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Conservation of Momentum
• Law of conservation of
momentum:
Conservation of Momentum
How do Newton’s reflect the conservation of momentum ?
• Newton’s 1st + 2’nd law:
Each object exerts a force
on the other object that
changes the momentum of
the other object
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Conservation of Momentum
How do Newton’s reflect the conservation of momentum ?
• Newton’s 1st + 2nd + 3rd
law:
Change in each objects
momentum is equal and
opposite
Thus the total momentum
before and after the
interaction is the same
Note: There are no external
forces (forces external to the
interacting objects).
Conservation of Momentum
• Interacting objects exchange
momentum through equal and
opposite forces
Conservation of Momentum
Example: A cricket player hits a 100g cricket ball . The 2.0kg bat is
swung with a speed of 15m/s. The ball approaches at 30m/s and rebounds
at 60m/s. What is the final speed of the bat?
Bat: particle 1, Ball: particle 2.
( vi )1 ( vi )2 F2 on 1 F1 on 2
(v )f 1
(v ) f 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
Before During After
mbat = 2.0kg, mball = 0.10kg vibat = 15m / s, viball = 30m / s, v fball = !60m / s
The bat slows down after impact with the ball. Values of forces were not needed !
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Conservation of Angular Momentum
L = mvr
Skater with arms out: r is
bigger, so v must be
smaller to keep L
constant
Skater with arms in: r is
smaller, so v must be
larger to keep L constant
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Conservation of Angular Momentum
Angular momentum conservation also explains why
planets rotate faster as they get closer to the sun (Kepler’s
second law):
L = mvr
Aphelion: r is bigger, so
v must be smaller to
keep L constant
Perihelion: r is smaller,
so v must be larger to
keep L constant
Conservation of Energy
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Thermal Energy
the collective kinetic (motional) energy of many
particles (for example, in a rock, in air, in water)
Kinetic energy of
each particle
1 2
KE = mv
2
Temperature Scales
Conversions:
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TCelcius = (TFahrenheit ! 32 )
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Absolute 0 = 0 Kelvin
= no motion
Thermal Energy
Thermal energy is a measure of the total kinetic energy of all
the particles in a substance. It therefore depends both on
temperature AND density
Example:
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Gravitational Potential Energy
• On Earth, depends on:
– object’s mass (m)
– strength of gravity (g)
– distance object could
potentially fall (h)
U = mgh
U = mgh
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Mass-Energy
• Einstein’s theory of relativity
shows that mass itself is a form of
potential energy
E = mc2
Conservation of Energy
• Energy can be neither created nor destroyed.
• It can change form or be exchanged between
objects.
• The total energy content of the Universe was
determined in the Big Bang and remains the
same today.
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Newton’s Theory of Gravity
g moon 0.00272m / s 2 1 1
= = =
g earth 9.8m / s 2 3600 60 ! 60
Newton showed that the law of gravity applies to massive objects such
as planets if we treat the object as a particle or a point mass.
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Newton’s Theory of Gravity
Gm1m2
F12 = F21 =
d2
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Newton’s Theory of Gravity
Finding g from the gravitational force
M Earth m
aearth = G 2
= 9.8 2
REarth s
GM earth
g=
Rearth 2
2
gRearth
M earth = = 5.98 ! 10 24 kg
G
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Newton’s Theory of Gravity
How does Newton’s law of gravity extend Kepler’s laws?
p = orbital period
a=average orbital distance (between centers)
(M1 + M2) = sum of object masses
Note: If one of the masses is very small relative to the other, it
can be neglected
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Gravity and Energy
The law of gravity and conservation of energy can explain
stable orbits:
More gravitational energy;
Less kinetic energy
• Total orbital energy
(gravitational +
kinetic) stays
constant if there is
no external force
• Orbits cannot
change
spontaneously.
Less gravitational energy;
More kinetic energy
Changing an Orbit
Escape Velocity
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Summary
What are conservation laws ?
• Conservation of (linear) momentum
The total momentum of interacting objects cannot change
unless an external force is acting on them.
Thus objects move at constant velocity if no force acts on
them
Summary
What are conservation laws ?
• Conservation of energy
Energy cannot be created or destroyed but only transformed
from one type to another.
Energy comes in three basic types: kinetic, potential, radiative.
Summary
How did Newton explain Kepler’s laws ?
Newton formulated the Theory of Gravitation:
Gm1m2
F12 = F21 =
d2
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Summary
• How do gravity and energy together allow us to
understand orbits?
– Change in total energy is needed to change orbit
– Add enough energy (escape velocity) and object
leaves
• Why do all objects fall at the same rate?
– Mass of object in Newton’s second law exactly
cancels mass in law of gravitation.
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