i © Hydraulics of Nappe Flow Regime Above Stepped Chutes and Spillways 1B. Chanson, MEE, ENSHMG, INSTN, PLD. (Cant), Bur, Ing., MIEAus:, TARR ‘Lecuurer, Depanment of Civil Engineering, SUMMARY ‘The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Stepped chutes have become apopular method for discharging flood waters. The seps increase significantly the rat of energy dissipation taking place on the spillway face and reduce she size of the required downstream dissipation basin. fn this paper, the author reviews the charactersis of oappe flows on ‘stepped chutes. An analogy with drop structures ‘cable} the estimation of all the flow parameters slong the chute. Calculations of the rale of energy dissipation are developed. The limiting conditions for nagpe flow are also detailed. ‘The reults indicates that nappe flaw reginte Occurs for small discharges, Also the rate of energy dissipation along stepped ‘channels with nappe flow regime increases with decreasing discharges. NOMENCLATURE ‘The following symbols are used in this artic: 4 | flow depth (mye 4 | flow depth atthe brink of sep (in): 4 | caitical low depth (my for a rectangular channel 4, = foaie % | appe: thickness (mi) at the impact with the receiving pook, ‘low depth inthe pool beneath the nappe (mk; e ‘Froude sumber defined as: Fr = 2 gravity constant (i | toal bead Gm; Ha, dam height (my; Hz | maximum head avaiable (my, 2 HU” | reservoir free-surface elevadoa (mm) above the spillway crest hte height (ms Ly length ofthe drop (m) measured from the vercal face of a sep: eS ‘engih (m) of the hydraulic jamp roller; 1 ‘harizontal length of steps (mj: Pa, aamospheri pressure (Pa Q Sischarge (m'is}; Qu" nappe ventilation (m/s); q discharge per unit width (m'/sy, {| tine @ v velocity (mis); YV, critical flow velocity (rvs): ¥,nappe velo (mis) at the impoct with the receiving pools spillway slope AK hea loss (mj Anceton Chi Engnsrng Tress, EAs, Vl CE Not AP nappe subprssue (Pa) T, —vettal acceleration (mi) of the flow at the rink ofthe ste 8 angle ofthe fling nappe with the horizontal: > density Gin; Sobscrige w water flow, 1 atseetion 1 (ig. 2): 2 at section 2 (fig. 2) 1 INTRODUCTION Li Presentation Energy disipation over dam spillways is usually achieves by a standacd stilling basin at the downstream end of the spillway where a hydraulic jump is created to dissipar a large amsount of energy, a high velocity water jet taking off from 2 fp bucket and impinging into a downstream plunge pool, or the construction of stepped spillwny i ‘sist in energy dissipation. Water lowing over a stepped chute ean dittipate a major proportion of its energy. The ‘eps increase significanily the rai of eneray dissipation Taking place slong the spillway face, and eliminaie or seduce greatly the need fora large energy dissipator atthe toe of the spillway. Recently the development of new construction materials (ez, roller compacted concrete RCC, gubions) has increased the imerest for stepped spillways. The ensteetion of stepped spillway is compatible with the slipferming and RCC placing methods. Also. gsbion stepped spillways are the moat coramion type of spillways used for gabion dares. Sou 9960 ‘Hye Nape Pi egg Above Skpped Chues and ptwaye- Chon Stepped cascades are utlised also ia water treatment plants. AS an example, five amifcial catsades were esigned along a waterway system to belp the tt ‘oxygenation ofthe polluted waters (GASPAROTTO 1992). ‘The waterfalls were landscaped as leisure parks and combined flow aeration and aesthetics. Aesthetia! applications of stepped cascades can include stepped fountains in chies (ex in Brisbane, Hong Kong. Tsipe). 12 Flow regimes A stepped chise consiss of an open channel with 9 series of drops. in the invert. The total fall is divided ino a ‘number of smaller falls, The flow over stepped epillways scan be divided into two reghmes: nappe Dow and skimming flow. In the skimming flow regime, the water flows down the stepped face as a coberent stream, skimming over the steps and cushioned by the recirculating fuid tapped berween them. The extemal edges of the steps form a pseado- bottoms over which the low passes. Beneath chi, horizontal azis vortices develop and are maintained though the ansmission of shear stress from the water flowing past the edge of the steps. Characteristics of this ‘flow regime were detailed elsewhere (eg, RATARATNAM. 1990, CHANSON 19932), {tn nappe Boy regime, the water proceeds ia.a series of plunges trom one step to another. The flow fom each step hits the step below as falling jet with the energy Aissipation occurring by jet breakup in ar, jet mixing on the step, and with the formation of a fully developed or ‘arial ydrattc jump on the step. PEYRAS al (1981, 1992) indicated two types of rappe flow: 1-nappe fiom ‘with fally developed hyGrautic jump (or isiated nappe flow), for low discharge and. small low ep, and 2- nappe Bow with pare developed hydraulic jmp (also called paral nappe flow) (6g. 1. Ok hee eee ‘oti the mpye flow repime and the skieaming Bow regime cenabie imge rates of energy dissipation along a spillway (PEYRAS etal. 1991, CHANSON 1953s). In this paper, ‘Acton Ci Engng Tromseions, JE. VOCE Nd the author develops the flow characteristics of nappe flows. The calculations are compares with mode! data. ‘Then, the energy dissipation performances are developed. ‘Laer. limiting flow conditions for asppe Hlow regime are resented. 1k muse-be noted that this aticle preseass results obtained ‘for chutes with horizontal seps. ESSERY and HORNER (978), PEYBAS vet al. (1992) and FRIZELL (1992) sdscussed experimental results obtained with inclined and pooled steps, Further the author wishes to erophasise that nappe flow situations occur for shallow flows: Le, small tw medium floods. In the ease of large flood discharges, it ‘will be shown that 2 skimming fow regime takes place ‘and the flow calculations are completly different (e. ‘CHANSON 1993), 13. Air-entrainment in nape flows In gpillway Bows the amount of entrained air is an ‘import design parameter. Aireotsinment increases the ‘bulk of the flow which is a design parameter that desecmines the height of spillway sidewalls: Also the presence of air within the boundary layer may reduce the Shear siress between the flow layers and heace the ow ‘esltance, Farther the presence of air within high-velocity flows may prevent or reduce the damage caused by cavitation. Air entrainment on spillways and chuees fas been recognised also for its contribution. to the aiz-water smansies of atmosphecic gases such as axypes and nitrogen. Tua rappe flow regime, nirbubble entaiamentis observed a each step by the plunging jot at the intersection of the overiling jet and te receiving waters and at the foe af ‘he hyéralic jump (lg. 1). With deep pooled steps, most Of the air is entrained By the plunging jet. Exensive studies of plunging jet ezaineent ere performed (e-. VAN DE SANDE aad SMITH 1973, ERVINE and ELSAWY 1975) and reviewed by WOOD (1991) and ‘CHANSON and CUMMINGS (1992). For at steps with shullow wars, most ofthe air i enined atthe toe of| the hyve jumps. The ir entrainment charactentic of ‘nydaulic jumps were analysed bya numberof researchers Gx. RAJARATNAM 1967, RESCH et al 1974). Note that, for deep pooled steps, air is entrained only at the intersection ofthe napoe with the receiving pool. ‘is worth noting ha for large step heights (Le. h>'S mi), sit enzainment may occur along the upper and lower interfaces. of the. falling nappe. Expeciments were pecfonmed by ERVINE and FALVEY (1987) on circular jets and CHANSON (19930) with two-dimensional jer, ‘These studies may provide vsefil information oa the mount of air entrained along the interface. In most racial stations however, the effets of air eirainment slong the nppe imerfaces are small and ean be neglected, 2 HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF NAPPE FLOWS Along a spillway, a nappe flow is characterised by a soocession af freefall jets impinging on the next step and followed by 2 fully developed or paitally developed denairy 1904 eeHyon of Nagpe iw plas Above Spel Ch nd Spitways- Cinna En fhydraulig jomp (fig. 1). Stepped spillways with nappe flows can be analysed as a sutceision of drop structures MOORE (1943) and RAND (1955) analysed a dinglestep rap strctre (ig. 2). For @ horizontal step, the flow onions ner the end ofthe sep change from subcitial to catel at some section a shor distance hack from the lee, The flow depth atthe brink ofthe sep & is 4,- 07154, o where dis the erical flow depth (ROUSE 1936). Downstream of the brink, the nappe trajectory can be computed using potential ow calculations, “complex numerical methods or approxiinate methods as that develope by MONTES (1592). Whitewater” fs ydrautejorp Figure2 Flow at a drop structure Application of the momentum equation to the base ofthe ‘ovefal leads to (WHITE 1943): @ we ‘where djs the flow depth at section 1 (ig. 2) and his the step height, The woal head Hy at section 1 can be expresed nanimensionaly as (8) ® The flow depth and total head at section 2 (fig. 2) ae siven by the classical hydrautic jamp equations: (eee =) ® o here Fr isthe Froude number defined at section 1 Fo aes? RAND (1995) assembled several seis of experimental daa and developed the following coneletions: ‘Ansulon Ci EinceringTrowstons, tac, Vol-CE36 Not © oO © bg laa ° ee (s] ‘where 4, is the height of water in whe pool behind the ‘overaling jet and L, isthe distance from the vertical face ‘of the step to the position ofthe depth d (ig. 2). Equation (6) an empirical comrelation that fits well equation (2, Note that equations (6) to (9) were obtained for an serated sagpe. ‘The flow conditions at the impact of the nappe with the ‘receiving pool ean be deaiced from the equation of motion (appendix A). Using equations (1) and @), the nappe thickness d, the nappe velocity V_and the angie 0 ofthe ‘uappe with the horizontal, at the impact, can be correlated by: al& ai0y sa7. () pe ssf c f fa ay wt osa-| sa] Downs ft nt of ee i 2 ete lng fey etd ca pend OER ea 0 4 ‘E+ (Fr,-1.5) 3) Eres) ) were Ly is he leg of rl an ad Fe re te‘2 pics of Nigge Flow Regine Above Seped Chass Slay - Chinon epi of Sow and the Froude number immediately upstream of the jump: that is, at Section 1, If the length ofthe drop Ly plus the length ofthe roller L is smaller than the length of a step 1 a fully developed hydraulic jomp can take place (fg. 2). Combining. ‘equations (9) and (13), a condition for nappe flow regime with filly developed hydraulic Jump is deduced: a nappe flow regime with fully developed hycraulic jump occur for sischarges smaller than a citical value defined as: s(t) 0 where | is te step length. Nappe. low situations with fully developed tyrant jump occur for SrA ‘Note that the correlation (eq. (14)) was obtained for: o2siase. Along a stopped spillway, critical flow conditions cesar ‘ear to the end of each sep, and equations (2) 10 (13) provide the main flow parameters for a nappe flow regime ‘with fully developed hydraulic jump. PEYRAS e al. (1991, 199) indicated tha these equations can be applied slo with retsooable accuracy 19 nappe flows with partially Geveloped Jumps. 3 ENERGY DISSIPATION ‘In anappe flow situation with afully developed hydraulic Jump, the head loss at any intermediary siep equals the sep height The otal head loss along the spillway AFL equals the difference between the maximum head wvalcble Hi, and the residual head atthe bottom of te spillway Hi, (a. @)> Ia dimensionless form, it yields: a2 a, Gated spiway (250) where Hin isthe darn height and H, is the reseevor ftee- surface elevation above the spillway crest. Foran wn-gated spillway, the maximum head available.and the dam height are related by: Hag = Hn + 1G For 8 gated spills: Hi, =F, + HL The residual energy is dlssipaed atthe toe of the spillway by a hydraulic jump in the dissipation, ‘asin. Cortbining equations (6) and (252, 150), the total ‘energy Js becomes: Ari Cit Eginaring Teanscies, IEA. Yo. CES Nod AH EL = Toe Unegated spitway (16a) Gated spillway 8b) On figure 4 the Kead Joss for an uo-gated structure (oq, 16a) is plotted as function of the critical flow depth and the number of steps, and compared with experimental data (MOORE 1943, RAND 1955, STEPHENSON 1979) Figure 4 indicates that most of the flow coergy is dissipated co the stepped spillway for large dams (ic, lage numberof steps). Note tha, for a given dam height, the rate of energy dissipation decreases when the dccharge increases. Figure 4 shows 2 good agement between ‘equation (16a) and model deta obtained on a single step sructore, 02 (ta 06 08 eit MOORE Gi Spy = —— BQ. (164 (1 step) RAND (f Step) EQ, (160): STEPHENSON( = — - - — £9). (16) (10-Stepe) Step) ‘Figure 4 Energy dissipation in nappe flow regime ‘Comparison between equation (16) and experimental data (MOORE 1943, RAND 1955, STEPHENSON 1979) ‘Equations (15) and (16) were cbrained for nappe flows ‘with filly developed hydraulic jumps. PEYRAS et a (991) performed experiments for nappe ows with fully and patially developed hydraulic jumps. The rte of ‘energy dissipation of mappe flows with panally developed ‘rydauli jumps was within 10% of te values obtained for onary 19for CFr<1S (17) ‘where Qu is the neppe aération and Fr is a Froude ‘surber defined in tem of the nappe thickness. Note hat ‘equations (17a) and (270) epply to both bottom outlet ‘serton ae nape vention. For the ventlaion of fee- ‘aling nappes LEVIN (1968) recommends the use of ‘equation (173). Figure 5 shows & comparison beoween | equations (17) and LEVEN's (1968) das. at, 2300 00 oe et 5 fetoi =——eQuimmy X Beueis FQ) Figure $Nappe ventlation (LEVIN 1968) LIMITING FLOW CONDITIONS OF NAPPE. FLOW REGIME, Sa ‘Transition-between nappe flow and skimming ow: ‘For smnall discharges and flat slopes, the water flows as a. succession of waterfalls and LAWLESS (1992), For these data, skimming ow regime occurs for discharges larger than a eritical veloc defined as: Oo b - tt nsr-oaes ae) where (6) _ isthe characterise extcal depth. Figure 6 Compares equation (18) with the experimental ata, Nappe ‘low regime takes place for A Jncld)__. Note that ‘equation (14) is aso shown on figure 6, 25-26-00 atts + sarees Figure _ Trmsitioa from mappe flow to skimming flow regime 1c must be voted that egiation (18) was deduced for ht ging from 02 to LA. Further etal work is ‘equite to verify (orto modify) equation (18) ouside char, range. 52 Design of chutes with nappe flow regime ‘A number of dams have ‘been builtin South Aftica with ed spillways. From this experience, STEPHENSON 1) sogpested that the most suitable conditions for nape flew situations are: Sg van = R029 as) ot ae™ Hatin a Nappe Faw Regine Above Stepped Chats a Spits -Chanion Equation (19) and (20) satisfy equation (14), Hence the flow conditions defined by equations (19) and (20) correspond to a nappe flow regime with fully developed bya jamp. For nappe Flow regime, the’steps need tb be felatively large. This situation is not often practical but may apply to ‘elatively flat spillways, streams tnd stepped eharinels. For steep gpillways or small step heights, a skimming fow regime is nore desirable and may achieve similar rete of nergy dissipation 6 "EXAMPLE OF APPLICATION, ‘Considering a stepped chute (10 seps) with nappe flow regime, the discharge per unit width is LL als. The dam height is 20 mewes. ‘The step height and length are: = 2 m an§ 1= 7.46 m, Equations (1) te (17) enable the Computation of the hydraulic characteristics of the flow. ‘The main results ae given in table I. ‘Table L_Appliction for h = 2m, q, = 11 mils, Hag = 20m (10 seps) Vile Vive Unit Bg. Comments o © 8 @ ‘o anos ‘moines ci! doth moon 15 gee stipe i, on (0) ally ele Iya ap % (385m) ew depnat te ko sep GTS) Nappa tt pct i tein post ¥ mie Kapa veocty ome mage é S42 dees (2) Je tag of be igingogmappe 4 GIS) Pow cepa san bya inp r “6 Frvoe nimber sar of ‘ate jane 4 1S mG) Row deph downszean of da jmp 4 0m) Fow.deph in podbot the pe 4 2G) Lengthor dnp 4 435 mG Ree eng ofthe yds jam a, 3% (9. Rae of ese saigon QR. 080 7 Nappe vemiaion In summary; the low ia ape How regime with flly- eveloped hydraulic jump. The rate of eneray dissipation song the silvay is 090. The knowledge ofthe flow depth at any point slong the chute enables an secure -esign ofthe chine sidewalls 7 CONCLUSION (On a stepped chute, two types of flow regime may coeur: appe flow and skimming flow. Limiting eonditioas of nappe flow situations are developed (eq. (18)) which indicate that nappe flow regime accurs for fat slopes and ‘sal discharges, Aran Chl Enger Treason, EA, YO CES6 Mot A nappe flow seg can occur with a filly developed or 8 pataly developed hydraulic jump on each step. For tappe fTows with fully-doveloped hygemlic jumps, the hydaulic churaerisies and the eerey dissipation orformaness a detailed. These results (eq (1) t0 (17) ‘nable the calculation of ell the flow characte at ony Positionalong ie spilvay. Every disipation calculations indica that the rate of dinsipaion increases withthe dun height. For a given dam height, however, the rate of ‘nergy dissipation decreases with increasing discharges. $ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ‘The author wishes to thank Mr E. BETZ for the information on thé Burton Gorge dam. He wishes aso 10 acknowledge the suppor: of Professor CJ. APELT to this stad. 9. REFERENCES 1. BETTZ, E, and LAWLESS, M. (1999). “Hydraulic Model Stady for dam on GHFL 3791 ‘aac River at Burton Gorge.” Warer Resources Commission Report, Ref. No- REP24.1, Sept., ‘Brisbane, Australia 2. CHANSON, 2 (1988) "A Smdy of Air Enttainmen: and Aeration Devices on a Spillway Model.” PhD. thesis, Ref. No, 88-8, Dept. of ivi! Eng, Univ. of Canterbary, New Zealand, 239 pages, 3. CHANSON, F. (19938, "supped Spitiway Flows and Ais Entrainment.” Can. Jf of Civil Eng, Vol. 20, No. 3, June, pp. 422-435, 4 CHANSON, H. (19930). "Velocicy Measucersents ‘within High Velocity Air Water Jets "J? of Hyd ‘Res,, IAHR, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp, 365-382, 5. CHANSON, H, and P. CUMMINGS (1992), "Aeration of tie Ooean due zo Pinging Breaking Waves." Research Report No. CEI#2, Dept of ‘Civil Engineering, University of Queensland. & —-DEGOUTTE, G, PEYRAS, L, ant ROYET, P, (1992), "Skimming Flow in Stepped Spillways - Discission” Ji of Hyd. Engre., ASCE, Voi. 118, No. 1, pp. 11-114, 7. ERVINE, DA, and ELSAWY, EM. (1975), "The Effect of Falling Nappe on River Aeration.” Proc. ofthe 16th AHR Congress, Vol. 3, p. 390, ‘Soo Paula, Braz, & —_-ERVINE, DA, and PALVEY, HLT. (1987). "Belaviour of Turbulent Water Jets in the ‘Atmosphere and io Plange Pools” Proc. Instn Civ. Ener, Part 2, Mar. 1987, 83. pp. 295-314. exasy 194yu of Nagpe Row Repine Aboee Supped Oh an Spay «Clone os 9. ESSERY, LTS, and HORNER, MW. (1978). "The Hydraulic Design of Stepped Spillways.” CIRIA Report No. 33, 24 edition, Jin., London, UK. 10, FRIZELL, KH: (1992), "Hydlios of Stepped Spilivays for RCC Dams and Dam Rehubilitations.* Proc ofthe 3d Specialy Conf. an Roller Compacted Concrete, ASCE, San Diego CA, USA, pp. 423-439, 1, GASPAROTTO, R. (1992). "Waterfall Aeration Works." Civil Engineering, ASCE, Oct. pp. $2- 4 12 HAGER, Wi, BREMEN, R, and N. KAWAGOSEI N. (1990). "Classical Bydravlic arup: Length of Roller." Jt of yd. Res, IAHR, Vol. 28, No. 5, pp. 591-608. 13. LEVIN, 1, (1968), "Fomulire des Conduites Foreées, Oléoducs @& Conduits 4Aération.” (CHandbook af Pipes, Pipelines and Ventilation Shafts.) Dunod, Pais, Prance (in French). 14. MONTES, ES. (1992). "A. Potential ‘Flow Solution for the Free Overfal.” Proc. farm. Civ, ‘Engrs Wat. Marit. & Energy, Vol. 96, Dec.. Pp. 259-286, 1S. MOORE, WL (1949). "Batrgy Los at the Base of a Free Overiall” Transactions, ASCE, Vol. 108, p: 1343-1360. 16. PEYRAS, L. ROYET, P,, and DEGOUTTE, ¢. (0991) "Evoulement et Dissipation sur les Déversois en Gradins de Gabions” (‘Flows and Dissipation of Energy on Galion Weirs.") JI La Houle Blanche, No, 1, pp. 37-7 (in Frensh). 1. PEYRAS, L., ROYET, P., and DEGOUTTE, G. (1992). "Plow ind Energy Dissipation over Stepped Gabion Weis” Jt of Hye. Boers. 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(1991). *Ecergy Dissipation down Stepped Spilways.” nt Water Power and Dam Construction, Sep. pp. 77-30. 26. YAN DE SANDE, E,, nd SMITH, IM. (1973). *Surface Entrainment of Air by High Velocity Wuner Jets.” Chem. Eng. Science, Vol. 28, pp. 1161-1168, 27. WHITE, MP. (1943). "Energy Loss at the Base of a Free Overfall - Discussion.” Transactions, ASCE, Vol. 108, 9p. 1361-1364. 28. WOOD, LR (1991), “Air Eherainment in Free- Surface Flows” WR Hydraulic Structures Design Manuct No. 4, Hydraulic Design Considerations, Balkems Publ, Ronerdam, Netheslands, 149 pages. ‘APPENDIX A - NAPPE FLOW TRAJECTORY SRST Settee For a horizoatsl sep, a simple expression of the neppe Immjectory cin be deduced from the motion equation sssuming that the velocity of the flow at the rink of the ‘ep is borizntal, When the uid leaves the step (fg. 3), the acceleration is yertical only and equals minus the aravity constant assuming an aerated napye. The time t takes to each the peo! free-surface is given by: ey a ‘were 4, i the eight of water in the pool behind the cveralig je. his the sep help, is he low dept x the brink of the sep. ‘The neppe thickness d, and the flow velocity V, at the intersection ofthe falling nappe withthe receiving pool are shes: Janay 198 i‘The angle of the falling nappe with the horizontal (fig. 3) is given by: Nappe trajectory of un-eratd nappe = = |e (A$) Considering an unaerated nappe, the pressure inthe cavity tne = 2s |S ao} = between the nappe and the stip Pj - AP, where Pp, is qj ¢ the atmospheric pressure. At the brink of the step. the vencal acceleration of the flow T, equals: Using the results of ROUSE (1936) and RAND (1955) for 4, and d, equations (A-2) to (A-4) can be corlited as: as Be niiaaalls (AS) The complete jet tector can be datuced fom the i Or motion equation (eg. SCHWARTZ and NUTT 1963, CHANSON 189. 1H CHANSON ‘Aascton ii gineering Tomson, Has, Val C36 No)