storm water with its most significant component sediment,
which has an essential influence on the recharge efficiency of groundwater, has been built.
The transport of sediment by storm water runoff is a natural process that contributes in
shaping surface topography where the tributaries of paved streets are unpaved surfaces. This

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stands as a serious problem for infrastructure and storm water management systems. The
mitigation of sediment generation and capturing of sediment at their source need a clear
understanding of the quantities, governing factors, and the fate of this sediment. The research
employs a GIS-based model that utilizes Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) to
develop an isoerodent map for Asqula Basin in Gaza City, Palestine. The research focused on
developing a GIS-based model for the coupled processes of rainfall and the generation of
sediment. The model utilized the soil cover, in addition to the different maps that govern the
sediment generation. This includes soil cover, land use, and topography. The results of this
model were compared to those reported by the municipality of Gaza concerning sediment
removal activities.

Investigation showed that the three storm water facilities Asqula Pond and its Carrier lines,
Alsadaqa Pond and its Carrier lines, and Pond and Al Sheikh Radwan Pond it’s Carrier lines
that receive the storm water from the area under this study with different ratios.

Sediment in the storm water carrier lines to Alsadaka Pond is was 4%, and Sediment in the
storm water carrier lines to Al sheikh Radwan Pond is was 2% for every year.Finally, when
comparing the sediment results in this study and the sediment at these facilities we can find
that the application of sediment using RUSLE modelling to GIS and the analysis of data that
used in this study has a high degree of efficiency to measure the sediment quantity and spatial
distribution.

XV. Godecke et al.,(2010)

found that due to high runoff volumes and peak flows, and significant contamination with
(inter alia) sediment, metals, nutrients, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and salt, urban
storm water is a major cause of degradation of urban water ways.

In the studies this thesis is based upon, the effects of various ambient factors, storm water
characteristics and modifications of filter design on the removal of metals, nutrients and total
suspended solids (TSS) in biofilters, and pollutant pathways through them, have been
investigated.

Prolonged drying especially impaired their removal efficiency, but variations in temperature
and filter media variations had little effect on metal removal rates.

However, in initial stages phosphorus was washed out from the filter media, indicating that
filter media that do not have high levels of labile phosphorus should be used to avoid high
effluent concentrations.

The ability of the bioretention boxes to treat snowmelt from roadside snow was good overall
with respect to achieving suitable concentration outflow levels and reducing mass loads.

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The best attainable outflow concentrations from the bioretention boxes, based on the median
outflow concentrations, were 66 mg/L for zinc, 58 mg/L for copper, 1.1 mg/L for lead, and
0.07 mg/L for cadmium.

XVI. Reemdesvir et al.,(2005)

started the the Storm water Assessment Monitoring and Performance (SWAMP) Program
which was initiated in 1995 by the Government of Canada’s Great Lakes Sustainability Fund,
the Ontario Ministry of the Environment, the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority,
and the Municipal Engineer’s Association, along with host municipalities and other
owner/operators.

Other products of the SWAMP program include an investigation of the storage and transport
of chloride (a major constituent of road salt) in storm water ponds, a discussion paper
summarizing data analysis and statistical evaluation methodologies used in SWAMP studies,
a storm water pond sediment maintenance guide, and the proceedings of three major
conferences.

With some exceptions, facility evaluations involved comprehensive monitoring of the

quantity and quality of flow at facility inlets and outlets to determine overall performance
relative to design objectives.

XVII. Paoletti et al.,(2011)

found that Detention ponds are important for storm water control. Insufficient design of these
facilities may have significant impact in terms of flood and environmental safety. Although
continuous simulation is sometimes used, often design procedures are based on the single-
event approach and pre-filling possibility is neglected. This can lead to underestimation of
pond insufficiency risk. Pre-filling probability is here analysed for different pond
management rules and some direct relationships are proposed.

Simple relationships for the estimation of carryover probability in detention facilities have
been developed for three different management rules. Results show that this probability is
variable with the management rule of the facility and in some cases is not negligible as often
assumed. As expected, considering the same values for the other parameters, it increases with
facility capacity and decreases with outflow rate.

Estimates given by the proposed relationships seem to be enough good if the comparison with
the continuous simulation of the synthetic series is considered.

Although it has to be noticed, however, that the differences in the estimates are more
significant in percentage than in absolute terms, it will be worthwhile to try an improvement
of the accuracy of proposed relationships, relaxing some of the simplifying hypotheses.

XVIII. Pasela et al.,(2018)

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discovered that currently heavy metal pollution in rainwater is a huge problem, especially in
industrial areas. Sediment from devices for storm water runoff treatment, especially those
located in city centres, industrial districts and within the area of highways are characterized
by a high content of heavy metals and are found to be most contaminated.

Sediment from devices for storm water runoff treatment, especially those located in city
centres, industrial districts and within the area of highways are characterized by a high
content of heavy metals and are found to be most contaminated. The analysis of tests results
confirms that storm water runoff from industrial areas pose a real threat to the environment as
it brings significant quantities of heavy metals which have a negative influence on the natural
environment.

It is necessary to develop and introduce uniform legal laws which will standardize the issues
concerning storage and management of storm water sediment because inappropriate
management and usage of devices can lead to contamination of the natural environment and
adversely affect the wastewater management system in towns posing a threat to human health
and life. The priority should be determining the exact directions for the management of
sediments from the rainwater drainage system.

XIX. Jayasooriya et al.,(2014)

found that Since these tools are regularly upgraded with latest advancements in the field, an
assessment of tools for modelling storm water management and economic aspects of GI
practices is vital to developing them into more sophisticated tools.

This review has undergone a three phase process starting with twenty identified modelling
tools available in the literature followed by a detailed review of a selection of ten most recent
and popular modelling tools, based on their accessibility.

Having a review on most recent and up to date tools which can model the performances and
economics of GI, it can be concluded that there are number of issues and challenges still
exists with most of these tools which can be improved by further research.
Tools that have the ability of evaluating the performance of GI over conventional storm water
management strategies have to be updated with more recent GI practices that are not included
in most of the currently available modelling tools such as amended soils and urban floating
wetlands.

Therefore, more sophisticated tools should be developed to address a wider range of GI

practices available, with the ability for users to define new GI practices according to their
requirements.

Majority of the current tools also trends to apply life cycle costing and cost benefit analysis of
GI practices as inbuilt modules due to the number of benefits and low development cost when
compared to conventional practices.

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XX. Walsh et al. (2018)
found that Urban storm water runoff is a critical source of degradation to stream ecosystems
globally. Despite broad appreciation by stream ecologists of negative effects of storm water
runoff, storm water management objectives still typically centre on flood and pollution
mitigation without an explicit focus on altered hydrology. Resulting management approaches
are unlikely to protect the ecological structure and function of streams adequately.

Primary purpose in this paper is to articulate how urban land and water should be managed to
maximize the chances of providing cities and their inhabitants with healthy streams that
supporting ecological structure and function and provide ecosystem services that are
otherwise degraded by conventional urban storm water drainage.

Unfortunately SCMs increasingly are being implemented primarily for those other benefits,
such as the reduction in energy demand provided by green roofs, without a primary concern
on their effect on downstream waters (e.g., Glasgow’s sustainable construction strategy,
discussed by Jones and Macdonald 2007).

Such innovation requires clear articulation of the values of healthy stream ecosystems and the
management actions that will be required to achieve them.

XXI. Toorb et al.,(2019 )

investigated the N forms in urban residential storm water, with particular emphasis on the
contribution of ON to storm water TN. Organic N forms (DON, PON) were dominant in
runoff for the entire season, with an average ON:TN of 0.62. The dominance of ON in urban
residential storm water has important implications for how urban storm water is monitored
and managed as TN is often the parameter used as a performance metric for storm water
control measures. We suggest that ON fractions will need to be targeted in many cases if TN
values are to be appreciably reduced in many urban watersheds.

The loads of DON and PON temporarily diverted to wet ponds, treatment wetlands, and
bioretention cells may undergo mineralization or transformation to more labile DON before
moving on to a final receiving water body. In this way, storm water ON can contribute to the
labile N loading of receiving water bodies. The dominance of “ON” in urban residential storm
water has important implications for how urban storm water is monitored and managed as TN
is often the parameter used as a performance metric for storm water control measures.

The seasonal first flush of storm water contaminants is common in areas with distinct wet and
dry seasons, and it gives a definite window of time for optimal N removal at the beginning of
the wet season.

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 CHAPTER 3
SUMMARY

3.1 Summary
Water purification is a process by which undesired chemical compounds, organic and
inorganic materials, and biological contaminants are removed from water. There are two
methods for purification of water that is conventional and advance treatment of water.
Conventional wastewater treatment consists of a combination of physical, chemical, and
biological processes and operations to remove solids, organic matter and, sometimes,
nutrients from wastewater. General terms used to describe different degrees of treatment, in
order of increasing treatment level, are preliminary, primary, secondary, and tertiary and/or
advanced wastewater treatment. Advanced wastewater treatment is employed when specific
wastewater constituents which cannot be removed by conventional treatment must be
removed. Individual treatment processes are necessary to remove nitrogen, phosphorus,
additional suspended solids, refractory organics, heavy metals and dissolved solids. Because
advanced treatment usually follows high-rate secondary treatment, it is sometimes referred to
as tertiary treatment. However, advanced treatment processes are sometimes combined with
primary or secondary treatment (e.g., chemical addition to primary clarifiers or aeration
basins to remove phosphorus) or used in place of secondary treatment (e.g., overland flow
treatment of primary effluent).

Wastewater reclamation and reuse systems should contain both design and operational
requirements necessary to ensure reliability of treatment. Reliability features such as alarm
systems, standby power supplies, treatment process duplications, emergency storage or
disposal of inadequately treated wastewater, monitoring devices, and automatic controllers
are important. From a public health standpoint, provisions for adequate and reliable
disinfection are the most essential features of the advanced wastewater treatment process.
Where disinfection is required, several reliability features must be incorporated into the
system to ensure uninterrupted chlorine feed.

Storm water is water from rain or melting snow that does not quickly soak into the ground.
Storm water flows from rooftops, over paved areas and bare soil, and through sloped lawns
and fields. As it flows, this runoff collects and transports soil, pet waste, pesticides, fertilizer,
oil and grease, leaves, litter, and other potential pollutants that ultimately wind up in local
bodies of water. Purification of storm water is important because it can lead to pollution,
erosion, flooding and many other environmental and health issues if not properly understood
and maintained. Contrary to popular belief, storm sewers do not carry storm water to
wastewater treatment plants. Pollutants wind up in the storm water, which empties into a

27 | P a g e
storm water drain inlet, which drains to your local creak and into your neighbourhoods ponds
and ultimately into the local rivers and beaches.

Bioretention is a very suitable and innovative practice to maintain the natural hydrologic
conditions and to improve the water quality in urban areas. Numerous studies by different
scientists all around the world indicate the benefits of the bioretention system, including the
hydrologic performance of an area, nutrient removal efficiency, control of heat island
phenomena, aesthetic values, etc.

Bioretention systems can control the run-off by water infiltration into the ground. Many
studies show its performance in enhancing the infiltration capacity, but in some cases, it may
not be suitable as it can cause deterioration in the quality of underground water. Therefore,
more research should be conducted to investigate the quality of the underground water and to
evaluate the biodiversity of a bioretention system. The area of the bioretention system should
be compared with urban areas. To get more benefits and to improve the performance of the
bioretention system, we should select more good plants that can perform better. Sometimes,
clogging occurs at the filter media of the bioretention system and it may not perform well. To
avoid this clogging problem, there is a need to select suitable filter media. A variety of
computational models are used to estimate the hydrologic performance and nutrient removal
of bioretention systems. But every model has some deficiency and no model is appropriate.
Therefore, more research is needed to develop computational models that can perform better
at different locations

Bioretention systems are small but very complex. Many physical and biological processes
that occur within the bioretention system mimic the natural hydrology of an area and are
similar to those occurring in nature. This practice is the best effort to restore the pre-
development conditions and to improve the quality of water in an area. The most important
thing is to develop the most cost-effective bioretention system so that it can also make cities’
drainage systems more sustainable and resilient to climate change.

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 CHAPTER 4
REFERENCES

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