Feasibility / Updated Masterplan Report FOR Akaki Catchment Wastewater Project

Water Supply and Sanitation Development & Rehabilitation Akaki Catchment Wastewater
Treatment Project office & Sewerage System Design

Updated Master Plan/Feasibility report
FEASIBILITY / UPDATED MASTERPLAN REPORT

FOR
AKAKI CATCHMENT WASTEWATER PROJECT
Hywas Engineering Consultants in association with AG Consult I

, E-mail hywas@ethionet.et
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS.....................................................................................................I
LIST OF TABLES.............................................................................................................III
LIST OF FIGURES............................................................................................................V
ACRONYMS....................................................................................................................VI
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..................................................................................................i
1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................1-1
1.1 BACK GROUND...............................................................................................................1-1
1.2 OBJECTIVES...................................................................................................................1-1
1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY.................................................................................................1-3
2 EXISTING SITUATION ASSESSMENT...............................................................2-1
2.1 THE STUDY AREA..........................................................................................................2-1
2.1.1 Location....................................................................................................................2-1
2.1.2 Topography..............................................................................................................2-2
2.1.3 Climate.....................................................................................................................2-2
2.1.4 Akaki River flows......................................................................................................2-7
2.1.5 Geology....................................................................................................................2-8
2.1.6 Hydrogeology.........................................................................................................2-16
2.2 GEOTECHNICAL ASSESSMENT.................................................................................2-18
2.2.1 General Considerations.........................................................................................2-18
2.2.2 Objective and Scope of the Geotechnical Study...................................................2-18
2.2.3 Methodology and Approaches...............................................................................2-19
2.2.4 Surface and Sub-surface Assessment of Sewer-Interceptors...............................2-20
2.2.5 Assessment of Treatment Plant Sites....................................................................2-25
2.2.6 Groundwater Vulnerability......................................................................................2-28
2.2.7 Seismicity of the Site..............................................................................................2-29
2.2.8 Construction Materials Assessment......................................................................2-30
2.3 WATER SERVICE..........................................................................................................2-31
2.4 WASTEWATER SERVICE.............................................................................................2-33
2.4.1 Wastewater Facilities.............................................................................................2-33
2.4.2 Major Water consumers Survey.............................................................................2-34
2.4.3 Land Use................................................................................................................2-59
3 POPULATION PROJECTION, WATER DEMAND AND SEWAGE
GENERATION ESTIMATES.........................................................................................3-1
3.1 POPULATION TRENDS & ESTIMATE............................................................................3-1
3.2 POPULATION PROJECTION..........................................................................................3-2
3.2.1 Housing development project:.................................................................................3-2
3.2.2 Population density....................................................................................................3-4
3.2.3 Land use...................................................................................................................3-5
3.2.4 Population estimate..................................................................................................3-7
3.3 WATER DEMAND............................................................................................................3-7
3.4 FUTURE WASTEWATER FLOWS..................................................................................3-9
3.4.1 Background..............................................................................................................3-9
4 SEWER SYSTEM....................................................................................................4-1
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4.1 SEWER ROUTE SELECTION.........................................................................................4-1

4.2 DESIGN OF SEWER SYSTEM.......................................................................................4-4
4.2.1 Background..............................................................................................................4-4
4.2.2 Design output...........................................................................................................4-5
4.3 COST ESTIMATE..........................................................................................................4-11
4.4 CONCLUSION...............................................................................................................4-11
5 WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT DESIGN..............................................5-1
6 INSTITUTIONAL & OPERATION ASPECTS......................................................6-1
6.1 ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT..........................................................................6-1
6.2 OFFICE AND RESOURCES............................................................................................6-1
6.2.1 Fence and gates......................................................................................................6-1
6.2.2 Office and other facilities..........................................................................................6-2
6.2.3 Roads and ramps.....................................................................................................6-2
6.2.4 Decanting chambers and drainage facilities............................................................6-2
6.3 OPERATIONAL EQUIPMENTS.......................................................................................6-3
6.3.1 Electrical Equipment................................................................................................6-3
6.3.2 Flow Measurement...................................................................................................6-3
6.3.3 Operating Equipment...............................................................................................6-3
6.3.4 Sampling Equipment................................................................................................6-4
6.3.5 Safety.......................................................................................................................6-4
6.3.6 Equipment, Supplies, and Reagents.......................................................................6-5
7 Financial and economic analysis of Akaki waste water treatment plant..................7-6
7.1 General.............................................................................................................................7-6
7.2 Alternative I. Activated Sludge WWTP- for restricted irrigation scenario........................7-7
7.2.1 Capital Cost..............................................................................................................7-7
7.2.2 Operating and maintenance costs...........................................................................7-7
7.3 Alternative II. Trickling Filter WWTP- for restricted irrigation scenario............................7-8
7.3.1 Capital Cost..............................................................................................................7-8
7.3.2 Operating and maintenance costs...........................................................................7-9
7.4 Alternative III. UASB+ TF WWTP- for restricted irrigation scenario................................7-9
7.4.1 Capital Cost..............................................................................................................7-9
7.4.2 Operating and maintenance costs.........................................................................7-10
7.5 Alternative IV. WSP WWTP- for restricted irrigation scenario......................................7-10
7.5.1 Capital Cost............................................................................................................7-10
7.6 Alternative V. UASB+WSP WWTP- for restricted irrigation scenario............................7-12
7.6.1 Capital Cost............................................................................................................7-12
7.7 Cost-Benefit Analysis of Alternatives.............................................................................7-13
7.8 Cost Effective Analysis of Alternatives...........................................................................7-14
7.9 Alternatives Analysis of WWTP- for restricted irrigation situation.................................7-14
7.10 Cost effective analysis of alternative schemes..............................................................7-16
7.11 Category 2. Candidates- Chefe WWTP.........................................................................7-16
7.12 Recommendation...........................................................................................................7-17
8 REFERENCES.........................................................................................................8-1
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 2-1 Area Coverage of Kebeles in the Akaki Catchment......................................................................................2-1
Table 2-2 Average Monthly Rainfall, mm (based on 1998-2007 data)..................................................................2-6
Table 2-3 Average Monthly Maximum Temperature, oC (based on 1998-2007 data)............................................2-6
Table 2-4Average Monthly Minimum Temperature oC (based on 1998-2007 data).......................................................2-6
Table 2-5 Average Monthly Evaporation in mm/month (based on 1998-2007 data)..............................................2-7
Table 2-6 Average monthly wind speed and direction at Bole station...................................................................2-7
Table 2-7 Akaki River Characteristics at Akaki...................................................................................................... 2-8
Table 2-8 Existing water supply sources..................................................................................................................... 2-32
Table 2-9 Water Supply Customers and Monthly Consumption in Akaki Catchment..................................................2-33
Table 2-10 Number of surveyed industries by type..................................................................................................... 2-39
Table 2-11: Number of surveyed institutions by type................................................................................................... 2-39
Table 2-12: Response to Source of Existing Water Supply (for industries and establishment)...................................2-41
Table 2-13: Surveyed industries water consumption proportion by purpose...............................................................2-42
Table 2-14: Surveyed establishments water consumption proportion by purpose.......................................................2-44
Table 2-15: Response to the existing water supply satisfaction as per demand by surveyed industries and
establishments............................................................................................................................................................ 2-45
Table 2-16: Response to water supply deficit proportion against the existing demand...............................................2-46
Table 2-17: Response to type of liquid waste generated from Industries and establishments....................................2-47
Table 2-18: Response to the method used to dispose liquid waste by industries.......................................................2-49
Table 2-19: Response to the method used to dispose liquid waste by establishments...............................................2-49
Table 2-20: Response to prevalence of industrial liquid waste treatment practice......................................................2-50
Table 2-21: Response to major reason for absence of treatment practice among surveyed industries......................2-51
Table 2-22: Response to size of septic tank used by the surveyed industries and establishments.............................2-52
Table 2-23: Response to frequency of de-sludging septic tank by industries and establishments..............................2-53
Table 2-24: Response to service provider for dislodging septic tank by surveyed industries and establishments......2-54
Table 2-25: Response to have sewerage system connection by surveyed industries and establishment...................2-55
Table 2-26: Response to the rate of service charge to be for sewerage system connection by industries and
establishments............................................................................................................................................................ 2-56
Table 2-27: Prevalence of liquid waste management problem among surveyed industries and establishments.........2-57
Table 2-28 Land Use in Akaki Catchment................................................................................................................... 2-60
Table 3-1 Population Projections by Different sectors................................................................................................... 3-1
Table 3-2 Population Distribution Through Out the City at Sub-City Level...................................................................3-1
Table 3-3 Proposed Population Projection.................................................................................................................... 3-2
Table 3-4 Percentage of condos constructed in sewer catchment in each sub city.......................................................3-3
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Table 3-5Population benefited in Condominium projects.............................................................................................. 3-4

Table 3-6 Population Density........................................................................................................................................ 3-4
Table 3-7 Current Population distribution in sewer catchment......................................................................................3-5
Table 3-8 Land use type in Akaki catchment................................................................................................................. 3-5
Table 3-9 Population projection for Akaki, kality and Eastern Catchment.....................................................................3-7
Table 3-10 Divisions of Kebeles According to Water Consumption Level.....................................................................3-8
Table 3-11 Assumptions of Average Water Demand – Scenario 2...............................................................................3-8
Table 3-12 Anticipated Daily water Consumption for House Connections of Different Demand Categories.................3-8
Table 3-13 Average Domestic wastewater Flow (Wastewater Masterplan, 2002).........................................................3-9
Table 3-14 Average non-domestic flow and BOD load to WWTW................................................................................3-9
Table 3-15 Wastewater system development forecast – Akaki – sewer catchment....................................................3-10
Table 3-16 Wastewater system development forecast - Kality - sewer catchment......................................................3-11
Table 3-17 Summary of waste water projection.......................................................................................................... 3-12
Table 4-1 Summary of manholes.................................................................................................................................. 4-5
Table 4-2 Summary of Pipes......................................................................................................................................... 4-6
Table 4-3 Sewer options cost estimate....................................................................................................................... 4-11
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2-1Location of Kebeles and Subcity in Akaki Catchment...................................................................................2-4
Figure 2-2Topography of Akaki Catchment................................................................................................................... 2-5
Figure 2-3 Geological Map of Addis Ababa................................................................................................................. 2-15
Figure 2-4Deep Gorge, Hard Rocks Exposure Following the River Course & Sliding Made up Grounds 2-21
Figure 2-5 Deep Quarry Near Bole St. George Church and Hard Ignimbrite Rocks around Bolebulbula................2-22
Figure 2-6 Alternative Bridge Crossing Sites Below Bolebulbula- Abo Bridge and New Alternative Bridge Crossing
Sites Below Bolebulbula-Abo...................................................................................................................................... 2-23
Figure 2-7 Selected Crossing Site (Bolebulbula-Abo Bridge)......................................................................................2-23
Figure 2-8 Deep and Long Quarry Site below Hana-Mariam (on Lafto-Interceptor Route).........................................2-25
Figure 2-9 Characteristic Cracks on Black Cotton Soil at Akaki-I and Deep Black Cotton Soil Depicted near Akaki-I and
at Big Akaki-River........................................................................................................................................................ 2-27
Figure 2-10: Surveyed industry distribution by Sub-city..............................................................................................2-38
Figure 2-11: Number of Surveyed institutions distribution by Sub-city........................................................................2-38
Figure 3-1 Akaki sewer catchment land use pattern..................................................................................................... 3-6
Figure 4-1 Lafto Interceptor route option....................................................................................................................... 4-3
Figure 4-2 Sewer network for one treatment plant and with kality over flow..................................................................4-7
Figure 4-3 Sewer network for one treatment plant and without kality over flow.............................................................4-8
Figure 4-4 Sewer network for two treatment plants and with kality over flow................................................................4-9
Figure 4-5 Sewer network for two treatment plants and without kality over flow.........................................................4-10
Figure 4-6 Un-served areas for one treatment Plant option........................................................................................4-13
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ACRONYMS
Abbreviation Description
AA Addis Ababa
AAWSA Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority
AAWSA, Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority, Addis Ababa Water Supply and &
WSDRPO Sanitation Development and Rehabilitation Project Office
ADLI Agricultural Development-Led Industrialization
AIC Average incremental cost analysis
AS Activated Sludge
BOD Biological Oxygen Demand
BoQ Bill of Quantities
COD filtered Chemical Oxygen Demand
CSA Central Statistics Agency
CSE Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia.
DWF Dry weather flow
EC Ethiopian calendar
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EPA Environmental Protection Authority
EPE Environmental Policy of Ethiopia
F/M Food-to-microorganism ratio
FDRE The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
IEE Initial Environmental Examination
l/capita/day Liter per capita per day
m.a.s.l Mean above sea level
MLSS Mixed Liquor Suspended Solid
MLVSS Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solid
O&M Operation and Maintenance
ORAAMP Office of Revision of Addis Ababa City Master Plan
PE Population Equivalent
r/min Revolution per minute
RAS Return activated sludge flows
SBR Sequencing Batch Reactors
SE South East
SPM Strategic Plan Management
SW South West
TF Trickling Filter
TOR Terms of Reference
TSS Total Suspended Solids
UFW Unaccounted for water
uPVC Unplasticised Polyvinyl chloride pipe
USAB Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket
WHO World Health Organization
WSP Waste Stabilization Ponds
WSPSIIIA Water Supply Project Stage III A
WWMP Waste Water master Plan
WWTP Waste Water Treatment Plant
WWTW Waste Water Treatment Works
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE
Addis Ababa has a sewerage system and a wastewater treatment plant currently serving some
parts of Kality catchment specifically Bole, Ledeta, Old Airport, Central part of the City, Mekanisa
and Kera areas.
The Liquid waste management problem in the city has seriously affected the overall environment in
general and the public health in particular. Illegal connection of the Septic tank to the road side
storm drainage system and poor waste water disposal practices in the city create bad odor and
breading sites in different corners of the city for flies, and other vermin.
The overall objective of the project is to improve the liquid waste collection and disposal situation of
the city by providing improved infrastructure for liquid waste management.
This project is considered as part of the Addis Ababa sanitation improvement project, which
focuses mainly on the complete design, tender document preparation and supervision of the
construction work for Akaki catchment which is one of the three waste water Catchments of the city
of Addis Ababa. The supervision will be contracted on a condition that when the consultant
completes the design work satisfactorily.
DATA COLLECTION FROM FIELD VISITS & PREVIOUS STUDIES
Field visits were conducted in the project areas of interest within Akaki catchment to assess the
existing situations of the overall condition in line with the planned wastewater management system.
The assessment of the existing situations has considered the location of Akaki catchment and its
area coverage, the topography and climatic situations. In addition to this the minimum and
maximum flows of the Akaki River is estimated in order to give an emphasis to provide protection
works at the wastewater treatment plant from the over-flooding of the river estimate flood levels for
crossing structures.
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To implement the proposed systems, the geotechnical design parameters of the surface & sub-
surface characteristics of the catchments, interceptors’ routes, WWTP and the surrounding
physical nature have been evaluated for optimal designs of the schemes.
On the other hand, the geology and hydro-geology of Addis Ababa at large and the Akaki
catchment in particular have been assessed for appropriate measures to be considered in the
project design and cost estimates.
The groundwater contamination vulnerability is also assessed at the proposed wastewater

treatment plant site from which at this stage it can be concluded that the intervention of the
wastewater treatment plants at the proposed sites have no contamination possibility (NOT
FORGETING:- uncertainty is inherent in all vulnerability assessments) to the groundwater except
psychological impacts to the unprofessional literates.
Major water consumers’ survey has been conducted and data mainly related to water supply
consumption and liquid waste management practice is collected from different major water supply
consumers of AAWSA’s customers.
POPULATION PROJECTION
Different studies adopt different population forecasting approaches resulting different figures. For
comparison purpose, the CSA projections based on 1994 census data, the City master plan
revision office estimate, the final water III project and the last waste water master plan projects are
considered. When compared with the recent census result, all projections are very high.
The consultant, therefore, used the CSA projection with low variant using the 1994 population
distribution as a base data. The present and future land development activities like construction of
condominium houses, real estates, other housing development activities, local development plans
for specific areas ( Lafto, Mekanisa, Bolebulbula, Akaki and kality) and the City land use plan have
been taken into consideration to estimate population density for sizing of the sewer lines.
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SEWAGE GENERATION ESTIMATES
Waste water generation from residences, industries and for other institutions is estimated for both
Akaki and Kality catchments as summarized in the following table:
Summary of waste generation

Unit 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Total Hydraulic
load m3/day 4,213 22,361 33,577 48,654 59,438
Total Pollution
load kg/d 2,494 11,671 15,767 21,795 25,524
Population
AKAKI equivalent no 55,422 259,356 350,378 484,333 567,200
Total Hydraulic
load m3/day 7,204 28,268 61,509 77,373 94,330
Total Pollution
load kg/d 5,079 17,063 29,778 34,665 39,782
Population
KALITY equivalent no 112,856 379,172 661,722 770,317 884,022
Total Hydraulic
load m3/day 11,417 50,629 95,086 126,027 153,768
Total Pollution
load kg/d 7,573 28,734 45,545 56,460 65,306
TOTAL Population
DEMAND equivalent no 168,278 638,528 1,012,100 1,254,650 1,451,222
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SEWER SYSTEM
SEWER ROUTE SELECTION
Based on the Wastewater Masterplan proposals for the routes of different interceptors in Akaki
catchment, the Consultant conducted a number of site visits along the routes. It was found that the
topographic features of BoleBulbula and Lafto Interceptors have been changed from the
topography shown in recent topographic map of Addis Ababa due to quarry sites some of which
are still dynamic.
Because of these existing topographic features, the Consultant has selected alternative routes
including the provision of one additional intermediate treatment plant mainly to accommodate the
BoleBulbula interceptor and the newly proposed university.
DESIGN OF SEWER SYSTEM
Design of sewer system is carried out for two major options that include:
 For one central waste water treatment plant at Akai
 For two waste water treatment plants one at Akaki and the other adjacent to Missile repair
compound. Moreover the network modelling is carried out with kality overflow and without
kality over flow
Cost estimates for the different options are made, and from which the best option is selected.
Accordingly, having two treatment plants is cheaper than bringing the whole network at Akaki. The
total cost for this option is shown in the following table.
Two Tp without kality option

Item Total Cost, Birr
Supply and installation of manholes including earth work -
supply of sewer pipes 56,953,647.65
Laying of pipes 42,542,893.26
Total cost 99,496,540.91
The other advantage of the two treatment option is all potential areas can be served with the sewer
system.
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When kality overflow is considered, the total cost becomes 144,414,189 Birr which is 45 Million Birr
more than if kality overflow is omitted. However, as discussed in chapter-5 there is a possibility of
accommodating the whole kality catchment waste that will be generated up to the year 2030 at the
Existing Kality Treatment Plant compound if a compacted system is provided. Therefore, it is
recommended to consider Akaiki catchment only and provide two treatment plants at Chefe and
kality
WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT DESIGN
The Wastewater Masterplan has proposed two treatment plant sites – Akaki-I & II to accommodate
the wastewater from Akaki catchment, but it was observed that Akaki-II treatment plant site is
abandoned for this purpose due to the reason that the Client has delineated it for the well field of
emergency groundwater development.
Akaki-I treatment plant site is considered for this project. The selected treatment plant, Akaki I, is
more than 1 km away from residences bordering Akaki River in west direction, where treated
effluent can be discharged. The prevailing wind direction is towards the river i.e. from north-east to
south-west direction.
Because of the unexpected topographic changes resulted from the quarry sites one additional
treatment plant site has been proposed at Akaki/Kality Sub-city at Chefe area. The provision of this
treatment plant has justifiable advantages of economic and increased service coverage.
PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF ALTERNATIVES
Among the available widely used waste treatment methods, five alternative biological treatment
processes are considered at Akaki-I WWTP for comparison and the corresponding preliminary
design has been prepared and presented in different sections of the respective chapter.
The five alternatives considered for preliminary design are:
a) ALTERNATIVE I – Activated of Sludge Process (AS)
b) ALTERNATIVE II – Trickling Filter Process (TF)
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c) ALTERNATIVE III – Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Process (UASB) + TF

d) ALTERNATIVE IV – Waste Stabilization Pond System (WSP)
e) ALTERNATIVE V – UASB + WSP
In the design procedure, the above-mentioned options are considered for three effluent quality
standards that include effluent for: restricted irrigation, unrestricted irrigation, and open water/river
disposal.
In selecting and designing Akaki I WWTP the final effluent quality standard has been set to fulfill
restricted irrigation. This is due to the location of the WWTP and the availability of irrigable land in
the area. However, when comparing the alternative processes, Section 5.6, the other two cases
have also been considered.
In conclusion the implementation of Akaki I WWTP requires a resource ranging from ETB 203 up to
328 million depending on the quality of effluent and its use. Considering the availability of land
irrigation and the use of biogas as energy source, the consultant recommends Alternative V which
is combination of Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) and Waste Stabilization Ponds (WSP)
to be the wastewater treatment method for Akaki catchments. Details of the analysis are shown in
the tables below.
AKAKI WWTP COMPARISION OF ALTERATIVES
Case 1 - Effluent Quality for Unrestricted Irrigation
Discounted Present Value @ 10% (x Net
Investmen 1000 ETB) Cost Weight
Alternativ t Cost x Cost Benefi x 1000 Ran
e 1000 ETB Invest O &M Total t ETB % k
281,60 333,50 264,60

1 - AS 264,078 0 51,900 0 68,900 0 98% 2
337,50 383,10 314,10

2 - TF 327,458 0 45,600 0 69,000 0 83% 5
3 - UASB + 283,50 337,00 259,90

TF 275,117 0 53,500 0 77,100 0 100% 1
277,90 328,90 270,60

4 - WSP 265,653 0 51,000 0 58,300 0 96% 3
5 - UASB + 95% 4
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294,70 349,30 273,90

WSP 279,816 0 54,600 0 75,400 0
Case 2 - Effluent Quality for Restricted Irrigation
Discounted Present Value @ 10% (x Weigh
Investmen 1000 ETB) Net Cost t
228,20 272,80
1-AS 210,115 0 44,600 0 71,200 201,600 88% 3
279,00 316,80
2-TF 269,940 0 37,800 0 70,900 245,900 72% 5
3- 225,40 269,00
UASB+TF 216,665 0 43,600 0 79,500 189,500 94% 2
247,80 294,20
4-WSP 236,116 0 46,400 0 59,200 235,000 75% 4
5-UASB + 216,90 256,00

WSP 206,866 0 39,100 0 78,600 177,400 100% 1
Case 3 - For discharge in to open water course

Discounted Present Value @ 10% (x Weigh
Investmen 1000 ETB) Net Cost t
169,00 205,60
1-AS 150,398 0 36,600 0 14,800 190,800 86% 3
279,10 310,40
2-TF 290,094 0 31,300 0 14,900 295,500 56% 5
3- 164,90 198,30
UASB+TF 155,773 0 33,400 0 30,100 168,200 98% 2
247,80 294,20
4-WSP 236,105 0 46,400 0 59,200 235,000 70% 4
5-UASB + 215,70 257,00

WSP 203,522 0 41,300 0 92,200 164,800 100% 1
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In selecting and designing Chefe WWTP the final effluent quality standard has been set to fulfill
Case 3 – Discharge into river. This is due to the location of the WWTP and unavailability of
irrigable land in the area.
The three alternatives considered for preliminary design of Chefe WWTP are:
a) ALTERNATIVE I – Activated Sludge Process (AS)
b) ALTERNATIVE II – Trickling Filter Process (TF)
c) ALTERNATIVE III – Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Process (UASB) +
TF
Based on the preliminary designs, capital and running cost estimate, benefits from energy
production a wastewater treatment plant using a combination of Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket
(UASB) and Trickling Filter (TF) process is found the best alternative at initial investment cost of
ETB 68,689,824. Thus, the consultant recommends UASB + TF process as a wastewater
treatment method for Chefe catchment. Detail of the analysis is shown in the table below.
CHEFE WWTP COMPARISION OF ALTERATIVES

For discharge in to open water course
Discounted Present Value @ 10% (x 1000
Investment ETB) Net Cost Weight
Cost x 1000 Cost
Alternative ETB Invest O &M Total Benefit x 1000 ETB % Rank
1-AS 71,279 63,200 21,600 84,800 2,500 82,300 89% 2
2-TF 99,150 88,000 19,200 107,200 2,900 104,300 70% 3
3-UASB+TF 68,690 60,820 17,400 78,220 5,300 72,920 100% 1
INSTITUTIONAL & OPERATION ASPECTS
Adequate planning, proper institutional arrangements and quality management are important
factors for the success of any project, both for implementation and sustainability.
Issues and major requirements are considered in the study in reference to: Organization and
management; office and Resources; and Operation equipment.
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FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT
Two analytical tools are employed to investigate the merits and demerits of each alternative for
varying discount factors in order to recommend the best option. The analytical tools used for the
analysis are:
Cost benefit analysis method and
Least cost analysis method
Cost benefit analysis method

The following three forms of benefits are expected from the project.
 Substantial reduction in the incidence of communicable diseases
 Income from sales of sludge as fertilizer.
 energy production and agricultural production from treated effluent use for irrigation
It is difficult to put a money valuation on the health and environmental amenity benefits; the public
health benefit used as a proxy measure for those benefits the value of an average sewerage
charge of 3.5% on the monthly rental value of houses applied.
The costs and benefits of the alternative projects over their full assumed designed life span are
summarized below
Alternative Discounted costs Discounted EIRR B/C ratio

candidates 000 ETB @ 10% benefits 000 ETB
@ 10%
1. AS 231,474 293,864 3.89% 1.270
2. TF 281,790 293,864 0.62% 1.04
3. UASB+TF 228,486 293,864 3.95% 1.286
4. WSP 250,487 293,864 2.46% 1.17
5. UASB+WSP 215,995 293,864 4.85% 1.361
As indicated above, the cost-benefit analysis result show that option 5 of UASB and WSP option is
more attractive.
Cost benefit analysis method

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This method is based on least cost analysis .The relevant stream of costs for the construction of
the schemes and the corresponding O&M costs are discounted to present worth values for the
selection of cost effective schemes. Alternatives with least net present value of costs are ranked as
cost effective option. Based on the above approach the standard discount factor of 10% (national
planning parameter) has been used to compare the merits and de merits of the alternative design
schemes. Accordingly, results of the sensitivity analysis are summarized for the alternatives below.
Cost effective analysis of alternative schemes
Discount Factor 6% 8% 10% 12% 14%

NPV of NPV of NPV of
NPV of Costs Costs Costs Costs NPV of Costs
000 ETB 000 ETB 000 ETB 000 ETB 000 ETB
1. AS 260,395 240,376 231,474 220,468 211,049
2. TF 311,964 295,547 281,790 270,046 259,850
3. UASB+TF 253,773 239,993 228,486 218,695 210,223
4. WSP 278,458 263,217 250,487 239,656 230,284
5. UASB+WSP 239,129 226,542 215,995 206,990 199,172
As indicated above, the cost-effective analysis result show that option V of UASB + WSP option is
more attractive.
A similar analysis has been carried out for Chefe WWTW as summarized below:
Benefit-cost analysis of alternative projects over their full assumed designed life span for Chefe
WWTP

@ 10%
1. AS 84653 154288 11.56% 1.82
2. TF 107763 155463 6.12% 1.44
3. UASB+TF 77391 162528 14.32% 2.10
Hywas Engineering Consultants in association with AG Consult x

As indicated above, the cost-benefit analysis result show that option 3 of UASB + TF option is more
attractive.

Alternative NPV of Costs NPV of Costs NPV of Costs NPV of Costs NPV of Costs
candidates 000 ETB 000 ETB 000 ETB 000 ETB 000 ETB
1. AS 97,427 90,376 84,653 79,921 75,940
2. TF 120,976 113,738 107,763 102,737 98,434
3. UASB+TF 88,072 82,193 77,391 73,394 70,007
As indicated above, the cost-effective analysis result show that option 3 of UASB + TF option is
more attractive.
Conclusion:
To conclude the following recommendations are made based on the above stated analysis:
1. Provide two waste water treatment plants at Chefe and Akaki

2. All waste generated from kality catchment up to the year 2030 can be accommodated at
the existing Kility waste water treatment plant compound provided that compacted system
waste water treatment plan is selected
3. Proposed types of waste water treatment plant at Chefe is UASB + TF. The effluent is
assumed to be discharged into open water course.
4. Proposed types of waste water treatment plant at Akaki is Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge
Blanket (UASB) and Waste Stabilization Ponds (WSP to be the wastewater treatment)
method. The effluent is assumed to be used for restricted irrigation.
Hywas Engineering Consultants in association with AG Consult xi

1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACK GROUND

Addis Ababa has a sewerage system and a wastewater treatment plant currently serving some
parts of Kality catchment specifically Bole, Ledeta, Old Airport, Central part of the City, Mekanisa
and Kera areas.
The Liquid waste management problem in the city has seriously affected the overall environment in
general and the public health in particular. Illegal connection of the Septic tank to the road side
storm drainage system and poor waste water disposal practices in the city create bad odor and
breading sites in different corners of the city for flies, and other vermin.
Illegal connection to the storm drainage system, to the nearby rivers and indiscriminate disposal
system of the wastes presently practiced in and around the city could be one of the major reasons
for environmental pollutions that cause health problems that particularly affect women and children.
In addition, the growth rate of the population and the expected wastewater generation rate
demanded for proper planning and implementation of the wastewater collection, treatment and
disposal facilities.
1.2 OBJECTIVES
The overall objective of the project is to improve the liquid waste collection and disposal situation of
the city by providing improved infrastructure for liquid waste management.
To this effect AAWSA- Water Supply & Sanitation Development & Rehabilitation Project Office has
identified the need for the improvement of the city’s liquid waste management system and requires
suitable qualified consultants to render the Service cited below. The specific objectives of this
service contract as per the TOR are discussed hereafter.
Hywas Engineering Consultants in association with AG Consult 1

The Consultant’s duties will include, but not be limited to, provision of the following detailed design
services, preparation of tender documents, tender appraisal, and preparation of contract
documents.
1. Review Basic Design documents with respect to design criteria.

2. Review water demands and thus sewage generated in the Akaki catchments.
3. Carry out surveying of sewer lines, and treatment sites
4. Conduct feasibility study for different type of WWTP and selection of the best suitable
option in line with the new socio economic development of the project area and other
factors.
5. Prepare the plan and ground long-section with revised actual ground levels and details of
obstructions from a topographic survey.
6. Review the sewer alignment and profile and amend it where necessary and where
economy can be achieved, in particular:
- To minimize unnecessary deep excavation
- To minimize high and low points and sharp changes in gradient by re-aligning the sewer
to follow contours where this is practicable
- To minimize the need for above ground pipe work
- To minimize the need for road and service crossings
7. Conduct sewer system detailed design for trunk, secondary and lateral sewers and
prepare working drawings
8. Conduct detail design for wastewater treatment plants, Sanitary landfills and prepare
working drawings
9. Construction of a computer model of the sewer system incorporating existing sewers as
necessary i.e. downstream trunk sewers,
10. Review standard basic drawings in and produce final designs.
11. All manholes to be referenced with a location based numbering system. All manholes
located in each 100m x 100m square would be referenced by the west and south grid line
number and a consecutive number
12. All drawings to be produced using AutoCAD.
13. Liaise with Municipal Authorities (as of roads & land authorities) and other public utilities to
prepare plans showing the locations of services. These plans should show location of all
surface water drains, sewer systems, and water supply lines.
14. Prepare connection schedules, detailing location of property, owner of property and type of
connection: domestic, commercial or industrial.
15. Liaise with commercial and industrial properties to establish sewage flows and pollutant
loads. Assist AAWSA to prepare consent details for these flows.
16. Prepare manhole schedule detailing manhole size, sewer sizes and ground and sewer
invert levels
17. Prepare bills of quantities and engineers cost estimate.
18. Prepare tender documents
19. Review tenders and carry out tender appraisal with AAWSA project office staff to select a
qualified contractor

In line with the above objectives of the study the expected achievement is also clearly set as
follows:
To have a complete picture of the scope of the problem related to liquid waste,
Developing a plan for an improved liquid waste collection, treatment and disposal system in
convenient and cost effective way in line with the city’s projected growth characteristics.
1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This project is considered as part of the Addis Ababa sanitation improvement project, which
focuses mainly on the complete design, tender document preparation and supervision of the
construction work. The supervision will be contracted on a condition that when the consultant
completes the design work satisfactorily.
The scope of works for the update of the 2002 Masterplan study for Akaki catchment wastewater
project are defined in the terms of reference as follows:
“The Consultant shall perform all services necessary so that the above-described objectives and
the services defined in the Terms of Reference is delivered on time and to professional standards.
Following design of the works and successful performance of his duties as design consultant, he
shall perform the tasks and duties defined for the supervisor (if agreed with the contracting
authority) in the Work contract by virtue of the powers, which shall be delegated to him by the
Client.
The Consultant shall establish the requisite project organization with adequate staff under the
overall contract of a suitably qualified and experienced Project Manager.”

2 EXISTING SITUATION ASSESSMENT
2.1 THE STUDY AREA

2.1.1 Location
Addis Ababa City is located between 8.56 and 9.05 North latitude and between 38.43 and 38.50
East longitude.
Currently, the city has 10 sub-administrative offices (sub cites) that include: (1) Akaki Kality (2)
Nefas Silk - Lafto, (3) Kolfe Keranyo (4) Gulele (5) Ledeta, (6) Kirkos (7) Arada (8) Addis Ketema
(9) Yeka and (10) Bole.
The Akaki catchment is situated in the South-West side of Addis Ababa. The North boundary of the
catchment is the Kality boundary, the Western side is situated next to the protected area while the
Southern and Eastern catchment boundaries are the city boundaries.
The total area of the Akaki catchment is approximately17, 257 Ha, and comprises 98.65 of Akaki
kality 36.6 % of Bole 31.8% of Nefas Silk and 1.9% of Kirkos sub cities. The List of Kebeles and
percentage of the area of each kebele found in Akaki catchment are shown in the following table.
Their location is shown in Figure 2.1
Table 2-1 Area Coverage of Kebeles in the Akaki Catchment
% of area in Akaki
% of area in catchment
Total area of Area of Kebele in the the compared with the
Sub city kebele the kebele Ha catchment, Ha catchment KK area
Akaki kality K-02/04 1,327 1,327 100.0%
Akaki kality K-05/06 239 239 100.0%
Akaki kality K-01/03 602 602 100.0%
Akaki kality K-07/08/09 1,922 1,922 100.0%
Akaki kality 10/11 1,514 1,514 100.0%
Kilinto, koye
Akaki kality and feche 2,846 2,846 100.0%
Gelan Gora,
kersa and
Akaki kality Idoro 3,589 3,589 100.0%
Akaki kality K-12/13 364 185 50.9%
TOTAL 12,404 12,225 98.6%
% of area in Akaki
% of area in catchment
Total area of Area of Kebele in the the compared with the
Sub city kebele the kebele Ha catchment, Ha catchment KK area
Bole K-17/19/20 2,947 1,591 54.0%
Bole K-01 828 35 4.3%
Bole K-02 117 24 20.8%
Bole K-16/18/21/22 4,863 2,733 56.2%
TOTAL 8,756 4,384 50.1% 36.8%
kirkos K-04 132 27 20.45% 1.9%
TOTAL 132 27 20.45%
Nefas Silk Lafto K-11 106 68 64.3%
Nefas Silk Lafto K-12/13 123 89 72.5%
Nefas Silk Lafto K-16/17 709 577 81.3%
Nefas Silk Lafto K-01 2,593 1,116 43.0%
TOTAL 3,531 1,850 52.4% 31.8%
0
2.1.2 Topography
Based on the contours shown on topographical maps, all part of Addis Ababa city can be drained
to the South following the major rivers that originates from the northern parts of the city and joins
the two major rivers of Akaki and ends at lake Aba Samuel. The elevation of the city ranges from
2700m.a.s.l in the north to 2055 m.a.s.l in the south.
Akaki Catchment comprises Part of Bole area and the whole Bolebulbula development area on the
North-East direction with an elevation ranging between 2320 and 2170, decreasing towards the
South. The North-West part of the catchment includes part of Mekanisa and Lafto area with a
maximum elevation of 2245 deceasing towards the South by including Kality industrial and sub-
centre development areas. The Southern end of the catchment where the waste water treatment
plant is located is flat having an elevation ranging from 2064 to 2055 m.a.s.l.
The topography of the Akaki catchment is shown in Figure-2.
2.1.3 Climate
Climatic data is recorded by National Meteorological Services Agency for the City of Addis at three
stations namely Bole, Observatory station located around Tikur Anbesa Hospital and Akaki
Mission. Rainfall, maximum and minimum temperature data are available at the three stations
whereas evaporation, wind speed and direction data are recorded only at Bole and AA Observatory
stations. Akaki station data is more relevant for the design of waste water treatment plant.
However, for the evaporation and wind, data of the other two stations are considered for the design
purpose.

Figure 2-1Location of Kebeles and Subcity in Akaki Catchment

Figure 2-2 Topography of Akaki Catchment

Precipitation
Generally there are two seasons in Addis Ababa city and surrounding:
Kiremt (main rainy season),
Bega (dry season),
The mean annual rainfall for Eastern, Central and Southern Addis are 1047.5mm, 1272.1mm and
957mm respectively. The rainy season months are June, July, August and September. The
average amount of rainfall in these months for southern Addis is 684mm, which is 71% the annual
rainfall.
Table 2-2 Average Monthly Rainfall, mm (based on 1998-2007 data)
Station Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual
17. 64. 73. 45. 0
Bole 19.3 8 2 9 85.1 125.7 243.7 246.4 117.3 1 1.7 7.3
20. 89. 72. 43. 0
(Obs) 19.1 1 7 4 100.3 159.3 304.9 281.0 172.3 7 2.3 7.0
18. 57. 80. 18. 0
Akaki 16.6 0 1 9 70.9 113.8 232.9 231.9 106.0 8 4.3 6.6
Ambient temperature
The average maximum temperatures usually fall in between March and May. The average
maximum temperature for southern Addis is 27.9 oC in May and the minimum temperature for the
same area is 13 oC in December and January. The average maximum and minimum temperatures
recorded at the three stations are summarized in the following tables.
Table 2-3 Average Monthly Maximum Temperature, oC (based on 1998-2007 data)
Station Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Bole 24.2 25.7 25.7 25.8 25.7 23.7 21.5 21.2 21.9 23.2 23.4 23.4
(Obs) 24.4 25.9 25.5 25.4 25.5 23.7 21.5 21.3 21.9 23.1 23.5 23.5
Akaki 26.5 27.7 27.7 27.7 27.9 26.2 24.3 23.9 25.1 26.0 26.0 25.8
Table 2-4Average Monthly Minimum Temperature oC (based on 1998-2007 data)
Station Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
10.
Bole 8.5 9.0 10.8 11.6 11.6 11.0 11.3 11.5 8 9.0 6.6 6.9

11.
(Obs) 9.0 9.9 11.4 12.2 12.3 11.3 11.2 11.5 3 10.1 8.3 8.0
14.
Akaki 13.0 13.6 14.7 15.5 15.8 14.9 14.7 14.7 9 14.6 13.7 13.0

Evaporation
Evaporation measurements in Ethiopia are usually made with Piche Evaporimeters at
Climatological stations. Evaporation from free water surface at Bole and Central stations are
1660.8 and 1342.8mm/year. The evaporation is highest in February and lowest in the months of
July and August.
Table 2-5 Average Monthly Evaporation in mm/month (based on 1998-2007 data)
Station Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec SUM
152. 162. 169. 175. 148. 170. 0
Bole 5 179.1 5 4 2 105.1 64.2 65.1 93.3 0 0 176.4
129. 139. 125. 135. 122. 141. 0
(Obs) 8 153.4 6 1 5 86.8 54.2 50.9 73.6 4 0 130.5
Wind
The prevailing wind direction in the dry seasons (September to May) is from East and South-East
direction at an average velocity of 4.9 knots. During the rainy seasons it is blown from the South-
West at an average velocity of 3.6 Knots. A maximum speed of 10 to 12 Knots is observed in all
months for short period of time except in July and August the max speed decreases to 7Knots.
The following table shows average monthly wind speed and direction at Bole station.
Table 2-6 Average monthly wind speed and direction at Bole station
Month Direction in Degree from General direction Speed Knots

North direction
January 163 SE 4.1
February 140 SE 5
March 127 SE 3.5
April 139 SE 5.2
May 191 SW 4
June 217 SW 3.5
July 266 SW 3.5
August 236 SW 3.6
September 167 SE 4.6
October 128 SE 5.7
November 146 SE 5.5
December 136 SE 5.7

2.1.4 Akaki River flows

There is one gauging station on Akaki River located at Akaki at about 5km upstream of the
proposed treatment plant at Akaki. At this station the catchment area of Akaki River is 902 km2.
The catchment area of Akaki River at the proposed treatment plant is about 972km2. In view of the
size of the catchment, the river flow data at hydrologic station could be most representative to
predict flow conditions at the treatment plant.
The gauging station is located at 2050 m.a.s.l and the average gradient of the catchment area is
2.25%. The farthest catchment point is at about 40-45 km from the proposed treatment plant and
the elevation difference is also about 800-1000m.
Table 2-7 Akaki River Characteristics at Akaki
Catchment Discharge(m3/s)
River
Area(Km2) Average Maximum Minimum
Akaki River 902 6.13 161.5 0.974
The minimum discharges are computed from the monthly mean data and the maximum discharges
are from the daily mean data.
2.1.5 Geology
Geology of Addis Ababa
The suggested Micoene-Pleistocene volcanic succession in the Addis Ababa area from bottom to
top are Alaji basalts, Entoto Silicics, Addis Ababa basalts, Nazareth group, and Bofa basalts.
Alaji Series
The Alaji volcanism in this part of the escarpment was outpoured from the end of Oligocene until
middle Miocene (Zanettin et al, 1974). The Alaji formation consists of flood basalts with inter-
bedded rhyolites, ignimbrites and tuffs of Oligocene-Miocene age (36 to 13Ma). The Alaji formation
in the area of the Entoto Mountain range is associated with the normal faulting of the east-west

trending Ambo-Kesem lineament. The age of the rhyolites, trachytes and basalts in the Entoto
Mountains is about 21.5 Ma.
This unit is composed of basalts, which show variation in texture from highly porphyritic to
aphanitic. Within this unit there is an intercalation of grey and glassy welded tuff. The outcrop of Alji
basalts extends from the crest of Entoto (ridge bordering the northern parts of Addis Ababa)
towards the north (Haile Sellase Girmay and Getaneh Asseffa, 1986)
This unit is underlain by tuffs and ignimbrites, on the order hand its stratigraphic relationship with
the Entoto silicics in difficult to determine as they occur in a fault contact. Mohr (1967) proved that
the Entoto trachyte overlies the Alaji basalts. A sample collected immediately north of Addis Ababa
Yields an apparent age of 22.8 M.Y (Morton et al, 1979), so that it could be placed in Miocene time.
Entoto Silicics
These early Miocene age silicic volcanics may represent a localized terminal episode to massive
Oligocene fissure-basalt activity in the Addis Ababa region (Morton et al, 1979). Their thickness
becomes maximum on the top of Entoto ridge and thin both towards the plateau and the plain east
of Addis Ababa.
According to Zanettin B. and Justin-Visentin (1974), these lavas make up a thick pile of flows
accumulated along east west fissures (east-west fault running from Kessam River to Ambo) and
uplifted northwards. This unit is uncomfortably overlain by Addis Ababa basalts on the foothills of
Entoto hills and underlain by Alaji basalts. The Entoto Silicics is composed of rehyolite and trachyte
with minor amount of welded tuff and obsidian (Haile Sellase Girmay and Getaneh Assefa 1989).
The rehyolitic lava flows outcrop on the top and the foothills of the Entoto ridge, predominantly in
the western side. It also outcrops in the eastern part of the town. From the Kokebe Tsebah School
to the Benin embassy, the thickness in quite variable as it frequently forms dome structure. In this
rock unit flow banding and jointing are common. The rhyolites are overlain by feldspar porphyritic
trachytes and underlain by a sequence of tuffs and ignimbrites. Tuffs and ignimbrites are welded
and characterized by columnar jointing. The rhyolites are consisted by phenocrysts of plagioclase
and altered Rebeckite in a groundmass of glass with iron oxide.
The trachyte lava flows out crop on the top of Entoto ridge and its foothills. The thickness varies
and reaches a maximum of 30m nearby Kotebe covering the rhyolite lava flows. It shows a quite
uniform texture, and is constituted by phenocrysts of plagioclase, sandine and Rebeckite with in a
ground mass of plagioclase, iron oxide and minor quartz and mafic minerals. Two varieties of
trachytic lava flows have been identified in the eastern side of the town, near Kotebe, a pale grey
and a pink trachyte. The latter one in characterized by veins of hematized opal and by feldspar
phenocrysts, which are often completely or partially altered with fine fractures filling of hematite
(Vernier et. Al, 1985).
The Entoto silicics are dated 21.5 My by Morton (1974) and 22 My by Morton et al. (1979). Thus
from the general stratigraphy established by Zanetin et al (1974) both rhyolites and trachytes of the
Entoto silicics belong to the “Miocene Alaji Rhyolyte and basalt” sequences.
Addis Ababa Basalts
In the studied area the oldest visible rock post-dating the Entoto silicic are the Addis Ababa
basalts. This unit, which is mainly present in the central part of the town, are underlain by the
Entoto silicics and overlain by lower welded tuff of the Nazareth group; the maximum thickness
exceeding 130 meters was found at Kechene stream. It is porphyritic in texture, composed of
labradorite-bytownite, olivine and augite as phenocrysts. The ground mass is made of andesine,
labordorite olivine, magnetie and pyroxene (Haile Sellase Girmay and Getaneh Assefa, 1989).
Olivine porphyritic basalts outcrop in the central part of the town that includes Merkato, Tekl
Hymanote and Sidist Kilo. The distribution of plagioclase porphyritic basalt is almost the same as
that of the olivine porphyritic basalts, but only little more north wards. Out crops of this unit are
observable ar4ound Sidist Kilo, general Winget School and French embassy. The thickness of
former baries from 1m or less in the foothills of Entoto, Lideta airfield and Filwuha to greater than
130 meters at Kechene stream (Morton, 1974, Vernier et la, 1985).
The lower welded tuff overlies both types of basalts nearby Building College, the Kolfe Police
School, the Kokebe Tsebha School and Yeka Mariam Church. On the other hand only in the gorge
of the Kechene stream the olivine porphyritic basalts is overlain by the plagioclase porphyritic
basalts while elsewhere the relationship between them is very difficult to determine (bernier et el,
1985). Addis Ababa basalts yield ages clustering around 7 MY and seems to have no
time/composition equivalent (Morton et el, 1974).
Nazareth Group
The units identified in this group denoted as lower welded tuff, aphanitic basalts and upper welded
tuff have been related to Wechancha and Yerer Volcanisms, respectively. The group is underlain
by Addis Ababa basalt and overlain by Bofa basalts. The rocks out crop mainly south of Filwuha
fault and extend towards Nazareth (Haile Selasse Girmay, et al, 1989)
Lower Welded Tuff
This rock out crops as small discontinuous body in Filwuha, western parts of Addis Ababa and
Sululta. It is glassy with abundant fiamme and has columnar joints. Generally it is overlain by the
aphanitic basalts and underlain by the olivine and plagioclase porphyritic basalts (Haile Sillase
Girmay, et al, 1989).
The age of this rock as dated by Morton et al. (1979) at Addis Ababa and Sululta as 5.1 and 5.4
million years, respectively. This age overlaps with the period of the activity of Wechecha trachyte
volcanoes, dated 4.6 million years. Wechecha is located 15km west of Addis Ababa and probably
the sources of the lower welded tuff at both localities (Morton et al 1979).
Aphanitic Basalts
This basalt covers the southern part of the town especially the areas of Bole International Airport
and Lideta old airfield. The rock body shows vertical covered columnar jointing together with sub-
horizontal sheet jointing. Along the course of Akaki river large amygdales of calcite occur in this
basalt. Kaolinite lenses are also present at the contact of these basalts with the younger
ignimbrites. This is a sure evidence of a certain hydrothermal alteration along a NE-SW fracture
system which may affect both the basalts and the Entoto trachyte (Getaneh, 1989).

The age of the basalts in Addis Ababa range from 3.4 to 3.6 million years (Morton, 1974). Trachy-
basalt outcrops around the Repi area and nearby General Wingate School while it is absent
elsewhere. It is underlain by the plagioclase and olivine porphyrtic basalts and overlain by the
younger Ignimbrite from which is separated by tuffs and agglomerates. Its relation with the rocks of
the group is not clear but probably younger than the aphanitic basalts (Getaneh et al, 1985).
Moreover phenocrysts that occur mainly in the rock are sanidine, labradorite, magetitie and augite.
Upper Welded Tuff
Out crops of this unit occur all over the southern part of the town including Bole, Nefas Silk and
railway station. Nevertheless it is also present in the central and northern parts of the town. It is
grey colored vertically and horizontally jointed and composed of Sanidine, orthoclase, Rebekite,
Quartez, pumice and unidentified volcanic fragments (Getaneh Assefa et al, 1989).
The welded tuff is underlain by aphantic basalts and overlain by young overlain basalts. An age
determination made of a sample collected nearby Asmara road gives 3.2 million years, that over
with the activity of Yerer trachytic volcanoes (Morton, et al 1979). Moreover, young trachytic flow
out crop in the south west part of the town from Dama Hotel towards Furi and Repi along the hills
and foot hills of Hana Mariam and Tulu Iyou (12km south of Addis Ababa). It is porphyrtic with
phenocryts of plagioclase (albit-oligoclase), sanidine biotite within a ground mass of mircolites of
feldspar (Vernier, et al. 1985).
Bofa Basalts
They outcrop southwards from Akaki River, where they appear in form of boulders reaching a
thickness of 10 meter. They are restricted and dominant in the south east part of the town i.e.
Debre Zeit road. Big vesicles that are filled by calcite characterize them. They contain phenocrysts
of plagioclase.
This basalt is underlain by the tuffs which cover the welded tuff. The age of this basalts is 2.8 my.
The youngest geological formation in the project area are the products of weathering and
transportation consisting of residual soils, alluvium in the river channels, the alluvial terraces as
well as colluvium in the form talus (coarse), hill wash (fine) and landslide debris.
Geological Structure
A great fault running East West via Kessem River, Addis Ababa and Ambo cut across the western
rift escarpment and uplifted its northern block (Zanittin et al 1988) at about 8 My age. This fault
marks the upper (outer) boundary of the western Ethiopia rift margin immediately north of Addis
Ababa-Ambo road (Zenettin et al 1974). The Entoto sillicics are confined along this fault and form a
ridge. This ridge bounded the city in the northern direction. The fault has a down thrown to the
south in the Addis Ababa area.
Al Consult (1996) satellite image interpretation map shows the existence of this fault, with slight
changes in trend to ENE-WSW. This map also indicates another major fault running NNW-SSE,
East of Addis Ababa.
Another prominent normal fault in Addis Ababa region is the Filwuha fault. This fault has a trend of
NE-SW (Kundo, 1958; Morton, 1974; Haile Sillasie Girmay, 1985). The fault has a northern down
thrown side according to Morton (1974). However, Haile Sellasie (1985) carried out detail mapping
of the Filwuha fault using resistivity method and found that the fault has down thrown to the south,
shallow depth and covered by very thin soil layer (1-4m).
Moreover, Haile Sellase Girmay (1989) also found that the fault is not vertical and its throw can be
estimated to be about 40m, which is approximately the thickness of the welded glassy ignimbrite.
This fault has acted as a dam to the welded glassy ignimbrite, but not to the basalt as it was
assumed previously. For this reason there is quite different geology in the south and north parts of
the area. Thus, the age of the fault may be bonded by 5.0 My (the age of the welded glassy
ignimbrite) and 6.4 My (the age of plagioclase-aphanitic basalt).
Previously, Kundo (1958) proposed that hot springs in Filwuha are controlled by Filwuha fault.
Meanwhile, the presence of hot springs in the area gives receptivity contrast of either side of the
fault. Thus the Filwuha fault appears to serve as a channel for the hot springs (Haile Sillase, 1985).

The Filwuha fault, having a trend of N550E is thought to be a major NE fault that continues up to
Debre Birhan (Mohr, 1964 in Haile Sellase Girmay, 1985). Moreover Al consult (1996) satellite
imagery interpretation map indicates the continuation of the Filwuha fault towards the southwest
periphery of Addis Abba in the same direction. Morton (1974) geological map also show north –
east trending faults, which have either south-west or north-east down thrown side.
Geology of the Akaki Waste Treatment site
The other major geological feature in the study area is the proposed Akaki wastewater treatment
plant site, which is situated between Akaki town and Abasamuel Lake close to the Akaki River.
Lacustrine soils and alluvial deposits occur between Abasamuel Lake, Akaki town and small Akaki
River. The thickness of this deposit varies between 5m and 50m.
Basaltic lavas, scoria and hydromagmatic pyroclastic deposits of Quaternary age known by the
name Bishoftu Formation (NQtb) underlie the lacustrine soils and alluvial deposits. These are the
main volcanic sequence over the Akaki well-field area, which are composed of olivine basalts,
scoria, vesicular basalt and scoriaceous basalt. They are associated with sporadic intermediate
and acid volcanics.
As known from the drilling results, from Akaki and Dukem areas the underlying beds are a series of
basalt flows alternating and complexly inter-fingered with scoria and scoriaceous and vesicular
basalts.
The drilling result of SWAF-1 borehole close to the proposed treatment site shows 8 m thick clay
followed by 22 m of weathered and decomposed rock.
The Geological map of Addis Ababa is given in the figure below.

Water Supply and Sanitation Development & Rehabilitation Akaki Catchment Wastewater Treatment Project office
& Sewerage System Design
Figure 2-3 Geological Map of Addis Ababa
460000 480000 500000

N
1020000
Qb
1020000
#
Ch'elelk'a Terar
#
Fota terara Qs Ti2
Qs Qb Qb
Qb
#
Tb2 Berek Terara

Qb Qs #
Sululta
Tb2 Ti3
Qs
Qb Qs
Tb1 Qs Qs A' C
#
Ti1 Ti2
Sululta Ti3
Tb1 legend
Qb Qb
#
Welmera Ti1 Tt1 Ti1 # Ti3 #
Qs Entoto terara Quaternary Olivine phiric basalt

Ti3 Tb2 Ti3
Qb Asko #
Qb Qb Lege Dadi #
#
Qb Tafo
1000000
1000000
Lake sedime nt
Ti1 Tb2
#
Menagesha Ti3 Gulele
#
Qs #
Gefersa Entoto
#
Quaternary black cotton soil
Menagesha TeraraTi3 Tb1
#
#
Qb Tb3 Qb Tb3 #
Tb1 #
# # Tb3 Quaternary Sc oria
Keraneyo Ti2 #
B Ti3 D Yeka Ti2 C' Quaternary tuff

A Tb3
B' #
#
Tt2 Lideta Tb3 # Foota Basalt: strongly w eather ed and jointed basalt
Menagesha state Tb3
Repi
#
#
Tt2 chelekleka basalt:layere d basalt w ith scoria and
Qb Tt2 Tb3 pyroclastic rocks inter caltion
Tb3
Ti3 Ti2 Repi basalt:trachybasalt at the toppar t ,stongly
# Tt2
Alem Gena Tb3 Tb3 jointed basalt
# Qb Intoto mixe d rocks: trachyte, ignimbrite,pyroclastic
Sebeta Qb Ti3Kaliti # Erere Terara #
rocks and se diment
Qsc Tt2
Furi
#
Lowe r Ignimbrite and pyroclastic rocks
Qb Qb
980000
980000
#
Akaki Beska Wechecha-Y erer Furi Ignimbrite
Tb2
# Qb Qb Qb Ter tiary sedime nts
Tt2Tefki Ti3 Ts Qsc Intoto-trachyte- coarse grained trachyte
Qs
Aba Samuel
#
Tt2 Ti3 Qb D' Wechecha, Y erer, Fur i trachyte and Trachy basalt
Qsc Qb Qls
Qb water body
Qb Ti3 Dukem
#
Qb Qt # locality names
Ti3
Ts Tt2 Qb Qt
Major lineament
Qls Debrezeyt(Bishoftu) #
Qls
460000 480000 500000
0 20 40 Kilometers

2.1.6 Hydrogeology
Aquifer Condition
In general the aquifers of Addis Ababa could be classified as confined, semi-confined and
unconfined aquifers.
These aquifers consist of a series of different sub horizontal layers, approximately parallel to
topographic surface and can be broadly sub-divided in to two main categories. Firstly there are
massive volcanic rocks where groundwater flow occurs through fractures or through discontinuous
permeable layers. Secondly there are porous zones, generally soft, which are either the result of
volcanic activity (for example scoria, tuffs and pyroclastics) or of erosion and deposition.
The main aquifer types in Addis Ababa can be categorized as follows:

Alluvial sediments
Weathered volcanic rocks (joints, fractures and fissures of ignimbrites and basalts),
Unconsolidated tuffs, scoria
Faults, shear zones and tectonic discontinuities.
In the centre of Addis Ababa, artesian and thermal wells are connected with the “Filwuha Fault”.
The project area is located in a volcanic terrain where the formations are laterally and vertically
highly heterogeneous unlike to the unconsolidated sediment in Akaki well field and the porosity is
secondary where movement of ground water is restricted to joints, fissures and fractures. As a
result groundwater in hard volcanic layers (such as in the project area) moves in narrows cooling
fissures or fractures (fracture permeability) and these fractures act as semi-pervious confining beds
making the observed transitivity extremely variable and explains the large variations in yields from
Hywas Engineering Consultants in association with AG Consult,
E-mail hywas@ethionet.et 17
neighbouring wells. Elsewhere, in the unconsolidated sediments, like the scoria and Akaki well field
area, the permeability is inter-granular and transmissivity more or less become uniformly higher.
This condition is valid as long as the thickness and lateral composition of the scoria become
similar.
The available information indicates that about 770 l/sec of water is abstracted form the whole Akaki
catchment out of which over 70% of it is abstracted from the scoria of the Akaki well field.
Generally the thickness and hydraulic properties of the aquifers in Addis Ababa are variable from
place to place depending on the local geology.
Well Yield
According to well yield data, it can be noted that well yields are highly variable from place to place
and this variability is even notable along adjacent wells. Event when considering individual wells,
the specific capacity (which is measure of yield per unit drawdown) show variation with time.
Generally well yield in volcanic aquifers of the project area varies directly with the aquifer potential
which in turn is related to the degree of fracturing and weathering.
In most cases extrapolation of yields has been made to estimate potential well yield, in the event
where higher capacities of pumping equipment is unavailable. However, such projection of yields
has been found to be very misleading especially in volcanic aquifers. As an example, previous
activities Borehole EP2 has been tested at a rate of 11.1 L/sec for 72 hours with observed
drawdown of only 4.7m. However, when the test was extended by increasing the yield from 11.1 to
12.5, the drawdown immediately reached the pump position. This simple case may give a lesson
that yield extrapolation could be very far from the reality and therefore needs proper attention.
Similarly the potential yield for AWSSA Borehole in Ras Kasa Sefer has been extrapolated to 40
l/sec when it was tested at 18 l/sec and observed draw down was 4.92m. However, currently this
borehole is working at 10 l/sec even much lesser than its originally tested yield.

In general observation made on almost all existing wells exhibit substantial reduction of the original
yields. The major reasons for yield depletion can be summarized as follows.
Poor construction and well completion.
Lack of periodic rehabilitation
Over pumping or unbalance of recharge and discharge.
Ground Water Depth and Flow Direction
The central part of the city exhibits confined groundwater conditions. The confinement is high along
the elongated strip in a north-south direction Filwuha – Lideta – Mekanisa - Kaliti and the
confinement decrease both in the eastern and western direction from this elongated strip.
In general the depth of ground water increases in the southern direction, there are also some areas
with the depth of ground water exceeding 120m depending on the topography of the area. There
are major ground water divides which have a north out elongation; the groundwater flow within the
town is variable with a general direction in North-south direction.
2.2 GEOTECHNICAL ASSESSMENT

2.2.1 General Considerations
The Detail Design of Wastewater Treatment Plants and Sewerage Network for Akaki Sewerage
Catchments of the City of Addis Ababa is principally meant to study and implement for the
improvement of the liquid waste collection, conveyance, treatment and disposal systems of the
area thereby enhancing the hygiene and sanitation provisions of the population and the protection
of the environment. To implement the proposed systems the geotechnical design parameters of the
surface & sub-surface characteristics of the catchments, interceptors’ routes, WWTP and the
surrounding physical nature must be evaluated for optimal designs of the schemes.
2.2.2 Objective and Scope of the Geotechnical Study

The general purpose of this and the accompanying studies is to improve the livelihood of the local
population by alleviating sanitation and hygiene conditions of the sub-cities and surroundings. The
main objectives of the geotechnical investigations are to explicitly obtain the surface and
subsurface information of the sewer trunk lines, crossing structures, treatment plants and assess
local construction materials so that the data can be used for the design and cost estimates of
sewerage networks, crossing structures and wastewater treatment plants.
In particular the investigations are carried out with the following specific objectives:
- To determine the lithological nature and physical parameters of the portion of the city
for sewer network laying,
- To observe all possible crossing sites and their sub-surface nature,
- To study the assigned treatment site and the geologic characteristics of the land,
- To examine the suitability and availability of sufficient local construction materials
around the site,
- To obtain design parameters from field observations and interpretations,
- To generate sub-surface data for estimating the cost of the structures and hence to
anticipate the cost of the project.
As the study is a detail design of sewer lines and treatment plants, the considerations are limited
only on the trunk & secondary lines, crossing works of these trunk-lines and wastewater treatment
plant locations. Furthermore, as the city is densely dwelled and asphalted the sub-surface
exploration methods used in the city are also bounded by surface surveys from gullies and
observations of foundation excavations for construction purposes. Furthermore, at this stage due to
many factors (such as most of the farm lands are occupied by crops and other land ownership and
access difficulties) test pitting, field and laboratory tests could not be carried out. But it is
postponed to detail stage.

2.2.3 Methodology and Approaches

In conducting the geotechnical investigations, various exploration methodologies and result
obtaining approaches are being utilized. The final design parameters will be developed using
standard geotechnical rationalization and correlation techniques. The following paragraphs
summarize the source of information, instruments to be used and some design correlation
approaches.
I. Sources of information
The primary and secondary information sources for this study are:
 Site visits,
 Field observations and interpretations,
 Topo maps of the site,
 Previous reports (Geology & Hydrogeology of Addis),
 Parallel reports like sewer network and treatment plant design, EIA, etc.

II. Instruments and materials used for the explorations
At this stage only visual observations and walkover survey are made with the help Addis Ababa top
map, GPS and other hand tools.
The exploratory equipment and sampling devices to be used for the detail design stage will be
supplied by the consultant including field testing instruments. The samples will be carefully
shipped to renowned laboratory for determination of important design parameters.
The instruments and accessories to used are: test pitting tools, disturbed sampling devices, steel
tapes, etc
2.2.4 Surface and Sub-surface Assessment of Sewer-Interceptors
Based on the master plan interceptors recommendation and current tentative layout modifications
of these different sewer lines, a walkover traverse were carried out by a team of different
professionals (sociologist, sanitary & geotechnical engineers) following the lines, dry/perennial
rivers and crossings. The findings and associated suggestions are presented as follows.
BoleBulbula Interceptor
Sewer-Lines
The main primary line of the Bolebulbula catchments starts from north of Bole International Airport
near the Metrology Station at Bole Sub-city. The general topography at the start is flat and gets
steeper as we descend down. The surface features of the selected route are in general alternate
among asphalt, gravel road, foot path and forest depending up on the development activities. The
breadth of the asphalt roads are variable as 8m, 10m, 15m, etc widths as the sewer routes set out
follow gravity flow. However, sometimes it is not uncommon to find road width less than 4m due to
private fence expansion on both sides of the road.

Two alternating routes were proposed at the start of sewer network laying. The first option is the
one which is following the master plan through some modifications with due considerations of
gravity flow, lesser depth of excavation, minimum interference with recent developments and other
social impacts. The second option was along the extension of Kebena River gorge which has a
good and complete connection for almost the entire residences. However, this route has high
construction difficulties due to the presence of steep cliffs, sliding land mass (see photo on Fig. 2.4)
and exposed hard rock masses and hence abandoned where the positive elements of this option
were incorporated as much as possible on the modified former layout.
A) Hard Rock & Deep Gorge B) Sliding Made up Grounds
Figure 2-4 Deep Gorge, Hard Rocks Exposure Following the River Course & Sliding Made up Grounds
The sub-surface conditions on the selected route are summarized in the following paragraphs
based on surface/gully observations and nearby new building foundation excavations. In general
the sub-surface conditions on the selected route can be summarized as follows:
- The initial route comprises asphalt, gravel road, foot path and forests until it
crosses the Ring Road below the Bole St. Michael Church. The asphalt roads
sometimes as wide as 4m and the foot paths even smaller than 3m wide. The sub-
surface conditions are variable dominantly soft and hard rock excavations.

- After crossing the Ring Road and until it reaches the Proper BoleBulbula area the
route passes through arduous terrain below the Bole International Air Port
comprising vesicular basalt and ignimbrite dominantly hard rock (moderately to
slightly weathered).
- At Bole St. George Church there are wide gullies, deep quarry depressions and
made up grounds from truck dumping (see Fig.2.5).
- Along the BoleBulbula area the sub-surface, say below 50cm, is very hard
ignimbrite rock and imposes construction difficulties during implementation
(Fig.2.5). There are also some very sound rocks along this route, for instance at
Akaki Textile Industry, etc. Generally this route expected to have more than 90%
hard rock excavation.
- Below the Akaki-Bridge until it reaches the treatment plant the sub-surface is
totally changed into common soil excavation type, these are, alluvium, residual
and a form of old lake deposits. The residual soil is black cotton soil and
sometimes it encounters at some spots in the upstream of the Akaki-Bridge for
example below the Berta Real Estate compound.
Figure 2-5 Deep Quarry near Bole St. George Church and Hard Ignimbrite Rocks around BoleBulbula
Road and River Crossings

There are several river and road crossing locations along the BoleBulbula interceptor. These are
summarized as follows:
 Ring-Road crossing below Bole St. Michael Church. It is tried to pass below the nearby long
bridge, however, there will be big elevation drop and lead the route to follow the gorgeous
Kebena River. The latter case not only induces construction difficulties but also has excavation
impedance and social impacts.
 There are several road excavation and asphalt crossings, for example, at the start of the route,
new BoleBulbula roads, near Akaki-textile, the Debrezeit Road, etc.
 Alternative river crossings were assessed to pass the Kebena River to the other side at the
lower edge of BoleBulbula site; however, all the proposed d/s new sites (Fig. 2.6) and existing
small bridges (Fig.2.6) lead to impassable big gullies and quarries. Therefore, finally the
BoleBulbula interceptor has only one choice to cross the river, i.e., over the Bolebulbula-Abo
Bridge (Fig 2.7) although it has high social impacts.
Proposed crossing
alternatives
Figure 2-6 Alternative Bridge Crossing Sites below BoleBulbula- Abo Bridge and New Alternative Bridge
Crossing Sites below Bolebulbula-Abo

Figure 2-7 Selected Crossing Site (Bolebulbula-Abo Bridge)
Akaki-Interceptors
The Akaki-interceptors all start upstream of Debrezeit Road. These routes have minimum impact and
construction difficulties. The major geotechnical properties and other construction features of the lines
are:
 At the commencement of this primary line there are combination of sub-surface natures (depth
wise) top lie common soil, then soft rock and finally hard rock. After passing the Debrezeit
Road the sub-surface is dominantly common soil excavation (black cotton soil, CBS). This
BCS soil has a swelling potential and may have an adverse effect on the sewer networks.
 The route also crosses the Debrezeit asphalt road and asphalts inside Akaki-town.
Kality-Interceptor
The Kality-interceptor conveys the excess influent from the Kality Wastewater Treatment Plant.
Basically the route is assumed to start before the grit chamber of the treatment plant and passes to the
proposed Akaki-treatment plants following the lower edges of the existing Kality WWTP.
The sub-surface nature of the underlying lithology predominantly is the common black cotton soil until it
reaches to the final treatment location except some soft rock nature around upstream areas after 2-3m

depths of excavation. Similarly the behavior and seriousness of this soil need confirmation through
thorough laboratory tests.
Lafto-Interceptor
Lafto trunk sewer is the second difficult route next to BoleBulbula line. It collects sewage starting from
near Lafto St. Michael Church ridge including Hana-mariam, parts of Lebu, etc until it reaches the
intersection point with Kality and BoleBulbula interceptors.
Common sub-surface nature of this trunk line are:
 The upstream part cuts and runs parallel with internal asphalt roads. The deeper layers (>=
1m) is hard ignimbrite rocks until it crosses big Ring Road feeder from Saris,
 Then combinations of soft and hard rock exist along the route until it reaches the Ring Road
Bridge, west of the Kality round about,
 Although it needs confirmation with detail surveying, the Lafto-interceptor passes under the
bridge and then gets ahead over a deep quarry site near the bridge (Fig.2.8). At this location
the route needs rectification of irregular quarrying and filling big and long depressions,
 The next route is the common black cotton soil until it reaches to the final treatment location
except some soft rock nature around upstream areas after 2-3m depths of excavation,

Figure 2-8 Deep and Long Quarry Site below Hana-Mariam (on Lafto-Interceptor Route).
Outfall Sewer
The outfall sewer for both sites lies in the thick black clay soil. To reduce its adverse effect on the pipe
lines the sewer need to be deepened and buried below the maximum level of moisture fluctuation or
replace the problematic soil with other weathered rocks or non-expansive soils. However the degree of
severity of this soil need further laboratory testing (such as index tests, free swell, etc) during the detail
study phase.
2.2.5 Assessment of Treatment Plant Sites

Both Akaki-I & II proposed WWTPs were examined from different angles. These are from the
availability of land, degree of groundwater pollution, nearness to residences (air pollution), drainage
conditions and sub-surface geotechnical characteristics. As a preliminary assessment, the results of
nine boreholes (from 40-DEEP WELLS program) and the locations of the sites with respect the town
and other factors were considered in evaluating and comparing the treatment plant sites. For example,
 The available land at Akaki-II WWTP is getting lesser from the expansions of the nearby
condominium houses and the new deep groundwater drilling. The Client delineated the Akaki-II
site for the newly started deep well groundwater project,
 There are five boreholes inside the WWTP from the newly drilled programs: for example,
SWAWF-05, SWAWF-4B, WF01-PW2, WF01-PW3 & WF01-PW8,
 More air pollution is expected from the Akaki-II WWTP due to its nearness to residences,

 Location of Akaki-II WWTP may be susceptible to groundwater pollution due to its proximity to
wells and also the static water level ranges from 5-8m from NGL. Whereas from new borehole
near Akaki-I at SWAWF-01 the depth of SWL is about 40m and the clay thickness is also about
10m,
 Drainage of the effluent from Akaki-II needs deeper outfall sewer or pumping for irrigation
because it is a flat plot and nearby gully is far.
Therefore, Akak-II WWTP site is not feasible as recommendable location for WWTP site due to the
aforementioned discussions and thus abandoned but the approval of the Client is necessary.
From surface and gully cuts observations, and additionally borehole log data; the underlying materials
for both sites are generally variable. The top layer is usually clay (10-50m thick: thicker towards Akaki-
II, irrespective to SWL) then tuff or vesicular basalt or scoracious basalt, etc depending upon the
location of the borehole sunk. The top soil is a combination of or separately residual-alluvial-fluvial
deposits. The black cotton soil is the residual soil whereas the deposits near the rivers and deltas are
the alluvial and fluvial deposits.
The construction of trunk lines and the treatment units definitely encounter problems from the
expansive nature of the black cotton soil unless careful and prudent design remedial measures are
taken. The degree of the swelling problem could be stipulated based on the observations made during
the assessment period (see Figure 2-9) which characteristic cracks of hexagonal nature are observed
on the site. Furthermore, the depth of layer is very thick as detected from Big Akaki-River gullies.
Therefore as elemental recommendations the expansive soils needs replacement up to a depth of

2.5m or the foundations of the treatment structures need to be extended into safe and stronger sub-
soils where the effect of moisture variations is minimal. Moreover the fill materials after construction of
the structures need to be a type of selected borrow materials.

Figure 2-9 Characteristic Cracks on Black Cotton Soil at Akaki-I and Deep Black Cotton Soil Depicted near
Akaki-I and at Big Akaki-River
New Proposed Treatment Plant Site
Next to Worku-sefer, the BoleBulbula Interceptor optimally passes following a contour emerging near
the Missile Repair compound, Kebele 10/11, Akaki-Kality Sub-City. To continue to the downstream
Akaki-I treatment plant site, the only option is to revise the interceptor route to higher elevation again
which result in inability to give service for considerable amount of areas around Worku-sefer and the
Berta Real Estate.
Therefore, revising is ignored and other alternative was sought for the following reasons:
 Following the river course there are impassable gorges and quarry site which makes the
construction dreadful and expensive,
 Large number of customers or areas will be unconnected if higher elevation contour is
followed,
 There is space near Missile Repair where WWTP can be constructed. The land is partly
farm, partly proposed new university compound and partly free with enough space for future
expansion and
 Kebena River passes by the side of the proposed WWTP where the effluent can be
discharged.
Therefore this new wastewater treatment plant site is strongly recommended to relief from the
aforementioned bottleneck. The site is further assessed from surface exposures and sub-surfaces
natural or man-made cuts. The upper side of the assigned treatment plant site is dominantly thick (5-
8m) black cotton soil whereas the lower side and towards the hill the thickness decreases and changed

into outcropped weathered basaltic rocks. The topography also allows for gravity flow in the treatment
plant units.
2.2.6 Groundwater Vulnerability

Groundwater contamination vulnerability is defined as GVC (1993) “the tendency or likelihood for
contaminants to reach a specified position in the groundwater system after introduction at some
location above the uppermost aquifer.”
The fundamental principles of groundwater vulnerability can be well summarized by the following three
laws, GVC (1993):
 All groundwater is vulnerable, (except perhaps deep sedimentary basin brines or
impermeable layer, aquiclude).
 Uncertainty is inherent in all vulnerability assessments.
 Subtle indistinguishable (differentiating areas that are not highly vulnerable in terms of
more subtle distinctions in vulnerability is very difficult).
The potential for contaminants to reach to groundwater depends on many factors, including:
 The composition of soils and geologic materials in the unsaturated zone,
 The depth to the water table,
 The recharge rate, and
 Environmental factors influencing the potential for biodegradation.
With regard to the new proposed wastewater treatment plants and sewer interceptors the wastewater
pollutants to groundwater includes faecal coliforms (E coli), BOD, nitrate, ammonia, industrial
chemicals, etc. However, for the WWTP sites the following conditions are considered with regard to
groundwater pollutions:
 Industrial chemicals are not allowed to enter into the system until the hazardous wastes are
removed to the standard, therefore, AWSSA will have strict regulations for industrial wastes
and other related matters,

 The wastewater treatment plants need to be water tight structures (concrete and when
necessary geo-membranes protections for expected leaking areas),
 If at all unexpected or unseen overflows/leakage are anticipated for short duration, the soil for
Akaki-I site has (from SWAWF-01 readings of the 40-DEEP WELL PROGRA) depths 10m
clay, next 8m highly weathered basal, 18m slightly weathered scoraceous basalt and the last
4m palesol at the static ground water level. If the mean permeability coefficient of the layers is
10-6m/s, from common properties of soil, and the temporary leakage has 6m head, therefore
the pollutant will take about 40-50years to pass the 40m depth soil under saturated condition.
Therefore, there is ample time to detect the leakage for remedial measures and the pollution
can be said negligible,
 Additionally organic sewages passing a few meter, say about 10m depth soil, generally it
removes all bacteriological, viral and BOD contaminants.
Therefore, at this stage it can definitely be concluded that the intervention of the wastewater treatment
plants at the proposed sites have no contamination possibility (NOT FORGETING:- u ncertainty is
inherent in all vulnerability assessments) to the groundwater except psychological impacts to the
unprofessional literates.
2.2.7 Seismicity of the Site
Earthquakes are mainly caused by strain accumulation along the fault planes due to plate tectonic
effect. As Addis lies in the escarpment of Great Ethiopian Rift Valley which is expected to have
considerable potential risk and need due attention in designing the different structural components.
Some of the associated engineering concerns with seismicity are
 Additional forces or stresses created on structure,
 Land displacement, lurching, ground cracking, etc and
 Liquefaction.
The Ethiopian Building Code of Standards (EBCS-8, 1995), for earthquake resisting structures, Addis
Ababa is placed in Zone-2 of the 100-years of recurrence interval. This zone gives the horizontal bed
rock acceleration to be α = α oI, where α o = 0.05g for Zone-2 and I is the structural importance factor.
For small buildings and the wastewater treatment operation and process units importance factor of 1.0
can be taken which gives α to be 0.05g. However for economic aspects and also from the sizes of the
structures, the earthquake design consideration can be neglected as compared to high-rising buildings.
Land displacements and liquefaction are not critical for the project at hand as the structures are very
small in physical sizes and also no hanging land mass or liquefiable sand deposits in the area.
2.2.8 Construction Materials Assessment
Visual field assessments of construction materials were made for the site with due considerations of
the locally availability. The assessments include concrete ingredients, masonry rocks, borrow fills, etc.
as described below.
Concrete Aggregates
Sand Sources
Hundreds and thousands of cubic meters are daily transported into Addis from different sand sources,
namely from Nazareth areas, Meki, Sodere, Langano, etc. The types and the qualities expected for
these works are not unique from other types of structural concrete sand; therefore, any of the
aforementioned sources could be used for the project with due on site quality checks based on the
specifications.
Gravel Sources
There are a number of gravel and sand crushing sites around Addis Ababa especially in Kality-Akaki
sub-city and on the road taking to Dukem. These sources are black aphanitic basalt and good quality in
terms of strength, soundness, durability, etc. Therefore, these sources are unquestionably used for our
purpose except delivery checking during construction periods for shape (flakiness, rounded, etc),
grading, percentage of fines, surface stains, etc.
Water

Large amount of water is required for the construction of the components of the project, for instance,
for concrete mixing, curing, compaction, foundation moistening before placement, etc. Water from Big
and Small Akaki-Rivers is very questionable because there are impurities from illegal sewage disposals
in the upstream reaches of the rivers. On the proposed treatment sites and component structure
locations there are no as such dependable springs or other clean perennial rivers. Therefore, for all the
project works the contractor shall provide approved water from sources such as potable water in the
city, etc.
Rock Sources (For masonry, Stone-pitching and Retaining Wall)

Rock source for masonry, stone pitching, retaining wall, etc purposes were assessed in the site with
the following three main criteria.
 A source which can produce rock fragments in suitable size (moderately to slightly
weathered) and workable for masons,
 A source which can produce hard, dense and durable to withstand destructive forces
during placing, wave action, weathering, servicing, etc.
 Nearby site to reduce haulage distance.
Generally rocks for all type of constructions are abundantly available in the locality at short distances.
For our purposes from nearby quarries such as around Dukem, BoleBulbula, Hanamariam, etc can be
used.
Material and Labor Prices

Common local material prices were assessed during the investigation period (Sep/Oct, 2009). Although
currently material prices are very dynamic, the following rates were obtained:
a) Gravel (source from quarries nearby Addis, including transport):

20mm-30mm gravel size= 250-270 Birr/m3
b) Sand and others
Sand = 200-230Birr/m3
Masonry = 100-150Birr/ m3
Eucalyptus trees:
Φ6-8cm = 5-8Birr/m
Φ10-15cm = 10-15Birr/m
Re-bars:
Φ6mm = 18-20Birr/kg
Φ8mm = 18-20Birr/k
Φ10mm & above = 12-115Birr/kg
Cement = 275-300Birr/qt
c) Labor:
Mason = 50-70Birr/day
Carpenter = 70-100Birr/day
Laborers = 20-30Birr/day
2.3 WATER SERVICE
The existing water supply system review and assessment work is prepared based on previous
studies and reports made by different companies and professionals with reference to the findings
for Addis Ababa city water supply system in particular and the surrounding areas in general.
A number of studies have been made for the city as a specific concern or as a general study
having a direct effect on the components of the Sanitation Improvement Project, among them the
recent and relevant documents are.
Addis Ababa water supply project – stage IIIA (1997)
Gefersa- Keranyo water supply development project
Akaki Ground water study
Water IIIA for the development of water supply system for the city of Addis Ababa
Ground water development works all along the periphery of Addis specially located within
Akaki Catchment etc., are some of directly or indirectly referred.
76% of water supply for Addis Ababa city is from the two surface water sources (Legedadi and
Gefersa) and the remaining 24% is obtained from groundwater.
The current major water sources and their respective capacity can be summarized as follows:
Table 2-8 Existing water supply sources
Supply capacity
No Name of Source Type of Source
(m3 / day)
1 Legedadi and Dire dam Surface water 165,000
2 Gafarsa dam Surface water 30,000
3 Akaki well field & Others including springs Ground Water 62,000
Total supply 0
Data has been collected from IT section of AAWSA regarding the water supply customers from
which it was tried to identify those within the Akaki Catchment. Accordingly, three AAWSA’s branch
offices that are in the catchment including Akaki, Megenagna and Nefas Silk branches are
considered.
The data obtained from the IT section comprises four months information from February to May,
2009. The latest number of connections is considered that of May, 2009, and the monthly
consumption for the selected categories are determined using the four months average (see table
below).
Table 2-9 Water Supply Customers and Monthly Consumption in Akaki Catchment
Branch Office Total Monthly Average Monthly Consumption, m3

No. of Connections Consumption, m3 </= 10 11 - 50 >/= 51
Akaki 15,203 328,973 51,317 54,376 223,280
Megenagna 4,578 161,984 8,386 52,756 100,842
Nefassilk 29,264 372,901 45,696 101,658 225,547
2.4 WASTEWATER SERVICE
2.4.1 Wastewater Facilities

Construction of Kality wastewater treatment plant was completed in 1981. The design capacity of
the plant was about 7600m 3/day with a biochemical oxygen demand load of 3500 kg/day. The
Kality wastewater collection system was designed on the basis of average water consumption 150
L/capita to serve an equivalent population of 200,000.
The existing sewer network is located in the Kality catchment. The trunk sewers have a total length
of approximately 30 km with approximately 90 km of secondary sewers and laterals. The number of
people connected to the existing system is about 13,000 with institutional and commercial
connections contributing a further 27,000 population equivalent (p.e.). (Wastewater Masterplan
vol.1-Executive Summary)
Addis Ababa Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (AAWSA) has tried to improve the sanitation
situation through expanding the network of secondary sewer lines in order to give more people
access to the sewerage system. The network is however limited to Kality catchment as there is no
waste water treatment plant in the other catchments.
The on-site sanitation systems are generally pit latrines and septic tanks. Sludge is collected by
AAWSA and privately operated suction trucks. The collected sludge is dried on dying beds at Kality
and Kotebe treatment plants. As Akaki catchment is close to Kality treatment plant, sludge
collected from the project area is treated at Kality.
Kality sludge drying beds and sludge lagoons were constructed in 1999 to alleviate the immediate
problems of dumping raw sludge in the Akaki River. These sludge drying beds and lagoons are
constructed below the last series of ponds, in the area that was reserved for the future expansion
of the sewage treatment ponds.
The sludge drying beds and lagoons have been sized to treat 110,000 m 3/year of sludge. The
design application rate is 300mm depth of sludge per bed with approximately 4 cycles of filling,
drying and de-sludging per year. The sludge lagoon is filled during the rainy season with decanted
water pumped into the WWTW facultative ponds. The sludge remaining in the lagoon is then dried
in the usual way.

2.4.2 Major Water consumers Survey
2.4.2.1 Introduction
The source and the cause of liquid waste generation is nothing but water that is used for different
activities. Due to this reason the rate of water supply consumption is believed to have direct
correlation with the rate of liquid waste generation in most cases and it is perceived that the higher
water consumption results to the higher liquid waste generation.
Bearing this in mind the consultant undertook survey among the major water supply consumers
within the catchment areas to calculate the rate of liquid waste that is generated monthly that could
be converted to daily or annual generation rate.
Based on this, data mainly related to water supply consumption and liquid waste management
practice is collected from different major water supply consumers of AAWSA’s customers.
This report deals with the findings of the survey result for the two categories that are industries and
different establishments including business oriented, government or non government organizations
and the like.
2.4.2.2 Objectives
The main objectives of the customer survey were:
To identify for what purpose water is used among the organization
To identify the liquid waste management practice
To identify the confronted problem related to liquid waste generation
To identify the need of sewerage system connection and
To assess willingness to pay for the service

2.4.2.3 Survey methodology
To collect reliable data from customers who are consuming high volume of water including
industries and different establishments, it was first prepared the survey instrument that is structured
questionnaire. Before conducting the survey using the questionnaire, different activities were also
carried out.
Selection of higher water consumers
To identify higher water consumers among AAWSA’s customers it was first approached the IT
section of AAWSA from which the list of all customers against their water consumption amount of
the recent four consecutive months obtained. Based on obtained data primarily categorized the
customers by their respective Sub-city considering the sub cities that are comprised within Akaki
catchment (Akaki-Kality, Nifas Silk Lafto and Bole sub cities).
After categorizing the customers it was tried to sort out the customers who consume more than 300
m3 per month. With this regard for the Akaki-Kality Sub-city it was sorted out 54 customers, for
Nifas Silk Lafto 40 customers and for Bole 28 customers. Over all for the three sub cities 122
customers who consume more than 300 m3 per month were sorted out.
Following this, to be clear on specific locations of the selected customer’s reliable information
collected from the respective AAWSA branch offices. In each branch offices with the help of meter
readers and archive workers specific locations of the customers were identified to contact
concerned bodies physically.
Conducting the survey
The study team directly involved in conducting the survey and collected the required information
from the selected customers. While undertaking the survey the team first approached the
managers or the representatives of the industries or the establishments and then shortly briefed
the objectives of the project. Except a few cases most of the responsible bodies were found
cooperatives and had given the required information.
For the survey purpose it was planned to contact about 102 industries and establishments but
practically the survey carried out among 49 industries and establishments which is 48 percent of
the target. This is happened because the study team couldn’t able to collect information from some
of the selected customers due to lack of cooperation and absence of customers’ representatives
during the survey period.
Data encoding
Collected data using the questionnaire is encoded with desk-top computer.
Data processing
Data processing is an important part of the survey operation. On this base the data that were
collected by the study team were encoded using SPSS 12.0.1 software separately for industries
and establishments.
After completing the encoding, the data were analyzed using SPSS 12.0.1 software on 21
variables for industries and 19 variables for establishments. For discussion purpose the major
variables were selected by the consultant and discussed as findings of the study in general.
2.4.2.4 Survey limitation
It is natural to face a problem in undertaking such survey and obtain data at the required level in
terms of quality and quantity. Accordingly, the study team while undertaking this survey has faced
both type of problem particularly in the quantity aspect.
During the survey period some of the industries were found uncooperative to give the required
information mentioning that they need specific letter that address their industry and have no time to
give information because of their business nature. In fact for the study team the reasons were

found not convincing, but seem they try to avoid the team because of the fear of environmental
auditing.
The other limitation was the absence of responsible body that could provide the required
information for the study team. In such cases the team has tried to solve the problem with other
day appointment. For some case this has given a good opportunity to meet concerned body where
as for a few cases it was resulted in unsuccessful situation.
2.4.2.5 Survey out put
General
The project catchment is located mainly in three sub-cities namely Akaki-Kality, Bole and Nifas Silk
Lafto. According to the information obtained from AAWSA the largest number of the major
customers is found in Akaki-Kality Sub-city followed by Nifas Silk Lafto sub-city. The data shows
the selected major customers number that consume more than 300m 3 as 54, 40 and 28 for Akaki-
Kality, Nifas Silk and Bole sub-cities, respectively. From these major customers the study has tried
to screen out industries and establishments that are located within the catchment.
By this approach all the listed out customers of Akaki-Kality Sub-city are located in the catchment
where as for Nifas Silk and bole out of the total listed customers, 31 and 17 were located in the
catchment, respectively.
The proportion of surveyed household was dominated by this fact and to this end by sub-city
location the majority of surveyed industries and establishments are found in Akaki-Kality sub-city
followed by Nifas Silk sub-city.
Hence, as it is shown in the table below, among surveyed industries 17 that constitute 77.3% is
found in Akaki Kality Sub-city, 5 that constitute 22.7% is found in Nifas Silk Lafto sub-city.

In the same development regarding surveyed establishments distribution out of the total 18,
constituting 66.7%, 8 constituting 29.6% and 1 constituting 3.7% are found in Akaki-Kality, Nifas
Silk Lafto and Bole, respectively. See figures 2.10 and 2.11

Figure 2-10: Surveyed industry distribution by Sub-city
20
17
Number
15
10
5
5
0
Akaki Kality Nifas-Silk Lafto
Sub-city
Figure 2-11: Number of Surveyed institutions distribution by Sub-city
20
18
15
Number
10
8
5
0 1
Akaki Kality Nifas -Silk Lafto Bole
Sub-city

Type of surveyed industries and establishments

The survey includes different types of industries and establishments. The surveyed industries are
noticed to be categorized in 14 types of industries producing different types and quantity of
products in line to their establishment. Among the surveyed industries it was noticed that industries
involved in building material production dominantly constituting 18.2% followed by leather
industries constituting 13.6%. For the detail see the table below.
Table 2-10 Number of surveyed industries by type
Number of
S/N Type of industry industries Percent
1 Steel and iron 2 9.1
2 Flour and bread 1 4.5
3 Leather 3 13.6
4 Building material 4 18.2
5 Bottling 1 4.5
6 Food complex 2 9.1
7 Tire 1 4.5
8 Canvas & Shoe 1 4.5
9 Workshop 2 4.5
10 Textile and Blanket 1 4.5
11 Cosmetics 1 4.5
12 Pulp 1 4.5
13 Paint 1 4.5
14 Wooden pole 1 4.5
Total 22 100.0
Regarding types of establishments it was noticed that 7 are major establishments and 8 are
different types of establishments. Among the major ones business center, Hotel and training center
establishments were found dominantly constituting equal proportion that 14.8% out of surveyed
establishments. The detail is seen in the table below.
Table 2-11: Number of surveyed institutions by type

S/N Type of institution Frequency Percent

1 School 3 11.1
2 Health institute 1 3.7
3 Business center 4 14.8
4 Workshop /Garage 3 11.1
5 Hotel 4 14.8
6 Different training center 4 14.8
8 Other 8 29.6
Total 27 100.0
Water supply source

AAWSA is the only responsible body to supply water for residential households, industries and
establishments from different sources including surface and ground. Because of this reason nearly
all the major consumers of water whether for domestic and/or for production are supplied from
AAWSA sources.
Apart from this there are also few industries and establishments that use their own sources mainly
deep water well. Although the surveyed industries and establishments are the major customers of
AAWSA for the study purpose to identify their degree of dependency for the service they were
asked whether they have other water supply source or not. This is intended at list to anticipate the
aggregate water consumption level of the industries and the establishments.
With this regard the survey result indicates that among the surveyed industries that constitute
about 59.1% depend for their water supply on AAWSA’s service where as the rest that constitute
about 40.9% depend on AAWSA’s service and private source that is deep water well operated by
themselves.
In the same development regarding establishments the survey result indicates that about 85.2% of
surveyed establishment depend for their water supply on AAWSA’s service where as the rest that
constitute about 14.8% depend on AAWSA’s service and private source that is deep water well
operated by themselves. The detail is shown in the table below.
Table 2-12: Response to Source of Existing Water Supply (for industries and establishment)
Industries Establishments
Source Frequency Percent Frequency Percent

AAWSA 13 59.1 23 85.2
AAWSA and private well 9 40.9 4 14.8
Total 22 100.0 27 100.0
In general depending on AAWSA’s service and privately owned deep water wells for water supply
among some of the industries or establishments indicates the prevalence of high water
consumption particularly for production purpose and in the process changed to liquid waste. It
seems due to this reason that the proportions of industries that get their water supply from both
sources exceed that of the establishments’ proportion.
Water consumption proportion by purpose

Among households, industries and establishments it is known that water is used for different
purposes including domestic (i.e. drinking, sanitation and hygiene), production activity, gardening
and the like. Domestic utilization is common and inevitable among all categories of customers. On
the other hand water consumption for other activities is mainly influenced by the nature of the
activity, its size and volume at large.
As the purpose of water consumption varies from one customer category to another, the amount
and the rate of consumption is also vary from one customer to the other depending on different
factors. For instance among households the amount of water consumption for domestic purpose is
determined by the household family size, the living standard, the culture, the religion and the like.
Of all these factors the size of household is believed to be the major influential factor. This is also
true among industries and establishments as the amount of water consumption for domestic
purpose is highly determined by the size of employees or served persons and sanitation facilities
that are functional and used.

Apart from this, water consumption for different activities among industries and establishments is
highly determined by the nature of the activity or the production type, size of personnel and
technology used for production.
Anticipating the situation of water consumption proportion is believed to indicate liquid waste
generation since it is proportional to consumed water at large.
With this consideration the surveyed industries’ and establishments’ water consumption proportion
have been assessed and analyzed independently. For the case of surveyed industries the result
indicates that the majority, which constitutes about 33.3%, consume 5-10% of the water they
acquire from any source for domestic purpose. This is followed by 28.6% of the industries that their
water consumption for domestic purpose ranges between 90 -100%. This indicates that such
industries do not use water for their production activity.
With regard to the proportion of water consumption for production activity the survey result
indicates that among surveyed industries, which constitute about 28.6%, reported to use 81-90% of
obtained water for production. Next to this 14.3% of surveyed industries in the same development
reported to use 71-80% of obtained water for their production.
As far as water utilization for gardening is concerned, among the surveyed industries 81%
reported to use less than 5% of obtained water. See the table below for the detail.
In general as the survey result indicates most of the surveyed industries use water for production in
different proportion, which may be also changed into liquid waste.
Table 2-13: Surveyed industries water consumption proportion by purpose

Consumption Major water consumption purpose

proportion (in
percent) Domestic Production Gardening
Freq. % Freq. % Freq. %
<5 17 81.0
5-10 7 33.3 1 4.8
11-20 2 9.5
21-30 4 19.0 1 4.8
31-40 - -
41-50 - -
51-60 - -
61-70 - - 2 9.5
71-80 1 4.8 3 14.3
81-90 1 4.8 6 28.6
91-100 6 28.6 2 9.5
Non - - 7 33.3 3 14.3
Total 21 100.0 21 100.0 21 100.0
With regard to the surveyed establishments’ water consumption proportion for different purposes,
the result indicates to be similar to the industries domestic purpose use, which is in different
proportion. Accordingly, as it is shown in the table below out of the total surveyed establishments,
the majority, which constitute about 50%, use 91-100% of their water for domestic purpose. This is
followed by 15.4% of establishments that use 31-40% of the obtained water for domestic purpose.
In general, from the survey result, it is possible to see more than 66.7% of the establishments use
more than 50% of their water for domestic consumption.
On other hand, the survey result has also indicates some of the establishments that constitute
70.4% use water for gardening with different proportion. In fact the survey result shows the
proportion used for gardening among the surveyed establishments by the majority that constitute
73.7% use less than 5 percent of their water for gardening.
As per the same development survey result, 25.9% and 18.5% of the surveyed establishments use
their water for car washing and other activities, respectively. The minimum proportion utilized

seems for these purposes, and to this effect 28.6% of the establishments reported to use 5-10% of
their water for car washing purpose.
According to the survey result, similarly 40% of the establishments also reported to use 51-60% of
their water for other activities. See the table below for the detail.
Table 2-14: Surveyed establishments water consumption proportion by purpose
Major water consumption purpose

Consumption
proportion (in Domestic Gardening Car washing Other activities
percent) Freq. % Freq. % Freq. % Freq. %
<5 - - 14 73.7 - - - -
5-10 - - 3 15.8 2 28.6 - -
11-20 - - 2 10.5 1 14.3 - -
21-30 2 7.7 - - - - 1 20
31-40 4 15.4 - - - - - -
41-50 2 7.7 - - 1 14.3 1 20
51-60 1 3.8 - - 1 14.3 2 40
61-70 - - - - 1 14.3 - -
71-80 2 7.7 - - 1 14.3 1 20
81-90 2 7.7 - - - - - -
91-100 13 50.0 - - - - - -
Total 27 100.0 19 100 7 100 5 100
Situation of water supply against the demand

In Addis Ababa it is believed that water is not supplied to the level of full satisfaction of all the
customers particularly high water consumers like industries and different establishments for the
reason that there is a limitation of source. It seems because of this reason that a few of industries
and establishments have constructed deep water wells that are privately owned.
In deed the water supply satisfaction or dissatisfaction level among the customers could not be
assumed to be the same as it varies from customer to customer. To this effect the surveyed
industries and establishments have been asked whether there is demand satisfaction or not.
Accordingly, the survey result indicates that among the surveyed industries and establishments the
majority that constitutes 68.2% and 63.0% reported as satisfied, respectively. To this contrary
surveyed industries and establishments that constitute 31.8% and 37.0% reported as they are not
satisfied, respectively. See table below.

Table 2-15: Response to the existing water supply satisfaction as per demand by surveyed
industries and establishments
Response Frequency Percent Frequency Percent

Yes 15 68.2 17 63.0
No 7 31.8 10 37.0
Total 22 100.0 27 100.0
The dissatisfaction situation of water supply against the demand indicates that the industries and
the establishments are not utilizing water as per their requirement, and in turn has direct relation
with the volume of liquid waste that may be generated. In this case, it is possible to assume that
the fulfillment of water requirement would increase the liquid waste generation and as the same
time the activity that is limited due to shortage of water in general.
Proportion of water supply deficit

Understanding the amount of water supply deficit could enable to estimate the volume of liquid
waste that could be generated in proportion to the volume of water that is consumed. In fact there
is no way to get exact figure of water deficit volume beyond estimating the proportion against the
actual consumption volume.
On this premises the surveyed industries and establishments those reported for supply
dissatisfaction have been asked to identify the range of their water supply deficit. As it is shown in
the table below for industries that constitute 42.9% and 28.8% reported the range of their water
deficit to be 21-30% and 11-20% of what they consume currently, respectively.
In the same manner for the case of establishments, it has been noticed that out of the total
unsatisfied establishments that constitute 30%, 30% and 20% reported for the water supply deficit
of 21-30%, 91-100% and 31-40% of what they have consumed or supplied, respectively.

In general, the water supply deficit situation shows the gap of AAWSA that could not meet the
requirement of its major customers, and this has a direct impact on the liquid waste generation.
Table 2-16: Response to water supply deficit proportion against the existing demand
Current demand deficit
proportion in percent Frequency Percent Frequency Percent
11-20 2 28.6 - -
21-30 3 42.9 3 30.0
31-40 1 14.3 2 20.0
41-50 1 14.3 1 10.0
51-60 - - 1 10.0
91-100 - - 3 30.0
Total 7 100.0 10 100.0
Liquid waste management practice

Addis Ababa is the capital city of Ethiopia being the economic, social, cultural and political center of
the country and also it is the seat of African Union head quarter as well as a number of different
international and national organizations.
With this back ground the status of the liquid waste management of the city can be said it is very
poor because of the limitation of modern service provision like other big cities in other countries.
In Addis Ababa city AAWSA is the responsible body to manage the liquid waste that is generated
at different level including household, establishments and industries. The management is practiced
in two ways; that is providing vacuum truck service and connecting sewer line. Although the
systems are modern to manage the liquid waste that is generated in city, there is a capacity
limitation to provide the service efficiently and effectively.
Particularly AAWSA’s service of sewer line connection has a great limitation when compared to the
total household figure of the city, existing growth of industries and development of establishments.
According to information obtained from AAWSA the number of connected beneficiaries is

estimated to be 13,000 (Wastewater Masterplan, Vol. 1-Executive Summary 2002). Simply this
could be an indicator of limited range of service that remains behind the requirement.
a) Liquid waste generation

Liquid waste generation is natural among human being following sanitation and hygiene practice
and economic activity at large. Due to this reason it is a day-to-day phenomenon but varies in its
type and volume depending on different factors including the population size, the economic status,
culture, type of activity and the like.
As the effect of sanitation and hygiene practice, domestic type of liquid waste is generated in
residential areas and different working places.
The type of liquid waste that could be generated from establishments and industries excluding
domestic one is mainly influenced and determined by the type of involved activity at large. Other
types of liquid waste are mainly by the activity that is carried and its process. In the place where
industrial activities are carried out, it is common in most cases to generate industrial liquid waste.
Likewise in the areas of workshop or garage machine or car washing waste water is usually
generated following the activity.
It was tried to identify the liquid waste generated from the surveyed industries and establishments.
With this regard the survey result indicates that most of the industries, which constitute about
54.5%, generate domestic and industrial liquid wastes where as the rest of the industries that
constitute 45.5% generate only domestic liquid waste. See the table below.
Generally, this indicates however that large amount of water consumption by some industries does
not mean industrial liquid waste would be necessarily generated. With this consideration it is
possible to assume that some of the industries, which are found in the Akaki catchment, would not
generate industrial waste.
On other hand the liquid waste type generated from the establishments, the survey result indicates
that most of them, which constitute about 55.6%, are generating only domestic liquid waste.
Whereas the rest of surveyed establishments that constitutes 29.6% and 14.8% reported for
generating domestic plus other and domestic plus car washing, respectively. See the table below.
Table 2-17: Response to type of liquid waste generated from Industries and establishments
Type of liquid waste Frequency Percent Frequency Percent

Domestic only 10 45.5 15 55.6
Domestic + industrial 12 54.5 - -
Domestic + Car washing - - 4 14.8
Domestic + Other - - 8 29.6
Total 22 100.0 27 100.0
b) Liquid waste management practice of surveyed industries and establishments

As it is discussed in the above section about liquid waste generation of the surveyed industries and
establishments, it has been realized that following their activity they are generating different types
of liquid waste.
Among the surveyed industries and establishments, there are liquid waste management practices
nearly in similar ways mainly collecting in septic tank or discharging into nearby stream.
To analyze the specific situations, the surveyed industries and establishments have been asked
how they manage their liquid waste. The survey result indicates that, nearly all industries that
constitute about 90.9% manage their domestic waste using septic tanks, and the rest that
constitute 4.5% and 4.5% use dry pit latrine and discharge to the nearby stream, respectively.

The survey result also indicates that among surveyed industries that have reported of generating
industrial liquid waste, 60% use septic tank to collect the waste, and the rest that constitute 30.0%
and 10.0% reported to discharge into the nearby stream and connect to drainage system
respectively. See table below.
From the environmental health point of view, the liquid waste management practices of some the
industries is not acceptable, and can be said that these industries are not managing their liquid
waste.
Table 2-18: Response to the method used to dispose liquid waste by industries
Method used
Use dry pit Use septic Discharge into the Connect to drainage
latrine tank nearby stream system
Type of liquid
waste Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq %
Domestic 1 4.5 20 90.9 1 4.5 - -

Industrial - - 6 60.0 3 30.0 1 10.0
On other hand, concerning management practice of surveyed establishments, the result indicates
that nearly all establishments collect their domestic wastewater in septic tank and only one
establishment was discharging into the nearby system.
Apart from this the survey result also indicates that establishments, which generate car washing
waste that are using septic tank and connect to drainage system constituting 40.0% and 60%,
respectively. On the other hand, establishments that generate other liquid wastes are managing
using septic tank, discharging into the nearby stream, connecting to drainage system and

discharging in open field constituting 33.3%, 16.7%, 33.3 and 16.7%, respectively. See table
below.
Table 2-19: Response to the method used to dispose liquid waste by establishments
Method used
Connect to
Use dry pit Use septic Discharge into drainage Discharge in
latrine tank the nearby stream system open field
Type of liquid
waste Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq %
Domestic - - 26 96.3 1 3.7 - - - -
Car washing - - 2 40.0 - - 3 60.0 - -
Others - - 2 33.3 1 16.7 2 33.3 1 16.7

c) Industrial liquid waste treatment practice

In Addis Ababa most of the industries that have industrial effluent are found along the stream bank.
This is assumed to be a strategy considered by the industries to discharge their effluent into the
nearby stream that does not cost money but affects the environment and downstream
communities’ health and economy at large.
It seems due to this reason that in most industries that are found in Addis Ababa their liquid waste
treatment is uncommon. But recently the industries are pushed to undertake treatment as to make
the environment friendly to avoid the downstream impact. The same is true for industries that are
found in the project catchment mainly Akaki-Kality, and Nifas Silk Lafto sub-cities.
To be specific about the prevalence of treatment practice among industries those reported of
having industrial liquid waste have been asked whether they practice treatment or not. With this
regard the survey result indicates that most of such industries constituting 75% reported as do not
undertake treatment processes where as the rest that constitute about 25% reported as
undertaking treatment, which is mainly primary treatment. See table below.
The survey result is believed to be a good image of all industries that exist in Addis Ababa as most
of them are lacking treatment facilities as a consequence resulting in polluting the rivers and may
be the ground water, which is one of the major water supply sources of the city.
Table 2-20: Response to prevalence of industrial liquid waste treatment practice
Response Frequency Percent

Yes 3 25.0
No 9 75.0
Total 12 100.0

To understand the specific reason of the industries why they do not undertake treatment, the
survey result indicates that 55.6% reported as their industrial liquid waste is not harmful and has no
impact on the environment. This is only their conviction but not proofed by concerned body.
In the same development the rest of similar surveyed industries reported to have treatment
facilities in the near future and use the waste by recycling constituting 22.2% for each reporting
group respectively. See table below for the detail.
Table 2-21: Response to major reason for absence of treatment practice among surveyed
industries
Reason Frequency Percent

Has no impact on the
5 55.6
environment
Planned for the future 2 22.2
Recycling practice 2 22.2
Total 9 100.0
d) Septic tank capacity and de-sludging frequency

It is common in the city predominantly industries, establishment and households who are leading a
good living standard use septic tanks of different sizes to dispose their liquid waste until it gets full.
The same is true for the surveyed industries and establishments in most cases dispose their liquid
waste in their septic tanks of different sizes that are designed to handle the rate of liquid waste
generation.
In this connection the surveyed industries and establishments have been asked about their septic
tank sizes to be used for their liquid waste management purpose.
Regarding to the surveyed industries, the majority that constitutes about 33.3% reported as having
septic tank holding capacity of less than 10m 3. This is followed by 14.3% of the industries having

septic tank capacity of 11-20m3. With less proportion the rest of the industries reported of having
different capacity even more than 100m 3. See table below.
Based on the survey result of septic tanks of surveyed industries, the average capacity is
calculated to be 42.1m3.
Regarding the surveyed establishments, the holding capacities of septic tanks indicates that
establishments that constitute 29.6% and 18.5% reported to have 11-20m 3 and less than 10m3
capacity, respectively. It was also noticed that 11% of the establishments are reported to have
more than 100m3 capacities.
Accordingly, septic tanks of the surveyed establishments have calculated average capacity of
34.4m3.
Table 2-22: Response to size of septic tank used by the surveyed industries and establishments
Volume in m3 Frequency Percent Frequency Percent

<10 7 33.3 5 18.5
11-20 3 14.3 8 29.6
21-30 2 9.5 2 7.4
31-40 - - 2 7.4
41-50 2 9.5 2 7.4
51-60 1 4.8 1 3.7
61-70 1 4.8 1 3.7
71-80 - - 2 7.4
81-90 2 9.5 - -
91-100 1 4.8 1 3.7
>100 2 9.5 3 11.1
Total 21 100.0 27 100.0
e) Septic tank de-sludging frequency

The frequency of de-sludging septic tank is believed to be an indicator of the situation of liquid
waste generation and the cost incurred proportional to volume of de-sludged waste. Apart from this
it can also indicate the labour and time taken to follow the process.
On this premise at least to have an image of de-sludging situation that could be correlated to cost
incurred, labour and time lost the surveyed industries and establishments have been asked to tell
their frequencies.
Accordingly, among the surveyed industries the majority that constitute about 35% de-sludge their
septic tanks every year and this is followed by industries that constitute 20% who de-sludge every
four months. It was also noticed that there are industries never de-sludged their septic tank for the
reasons such as recent construction and not filing.
In same development regarding the practice of the surveyed establishments, about 18% de-sludge
their liquid waste every six months followed by the establishments de-sludging every year and two
years constituting equally 14.8%. Apart from this, about 25.9% reported as never have de-sludged
their liquid waste because of the reason that their septic tank do not fill, this is mainly attributed to
the new construction and the size of the septic tank they have. See the table below for the detail.
As per this report it is possible to assume that for the de-sludging frequency the prevalence
problem related to wastewater management activity mainly due to the absence of sewerage
system connection service.
Table 2-23: Response to frequency of de-sludging septic tank by industries and establishments
Span of de-sludging Period Frequency Percent Frequency Percent

Every two month 1 5.0 2 7.4
Every three month 4 20.0 2 7.4
Every four month 1 5.0 3 11.1
Every fife month 1 5.0 - -
Every six month 2 10.0 5 18.5
Every year 7 35.0 4 14.8
Every two year 1 5.0 4 14.8

Never de-sludged 3 15.0 7 25.9
Total 20 100.0 27 100.0

f) De-sludging Service
In Addis Ababa, vacuum truck service is provided by AAWSA (government), non government
organizations and private enterprises. There are also few organizations that have their own
vacuum truck of different capacity for their own organization.
The service that is provided by AAWSA and private enterprise is obtained on payment base. With
this regard the service that is provided by AAWSA has a great demand from the customers mainly
because of reasonable price of the service but difficult to obtain the service on prompt need. The
private service is a bit expensive than the AAWSA, but unlike AAWSA the service is obtained up
on the request.
With this consideration the surveyed industries and establishments have been asked about their
service customer as to assess the willingness and the capability to pay for sewerage service.
Here, the assumption is that the more the prevalence of dependency situation on private service
providers shows the capacity of the industries and establishments to pay for the service and their
readiness to adopt and practice improved liquid waste management system.
On this premise the survey result indicates that among the surveyed industries and establishments
the great majority, which constitutes about 58.8% and 50.0%, respectively obtain the service from
private enterprise. On the other hand, out of the surveyed industries and establishments that
constitutes about 29.4% and 30.0% obtain the service from AAWSA, respectively. See the table
below for the detail.
Table 2-24: Response to service provider for dislodging septic tank by surveyed industries and
establishments
Industries Establishment
Service provider Frequency Percent Frequency Percent
AAWSA 5 29.4 6 30.0
Private 10 58.8 10 50.0
AAWSA + Private 2 11.8 3 15.0

Other - - 1 5.0
Total 17 100.0 20 100.0
Willingness to have sewerage system connection

Designing the development project based on the need assessment of the beneficiary is paramount
important mainly to identify whether there is willingness or not and the type of the service required.
This in turn helps to determine the type of service to be designed and to decide what activity and
care should be undertaken during the design phase of the project.
The presence of willingness of the stakeholders for any development project is a key factor mainly
from sustainability point of view. It is also helpful to attain the objective of the project. In deed
implementing development project in the absences of willingness of the stakeholders would affect
the sustainability of a project. Under this condition it is not also possible to facilitate favorable
situations for the implementation of the project.
With this consideration the surveyed establishments and industries as major stakeholders have
been asked about their need of sewerage line connection service. To this relation the survey result
shows that all the surveyed establishments and industries have keen interest to have service. See
the table below.
Table 2-25: Response to have sewerage system connection by surveyed industries and
establishment
Industry Establishment

Yes 22 100.0 27 100.0
Such expression of willingness to have sewerage system connection indicates simply the need for
the service and readiness to manage their liquid waste in modern way. It also indicates that the

stakeholders’ acceptance of the project and readiness to involve in the project activity particularly
during the implementation period.
Sewerage connection service charge

Construction of liquid waste treatment plant, trunk and secondary sewer lines require a large
amount of finance. Not only this, the project also involves operational cost on continuous basis.
To make this project effective and sustainable, it is inevitable to cover the cost of construction and
operation at any rate particularly in the long run. As a principle, particularly the operational cost is
supposed to be covered by the beneficiary groups in proportion to obtained service.
Be it for project cost recovery purpose or to cover the operational cost, the source of finance unless
there is donation and government subsidy it is at large the responsibility of the beneficiary groups.
To this effect now a day government is ceasing subsidy by shifting the responsibility to the
beneficiary groups and adopting project cost recovery approach to enhance development activity
among different communities.
On this premise, this project is believed that project cost recovery and covering operational cost is
inevitable considering the capacity of the beneficiaries. To this effect the surveyed industries and
establishments were asked about the service charge issue.
On this base the survey result, as shown in the table below, indicates the great majority, which
constitute 90.9% of the surveyed industries and 88.9% of establishments mentioned that they are
positive and ready to pay for the service as per the tariff that would be set by AAWSA. Whereas a
few, nearly 9.1% of surveyed industries and 11.1% of surveyed establishments mentioned that
they would accept the service charge payment if it is less than their conventional expense for
vacuum truck service.
Table 2-26: Response to the rate of service charge to be for sewerage system connection by
industries and establishments

Service charge expression Frequency Percent Frequency Percent

As per tariff to be setted by
20 90.9 24 88.9
AAWSA
Less than the amount paid for
2 9.1 3 11.1
vacuum truck service
Total 22 100.0 27 100.0
Prevalence of liquid waste management problem

Realizing the prevalence of the problem related to liquid waste management is the first step to look
for the solution. The liquid waste management problem has its own scope that may be confined in
the area where it is generated or extended to the nearby areas. From all perspective to understand
the degree of the problem the surveyed customers have been asked whether they have problem or
not.
Hence, with this regard the survey result indicates that among the surveyed industries and
establishments, which constitute 66.6% and 81.8% reported as no problem, respectively. To this
contrary, as it is depicted in the table below, among surveyed industries and establishments, which
constitute 33.3% and 18.2%, reported for the prevalence of problem, respectively. See the table
below.
In relation to this the industries and the establishments those reported for the prevalence of
problem have been asked to mention the major problem. The major problems that were mentioned
include:
High frequency of overflow of septic tank,
Blockage of sewerage pipe line, and

Absence of area to discharge industrial waste.
In general, the survey result simply shows the problem is high among industries than that of
establishments, and it also indicates the possibility of negative impact that could be created in the
surrounding area in general and downstream in particular.
Table 2-27: Prevalence of liquid waste management problem among surveyed industries and
establishments

Yes 9 33.3 4 18.2
No 18 66.7 18 81.8
Total 27 100.0 22 100.0
Conclusion Remarks
The major customers of AAWSA that include mainly industries and different establishments in the
catchment that are located in three sub cities believed to be represented by the surveyed industries
and establishments since there is no great difference in their character.
Based on the survey findings about the water supply situation and liquid waste management of the
major customers, it is possible to conclude the following:
a) Water supply situation
All the major customers of AAWSA obtain water supply service from distribution line of private
connections for different purpose such as domestic consumption, productive activity, gardening
and others.

However among the major customers there is no equal satisfaction of water supply and to this
effect few have dissatisfaction, which means they don’t get water as per their requirement. This
has triggered some customers to own their private water well in addition to AAWSA’s service.
Because of AAWSA’s failure to meet the requirement, few have water supply deficit that may be
solved with increased supply of 30-40% of the current demand.
Considering the existing water supply condition of the surveyed customers and adopting to other
customers, it is possible to conclude that the rate of the existing liquid waste generation in
proportion to water consumption rate doesn’t indicate the exact level because of the reason that
the shortfall of water supply and undefined private wells yield and their utilization. In short this
implies that existing waste generation rate even by existing industries and establishments could be
increased if the water supply situation gets improved.
b) Liquid waste management situation
Within the Akaki catchment, all the major customers have liquid waste of different types including
domestic, industrial and others. The liquid waste type that is generated among major customers
excluding domestic that is common among all and the rest type of liquid waste is determined by the
activity of specific production.
In most cases the liquid waste that is generated among the major customers is managed using
septic tank of different sizes. But in some cases, it has been noticed from the survey result there is
a practice of connections with drainage system, draining in to a nearby stream and open filed
resulting in environmental pollution that affects the surrounding area and the downstream
communities. This shows the absence of appropriate liquid waste management system within the
catchment.
With particular emphasis to the industries conditions, it is noticed that most of the industries except
a few have industrial waste that is managed in similar manner to the extent that discharging the

effluent indiscriminately into the nearby stream. This simply indicates the prevalence of liquid waste
management problem in the area requiring immediate solution for the betterment of the
communities’ health and improvement of the environment. It also indicates the probability that
some industries could connect their industrial effluent, which may not be recommended to put into
the public sewer line when the service is operational.
Finally, the survey result indicates the keen interest of the stakeholders to have the sewer line
connection service recognizing its benefit from different point of angle and hence this is believed to
be a good opportunity to implement the project and achieve the objectives.
2.4.3 Land Use
The ORAAMP prepared master plan for the city eight years back. As per this report, the land use
pattern is dominated by mixed development except the southern part of the city where industrial
activities cover significant area. The land use is shown in Figure 3.1
As per the master plan the catchment’s land use is summarized in the following table.
Bole, BoleBulbula, Mekanisa and Lafto are characterized by mixed development predominantly
residential areas. The main Debrezeit - Addis road from Akaki up to Gotera is mixed development
dominated by industrial development. Kilinto and Idoro area located on the Eastern side of the
Debrezeit road is industrial area. One commercial center for the southern part of the city is
reserved adjacent to Salo-Giorgis. Freight terminal and rail depot take also considerable areas
close to 297 and 294 Ha, respectively. The South Eastern part of the catchment that includes
Feche and Koye areas with a total area of 4,443 Ha is reserved for agricultural activities. Similarly,
the Southern and South-Western parts, where the treatment plants are proposed are also
categorized as agricultural areas. The different land use categories in Akaki catchment with the
respective area coverage is shown in Table 2-28.
Table 2-28 Land Use in Akaki Catchment

Land use Description Area, Ha Coverage, %

Proposed Mixed Use Area 2947 17.1%
Agriculture Area 5894 34.2%
Industry And Storage 1551 9.0%
Mixed Development 2472 14.3%
Green Along Rivers 2321 13.4%
Center 271 1.6%
Social Service 129 0.7%
Freight 297 1.7%
Treatment Plant 534 3.1%
Reserved Area 469 2.7%
Slaughter House 26 0.2%
Cemetery 52 0.3%
Rail Depot 294 1.7%
Total 17257 100.0%
There are also future expansion areas for mixed use development on the Northern side of Tulu-
Dimtu, Southern side of Salo-Giorgis and downstream to the existing Kality waste water treatment
plant. In these areas Housing development activities are already started.

3 POPULATION PROJECTION, WATER DEMAND AND SEWAGE GENERATION ESTIMATES
3.1 POPULATION TRENDS & ESTIMATE
Different studies adopt different population forecasting approaches resulting different figures. For
comparison purpose, the CSA projections based on 1994 census data, the City master plan
revision office estimate, the final water III project and the last waste water master plan projects are
shown in the table below.
Table 3-29 Population Projections by Different sectors
POPULATION (in '000)

2005
YEAR CSA- VARIANTS ORAAMP- VARIANTS WSPSIIIA 2002 WWMP
LOW MEDIUM HIGH LOW MEDIUM HIGH
1994 2113 2113 2113 2113 2113 2113 2113 2113
2005 2864 2887 2969 2950.307 3104.908 3280.461 3104.908 2887
2007 3020 3059 3177 3140.048 3330.039 3553.68 3330.039 3059
2010 3257 3328 3517 3439.944 3698.71 4006.765 3698.71 3328
2015 3647 3792 4143 4394.217 3792
2020 4003 4246 4817 5098.917 4246
2025 4312 4664 5503 5803.617 4664
2030 4589 5087 6236 5087
The 2007 estimate at Sub city level is available as presented in the following table and is far below
previous water supply and waste water master plan studies projection. The census result does not
show the population distribution throughout the City at Kebele level.
Table 3-30 Population Distribution Through Out the City at Sub-City Level
Population figure for the Population

No. Sub City year 2007 based on Area, m2 density per
recent census hectare
1 Akaki kality 183,288 124,038,187 14.8
2 Nefas Silk- Lafto 315,134 58,217,637 54.1
3 Kolfe Keranyo 428,219 62,936,396 68
4 Gulele 267,381 31,191,021 85.7

Population figure for the Population

No. Sub City year 2007 based on Area, m2 density per
recent census hectare
5 Ledeta 201,613 10,994,000 183.4
6 Kirkos 220,991 14,647,463 150.9
7 Arada 212,129 9,498,637 223.3
8 Addis Ketema 254,972 7,385,245 345.2
9 Yeka 345,807 81,493,375 42.4
10 Bole 308,714 119,121,838 25.9
Total 0 0 52.7
When compared with the recent census result, all projections are very high. The CSA projection
results tried to consider the impact of population policy of 1993 and the women policy of 1993. As
per WW master plan report exponential functions should be used only for population forecasts over
a short period of time i.e. 5 to 10 years. The WW master plan finally used CSA projection with
medium variant. This is still higher than the recent censes estimate by about 300,000 for the year
2007. The low variant CSA projection is closer even if it is still higher than the current estimate. The
consultant, therefore, proposes to use the CSA projection with low variant using the 1994
population distribution as a base data (Table below).
Table 3-31 Proposed Population Projection
Year 2009 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Populatio
n ‘000 3,179 3,257 3,647 4,003 4,312 4,589
3.2 POPULATION PROJECTION

As there is no updated population distribution, the following approach is adopted to estimate
population distribution throughout the catchment.
- Housing development project
- Population density based on previous data
- Reserved area as per the land use

3.2.1 Housing development project:

The major housing development activity in Addis Ababa is undertaken by AAHDPO. Up to now
around 84,400 housing are built including the ongoing housing projects like Jemo, Gelan and
Ayat. The following table shows the location of houses as per the waste water catchments.
Table 3-32 Percentage of condos constructed in sewer catchment in each sub city
No. Sub City Akaki kality Eastern Akaki kality Eastern

1 Akaki kality 12,712 - - 100% 0% 0%
2 Nefas Silk- Lafto - 32,012 - 0% 100% 0%
3 Kolfe Keranyo - 10,067 - 0% 100% 0%
4 Gulele - 1,930 - 0% 100% 0%
5 Ledeta - 1,751 - 0% 100% 0%
6 Kirkos - 4,667 - 0% 100% 0%
7 Arada - 2,817 - 0% 100% 0%
8 Addis Ketema - 1,904 - 0% 100% 0%
9 Yeka - 3,275 2,101 0% 61% 39%
10 Bole 2,741 394 8,053 24% 4% 72%
Sum 15,453 58,817 10,154
The future housing development plan has been considered based on their short-term strategic plan
which is 5,000 housing units per year for each Sub City. From future experience such plans have
not been attained. If we consider the performance of previous housing developments, it was
planned to construct 50,000 housing units each year when construction of condominium houses
was started before six or Sven years. As per this plan, around 300,000 had to be constructed. But
the actual performance is around 28% or 14,000 houses per year or 1400 housing units per sub
city per year. For the estimation of waste water generation, the above stated plan has been
adjusted with an assumption of 2500 houses per sub city per year. Housing development
projection in Akaki and kality Catchment is summarized in the following table:

Table 3-33Population benefited in Condominium projects
Total population to be benefited in 2020 Total population to be benefited in 2030

Akaki kality SUM Akaki kality SUM
146,564 4,284 150,848 242,280 8,568 250,848
27,052 200,996 228,048 54,104 273,944 328,048
- 140,268 140,268 - 240,268 240,268
- 107,720 107,720 - 207,720 207,720
- 107,004 107,004 - 207,004 207,004
1,572 117,096 118,668 3,144 215,524 218,668
- 111,268 111,268 - 211,268 211,268
- 107,616 107,616 - 207,616 207,616
- 42,084 42,084 - 71,068 71,068
24,556 1,576 26,132 38,148 1,576 39,724
199,744 939,912 1,139,656 337,676 1,644,556 1,982,232
At present 13% of the condominium houses in Kality catchment are connected to the sewer system
and 82% of the houses at Akaki ( Gelan site) will be connected to sewer system. The trend is
assumed to grow to 50% for Kality and 90% for Akaki at the end of the project period.
3.2.2 Population density

The 2007 census result has been used to estimate population density at sub city level and the
result is shown in the following table:
Table 3-34 Population Density
Population figure for the year 2007 Population density per
No. Sub City based on recent census Area, m2 hectare
1 Akaki kality 183,288 124,038,187 14.8
2 Nefas Silk- Lafto 315,134 58,217,637 54.1
3 Kolfe Keranyo 428,219 62,936,396 68
4 Gulele 267,381 31,191,021 85.7
5 Ledeta 201,613 10,994,000 183.4
6 Kirkos 220,991 14,647,463 150.9
7 Arada 212,129 9,498,637 223.3
8 Addis Ketema 254,972 7,385,245 345.2
9 Yeka 345,807 81,493,375 42.4
10 Bole 308,714 119,121,838 25.9

Total 2,738,248 519,523,799 52.7
The current population distribution is estimated based on the above shown census report and
available area in each sewer catchment. The result is shown in the following Table:
Table 3-35 Current Population distribution in sewer catchment
Sub city Kality Akaki Eastern SUM

Akaki kality 7,850 175,438 - 183,288
Nefas Silk- Lafto 229,884 85,250 - 315,134
Kolfe Keranyo 428,219 - - 428,219
Gulele 267,381 - - 267,381
Ledeta 201,613 - - 201,613
Kirkos 217,518 3,473 - 220,991
Arada 212,129 - - 212,129
Addis Ketema 254,972 - - 254,972
Yeka 100,225 - 245,582 345,807
Bole - 41,959 266,755 308,714
1,919,791 306,120 512,337 2,738,248
Akaki kality, Nefas Silk Lafto, Kolfe Keranyo and Bole sub cities are partly included in Akaki Sewer
Catchment have medium and low population density. Therefore, AkaKi catchment takes higher
share for future settlements.
3.2.3 Land use

Land use pattern is one of the basic information that should be used for estimation of waste
water loads in the sewer design. The land use pattern at Kebele level is determined for such
purpose. The following table summarizes land use proportion in Akaki catchment. Land use
pattern for Akaki catchment is shown in Figure 3.1.
Industry Other types

Built up Proposed mixed Green/
Description (existing + Agriculture
area, ha use Forest
proposed) area, ha
Area, ha 2,968 1,261 1,517 3,264 5,823 1,382
Percentage 18% 8% 9% 20% 36% 9%
Table 3-36 Land use type in Akaki catchment

Figure 3-12 Akaki sewer catchment land use pattern

More than 50% of the catchment is covered by green area, forest and Agriculture. The eastern
part of the catchment around Koye and the Southern and south western parts are allocated for
mixed agriculture and green areas. It is therefore one of the expansion potential areas for the
future especially in the agricultural areas. Akaki housing development has already been started
in this area.
3.2.4 Population estimate

Based on the above stated criteria and the local development plans (LDP), which in this case
is available for BoleBulbula (22,500 people), Mekanisa (3800 people), Lafto (5000 people), and
Akaki Housing (99,500 people), population estimate for Akaki catchments is made. For Kality
and Eastern catchments the population estimate is made based on the area proportion
covered by each catchment. These population estimates are shown in the following table.
Table 3-37 Population projection for Akaki, kality and Eastern Catchment
2000 2007 2009 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Kality 2,048,507 2,117,328 2,156,187 2,175,250 2,270,564 2,357,569 2,433,087 2,500,785
Akaki* 201,668 337,619 388,686 413,739 538,999 653,340 752,585 841,553
Eastern 242,825 565,053 634,127 668,012 837,436 992,091 1,126,328 1,246,663
2,493,000 3,020,000 3,179,000 3,257,000 3,647,000 4,003,000 4,312,000 4,589,000
1.1 WATER DEMAND
As per the Addis Ababa Water Supply Project – Stage IIIA, Weredas of Addis Ababa have been
divided into different water consumption levels. Assumptions of water demand scenarios were also
proposed out of which Scenario 2 has been selected as the most likely growth alternative. Table
3.9 shows divisions of Weredas according to water consumption levels, and Table 3.10 shows the
mode of service and average residential water demand considered in Scenario 2 of the above-
mentioned project.

Table 3-38 Divisions of Kebeles According to Water Consumption Level
Sub City Kebele Sub City Kebele Sub City Kebele

Bole 17/19/20, AkaKi 7/8/9, AkaKi 01/03, 05/06, 02/04
01/02 /Kality 10/11 /Kality
Nefas Silk 15, 16/17, 11
Lafto 12/13
145 l/c/day 115 l/c/day 90 l/c/day
Table 3-39 Assumptions of Average Water Demand – Scenario 2
Mode of Service Residential Demand (l/cap-day)

Year HC (%) ycs (%) ycc (%) pf (%) High Medium Low
1994 4.43 22.43 25.57 45.33
2011 30 30 20 20 86 77 70
2020 40 35 15 10 118 102 88
2025 50 35 10 5 153 128 108
The water consumption figures for the different demand categories of house connections are
considered from the above-given demand values and presented in Table 3.11 below.
Table 3-40 Anticipated Daily water Consumption for House Connections of Different Demand Categories
Residential Demand (l/cap-day)

Year High Medium Low
2011 145 115 90
2020 197 156 122
2025 236 187 146
2030* 275 218 170
* The demand values of 2030 are determined by the Consultant following the trend of the previous years’ demand.
Final Design of Distribution System of Water III project comments on page B-19 that this scenario
is an ambitious one that will raise the projected demand to higher figures. It has been however,
accepted and further design was carried out based on this scenario. The consultant agrees that the
estimate is exaggerated.

1.2 FUTURE WASTEWATER FLOWS

3.2.5 Background
As presented in the design criteria, waste water generation is estimated based on the following
tables:
Table 3-41 Average Domestic wastewater Flow (Wastewater Masterplan, 2002)
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Residence, l/c/d 74 80 88 96 112 118 123
Apartment blocks, l/c/d 64 72 76 84 96 101 106
Table 3-42 Average non-domestic flow and BOD load to WWTW

Average flow to sewer Average BOD load
Type of Non-Domestic (m3/connection/day) (kg/connection/day)
Government, Commercial 2 0.55
Hotels, Hospitals, etc. 50 9
Major industries 200 130
Medium & Small industries 2 1
At the inception stage a 450kg/connection/day BOD load was recommended for major industries. A
450kg load with flow of 200m 3 results in a 2250mg/l BOD load whereas AAWSA’s regulation limits
a maximum pollutant load of 650mg/l from industries. This figure is reasonable and avoids
unnecessary treatment processes. It is therefore, assumed that industries connecting to this
system will reduce the load by having a pre-treatment plant to satisfy AAWSA’s requirement.
Therefore, the average BOD load for Major industries is reduced to 130kg/connection/day instead
of 450kg/connection/day.
Waste water generation for kality and Akaki catchments are shown in the following tables.

Unit 2000 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Akaki - Population data and coverage
Total population in sewer district pers. 201,668 413,739 538,999 653,340 752,585 841,553
House connections
Condominiums pers. 55,432 130,778 179,770 268,710 303,908
Apartment blocks pers. - 3,203 3,883 4,473 5,001
Condominiums + Apartment sum - 55,432 133,981 183,652 273,183 308,910
% 0.0% 13.4% 24.9% 28.1% 36.3% 36.7%
Residences pers. 32,340 52,267 75,259 100,986
% 0.0% 0.0% 6.0% 8.0% 10.0% 12.0%
Sum for house connection pers. - 55,432 166,321 235,920 348,441 409,896
% 0.0% 13.4% 30.9% 36.1% 46.3% 48.7%
hydraulic load m3/day 0 4,213 14,359 23,485 36,472 45,166
pollution load (BOD) kg/day - 2,494 7,484 10,616 15,680 18,445
Non domestic
Government, Commercial no 800 1,100 1,400 1,700
Hotels, hospitals, etc. no 9 15 21 27
Industrial
main industry no 23 28 33 38
small & medium industry no 676 771 866 961
hydraulic load Non domestic m3/day 8,002 10,092 12,182 14,272
pollution load (BOD) non domestic kg/day 4,187 5,151 6,115 7,079
Total Hydraulic load m /day
3
4,213 22,361 33,577 48,654 59,438
Total Pollution load kg/d 2,494 11,671 15,767 21,795 25,524
Population equivalent no 55,422 259,356 350,378 484,333 567,200
Condominium + Apartments pers. 10,517 16,571 22,625 24,887 27,376
% 0% 2.5% 3.1% 3.5% 3% 3%
Septic Residences pers. 17,138 55,344 61,786 83,659 94,793 102,300
tanks % 8.5% 8.5% 7.1% 7.5% 7.2% 6.8%
Pit latrines pers. 103,267 192,415 207,445 258,483 284,463 301,980
% 51.2% 51.4% 42.8% 44.9% 43.2% 41.2%
No sanitation facility pers. 81,263 100,030 86,877 52,653 -
% 40.3% 24.2% 16.1% 8.1% 0.0% 0.0%
sum for onsite sanitation 201,668 358,306 372,678 417,420 404,144 431,656
Sanitation coverage 59.7% 75.8% 83.9% 91.9% 100% 100%

Table 3-43 Wastewater system development forecast – Akaki – sewer catchment

Table 3-44 Wastewater system development forecast - Kality - sewer catchment

Unit 2000 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Total population in sewer district pers. 2,048,507 2,175,250 2,270,564 2,357,569 2,433,087 2,500,785
House connections
Condominiums pers. 0 30,585 250,270 469,956 516,952 568,647
Apartment blocks pers. 1,980 2200 2503 4700 5,170 5,687
Condominiums + Apartment sum 1,980 32,785 252,773 474,656 522,122 574,334
% 0.1% 1.5% 11.1% 20.1% 21.5% 23.0%
Residences pers. 10,200 28,973 39,711 51,064 62,846 75,024
% 0.5% 1.33% 1.75% 2.17% 2.58% 3.0%
Sum for house connection pers. 12,180 61,758 292,485 525,720 584,968 649,357
% 0.6% 2.8% 12.9% 22.3% 24.0% 26.0%
hydraulic load domestic m3/day 882 5,041 25,045 51,286 60,150 70,107
pollution load (BOD) domestic kg/day 548 2,779 13,162 23,657 26,324 29,221
Non domestic
Government, Commercial no 54 3190 7255 9260 11265 13270
Hotels, hospitals, etc. no 7 15 52 85 118 151
Industrial
main industry no 0 16 26 31 36 41
small & medium industry no 4 175 360 530 700 870
hydraulic load Non domestic m3/day 466 10,680 23,030 30,030 37,030 44,030
pollution load (BOD) non domestic kg/day 97 4,145 8,198 10,418 12,638 14,858
Total Hydraulic load m3/day 1,348 15,721 48,075 81,316 97,180 114,137
Total Pollution load kg/d 645 6,924 21,360 34,075 38,962 44,079
Population equivalent no 14,327 153,856 474,672 757,222 865,817 979,522
On site facilities
Condominium pers. 181,156 325,556 469,956 516,952 568,647
Septic tanks
% 0% 8% 14% 20% 21% 23%

Residences pers. 245,821 227,594 205,357 183,076 178,946 172,441
% 12% 10% 9% 8% 7% 7%
Pit latrines pers. 1,372,500 1,465,464 1,322,285 1,178,817 1,152,222 1,110,340
% 67% 67% 58% 50% 47% 44%
No sanitation facility 450,672 239,277 124,881
22% 11.0% 5.5% 0% 0% 0%
Wastewater treatment
Required capacity (average flow) m3/d 1,348 15,721 48,075 81,316 97,180 114,137
Required capacity (average BOD load) kg/d 645 6,924 21,360 34,075 38,962 44,079
Required capacity (population equivalent) p.e. 14,327 153,856 474,672 757,222 865,817 979,522
Existing capacity (average flow) m3/d 8,517 8,517 19,807 19,807 19,807 19,807
Existing capacity (average bod load) kg/d 1,845 1,845 4,297 4,297 4,297 4,297
Existing capacity (population equivalent) p.e. 41,000 41,000 95,500 95,500 95,500 95,500
Additional requirement
Flow m3/d 7,169 7,204 28,268 61,509 77,373 94,330
Bod load kg/d 1,200 5,079 17,063 29,778 34,665 39,782
Population equivalent p.e. 26,673 112,856 379,172 661,722 770,317 884,022

Table 3-45 Summary of waste water projection

Unit 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Total Hydraulic
load m3/day 4,213 22,361 33,577 48,654 59,438
Total Pollution
load kg/d 2,494 11,671 15,767 21,795 25,524
Population
AKAKI equivalent no 55,422 259,356 350,378 484,333 567,200
Total Hydraulic
load m3/day 7,204 28,268 61,509 77,373 94,330
Total Pollution
load kg/d 5,079 17,063 29,778 34,665 39,782
Population
KALITY equivalent no 112,856 379,172 661,722 770,317 884,022
Total Hydraulic
load m3/day 11,417 50,629 95,086 126,027 153,768
Total Pollution
load kg/d 7,573 28,734 45,545 56,460 65,306
TOTAL Population
DEMAND equivalent no 168,278 638,528 1,012,100 1,254,650 1,451,222
PHASE -I PHASE-II

4 SEWER SYSTEM
4.1 SEWER ROUTE SELECTION
Site visit was done for route selection along each interceptor and the respective features observed
are discussed below.
a) Bole Bulbula Interceptor
This interceptor begins at the side of the ring road coming from Bole Airport to Kality next to
National Meteorology Agency and ends at the point of connection with Saris Interceptor. As per the
observation during the site visit along this interceptor it was observed that some buildings, which
are constructed along the periphery of the river will not be connected due to the settlement pattern
as there is no stable land at downstream of the settlements for which appropriate on-site sanitation
system may be recommended.
Along this interceptor, there are locations undulating ground features that include valleys, quarry
sites and small streams upstream of the Bole Bulbula developed area. This may require crossing
structures, longer sewer line and/or deep excavation in order to keep the gradient for gravity flow.
After passing the above-mentioned features, the interceptor will attain appropriate slope to collect
wastewater from the developed area of Bole Bulbula until it reaches to the bridge on the road from
Abo church to Bole Bulbula. Next to the bridge, the interceptor will follow the road side for a length
of about 150 to 200 meter, which may require deep excavation and demolishing of houses along
the selected route.
b) Saris Interceptor
Regarding Saris Interceptor, it can accommodate all wastewater generated from Addis Sefer
(Saris) with no any major problem via gravity up to the common point with the Bolebulbula
interceptor. But there are few houses along the Kebena River and below St. Joseph church that
may not get access to this sewer system as their elevations are lower than the proposed route.

c) Lafto Interceptor
Lafto Interceptor starts from Lafto area with a possibility to pass under a bridge on the road to
Dama Hotel (Saris) on the Little Akaki River and follow on the right side of Little Akaki River.
According to our observation again there is also a possibility to cross the Ring Road or to construct
long retaining wall in order to overcome the problem resulted from an intensive quarry site, and
finally meet the Kality Wastewater Over flow Interceptor to discharge in to the proposed waste
treatment plant. The two options are shown in Figure.4.1. Crossing the ring road under Little Akaki
River requires construction of retaining wall for about 300m that results around 3 Million birr
additional cost in order to pass the depression formed due to the quarry site. If Ring road crossing
is allowed a little bit upstream to the bridge as shown in the figure, the additional cost of 3Million
Birr could be saved.
d) Kality Overflow Interceptor
This interceptor supposed to collect wastewater expected as excess of the existing Kality
Wastewater Treatment Plant after the necessary modification works are considered. It has no
major problem to accommodate the wastewater generated from the wastewater treatment plant
and along its route and transport it to the treatment site via gravity. If the up-grading work is in a
capacity to accommodate all wastewater from the Kality Catchment, this interceptor may not be
considered.
e) Akaki Interceptors
These interceptors, including all interceptors around Akaki town, have no problem to accommodate
the wastewater generated on either sides of Debre Zeit road of Akaki area via gravity to the
proposed treatment plant.

Figure 4-13 Lafto Interceptor route option
4.2 DESIGN OF SEWER SYSTEM

4.2.1 Background
The design considers the following criteria as design controls as per the approved design criteria:
- Minimum and Maximum velocities of 0.6m/s and 3m/s. The maximum velocity
could not be attained in all sections due to steep topography. In such cases drop
manholes will be provided in order to reduce the slope.
- Maximum and minimum pipe cover of 0.9m and 5m above pipe in some cases
deeper than 5 meters have been encountered. In such cases at the time of detail
design it will be tried to limit the maximum depth of pipe laying not to exceed 5m if
possible.
- The following Manning’s formula is used for hydraulic calculation as it is an open
channel flow.
V = 1/n R2/3 S1/2
Where, V is the mean velocity
n is Manning’s coefficient
R is the hydraulic radius, cross-sectional area of flow divided by wetted
perimeter
S is the slope of the sewer
Manning’s Coefficient, n: 0.009 for plastic pipes
0.010 for neat and very smooth cement pipe
0.012 for cast-iron pipe of ordinary roughness
0.013 for good concrete and riveted steel pipe
- The ratio of peak to average daily flow for domestic use is as determined from the
Gifft equation:
Pf = 5/P 0.16667 Where P is population in 1000’s

2020 2030
Population ’000 pf Population ‘000 pf
761 1.65 1,059 1.56

- Infiltration rate of 0.5 litres/second/km is used
4.2.2 Design output
Design of sewer system is carried out for two major options:

- For one central waste water treatment plant at Akaki
- For two waste water treatments plants one at Akaki and the other at Chefe
adjacent to Missile repair compound.
Moreover the network modelling is carried out with Kality overflow and without kality over flow. The
results are shown in the consecutive tables: Figures 4.2 – 4.5 show the proposed networks for the
four options
Table 4-46 Summary of manholes
Manhole diameter Manhole Depth, m

mm <1.5 1.5-2 2 - 2.5 2.5 - 3 3 - 3.5 3.5 - 4 4 - 4.5 >4.5
Number of manholes
One TP With Kality
1000 747 107 105 59
1200 35 20 73 71 38 152
1500 17 8 3 9 7 38
2000 66 11 15 27 19 143
2200 1 2 9 3 2 3
2400 1 7 45
One TP With Out Kality
1000 560 90 86 70
1200 86 23 25 92 91 74 322
1500 39 14 9 22 2 2 3
2000 102 5 5 6 2 3 3 5
2200 26 22 1 7 4 1 12
Two TP With Out Kality
1000 796 123 100 88
1200 34 9 1 81 71 54 437
1500 67
Two TP With Kality
1000 780 113 93 86
1200 34 9 1 80 67 53 368
1500
2000 14 7 10 1 3 171

Table 4-47 Summary of Pipes
Pipe summary, one Pipe summary, one Tp Pipe summary, Two Tp Pipe summary, Two Tp
Tp without kality with kality with kality without kality
Size, mm L,m Size, mm L,m Size, mm L,m Size, mm L,m
200 54,585 200 54,530 200 63,430 200 63,619
250 11,517 250 9,796 250 11,214 250 13,137
300 5,667 300 3,282 300 6,361 300 8,808
400 10,164 400 10,164 400 12,278 400 12,278
500 12,951 500 10,233 500 12,743 500 15,461
600 1,136 600 690 600 138 600 584
700 783 700 783 700 - 700 3,952
800 969 800 969 800 - 800 532
900 2,806 900 2,806 900 - 900 -
1,000 734 1000 734 1000 - 1,000 -
1,200 6,750 1200 16,179 1200 14,333 1,200 -
1,400 4,036 1500 1,356 1400 - 1,400 -
1,500 1,016 1800 3,696 1500 - 1,500 -
113,114 115,219 120,497 118,371

Figure 4-14 Sewer network for one treatment plant and with kality over flow

Figure 4-15 Sewer network for one treatment plant and without kality over flow

Figure 4-16 Sewer network for two treatment plants and with kality over flow

Figure 4-17 Sewer network for two treatment plants and without kality over flow

4.3 COST ESTIMATE

A preliminary cost estimate for the four options is shown in the following table:
Table 4-48 Sewer options cost estimate
One Tp with kality option

Supply and installation of manholes including earth work 1,738,937.00
Total cost 170,084,265.17
One Tp without kality option

Total cost 132,244,328.09
Two Tp with kality option

Total cost 144,414,189.05
Two Tp without kality option

Total cost 99,496,540.91
4.4 CONCLUSION
The above table shows that having two treatment plants is cheaper than bringing the whole
network at Akaki. The other advantage of the two treatment options is all potential areas could be
served with the sewer system. If one treatment plant is provided, part of Berta Real estate and the
whole catchment downstream to Berta Real estate that includes the Freight terminal and the whole
New Addis Ababa University will not have an access to connection. Recently The New Addis
Ababa University has been moved to Akaki adjacent to the new prison compound. But still one
faculty will be constructed at the previously proposed site. Moreover, the trunk line after Missile

repair compound passes through a highly active quarry site for a distance of about 1.2km. Laying
of this section of the trunk line is very much difficult and needs a very high investment cost for
construction of crossing structures or embankment walls if the whole area is not reserved for laying
the pipe. The un-served areas and Quarry site are shown in Figure4.6
The consultant strongly recommends having two treatment plants in order to reduce the investment
cost and also increase service coverage area particularly downstream to Berta Real estate.
When kality overflow is considered, the total cost becomes 144,414,189 Birr which is 45 Million Birr
more than if kality overflow is omitted. However, as discussed in chapter-5, there is a possibility of
accommodating the whole kality catchment waste that will be generated up to the year 2030 at the
Existing Kality Treatment Plant compound if a compacted system is provided. Therefore, it is
recommended to consider Akaiki catchment only and provide two treatment plants at Chefe and
kality

Figure 4-18 Un-served areas for one treatment Plant option

5 WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT DESIGN

6 INSTITUTIONAL & OPERATION ASPECTS
6.1 ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT
Adequate planning, proper institutional arrangements and quality management are important
factors for the success of any project, both for implementation and sustainability.
The fact that AAWSA is an autonomous public organization with the necessary legal power to
operate viable and collect revenues for the services provides a solid base for a sustainable policy.
The implementation of the new tariff structure (as recommended by previous studies) is an
important step towards financial sustainability of AAWSA. Training of staff, both present and
proposed, will improve the management capacity of AAWSA.
Further measures must be taken by the Regional Government to ensure sustainability of the
project, these being:
to provide proper urban management;
to establish community strategies;
to create an institutional framework for community based interventions.
To improve AAWSA’s decisiveness, the government should support AAWSA’s legal powers to
force people to connect to the sewer system. In cases of abuse of the sewer system by deliberate
connection of storm water to the foul sewer system or by dumping of illegal materials into the
sewer system, the government should give AAWSA the right to fine abusers and ensure that this is
supported by the local law enforcement authorities.
6.2 OFFICE AND RESOURCES
6.2.1 Fence and gates
A barbed wire fence tied on angle iron poles around the whole treatment units shall be used to
prevent the entrance of animals and children. A gate with lock shall also be provided. The poles
shall have 2m above the ground and shall be spaced 2m c/c and the bottom is anchored on C-20
concrete having dimensions of 50cmX50X50. The gate shall be 6m wide with double leaf of RHS
materials well coated for anti-rusting.
6.2.2 Office and other facilities
Office, guard house, enough shower rooms for the works, stores for equipment and clothes,
temporary resting rooms (during rain, lunch time, etc), are provided for the serviceability of the
treatment units.
6.2.3 Roads and ramps
The sludge treatment units needs main access roads and inside roads for the vacuum and dry
sludge clearing dump trucks. The roads must have enough widening for turning and also ramps (at
one end) for sludge clearing. The surface of the roads shall be well compacted with capping
materials like strong and weathered rocks. Near the office there must also be parking areas with
similar road surfacing. Generally a thickness of 50cm is adequate as the sub-grade material is
black clay. The main access roads have cross-sectional slope of 5% in both direction and the
inside roads only in one direction towards the beds. The ramps need to have 5% made of the same
capping materials.
6.2.4 Decanting chambers and drainage facilities
A decanting chamber having a general plan area of 1.6x2.0m2 with weir, discharging gates and
scum protection board is provided. The concrete will have a thickness of 200mm, 8mm
reinforcement bar (both direction and faces) c/c 200mm and quality of C-25.
Collector uPVC pipes of 150mm ND and PN 4 shall be connected to the drainage ditches. The
drainage channels are lined one with masonry B (stone pavement jointed by mortar) and have 1:1
side slope, 500mm bed width and an average height of 1.5m depth. Additional external earthen
ditches of 500mm bottom width, 1:1.5 side slopes and an average depth of 700mm depth shall be
provided to divert surface runoffs from upper catchments. The excavated soil shall be placed
adjacent to the ditch as an additional embankment protection.
Mortar jointed masonry pavement need to be provided at two ends of the dike as erosion control
during dumping of the sludge. The dimensions of the pavements are 2m wide and 2.3m long along

the slope of the embankment. Grated mobile tankers, about 3pcs, shall be provided for the site to
screen pieces of plastic bags, woods, etc and to prevent splashing.
6.3 OPERATIONAL EQUIPMENTS
6.3.1 Electrical Equipment
Electrical systems and components (e.g., motors, lights, cables, conduits, switch boxes, control
circuits, etc.) in raw wastewater wet wells, or in enclosed or partially enclosed spaces where
hazardous concentrations of flammable gases or vapours may be present, shall comply with the
National Electrical Code requirements. In addition, equipment located in the wet well shall be
suitable for use under corrosive conditions. Each flexible cable shall be provided with a watertight
seal and separate strain relief. A fused disconnect switch located above ground shall be provided
for the main power feed for all pumping stations. When such equipment is exposed to weather, it
shall meet the requirements of weatherproof equipment. Lightning and surge protection systems
should be considered. A 220 volt power receptacle to facilitate maintenance shall be provided
inside the control panel for lift stations that have control panels outdoors. Ground Fault Circuit
Interruption (GFCI) protection shall be provided for all outdoor outlets.
6.3.2 Flow Measurement
Suitable devices for measuring wastewater flow shall be provided at all pumping stations.
Indicating, totalizing, and recording flow measurement shall be provided at pumping stations with a
75 L/s or greater design peak flow. Elapsed time meters used in conjunction with annual pumping
rate tests may be acceptable for pump stations with a design peak hourly flow up to 75 L/s
provided sufficient metering is configured to measure the duration of individual and simultaneous
pump operation.
6.3.3 Operating Equipment
A complete outfit of tools, accessories, and spare parts necessary for the plant operator's use shall
be provided.

Readily accessible storage space and workbench facilities shall be provided, and consideration
shall be given to provision of a garage for large equipment storage, maintenance, and repair.

6.3.4 Sampling Equipment
Effluent composite sampling equipment shall be provided at all mechanical plants with the design
average flow or greater and at other facilities where necessary to meet discharge permit monitoring
requirements. Composite sampling equipment shall also be provided as needed for influent
sampling and for monitoring plant operations. The influent sampling point should be located prior
to any process return flows.
6.3.5 Safety
Adequate provision shall be made to effectively protect plant personnel and visitors from hazards.
The following shall be provided to fulfil the particular needs of each plant:
a. Enclosure of the plant site with a fence and signs designed to discourage the entrance of
unauthorized persons and animals;
b. Hand rails and guards around tanks, trenches, pits, stairwells, and other hazardous
structures with the tops of walls less than 1070 mm above the surrounding ground level;
c. Gratings over appropriate areas of treatment units where access for maintenance is
required;
d. First aid equipment;
e. "No Smoking" signs in hazardous areas;
f. Protective clothing and equipment, such as self-contained breathing apparatus, gas
detection equipment, goggles, gloves, hard hats, safety harnesses, etc.;
g. Portable blower and sufficient hose;
h. Portable lighting equipment complying with the National Electrical Code requirements;
i. Appropriately-placed warning signs for slippery areas, non-potable water fixtures, low
head clearance areas, open service manholes, hazardous chemical storage areas,
flammable fuel storage areas, etc.;
j. Adequate ventilation in pump station areas;
k. Provisions for local lockout on stop motor controls;
l. Provisions for confined space entry and laboratory safety in accordance with regulatory
agency requirements; and
m. Adequate vector control.

n. Dust Collection
o. Dust collection equipment shall be provided to protect personnel from dusts injurious to
the lungs or skin and to prevent polymer dust from settling on walkways which become
slick when wet.
p. Eyewash Fountains and Safety Showers
6.3.6 Equipment, Supplies, and Reagents
The laboratory shall be provided with all of the equipment, supplies, and reagents that are needed
to carry out all of the facility's analytical testing requirements. If any required analytical testing
produces malodorous or noxious fumes, the engineer should verify that the in-house analysis is
more cost-effective than use of an independent off-site laboratory. Composite samplers may be
required to satisfy permit sampling requirements. Discharge permit, process control, and industrial
waste monitoring requirements should be considered when specifying equipment needs.

7 FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF AKAKI WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT

7.1 GENERAL
The financial and economic analysis of Akaki waste water treatment considers eight ( 8) candidate
treatment alternatives under two categories. The first category involving of five candidates
treatment alternatives are to be designed to discharge treated effluent for irrigation uses. The
irrigation schemes can also be either restricted or unrestricted. These candidate schemes generate
benefits in terms of crops produced from irrigation and methane gas energy delivered by anaerobic
digester processes. These candidate schemes considered for financial and economic analysis
under the first category are:
Category 1. Candidates
1. Activated sludge waste water treatment plant

2. Trickling filter waste water treatment plant
3. Up flow anaerobic sludge blanket ( UASB) waste water treatment plant
4. Waste stabilization pond ( WSP) waste water treatment plant
5. UASB + WSP waste water treatment
The second category of waste water treatment works are self contained that do not generate
treated effluent for irrigation but generate methane gas for energy. Thus, the benefit is singular
measured in terms of energy generated from the project. Under the second category three (3)
alternative candidate schemes are analyzed all to be located in Chefe. The candidate schemes
considered for the analysis are;
Category 2. Candidates

3. Up flow anaerobic sludge blanket ( UASB) + trickling filter ( TF)
The following data has been analyzed to determine the best alternative option for the Akaki Waste
Water Treatment Design project for the first category candidates. The cost categories include all
civil works, electro- mechanical works, supervision and contract administration as well as operation
and maintenance costs. The project cost has also accommodated adequate contingencies both
physical and price contingencies to cope up all possible unforeseen changes. The alternative
options for waste water treatment works considered are the first five candidates enumerated
above. Two analytical tools are employed to investigate the merits and demerits of each alternative
for varying discount factors in order to recommend the best option. The analytical tools used for the
analysis are
 Least cost analysis method

 Cost benefit analysis method
The variables used for the financial and economic analysis of the alternative design schemes are
discussed in the following sections.
7.2 ALTERNATIVE I. ACTIVATED SLUDGE WWTP- FOR RESTRICTED IRRIGATION SCENARIO
7.2.1 Capital Cost
The estimate of the capital cost of the project is built up by adding to estimates for the works which
are based on the composite schedule of rates, percentage additions to reflect contingencies and
other charges, and the contract charges in respect of the design and supervision work of the
engineering firms. The items of costs are;
‘ 000
1. Construction of treatment works 143,641
2. Electro-mechanical works 25,371
Sub total 169,012
3. Add 3% for supervision and contract administration 5,321
Sub total 174,333
4. Add 7.5% physical contingencies+ general item 17,890

5. Add 7.5% price contingencies +general items 17,890
GRAND TOTAL PROJECT INVESTMENT COST 210,114
The phasing of expenditure during the construction period is expected to be
Year 1.--------75%
Year 2--------25%
No major replacements will be required over the project life except that the pumping machinery will
need to be replaced in the 19 year of operation. At the end of 19 years of operation, the pumping
machinery will have a negligible salvage value, because it can be expected that the sanitation
system will be completely remodeled after 19 years, at which point the existing structure will have
no value in alternative use.
7.2.2 Operating and maintenance costs
The main items of operating costs are the salaries of staff, land lease cost, electricity charges, and
repair to structures and machinery. Although there are grounds for thinking that all components of
cost will increase over time, it will be assumed here that the total operating and maintenance costs
over the project operation period are as follows;
ETB millions
1. Land lease cost per annum 1.456

2. Energy costs 1.917
3. Personnel costs 1.653
4. Maintenance of structures 0.456
5. Maintenance of ponds 0.131
6. Maintenance of E&M 0.507
TOTAL O&M costs 6.120
7.3 ALTERNATIVE II. TRICKLING FILTER WWTP- FOR RESTRICTED IRRIGATION SCENARIO
7.3.1 Capital Cost
‘ 000
Sub total 216,918
Sub total 223,755

Year 1.--------75%
Year 2--------25%

ETB millions

7.4 ALTERNATIVE III. UASB+ TF WWTP- FOR RESTRICTED IRRIGATION SCENARIO
7.4.1 Capital Cost

‘ 000
Sub total 174,283
Sub total 179,771

Year 1.--------75%

Year 2--------25%
ETB millions

7.5 ALTERNATIVE IV. WSP WWTP- FOR RESTRICTED IRRIGATION SCENARIO

7.5.1 Capital Cost

‘ 000
Sub total 189,789
Sub total 195,769

Year 1.--------75%
Year 2--------25%
ETB millions


7.6 ALTERNATIVE V. UASB+WSP WWTP- FOR RESTRICTED IRRIGATION SCENARIO
7.6.1 Capital Cost

‘ 000
Sub total 166,331
Sub total 171,570

Year 1.--------75%
Year 2--------25%

ETB millions

7.7 COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES
At least four forms of benefits may be expected from the project. Firstly, it is anticipated that there
would be a substantial reduction in the incidence of communicable diseases; secondly, that the
environmental amenity would be improved by the drainage of stagnant ponds and the replacement
of some open drains; thirdly, that some land previously occupied by ponds could be developed;
and fourthly, that there would be some income from sales of sludge as fertilizer. Other benefits also
include energy production and agricultural production from treated effluent use for irrigation It is
difficult to put a money valuation on the health and environmental amenity benefits; the public
health benefit used as a proxy measure for those benefits the value of an average sewerage
charge of 3.5% on the monthly rental value of condominium houses applied. The calculation
proceeds as follows
Population to be served 1,012,100

Houses served @ 6 persons per house 168,683
Average monthly rental value 600 ETB
National sewerage charge per month 600 X 3.5%= 21 ETB
Total annual sewerage charge 168,683X21X12= 42,508,200 ETB
The assumption of a constant population is made here the maximum waste water load the
treatment plant that can be accommodated do not exceed to the projected households size. In
practice, the population served would increase over time, assuming greater density of occupation
within the area served.
It should be apparent that the method used is rarely a device to obtain a proxy money value for the
benefits of the scheme. However, at this stage the resulting figure will be used as the appropriate
value of the benefits of the project. Benefits of land development and sale of sludge are assumed
to be negligible
The costs and benefits of the alternative projects over their full assumed designed life span are
summarized below


@ 10%
1. AS 231,474 293,864 3.89% 1.270
2. TF 281,790 293,864 0.62% 1.04
3. UASB+TF 228,486 293,864 3.95% 1.286
4. WSP 250,487 293,864 2.46% 1.17
5. UASB+WSP 215,995 293,864 4.85% 1.361
more attractive.
7.8 COST EFFECTIVE ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES
This method is based on least cost analysis. The relevant stream of costs for the construction of
the schemes and the corresponding O&M costs are discounted to present worth values for the
selection of cost effective schemes. Alternatives with least net present value of costs are ranked as
cost effective option. Based on the above approach the standard discount factor of 10% (national
planning parameter) has been used to compare the merits and de merits of the alternative design
schemes. Accordingly, results of the sensitivity analysis are summarized for the alternatives below.

NPV of NPV of NPV of
1. AS 260,395 240,376 231,474 220,468 211,049
2. TF 311,964 295,547 281,790 270,046 259,850
3. UASB+TF 253,773 239,993 228,486 218,695 210,223
4. WSP 278,458 263,217 250,487 239,656 230,284
5. UASB+WSP 239,129 226,542 215,995 206,990 199,172
As indicated above, the cost-effective analysis result show that option V of UASB + WSP option is
more attractive.
7.9 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS OF WWTP- FOR RESTRICTED IRRIGATION SITUATION
Scenario 2. Analysis based on stream of benefits from irrigated agricultural production and
methane energy generated

The analysis considers the selection of best alternative option in a restricted irrigation situation
from category one (1) candidates enumerated below.

3. Up flow anaerobic sludge blanket ( UASB) waste water treatment plant
4. Waste stabilization pond ( WSP) waste water treatment plant
5. UASB + WSP waste water treatment
The design of waste water treatment plant for Akaki encompasses land development for irrigation
by treated effluent from waste water treatment plant and energy generation by anaerobic
processes for methane gas. Accordingly, annual average revenue of ETB 50,000 per hectare from
irrigation and ETB 0.25 per KW-hr from sale of methane gas are expected and details are shown
below.
Average annual revenue from irrigation and energy.
Alternative Potential Average annual Annual Average annual Total

irrigable revenue from energy in MW revenue from revenue
land in ha. irrigation energy sales per year
1. AS 290 14,500,000 0.76 3,490,561 17,990,561
2. TF 288 14,400,000 0.79 3,618,265 18,018,265
3. UASB+TF 289 14,450,000 1.55 7,108,826 21,558,826
4. WSP 280 14,000,000 - - 14,000,000
5. UASB+WSP 287 14,350,000 1.55 7,108,826 21,458,826
Applying the same processes employed for scenario one (1), the merits and best fit alternative
option assessed with benefit-cost and cost effectiveness analysis methods for combined benefits of
sewerage health benefits ( scenario 1) and secondary benefits from irrigation and energy sales are
as follows.
Benefit-cost analysis of alternative projects over their full assumed designed life span are
summarized below

@ 10%
1. AS 231,474 418,236 10.58% 1.807
2. TF 281,790 418,428 6.38% 1.48
3. UASB+TF 228,486 442,904 11.62% 1.938
4. WSP 250,487 390,649 7.36% 1.56
5. UASB+WSP 215,995 442,213 12.67% 2.047
more attractive.

7.10 COST EFFECTIVE ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE SCHEMES

Alternative candidates NPV of NPV of NPV of
1. AS 260,395 244,555 231,474 220,468 211,049
2. TF 311,964 295,547 281,790 270,046 259,850
3. UASB+TF 253.773 239,993 228,486 218,695 210,223
4. WSP 278,458 263,,217 250,487 239,656 230,284
5. UASB+WSP 239,129 226542 215,995 206,990 199,172
As indicated above, the cost-effective analysis result show that option V of UASB and WSP option
is more attractive.
7.11 CATEGORY 2. CANDIDATES- CHEFE WWTP
The second category of waste water treatment works are self contained that do not generate
treated effluent for irrigation but generate methane gas for energy. Thus, the benefit is singular
measured in terms of energy generated from the project. Under the second category three (3)
alternative candidate schemes are analyzed all to be located in Chefe. The candidate schemes
considered for the analysis are;

3. Up flow anaerobic sludge blanket ( UASB) + trickling filter ( TF)
The following data has been analyzed to determine the best alternative option for the Chefe Waste
Water Treatment Design project for the second category candidates. The cost categories include
all civil works, electro- mechanical works, supervision and contract administration as well as
operation and maintenance costs. The project cost has also accommodated adequate
contingencies both physical and price contingencies to cope up all possible unforeseen changes.
The alternative options for waste water treatment works considered are the first three candidates
enumerated above. Two analytical tools are employed to investigate the merits and demerits of
each alternative for varying discount factors in order to recommend the best option. The analytical
tools used for the analysis and summary of the results are tabulated below
Benefit-cost analysis of alternative projects over their full assumed designed life span for Chefe
WWTP
Discounted
Alternative Discounted costs
benefits 000 ETB EIRR B/C ratio
candidates 000 ETB @ 10%
@ 10%
1. AS 84653 154288 11.56% 1.82
2. TF 107763 155463 6.12% 1.44
3. UASB+TF 77391 162528 14.32% 2.10
As indicated above, the cost-benefit analysis result show that option 3 of UASB + TF option is more
attractive.

Alternative NPV of Costs NPV of Costs NPV of Costs NPV of Costs NPV of Costs
candidates 000 ETB 000 ETB 000 ETB 000 ETB 000 ETB
1. AS 97,427 90,376 84,653 79,921 75,940
2. TF 120,976 113,738 107,763 102,737 98,434
3. UASB+TF 88,072 82,193 77,391 73,394 70,007
As indicated above, the cost-effective analysis result show that option 3 of UASB + TF option is
more attractive.
7.12 RECOMMENDATION
As discussed in the preceding sections, the Waste Water Treatment options can produce multiple
benefits such as energy, agricultural production and sewer disposal for domestic and non-domestic
uses. Projects that could generate multiple benefits have more comparative advantages than with
singular benefits. In these regard, the WWTP candidates in category one (1) can be classified as
multipurpose projects. The consultant recommends for Akaki WWTP option V of UASB + WSP of
category 1 be implemented as these are cost effective and generate high benefits. For Chefe
WWTW, the cost-benefit analysis result show that option 3 of UASB + TF option is more attractive.

8 REFERENCES
1. Addis Ababa Water Supply Project Stage IIIA, Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage
Authority: Tahal in association with WWDSE and Hywas Engineering, 2003
 Final design report
 Distribution and transfer network component (vol.1)
 Distribution and transfer network component (vol.2)
2. Addis Ababa Water Supply Project Stage IIIA, Design Report for Ground Water Phase ll
Project, BCEOM JV Seureca, 2003
3. Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority, Master plan for the Development of
Wastewater Facilities for the City of Addis Ababa; Component 1 of the Immediate
Works.
 Project Proposal , March 1997
 Contract Document: Interbeton: 1998
 Reports by DHV Consultants
4. American Society of Testing Materials: Annual Books of Standards, Philadelphia, 1971.
5. Consultancy service for the increase of short term availability of drinking water for the city
of Addis Ababa By Seureca in association with Hywas Engineering, 2006.
6. Domestic Wastewater Treatment in developing Countries Earthscan, USA, Mara D, 2003
7. Ethiopian Building Codes of Standard for Earthquake Resisting Structures, Ministry of
Works and Urban Development, 1995, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
8. Ethiopia Environmental Sanitation Support Project: Environmental Sanitation Case Study
in Addis Ababa :March 1997
9. Geological Mapping of Ethiopia, Ministry of Mine and Energy, 1996.
10. Groundwater Vulnerability Assessment, Contamination Potential Under Conditions of
uncertainty, Committee on Techniques for Assessing Groundwater Vulnerability, Water
Science and Technology Board, Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and
Resources, National Research Council, 1993, NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS,
WASHINGTON, D.C.
11. Implementation of study of Tariff project, Earnst and Young, October 2000.

12. Master Plan Study for the Development of Wastewater Facilities for the City of Addis
Ababa , By BCEOM and GKW, 1993, 1994, 1995
13. Sewers for Adoption, 5th ed. A design and construction guide for developers, WATER UK,
2001.
14. The 1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia, Statistical Report, Vol. 1, Aug. 1995
15. The 2007 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia,
16. Urban Development Master plan and various local district plans: Addis Ababa City
Administration: Master plan Bureau and Urban Development and Works Bureau.
17. Wastewater Engineering, 3rd ed. Metcalf & Eddy, 1995
18. Wastewater Master plan for the city of Addis Ababa, By NEDECO in association with DHV
and AuE, 2001:
 Vol. 2 - Existing Situation
 Vol. 3 - Main Report
 Vol. 4 - Appendices
19. Water Supply & Sewerage, 5th ed., E.W. Steel and Terence J. McGhee, 1988
20. Water Supply and Sanitary Engineering, 6th ed. Gurcharan Singh, 2007.


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Water Supply and Sanitation Development & Rehabilitation Akaki Catchment Wastewater

Treatment Project office & Sewerage System Design

FEASIBILITY / UPDATED MASTERPLAN REPORT

Hywas Engineering Consultants in association with AG Consult I

4.1 SEWER ROUTE SELECTION.........................................................................................4-1

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Table 3-5Population benefited in Condominium projects.............................................................................................. 3-4

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Hywas Engineering Consultants in association with AG Consult V

Hywas Engineering Consultants in association with AG Consult VI

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE

DATA COLLECTION FROM FIELD VISITS & PREVIOUS STUDIES

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The groundwater contamination vulnerability is also assessed at the proposed wastewater

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SEWAGE GENERATION ESTIMATES

Summary of waste generation

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SEWER ROUTE SELECTION

DESIGN OF SEWER SYSTEM

Two Tp without kality option

WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT DESIGN

PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF ALTERNATIVES

c) ALTERNATIVE III – Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Process (UASB) + TF

281,60 333,50 264,60

337,50 383,10 314,10

3 - UASB + 283,50 337,00 259,90

277,90 328,90 270,60

294,70 349,30 273,90

5-UASB + 216,90 256,00

Case 3 - For discharge in to open water course

5-UASB + 215,70 257,00

Hywas Engineering Consultants in association with AG Consult vii

CHEFE WWTP COMPARISION OF ALTERATIVES

1-AS 71,279 63,200 21,600 84,800 2,500 82,300 89% 2

2-TF 99,150 88,000 19,200 107,200 2,900 104,300 70% 3

3-UASB+TF 68,690 60,820 17,400 78,220 5,300 72,920 100% 1

INSTITUTIONAL & OPERATION ASPECTS

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FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT

Cost benefit analysis method

Alternative Discounted costs Discounted EIRR B/C ratio

Cost benefit analysis method

Cost effective analysis of alternative schemes

Discount Factor 6% 8% 10% 12% 14%

Alternative Discounted costs Discounted EIRR B/C ratio

Hywas Engineering Consultants in association with AG Consult x

Cost effective analysis of alternative schemes

Discount Factor 6% 8% 10% 12% 14%

1. Provide two waste water treatment plants at Chefe and Akaki

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1.1 BACK GROUND

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1. Review Basic Design documents with respect to design criteria.

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1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

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2 EXISTING SITUATION ASSESSMENT

2.1 THE STUDY AREA

Table 2-1 Area Coverage of Kebeles in the Akaki Catchment

The topography of the Akaki catchment is shown in Figure-2.

Hywas Engineering Consultants in association with AG Consult 3

Figure 2-1Location of Kebeles and Subcity in Akaki Catchment