02 - 1 Design of Weir and Barrage

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Chapter 2
Diversion Head works
1
Diversion Head works
 Diversion Head works - structures which are constructed

across a river in order to divert water towards the off-taking
canal .
 The various purposes of diversion head works:

 Raise the water level in the river so that sufficient
quantity of water can be supplied.
 Regulate the supply of water into the canal.
 Control the entry of silt into the canal.
 Store some water for a short period of time.
 Reduce the water level fluctuations in the river.
2
Location and Site Selection
Location of diversion head work:

 Generally located in the boulder or alluvial stage of a
river.
 On alluvial stage is generally preferred unless command of
fertile land proposed for irrigation is lost.
Site selection criteria for diversion head work:

 Narrow, straight and well-defined channel.
 Confined between stable banks not submerged by the
highest flood.
 Local construction materials like sand, stone, etc. are
available in the vicinity.
 The site should be accessible.
3
Types of Diversion Head works
Types of Diversion Head Works:

 Temporary diversion head works
 Consists of bund constructed across a river.
 These bunds may be required to be constructed every
year after flood as they may be damaged by the
floods.
 Permanent diversion head works

 Consists of a permanent structure such as weir or
barrage.
4
Types of Diversion Head works
Permanent head works:

Weir: The major part of the entire ponding of water is achieved
by raised crest and a smaller part or nil part of it is achieved
by the shutter.
Barrage: The major part of pounding achieved by gates and

smaller or nil part of it is done by raised crest
5
Types of weir
 Classification:
 Based on foundation type
 Weir on Impervious foundation
 Weir on Pervious foundation
 Based on material of construction

 Masonry weirs with vertical drops
 Rock fill weirs with sloping aprons
 Concrete weirs with sloping glacis
6
Types of weir
a) Masonry weirs with vertical drops

 It consists of a horizontal floor and a masonry crest with
vertical or nearly vertical downstream face .
 The raised masonry crest does the maximum ponding of
water but part of it usually done by shutter.
7
Fig. Vertical drop weir
Types of weir
b) Rock fill weirs with sloping aprons
 Such a weir is also called ‘dry stone slope weirs’.
 Consists of a masonry weir wall and dry packed boulders
laid in between intervening core walls.
 D/s slope is generally made very flat.
 It is the simplest type for construction.
 Its stability is not amenable to exact theoretical
treatment (only on the basis of model tests).
 It requires a very large quantity of stone and is
economical only where stone is available in abundance
Fig. Rock fill weir with

sloping apron
8
Types of weir
c) Concrete weir with downstream glacis/ogee crest

 Are of recent origin and their design is based on modern
concept of sub-soil flow, i.e. Khosla’s seepage theory.
 Sheet piles of sufficient depths are provided at the u/s
and d/s ends of the floor.
 Sometimes intermediate piles are also provided.
 Hydraulic jump is developed on the glacis and energy is
dissipated.
 Protective measures like block protection, inverted filter
and launching aprons are also provided.
9
Types of weir
Fig. Concrete weir with downstream glacis
10
Fig. Concrete weir with ogee crest profile
Layout of diversion head works
 Typical layout of a diversion head work consists of:

1. Weir proper or Barrage
2. Divide Wall
3. Fish ladder
4. Pocket or Approach channel
5. Under sluices or Scouring sluices
6. Silt excluder
7. Canal head regulator
8. River training works (such as Marginal bunds and Guide
bunds)
11
Typical Layout of Diversion Head works
12
Components of a weir
1 a. Weir wall
 Weir wall are permanent structures constructed across the
river to rise water level.
13
1b. Barrage
 The crest is kept at a low level and the raising up of water
level is accomplished mainly by means of shutters/gates.
 During floods the gates can be raised to clear off the high
flood level and this enables to pass the high flood with
minimum afflux (heading up in u/s side)
 A barrage provides better control on the water level but it is
more costly.
14
2. Divide wall
 Long masonry or concrete wall (an embankment protected
on all sides by stone or concrete blocks).
 It is constructed at right angles to the axis of the weir.
 Separates the under sluices from the rest of the weir.
 If two canals take off on different sides, two divide walls
are required.
 On u/s side the wall extends a little beyond the beginning
of the canal head regulator.
 On d/s side up to the end of the loose protection of the
undersluices.
15
Main functions of divide wall:

 To separate the lower level of under sluices from the weir
floor.
 Provides quiet pocket in front of the regulator so that silt
deposits, and clear water enters into the canal.
 Provides straight approach through the pocket and hence
scouring action of under sluices will be concentrated and
washing out of silt will be facilitated.
 It keeps the cross currents, if any, away from the weir.
16
3. Under sluice or scouring sluices
 This structure separated from the main weir body by divide
wall.
 As the crest level of the under sluice is at low level, deep
channel developed towards this pocket which helps easy
diversion of water into the canal through canal head
regulator.
 It has a gated controlled opening which will allow excess
supply to the downstream of the river.
 The openings also helps in scouring and removing the
deposited silt from the under sluice pocket.
 The crest level of the head regulator is also kept higher
than the crest level of under sluice, so only silt free water
is admitted into the canal through the head regulator. 17
4. River training works

 River training works are constructed near the weir site in
order to insure a smooth and axial flow near the weir site.
 The river training works required near the weir site are :
 Guide banks
 Marginal bunds
 Guide banks are provided on either side of the banks to
prevent the river from outflanking.
 Marginal bunds are required u/s of the guide banks to stop
the submergence due to the raised high flood level caused
by afflux created by the weir.
 Marginal bunds have to be continued till they join high
contours above the high flood levels.
18
5. Fish ladder
 To avoid high destruction of migratory fishes (if any in the
river) due to obstruction of movements because of
construction of weir or barrage.
 Naturally, fish can travel u/s only if the velocity of flow does
not exceed 3 to 3.5m/s.
 So, the design of fish ladder should be such that it constantly
releases water at velocity not exceeding this value.
 Fish ladder baffles or other staggering devices are provided to
check the velocity (providing energy dissipating mechanism).
 Fish ladder is provided adjacent to divide wall near the under
sluices (b/c there is always some water in this section).
19
6. The canal head regulator:
 provided at the head of the off-taking canal, and serves the
following function:
 It regulates the supply of water entering the canal
 It controls the entry of silt into the canal
 It prevents the river floods from entering the canal
 Manually operated steel gates are provided for regulation
of flow into the canal
Fig. Typical Section of a

Canal Head Regulator
20
Design of Weir – on pervious foundation
 The design of weir/barrage is divided into:

 Hydraulic Analysis
 Surface flow
 Subsurface flow
 Structural Analysis
A. Subsurface flow (Theory of seepage):

 When a structure is founded on a pervious foundation, it is
subjected to seepage of water beneath the structure, in
addition to all other forces to which it will be found on
impervious floor.
 The seeping water causes failure of structure either by
 Piping
 Direct up lift 21
Design of Weir and Barrage

Piping:
 The seepage water increases porosity of the soil by
progressive removal of soil from beneath foundation.
 The structure may ultimately subside into the hollow so
formed, resulting in the failure of structure.
Failure by direct uplift:
 The water seeping below the structure exerts an uplift
pressure on the floor of the structure
 If this pressure is not counterbalanced by the weight of
the concrete or masonry floor, the structure will fail by
rapture of part of the floor.
Theory of seepage:
 Bligh’s creep theory;
 Lane’s creep theory;
 Khosla’s theory
22
a) Bligh creep theory of seepage:

 According to Bligh’s theory - “The percolating water follows
the outline of the base of the foundation of the hydraulic
structure.”
 The length of the path of thus traversed by water is called
the length of the creep.
 The head loss is proportional to the length of the creep.
 If HL the total head loss between the upstream and the down
stream, and L is the length of creep, then the loss of head
per unit of creep length (i.e. HL/L ) is called the hydraulic
gradient.
 Note: Bligh makes no distinction between horizontal and

vertical creep.
23

HGL
(H/L)2d1
H
(H/L)2d2 (H/L)2d3
d1 d2 d3
L1 L2
b
 Creep length, L = b + 2d1+2d2+2d3

 Head loss per unit length or hydraulic gradient, G = H/L
 Head losses equal to (H/L)2d1, (H/L)2d2 and (H/L)2d3 will occur
respectively in the planes of three vertical cutoffs.
24
 Creep length, Lc = L +2t +2S1+2S2

25

i) Safety against piping:
 According to Bligh, safety against piping can be ensured
by providing sufficient creep length, which is given by:
L=CH
where, C is Bligh's coefficient for the soil.
No. Type of soil Value of C Safe Hydraulic gradient

should be less than
1 Fine micaceous sand 15 1/15

2 Course grained sand 12 1/12
3 Sand mixed with boulder and 5 to 9 1/5 to 1/9
gravel, and for loam soil
4 Light sand and mud 8 1/8 26

ii) Safety against uplift pressure:
 The ordinates of the H.G. line
above the bottom of the floor
represent the residual uplift of
water head at each point.
 If h’ meters is the ordinates, then

water pressure equal to h’ meters
will act at this point, and has to be
counterbalanced by the weight of
the floor of thickness say t
Uplift pressure = γwh’
Down ward pressure = (γw G)t
Where, γw and G are the unit
weight of water and the specific
gravity of the floor material,
respectively. 27
 For equilibrium :
γw h’ = (γw G)t
 Subtracting t on both sides, we get :
h’- t = t(G - 1)
t = (h’-t )/(G-1) = h/(G-1)
Where,
(h’-t) = h is the ordinate of the H.G. line above the top
of the floor.
(G-1) is the submerged specific gravity of floor material.
 The thickness obtained by the above formula generally

increased by 33% for factor of safety.
28
 Note :
 Thickness of the floor designed by the above formula only
for the downstream floor and for the worst condition
when maximum ordinates of H.G line occur.
 The water standing on the upstream floor, more than

counterbalance the uplift caused by the same water, and
hence only a nominal floor thickness is required on the up
stream side.
Note: Bligh’s theory is quite simple and convenient. Many of earlier

structures were designed based on this theory. It is now used for the
design of small structures or for preliminary design of large 29
structures.
b) Lane’s weighted creep theory of seepage:

 Unlike Bligh, Lane on the basis of his analysis carried out on
about 200 dams all over the world, stipulated that the
horizontal creep is less effective in reducing uplift than the
vertical creep.
 He therefore suggested 1/3 for the horizontal creep against 1
for the vertical creep.
 Thus, the total Lane’s creep length (Lt) is given by :
Lt=(d1+d1)+1/3L1 + (d2+d2) + 1/3L2 + (d3+d3)
 To ensure safety against piping to this theory, the creep

length Lt must not be less than C1HL, where HL is the head
causing flow, and C1 is Lane’s creep coefficient.
30
Table: Value of Lane’s creep coefficient for different soil condition
No. Type of soil Value of Safe Hydraulic gradient

C should be less than
1 Very fine sand 8.5 1/8.5
2 Fine sand 7 1/7
3 Coarse sand 5 1/5
4 Gravel and sand 3.5 to 3 1/3.5 to 1/3
5 Boulders, gravels and sand 2.5 to 3 1/2.5 to 1/1.6
7 Clayes soils 3 to 1.6 1/3 to 1/1.6
Note: Lane’s theory was an improvement over Bligh's theory, but it is

purely empirical without any rational basis, and hence, is generally
not adopted in any design.
31

Example 1. The figure shown below shows a hydraulic structure
built on fine sand (C=15, C1=8.5), determine
a) Whether the percolation gradient is safe
b) Uplift pressure at point A, B and C at distance of 15, 25
and 35m from the upstream end
c) Thickness of the floor at these points .
Use Bligh's and Lane’s theories
32
Solution (Bligh’s Theory):

a) Creep length
L= 2x6+35+2x8=63m
Hydraulic gradient i =H/L = 4/63
1/15.75<1/15 ….safe
b) Uplift pressure head
at point A = 4-1/15.75(2*6+15) = 2.29m
at point B = 4-1/15.75(2*6+25) = 1.65m
at point C = 4-1/15.75(2*6+35) = 1.02m
C) Thickness of the floor, t = 4/3(h/G-1)

at point A = 4/3*(2.29/2.24-1) = 2.46m
at point B = 4/3*(1.65/2.24-1) = 1.77m
at point C = 4/3*(1.02/2.24-1) = 1.1m 33

Solution (Lane’s theory):
a) Creep length
L = 2x6+1/3*35+2x8=39.67m
Hydraulic gradient i =H/L 4/39.7
1/9.92<1/8.5….safe
b) Uplift pressure head
at point A = 4-1/9.92 (2*6+15/3) = 2.29m
at point B = 4-1/9.92 (2*6+25/3) = 1.95m
at point C = 4-1/9.92 (2*6+35/3) = 1.61m
c) Thickness of the floor, t = 4/3(h/G-1)
at point A = 4/3*(2.29/2.24-1)= 2.46m
at point B = 4/3*(1.95/2.24-1)= 2.10m
at point C = 4/3*(1.61/2.24-1)= 1.73m
34
Example 2. The figure shown below shows the cross section of a

regulator floor subjected to percolation and uplift forces. The
soil underneath is assumed homogenous with Bligh’s
Coefficient=14, and Lane’s coefficient=6. It is required to:
a) Check the percolation length, find the factor of safety
if there is any.
b) Draw the uplift pressure diagram, showing the values of
each ordinate.
35
36
Table 1. Uplift pressure ordinates
Percolated Using Bligh’s Principle, CB Using Lane’s Principle, CL

length (L) (actual)=15.45 (actual)=7.88
Point
Horiz., Vert., Head lost ∑∆h Ordinate Head lost ∑∆h Ordinate
m m =∆L/CB level, m =∆L/CB level, m
1 0 0 0.00 0.00 11.00 0.00 0.00 11.00
2 - 1.0 0.07 0.07 10.93 0.13 0.13 10.87
3 0.25 2.5 0.18 0.25 10.75 0.33 0.46 10.54
4 0.25 2.5 0.18 0.43 10.57 0.33 0.79 10.21
5 - 0.4 0.02 0.45 10.55 0.05 0.84 10.16
6 9.4 - 0.61 1.06 9.94 0.40 1.24 9.76
7 0.6 0.6 0.08 1.14 9.86 0.10 1.34 9.66
8 8.0 - 0.52 1.66 9.34 0.34 1.68 9.32
9 - 0.4 0.02 1.68 9.32 0.05 1.73 9.27
10 6.0 - 0.39 2.07 8.93 0.25 1.98 9.02
11 - 0.5 0.03 2.10 8.90 0.06 2.04 8.96
12 0.5 - 0.03 2.13 8.87 0.02 2.06 8.94
13 - 1.1 0.07 2.20 8.80 0.14 2.20 8.80
25.0 9.0 37
Fig. 1 Uplift pressure diagram
38

Solution:
For the case of dry at the d/s, Hmax = 11.00-8.80 = 2.20m
i) Using Bligh’s Principle:
Lc = 25.0 + 9.0 = 34.0m
CB (actual) = Lc/Hmax = 34/2.2 = 15.45
F.S = CB (actual)/CB = 15.45/14 = 1.1>1.0 Ok!
i) Using Lane’s Principle:

Lc = (25.0/3)+9.0 = 17.33m
CL (actual) = Lc/Hmax = 17.33/2.2 = 7.88
F.S = CL (actual)/CL = 7.88/6 = 1.31>1.0 Ok!
39

Design of a vertical drop weir on Bligh's theory:
 Design of pucca floor and apron
L = CH
t = 1.33 (h/(G-1))
 Down stream pucca floor (L2) - empirical formula
L2 = 2.21 C(HL/13)½ for weirs having crest shutter
L2 = 2.21 C(HL/10)½ for weirs having no crest shutter
Where, HL = the total head loss;
L2 = the length of d/s pucca floor
L2 + L3 = 18 C(HL/13 * q/75)½ for weirs having crest shutter
L2 + L3 = 18 C(HL/10 * q/75)½ for weirs having no crest shutter
Where, q= the discharge intensity in m3/meter

L3 = the length of d/s loose talus. 40
 Upstream talus (L4):

L4 = L3/2
 The above formula are applicable for designing the proper

weir portion; whereas for designing the under sluice portion
of the weir, the following modified formula are used.
L2 = 3.87 C(HL/13)½ for under sluice having crest shutter

L2 = 3.87 C(HL/10)½ for under sluice having no crest shutter
L2+L3 = 27C(HL/13 * q/75) ½ for under sluice having crest shutter

L2+L3 = 27C(HL/10 * q/75) ½ for under sluice having no crest
shutter
41

Design of weir wall:
 Bligh has further given certain empirical formula for the design
of weir wall.
 The base width of weir wall:
B = (H + d)/G
Where, B = base width of weir wall
H = height of weir body wall
d = h +Afflux
h = Depth attained over the crest during maximum
flow
G = Specific gravity of floor material.
 The crest width :
a = 0.552 (H + d) 42


Example: Design a weir on a soil made up of coarse grained sand
using Bligh’s theory. The necessary data are as follows:
 Height of weir body wall, H =2.50m

 Height of falling shutters fixed on the crest of the weir =
1.0m
 Bligh’s creep coefficient, C = 12
 Depth attained over the crest during maximum flow, h =
2.00m
 Afflux caused at the obstruction = 0.75m
 Sp. gravity of the material, G = 2.25
 The u/s face of the weir is kept vertical
43

Solution:
 The base width of body wall is given by formula:
B = (H + d)/G (Note: d = h + Afflux)
= [2.50+(2.00+0.75)]/ 2.25
= 3.50m
 The crest width is given by:
a = 0.552 (H + d) = 0.552 (2.5 + 2.75)
= 1.79m
 Creep length is given by:
L = C*HL(Note: HL = H+ height of shutter)
= 12*(2.50+1.00)
= 42m
 Length of apron on the d/s side is given by:
L2 = 2.21C HL/13 = 2.21*12* 3.5/13
= 13.75m 44

 Length of apron on the u/s side is:
L1 = L – (B+L2) = 42 – (3.50+13.75) = 24.75m
 Thickness of u/s apron may be kept 0.3m.
 Thickness of d/s apron is given by:

t = 4/3h/(G -1)
 h is the residual head. Creep length covered by the water

up to this point is: 24.75 + 3.50 = 28.25m
 Therefore, h = (3.5/42)(42-28.25) = 1.145m

 Thus, t = (4/3)* 1.145/(2.25 -1) = 1.22m
 1.22m thickness of d/s apron is more. To reduce it, the
creep length should be increased. 45
Devices for increasing creep length:

 Increase upstream apron - it is better than a d/s apron for
increasing the length of the path of percolation. Why?
 Increase the length of d/s apron – has two functions

 increases the length of percolation, and
 Considered as a basin, where in the energy of overflowing
water may be safely dissipated.
 However, the use of d/s apron to increase the length of
percolation will increase the uplift on the structure. Why?
 If the length of the d/s apron is not sufficient to avoid
erosion, additional protection must be made.
46

Devices for increasing creep length:
 Provide cutoffs and sheet piles - used to increase the
percolation length.
 Cutoffs –
 are concrete made and used where impervious materials
can be reached and where boulders prevent the use of
sheet piling.
 Also used for stability of the structure against sliding.
 Sheet piles –
 Are interlocking steel sections used under the apron.
 Common depth of steel piles is 5 to 8 m but available up
to 20m.
 Should not be driven to a depth less than 2.5 to 3m for
economic reasons.
 Most economic position of sheet piles is at the u/s end of
the floor with a desirable depth of 10 to 20% of floor
47
length.
48
 One Sheet pile of 5m depth can be provided at the u/s apron.

One more sheet pile of 6m depth at the u/s end of the weir
body wall. Now,
L = 5x2 + 24.75 + 6x2 + 3.50 + 13.75 = 64m
 With this arrangement, residual head at the d/s end of the

weir body wall is:
h = (3.5/64)* (64-50.25) = 0.752m
 Therefore, t = (4/3)* 0.752/(2.25-1) = 0.802m say, 0.80m.

 The designed weir section is as follows.
49
1m
2.5m
0.30m
0.80m
5m 6m
24.75m 3.50m 13.75m
50
c) Khosla’s theory and concept of flow nets:

 According to Khosla’s theory Seepage of water does not creep
along the bottom contour of weir floor as stated by Bligh, but
moves along a set of stream lines .
 This steady seepage in a vertical plane for a homogeneous
soil can be expressed by Laplace equation.
d 2 d 2
2
 2 0
dx dy
Where,  = Flow potential = Kh
 The above equation represent two set of curves intersecting
each other orthogonally. One of the lines called stream line
and the other called equipotential line .
 The resultant flow diagram showing both these sets of curve
is called a Flow net diagram 51
Flow net diagram 52

Stream lines:
 The streamlines represent the path along which the water
flow through the subsoil.
 Every particle entering the soil at a given point upstream of

the work, will trace out its own path and will represent a
stream line.
 The first stream line follows the bottom contour of the work
and is the same as Bligh’s path of creep.
 The remaining stream lines follow smooth curve transition

slowly from the foundation to a semi ellipse.
53
Equipotential Lines:
 Treating the downstream bed as datum and assuming no
water on the downstream side, it can be easily stated that
every stream line possesses a head equal to H while entering
the soil.
 When it emerges at the downstream end to the atmosphere,
its head is zero. Thus, the head H entering lost during the
passage of water along the stream line.
 This fact is applicable to every stream line, and hence, there
will be points on different stream lines having the same value
of residual head h.
 If such points are joined together, the curve obtained is
called equipotential line.
 The upstream and the downstream bed act as equipotential
line having residual head H and zero.
54
55
56
 The seepage water exerts a force at each point in the

direction of flow and tangent to the stream lines.
 This force (F) has an upward component from the point where
the stream turns upward.
 For the soil grain to remain stable, the upward components of
this force should be counterbalanced by the submerged
weight of the soil grain.
 This has the maximum disturbing tendency at the exit end,
because the direction of this force at the exit point is
vertically upward, and full force act as its upward
components.
 The disturbing force at any point is proportional to the
gradient of pressure of water at that point (dp/dl).
 This gradient of pressure of water at the exit end is called
the exit gradient.
57
Critical Exit gradient:

 The exit gradient is said to be critical when the upward
disturbing force on the grain is just equal to the submerged
weight of the grain at the exit.
 An exit gradient equal to 1/4 to 1/5 of the critical exit
gradient is ensured, so as to keep the structure safe against
piping.
 The submerged weight (Ws) of a unit volume of soil is given
as:
Ws = γw(1-n)(G-1)
where, γw = unit weight of water

G = specific gravity of soil particles
n = porosity of the soil material
58
 For critical condition to occur at the exit point

F = Ws
where, F is the upward disturbing force on the grain
F= dp/dl =γw.(dh / dl)
Where, h=residual head still to be dissipated, called

hydrostatic excess head.
γw.(dh / dl) = γw(1-n)(G-1)
(dh / dl) = (1-n)(G-1)
where, (dh/dl) represent the rate of loss of head or the
gradient at the exit end.
59
 Under critical condition, the critical exit gradient is equal to

(1-n)(G-1)
 For most of the river sands, G = 2.56 and n = 0.4 the value of
critical exit gradient approximately 1.
 Hence, an exit gradient equal to ¼ to 1/5 of the critical
gradient is assumed for safety. It means that an exit gradient
equal to ¼ to 1/5 has to be provided for keeping the
structure safe against piping.
 Piping failure start only when the exit gradient is unsafe for
subsoil on which the weir is founded.
 It is therefore absolutely necessary to have a reasonable deep
vertical cutoff at the downstream end of the d/s weir floor to
prevent undermining. 60
Table: Values of Khosla’s safe exit gradient for different types of soil
No. Type of soil Khosla's safe exit gradient

1 Shingle 0.25 to 0.2
2 Coarse sand 0.2 to 0.17
3 Fine sand 0.17 to 0.14
61
Method of Independent Variables:

To find the residual (percentage) pressure at key points of a
structure, complex profiles like weirs, broken into a number of
simple profiles
1. Straight horizontal floor negligible thickness with sheet
piles u/s and d/s.
2. Straight horizontal floor depressed below bed without
cut-off.
3. Straight horizontal floor negligible thickness with sheet
piles at some intermediate point.
 Key points: Junction points of the floor & pile lines, and
depressed floor bottom corners.
62
 For Khosla’ s simple standard profiles, percentage of pressures

at various key points can be determined by:
i. Using Khosla’s pressure curves
ii. Using Khosla’s Analytical solution
63
Khosla’s pressure curves

64
65
66
 But, calculated percentage pressures at this simple profile

key points are valid for the complex profile if corrected for:
 Mutual interference
 Thickness of floor
 slope
67
1. Correction for the mutual Interference of Piles

Dd D
C  19  
b'  b 
Where,
b’ ~ distance b/n the two piles
b ~ Total length of the floor
D ~ depth of pile whose effect is to be considered
d ~ depth of pile on which the effect is considered
 Take –ve for front water flow direction oriented keypoints &
+ve for backside oriented key points.
 Don’t apply for outer pile if intermediate pile depth is less or
equal to that of the outer & is at a distance less than twice
the depth of the outer pile. 68

2. Correction for thickness of the floor
 The standard is negligible thickness.
 To correct, take proportional pressure percentage difference b/n
pile bottom and floor top surface proportional with the floor
thickness.
3. Correction for slope

 Take the following correction factor and +ve for down slope and -
ve for upslope.
1:1 - 11.2
3:1 - 4.5
5:1 - 2.8
8:1 - 2.0
Horizontal length of slope
C  Correction factor 
Dis tan ce b / n two piles that the sloping floor is loacted in
 Applied only for key points, located at start or end of slope 69

Example 2: Determine the percentage pressures at various key

points, and also determine the exit gradient for the figure below .
70
(1) For u/s pile line No. 1

 Total length of floor, b = 57.0m
 Depth of u/s pile line = d = 154.0-148.0= 6m
α = b/d = 57/6 = 9.5
1 1  2
  5.28
2
1  2
E  cos 1    0.287  29%
   
1   1 
D  cos 1    0.199  20%
   
C  100  E  71%
1
and D  100  D  80%
1
71

Correction for C1:
a) Correction at C1 for mutual interference b/n pile No. 1 & 2
From the figure: D = 5m, d = 6-1 = 5m, b’ = 15.8, b = 57.0m
Dd D
C  19    1.88% (Ve)
b'  b 
b) Correction due to thickness of floor

If 9% (80%-71%) difference observed through 6m then
through 1m, how much ?
C = (1m/6m)*(80% - 71%) =1.5% (+ve)
c) Correction due to slope

At “C1” correction due to slope is nil (i.e. C1 is neither at the
start nor at the end of slope)
Therefore, corrected C1 = 71% + 1.88% + 1.5%
= 74.38% 72
(2) For intermediate pile line No. 2

b1 = 15.8m, b2 = 40.6m and d = 6m,
b1 15.8  0.6 b2 40  0.6
1    2.73 and 2    6.77
d 6 d 6
1  1  1   2
2 2
1  1  1   2
2 2
  4.875 1   1.968
2 2
1   1 
E 2  E  cos 1  1   0.708  70.8%
   
1  
D  D  cos 1  1   0.632  63.2%
2
 
1   1
C  C  cos 1  1   0.564  56.4%
2
   
73
Correction for E2:

a) Correction at E2 for mutual interference b/n pile No. 1 & 2
From the figure: D = 5m, d = 6-1 = 5m, b’ =15.8 and b = 57.0m
Dd D
C  19    1.88% (Ve)
b'  b 

If 7.6% difference observed through 6m then through 1m
how much ?
C = 1m/6m*(70.8% - 63.2%) =1.27% (-ve)
At “E2” correction due to slope is nil
Therefore, corrected E2 = 70.8% - 1.88% - 1.27%
74
= 67.65%
Correction for C2:

a) Correction at C2 for mutual interference b/n pile no. 2 & 3
From the figure: D = 153-141.7 = 11.3m; d = 6-1 = 5m; b’ =
40m; b= 57.0m
Dd D
C  19    2.89% (Ve)
b'  b 

 If 6.8% difference observed through 6m then through 1m
how much ?
C = 1m/6m*(70.8% - 63.2%) =1.27% (+ve)
75

 For slope of 3:1 the correction is 4.5 (Refer table)
 Horizontal length of slope = 3m
 Distance b/n two piles b/n which the sloping floor is located
at b’ = 40 m
Correction = 4.5*(3/40) = 0.34%
Therefore, corrected C2 = 56.4% + 2.89% + 1.27% - 0.34%

= 60.22%
76
(3) Downstream pile line

Total length of floor = b= 57.0m
Depth of d/s pile line = d = 152-141.7= 10.3m,
α=b/d =57/10.3=5.53
1 1  2
  3.31
2
1  2
E 3  E  cos 1
  0.37  37%
   
1   1 
D 3  D  cos 1    0.254  25.4%
   
77

Correction for E3:
a) Correction at E3 for mutual interference b/n pile No. 2 & 3
From the figure: D=150.7-148=2.7m; d=9m; b’=40m; b=
57.0m
Dd D
C  19    1.01% (Ve)
b'  b 

C = 1.3m/10.3m*(37% - 25.4%) =1.46% (-ve)

At “ E3’’correction due to slope is nil
Therefore, corrected E3 = 37% - 1.01% - 1.46%

78
= 34.53%
Summary:
Upstream pile no. 1 Intermediate pile downstream pile

no. 2 no. 3
E1 = 100% E2 = 67.65% E3 = 34.53%

D1 = 80 % D2 = 63.2% D3 = 25.4%
C1 = 74.38% C2 = 60.22% C3 = 0%
79

Exit Gradient(GE):
 Let water be headed up to pond level (RL =158.0m)
H 1
GE 
d  
Where,
H – Maximum seepage head =158.0-152.0 = 6m
d – d/s cutoff depth = 152.0-141.7= 10.3 m
b – total floor length = 57 m
α=b/d=57/10.3= 5.53
1  1  5.532
  3.31
2
H 1 6 1
GE    0.105  1 / 9.53
d   10.3  3.31
 Hence, the exit gradient shall be equal to 0.105. i.e., 1 in 9.53
which is very much safe. 80
Thank you!
81

02 - 1 Design of Weir and Barrage

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Diversion Head works

Diversion Head works

 Diversion Head works - structures which are constructed

 The various purposes of diversion head works:

Location and Site Selection

Location of diversion head work:

Site selection criteria for diversion head work:

Types of Diversion Head works

Types of Diversion Head Works:

 Permanent diversion head works

Types of Diversion Head works

Permanent head works:

Barrage: The major part of pounding achieved by gates and

 Based on material of construction

a) Masonry weirs with vertical drops

Fig. Rock fill weir with

c) Concrete weir with downstream glacis/ogee crest

Fig. Concrete weir with downstream glacis

Layout of diversion head works

 Typical layout of a diversion head work consists of:

Typical Layout of Diversion Head works

Main functions of divide wall:

4. River training works

Fig. Typical Section of a

Design of Weir – on pervious foundation

 The design of weir/barrage is divided into:

A. Subsurface flow (Theory of seepage):

Design of Weir and Barrage

Design of Weir and Barrage

a) Bligh creep theory of seepage:

 Note: Bligh makes no distinction between horizontal and

Design of Weir and Barrage

 Creep length, L = b + 2d1+2d2+2d3

Design of Weir and Barrage

 Creep length, Lc = L +2t +2S1+2S2

Design of Weir and Barrage

where, C is Bligh's coefficient for the soil.

No. Type of soil Value of C Safe Hydraulic gradient

1 Fine micaceous sand 15 1/15

Design of Weir and Barrage

 If h’ meters is the ordinates, then

Design of Weir and Barrage

 The thickness obtained by the above formula generally

Design of Weir and Barrage

 The water standing on the upstream floor, more than

Note: Bligh’s theory is quite simple and convenient. Many of earlier

Design of Weir and Barrage

b) Lane’s weighted creep theory of seepage:

Lt=(d1+d1)+1/3L1 + (d2+d2) + 1/3L2 + (d3+d3)

 To ensure safety against piping to this theory, the creep

Design of Weir and Barrage

Table: Value of Lane’s creep coefficient for different soil condition

No. Type of soil Value of Safe Hydraulic gradient

Note: Lane’s theory was an improvement over Bligh's theory, but it is

Design of Weir and Barrage

Design of Weir and Barrage

Solution (Bligh’s Theory):

C) Thickness of the floor, t = 4/3(h/G-1)

Design of Weir and Barrage

Design of Weir and Barrage

Example 2. The figure shown below shows the cross section of a