I.

Construction:-Core type transformers are

much simpler in design and
permiteasierassemblyandinsulationof
winding.
II.Mechanicalforces:-
Theforcesproducedbetweenwindingsispropo
rtionaltotheproductofthecurrentscarriedbythe
m.Verylargeelectromagneticforcesareproduc
edwhensecondarywindingisshortcircuited.Si
ncethewindingscarrycurrentsinoppositedirect
ion,thereexistsaforceofrepulsionbetweenthe
m.Hence,theinnerwindingexperiencesacomp
ressiveforceandouterwindingexperiencesaten
sileforce.

The values of maximum flux density for

transformers
i.For hot rolled silicon steel.
Power transformer1.25 to 1.45wb/m2.

Construction of
transformer
I. Transformer core
II.Winding
III.Insulation
IV.Tank

Output equation of transformer

Three Phase Transformer:-
Choice of flux density
The value of flux density in the core
determines the core area.
Highvalueoffluxdensitygivesmallercorear
ea,sosavinginironcost.Alsosmallcorearea
providesreducedmeanturnofwindingwhic
hgivesreductionincoppercost.Buthigherfl
uxdensityincreaseironlossesresultinghigh
temperaturerise.
The value of flux density also depend s
upon service conditions of transformer.
A distribution transformer design with
low value of flux density to keep down
the iron losses and increase in all day
efficiency.

Design of insulation
Electrical considerations
•Eddy current losses
•Leakage reactance

Mechanical considerations
Thermal consideration
Window Space Factor: It is the ratio of
copper area in the window to the total
window area.
Kw= 8/(30+kV)for rating about 20 kVA
Design of Yoke:The section of yoke can
either be taken as rectangular or it may be
stepped.
In rectangularsectionyokes,
depthoftheyoke=depthofcore
areaofyokeAy=DyxHy
Dy=depthofyoke=widthoflargestcorestampin
g
=a
Overall dimensions
SinglePhaseTransformer
d=diameterofcircumscribingcircle
D=distanceb/wcentersofadjacentlimbs
H=overallheight
W=lengthofyoke
D=d+Ww,Dy=a
H=Hw+2Hy
W=D+a
Widthovertwolimbs=D+outerdiameterofhvwinding
Widthoveronelimb=outerdiameterofhvwinding

ThreePhaseTransformer
D=d+Ww,Dy=a
H=Hw+2HyW=2D+a
Widthovertwolimbs=D+outerdiameterofhvwind
ing
Widthoveronelimb=outerdiameterofhvwinding
DESIGN OF TANK WITH TUBES
Becauseofthelossesinthetransformercoreandcoil,
thetemperatureofthecoreandcoilincreases.Insmal
lcapacitytransformersthesurroundingairwillcoolt
hetransformereffectivelyandkeepsthetemperatur
erisewellwithinthepermissiblelimits.Asthecapaci
tyofthetransformerincreases,thelossesandthetem
peratureriseincreases.Inordertokeepthetemperatu
rerisewithinlimits,airmayhavetobeblownoverthet
ransformer.Thisisnotadvisableastheatmospheric
aircontainingmoisture,oilparticlesetc.,mayaffectt
heinsulation.Toovercometheproblemofatmosphe
richazards,thetransformerisplacedinasteeltankfill
edwithoil.Theoilconductstheheatfromcoreandcoi
ltothetankwalls.Fromthetankwallstheheatgoesdis
sipatedtosurroundingatmosphereduetoradiationa
ndconvection.

Furtherasthecapacityofthetransformerincreases
,theincreasedlossesdemandsahigherdissipating
areaofthetankorabiggersizedtank.Thiscallsfor
morespace,morevolumeofoilandincreasesthec
ostandtransportationproblems.Toovercomethe
sedifficulties,thedissipatingareaistobeincrease
dbyartificialmeanswithoutincreasingthesizeoft
hetank.Thedissipatingareacanbeincreasedby
1.fittingfinstothetankwalls2.fittingtubestotheta
nk
3.usingcorrugatedtank4.usingauxiliaryradiator
tanks
Sincethefinsarenoteffectiveindissipatingheatan
dcorrugatedtankinvolvesconstructionaldifficul
ties,theyarenotmuchusednowadays.Thetankwit
htubesaremuchusedinpractice.
Heatgoesdissipatedtotheatmospherefromtankb
yradiationandconvection.Ithasbeenfoundbyex
perimentthat6.0Wgoesradiatedperm.sq.ofplain
surfaceperdegreecentigradeand6.5Wgoesdissi
patedbyconvection/metersq.ofplainsurface/deg
reecentigrade.Thusatotalof12.5W/metersq./de
greecentigradegoesdissipatedtothesurrounding
.Ifθisthetemperaturerise,thenatfinalsteadytemp
eraturecondition,lossesresponsiblefortemperat
ureriseislossesdissipatedortransformerlosses=
12.5Stθ.
Tempriseθ
St=Heatdissipatingsurfaceoftank
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