COMPUTER - COMMUNICATION

LAB - ASSESSMENT = 01

Programme B.Tech-ECE Semester WINTER-(2019-20)

Name Pranav Kumar Course Code ECE4008

REG-NO. 17BEC0473 Slot L29+L30

Faculty Prof. Nandakumar S Max. Marks 10

 Experiment – 01 (A)
Performance Analysis of a set of LANs Interconnected by
Switches and Hubs.

# Aim:- To construct and simulate Network models with 4-user node

and 16-user node using Hub and Switch. Also analyze the performance
of Throughput and Delay along with the packets collided.

# Tools Required:- NetSim Academic Software

# Theory:-
1. Hub :- A hub is the most basic networking device that connects
multiple computers or other network devices together. A network
hub has no routing tables or intelligence on where to send
information and broadcasts all network data across each
connection. Most hubs can detect basic network errors such as
collisions, but having all information broadcast to multiple ports
can be a security risk and cause bottlenecks. Hub is operated on
Physical layer. In this packet filtering is not available.

2. Switch :- A switch is a piece of a physical circuitry component

that governs the signal flow. Having a switch or toggle switch
allows a connection to be opened or closed. When opened, the
switch allows a signal or power to flow through the connection.
When closed, the switch stops the flow and breaks the circuit
connection. Unlike hub, it is an intelligent device. No packet gets
collided. Switch is operated on Data link layer. In this packet
filtering is available.
# Important-Formulae:-

Payload Received = Packet Received * Packet Size

𝑷𝒂𝒚𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝑹𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒅 ∗ 𝟖
Throughput (Mbps) =
𝑺𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟔

# Block Diagram:-

Case-1: 4-user Hub

 # Application-Metrics :- (When Packet Size = 1000 bytes ; Inter-
arrival time = 3200 µs)

Payload
Application Application Source Destination Packet Packet Payload Throughput Delay

Id Name Id Id Transmitted Received Received (Mbps) (microsec)

Transmitted

1 APP1_CUSTOM 1 2 3124 3121 3124000 3121000 2.4968 2785.753

2 APP2_CUSTOM 3 4 3124 3120 3124000 3120000 2.496 2779.689
0.063744
SUM 4.9928 5565.443

# Network-Statistics :-
Simulation Time (ms) = 10000.00

Packets Transmitted = 12309

Packets Errored = 6

Packets Collided = 6062

Bytes Transmitted (Bytes) = 12973686

Payload Transmitted (Bytes) = 6241000

Overhead Transmitted (Bytes) = 6732686

 2. Case-2: 4-user Switch

# Application-Metrics :- (When Packet Size = 1000 bytes ; Inter-

arrival time = 3200 µs)
Payload
Application Application Source Destination Packet Packet Payload Throughput Delay

Id Name Id Id Transmitted Received Received (Mbps) (microsec)

Transmitted

1 APP1_CUSTOM 2 3 3124 3124 3124000 3121000 2.4992 204.2111

2 APP2_CUSTOM 4 5 3124 3124 3124000 3124000 2.4992 244.1697
0.063744
SUM 4.9984 448.3807
# Network-Statistics :-
Simulation Time (ms) = 10000.00

Packets Transmitted = 25017

Packets Errored = 7

Packets Collided = 0

Bytes Transmitted (Bytes) = 14231194

 Payload Transmitted (Bytes) = 12499000

Overhead Transmitted (Bytes) = 1732194

3. Case-3: 16-user Hub

# Block Diagram:-

# Application-Metrics :- (When Packet Size = 1000 bytes ; Inter-

arrival time = 3200 µs)
Payload
Application Application Source Destination Packet Packet Payload Throughput Delay

Id Name Id Id Transmitted Received Received (Mbps) (microsec)

Transmitted

1 APP1_CUSTOM 1 2 3124 3051 3124000 3051000 2.4408 48066.16

2 APP2_CUSTOM 3 4 3124 2614 3124000 2614000 2.0912 1275382
3 APP3_CUSTOM 5 6 3124 1186 3124000 1186000 0.9488 3087785
4 APP4_CUSTOM 7 8 3124 911 3124000 911000 0.7288 3361483
5 APP5_CUSTOM 9 10 3124 749 3124000 749000 0.5992 3678087
6 APP6_CUSTOM 11 12 3124 587 3124000 587000 0.4696 3916755
7 APP7_CUSTOM 13 14 3124 477 3124000 477000 0.3816 3681820
8 APP8_CUSTOM 15 16 3124 435 3124000 435000 0.348 4230557
SUM 8.008 23279936
# Network-Statistics :-
Simulation Time (ms) = 10000.00

Packets Transmitted = 13569

Packets Errored = 8

Packets Collided = 3551

Bytes Transmitted (Bytes) = 14301726

Payload Transmitted (Bytes) = 10010000

Overhead Transmitted (Bytes) = 4291726

4. Case-4: 16-user Switch

 # Application-Metrics :- (When Packet Size = 1000 bytes ; Inter-
arrival time = 3200 µs)

Payload
Application Application Source Destination Packet Packet Payload Throughput Delay

Id Name Id Id Transmitted Received Received (Mbps) (microsec)

Transmitted

1 APP1_CUSTOM 1 2 3124 3124 3124000 3124000 2.4992 237.5087

2 APP2_CUSTOM 3 4 3124 3124 3124000 3124000 2.4992 467288.9
3 APP3_CUSTOM 5 6 3124 3124 3124000 3124000 2.4992 224.1899
4 APP4_CUSTOM 7 8 3124 3124 3124000 3124000 2.4992 237.5087
5 APP5_CUSTOM 9 10 3124 3124 3124000 3124000 2.4992 237.5167
6 APP6_CUSTOM 11 12 3124 3124 3124000 3124000 2.4992 250.8377
7 APP7_CUSTOM 13 14 3124 3124 3124000 3124000 2.4992 244.1804
8 APP8_CUSTOM 15 16 3124 3124 3124000 3124000 2.4992 251.0292
SUM 19.9936 468971.6

# Network-Statistics :-
Simulation Time (ms) = 10000.00

Packets Transmitted = 100198

Packets Errored = 50

Packets Collided = 0

Bytes Transmitted (Bytes) = 56967932

Payload Transmitted (Bytes) = 50011000

Overhead Transmitted (Bytes) = 6956932

# Hub and Switch Comparison :-

Component Total Throughput Delay (microsec) Packets Collided

(Mbps)
4-User Hub 4.9928 5565.443 6062
4-User Switch 4.9984 448.3807 0
16-User Hub 8.008 23279936 3551
16-User Switch 19.9936 468971.6 0

# Bar – Chart (Throughput):-

1. Case-1 :- (4-User Hub Vs 4-User Switch)

Throughput (Mbps)
4.999 4.9984
Throughput (Mbps)

4.998
4.997
4.996
4.995
4.994
4.9928
4.993
4.992
4.991
4.99
Hub Switch
2. Case-2 :- (16-User Hub Vs 16-User Switch)

Throughput (Mbps)
25
Throughput (Mbps)
19.9936
20

15

10 8.008

0
Hub Switch

3. Case-3 :- (4-User Hub Vs 16-User Hub)

Throughput (Mbps)
9
Throughput (Mbps)

8.008
8
7
6
4.9928
5
4
3
2
1
0
Hub Hub
 4. Case-4 :- (4-User Switch Vs 16-User Switch)

Throughput (Mbps)
25
Throughput (Mbps)

19.9936
20

15

10

4.9984
5

0
Switch Switch

# Bar – Chart (Delay):-

1. Case-1 :- (4-User Hub Vs 4-User Switch)

Delay (Microsecs)
6000 5565.443
Delay (Microsecs)

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000
448.3807

0
Hub Switch
2. Case-2 :- (16-User Hub Vs 16-User Switch)

Delay (Microsecs)
25000000 23279936
Delay (Microsecs)

20000000

15000000

10000000

5000000

468971.6
0
Hub Switch

3. Case-3 :- (4-User Hub Vs 16-User Hub)

Delay (Microsecs)
25000000 23279936
Delay (Microsecs)

20000000

15000000

10000000

5000000

5565.443
0
Hub Hub
 4. Case-4 :- (4-User Switch Vs 16-User Switch)

Delay (Microsecs)
500000 468971.6
450000
Delay (Microsecs)

400000
350000
300000
250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
448.3807
0
Switch Switch

# Bar – Chart (Packets-Collided):-

1. Case-1 :- (4-User Hub Vs 4-User Switch)

Packets Collided
7000
6062
Packets Collided

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000
0
0
Hub Switch
2. Case-2 :- (16-User Hub Vs 16-User Switch)

Packets Collided
4000
3551
3500
Packets Collided

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500
0
0
Hub Switch

3. Case-3 :- (4-User Hub Vs 16-User Hub)

Packets Collided
7000
6062
Packets Collided

6000

5000

4000 3551

3000

2000

1000

0
Hub Hub
 4. Case-4 :- (4-User Switch Vs 16-User Switch)

Packets Collided
1
0.9
Packets Collided
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 0
0
Switch Switch

# Inference:- From the above bar graphs, it can be inferred that there is
high Throughput in case of a LAN interconnected via a Switch
whereas very low throughput in case of a Hub. Also, there is high Delay
in the arrival of packets in case of Hub whereas very minimum Delay in
case of Switch. In case of Switch no packet gets collided while in Hub
many packets get collided. So, we conclude that Switch is an
intelligent device with high throughput, less delay and no packet
collisions occur while a Hub is an unintelligent device.

# Conclusion:- Hence, the network model for all the 4 scenarios have
been designed and simulated in the software and the performance
analysis has been done for a set of LANs Interconnected by Switches
and Hubs and the corresponding Throughput and Delay have been
analyzed.
 Experiment – 01 (B)
Performance Analysis of Various Voice Codecs in
Interconnected networks.

# Aim:- To construct and simulate Networks for various voice codec

standards using NetSim software and compare their performance.

# Tools Required:- NetSim Academic Software

# Theory:- Here, it is considered only 4 voice codecs in this experiment.

1. G.711 :- G.711 is an ITU-T standard (Recommendation) for
audio companding, titled Pulse code modulation (PCM) of voice
frequencies, it is a required standard in many technologies, such as
in the H.320 and H.323 standards.
2. G.723 :- G.723 is an ITU-T standard speech codec using
extensions of G.721 providing voice quality covering 300 Hz to
3400 Hz using Adaptive Differential Pulse Code
Modulation (ADPCM) to 24 and 40 kbit/s for digital circuit
multiplication equipment (DCME) applications.
3. G.729 :- G.729 is a royalty-free narrow-band vocoder-based audio
data compression algorithm using a frame length of 10
milliseconds. It is officially described as Coding of speech at 8
kbit/s using code-excited linear Prediction speech coding (CS-
ACELP). Because of its low bandwidth requirements, G.729 is
mostly used in voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) applications
when bandwidth must be conserved.
4. Custom
# Block Diagram:-
1. Case-1: Voice Codec G.711

# Manual-Calculations : -
Base Band frequency (fm) = 4 khz
Bit Rate (R) = n x fs and n = 8 bits
Since, fs = 2 x fm = 8 khz
Bit Rate (R) = 8 x 8KHz = 64 kbps
Inter-arrival Time (X) = Packet Length (L) / Bit Rate (R)
= 160 bytes / 64 kbps
= (160 x 8) / 64 kbps
= 20 ms
 Packet Size (L) = (Data Rate (R) x Inter-arrival Time (X)) / 8
= (64 kbps x 20 ms) / 8
= 160 bytes

Payload Received = (Packet Received x Packet Size)

= 499 x 160
= 79840

𝑷𝒂𝒚𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝑹𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒅 ∗ 𝟖
Throughput (Mbps) =
𝑺𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟔

= 0.063872 Mbps
Hence, Throughput = 63.872 kbps
# Application-Metrics :-
Application Application Source Destination Packet Packet Payload Payload Throughput Delay

Id Name Id Id Transmitted Received Transmitted Received (Mbps) (microsec)

1 APP1_VOICE 2 3 499 499 79840 79840 0.063872 67.86

2 APP2_VOICE 4 5 499 498 79840 79860 0.063744 85.94
0.063744
SUM 0.127616 153.80

# Network-Statistics :-
Simulation Time (ms) = 10000.00

Packets Transmitted = 3989

Packets Errored = 1

Packets Collided = 0

Bytes Transmitted (Bytes) = 853646

Payload Transmitted (Bytes) = 638080

Overhead Transmitted (Bytes) = 215566

 2. Case-2: Voice Codec G.723
# Block Diagram:-

# Manual-Calculations : -
Base Band frequency (fm) = 400 Hz = 0.4 khz
Bit Rate (R) = n x fs and n = 8 bits
Since, fs = 2 x 400 = 800 Hz
Bit Rate (R) = 8 x 800 Hz = 6400 b/s = 6.4 kbps
Inter-arrival Time (X) = Packet Length (L) / Bit Rate (R)
= 24 bytes / 6.4 kbps
= (24 x 8) / 6.4 kbps
= 30 ms
 Packet Size (L) = (Data Rate (R) x Inter-arrival Time (X)) / 8
= (6.4 kbps x 30 ms) / 8
= 24 bytes
Payload Received = (Packet Received x Packet Size)
= 333 x 24
= 7992

𝑷𝒂𝒚𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝑹𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒅 ∗ 𝟖
Throughput (Mbps) =
𝑺𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟔

= 0.0063936 Mbps
Hence, Throughput = 6.3936 kbps ≈ 6.4 kbps

# Application-Metrics :-
Application Application Source Destination Packet Packet Payload Payload Throughput Delay

Id Name Id Id Transmitted Received Transmitted Received (Mbps) (microsec)

1 APP1_VOICE 2 3 333 333 7992 7992 0.006394 46.1

2 APP2_VOICE 4 5 333 332 7992 7968 0.006374 53.3
SUM 0.063744
0.012768 99.4
# Network-Statistics :-
Simulation Time (ms) = 10000.00

Packets Transmitted = 2661

Packets Errored = 1

Packets Collided = 0

Bytes Transmitted (Bytes) = 207558

Payload Transmitted (Bytes) = 63840

Overhead Transmitted (Bytes) = 143718

 3. Case-3: Voice Codec G.729
# Block Diagram:-

# Manual-Calculations : -
Base Band frequency (fm) = 500 Hz = 0.5 khz
Bit Rate (R) = n x fs and n = 8 bits
Since, fs = 2 x 500 = 1000 Hz
Bit Rate (R) = 8 x 1000 Hz = 8000 b/s = 8 kbps
Inter-arrival Time (X) = Packet Length (L) / Bit Rate (R)
= 20 bytes / 8 kbps
= (20 x 8) / 8 kbps
= 20 ms
 Packet Size (L) = (Data Rate (R) x Inter-arrival Time (X)) / 8
= (8 kbps x 20 ms) / 8
= 20 bytes

Payload Received = (Packet Received x Packet Size)

= 499 x 20
= 9980

𝑷𝒂𝒚𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝑹𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒅 ∗ 𝟖
Throughput (Mbps) =
𝑺𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟔

= 0.007984 Mbps
Hence, Throughput = 7.984 kbps ≈ 8 kbps

# Application-Metrics :-
Application Application Source Destination Packet Packet Payload Payload Throughput Delay

Id Name Id Id Transmitted Received Transmitted Received (Mbps) (microsec)

1 APP1_VOICE 2 3 499 499 9980 9980 0.007984 45.46

2 APP2_VOICE 4 5 499 498 9980 9960 0.007968 52.34
SUM 0.063744
0.015952 97.80
# Network-Statistics :-
Simulation Time (ms) = 10000.00

Packets Transmitted = 3989

Packets Errored = 1

Packets Collided = 0

Bytes Transmitted (Bytes) = 295186

Payload Transmitted (Bytes) = 79760

Overhead Transmitted (Bytes) = 215426

 4. Case-4: Voice Codec CUSTOM
# Block Diagram:-

# Manual-Calculations : -
Case 1: Data-Rate = 200 kbps
Assume, Inter-arrival Time (X) = 20 ms
Packet Size = (Data Rate x Inter-arrival Time) / 8
= (200 kbps x 20 ms) / 8 = 500 bytes
# Application-Metrics :-
Application Application Source Destination Packet Packet Payload Payload Throughput Delay

Id Name Id Id Transmitted Received Transmitted Received (Mbps) (microsec)

1 APP1_VOICE 2 3 499 499 249500 249500 0.1996 124.3744

2 APP2_VOICE 4 5 499 499 249500 249500 0.1996 144.4299
0.063744
SUM 0.3992 268.8043

249500
 Case 2: Data-Rate = 60 kbps
Assume, Inter-arrival Time (X) = 20 ms
Packet Size = (Data Rate x Inter-arrival Time) / 8
= (60 kbps x 20 ms) / 8 = 150 bytes

# Application-Metrics :-

Application Application Source Destination Packet Packet Payload Payload Throughput Delay

Id Name Id Id Transmitted Received Transmitted Received (Mbps) (microsec)

1 APP1_VOICE 2 3 499 499 74850 74850 0.05988 66.26

2 APP2_VOICE 4 5 499 498 74850 74700 0.05976 83.54
SUM 0.063744
0.119640 149.80

249500

Case 3: Data-Rate = 100 kbps

Assume, Inter-arrival Time (X) = 10 ms
Packet Size = (Data Rate x Inter-arrival Time) / 8
= (100 kbps x 10 ms) / 8 = 125 bytes

# Application-Metrics :-
Application Application Source Destination Packet Packet Payload Payload Throughput Delay

Id Name Id Id Transmitted Received Transmitted Received (Mbps) (microsec)

1 APP1_VOICE 2 3 999 999 124875 124875 0.0999 62.26

2 APP2_VOICE 4 5 999 998 124875 124750 0.0998 77.54
0.063744
SUM 0.1997 139.80

249500
 # Comparison Table of Various Voice Codecs:

CUSTOM
Parameters G.711 G.723 G.729 CUSTOM-1 CUSTOM-2 CUSTOM-3
Data Rate 64 kbps 6.4 kbps 8 kbps 200 kbps 60 kbps 100 kbps

Transmission
Time 20 ms 30 ms 20 ms 20 ms 20 ms 10 ms
Packet Size 160 bytes 24 bytes 20 bytes 500 bytes 150 bytes 125 bytes
Payload 79840 7992 9980 249500 74850 124875
Throughput 63.872 kbps 6.3936 kbps 7.984 kbps 199.6 kbps 59.8 kbps 99.9 kbps

# Bar – Chart (Throughput):-

Throughput (kbps)
250
Throughput (kbps)

199.6
200

150

99.9
100
63.872 59.8
50
6.3936 7.984
0
G.711 G.723 G.729 CUSTOM-1 CUSTOM-2 CUSTOM-3
# Bar – Chart (Delay):-

Delay (Microsecs)
160
Delay (Microsecs) 134.4022
140

120

100
76.9 74.9
80 71.9

60 49.7 48.9
40

20

0
G.711 G.723 G.729 CUSTOM-1 CUSTOM-2 CUSTOM-3

# Inference:- As the packet size decreases, delay decreases as well.

As the data rate decreases, packet size decreases.
As Packet size = (Data-Rate x Inter-arrival Time) / 8, this implies:
Delay decreases with decreasing data rate for a given inter-arrival time.
Compare to all line coding techniques Manchester coding
is best line coding technique. Because it is having zero power at zero
frequency, it is having a transparency, less energy requirement and also
it is easy to extract the timing information form that. So, that’s why
Manchester coding is preferred compare to other line coding techniques.

# Conclusion:- Hence, the network model for all the 6 scenarios have
been simulated in the software and the performance analysis has been
done for the various voice codecs in Interconnected networks and the
corresponding Throughput and Delay have been analyzed.