Satellite systems:

basics
Basics

 Satellites orbits around the earth.

 Depending on the application, these orbits can be
circular or elliptical
 Satellites in circular orbits always keep the same distance
to the earths surface
 The distance of a satellite to the earths surface depends
on its rotational frequency
4 different types of orbits

❑ Geostationary earth orbit(GEO)

➢ Distance of almost 36000 km to the earth
➢ GEO cover almost any spot on the earth
➢ Antina adjusting not needed.
➢ Lifetime :15 years.
➢ DISADVANTAGE:
Northern OR Southern regions of then earth have more problems
receiving these satellite,and it is expensive
Low earth orbit(LEO)

 LEO s circulate on a lower orbit

 Exhibit a much shorter period.
 It try to ensure a high elevation for every spot on the
earth to provide a high quality communication link
 High transmission rate(24000 bit/second)enough for
voice communication
 Footprints are smaller
 Higher elevation in polar regions.
 Disadvantage
▪ Need many satellite for global coverage
▪ Short time of visibility with high elevation requires
connection handovers between satellites
▪ Short life time(8year)
Medium earth orbit

 distance 5000 to 12000 km

 Not many satellites in this class
 Need dozen satellites
 Move more slowly relative to the earths rotation allowing simpler
system design
 Disadvantages
due to larger distance delay increase
Need higher transmission power and special antennas for smaller
footprint
Routing

 Routing is the process of moving the data packets from

source to destination
 It involves selecting a path to transfer the data packet
up to destination
 Routing can be done in two ways
Solution1

 In the satellite system supports ISL s,one user send data

upto a satellite and the satellite forward it to the one
responsible for the receiver via other satellite
 This last satellite now sends the data down to the earth
this means that only one uplink and one downlink per
direction is needed
 The ability of routing within the satellite network reduced
the number of gateways needed on earth
Solution 2 : bend pipe

 If a satellite system don’t offer ISL s the user also sends

data upto a satellites, but now this satellite forwards the
data top a gateway on earth
 Routing take place in fixed networks as usual until
another gateway is reached which is responsible for the
satellite above the receiver
 Again data is send upto the satellite which forward it
down to the receiver
 This solution requires 2 uplink and 2 downlink