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El uso de forwards peso dólar en las empresas colombianas del sector real.
Resumen
Abstract
Colombia ha tenido un gran cambio en desde hacía más de 20 años cuenta con un mercado
de derivados financieros, desde hace 10 años Colombia cuenta con una plataforma para
instrumentos estandarizados, pero las participaciones de las empresas colombianas del
sector real están muy bajas, tan solo el 17% utiliza estos instrumentos, comparado con
economías avanzadas superan el 60%. Las empresas con operaciones de comercio exterior,
con moneda extranjera y con mayores ingresos operacionales son los principales usuarios
de forward.
Colombia has had a great change in more than 20 years has a market for financial
derivatives, for 10 years Colombia has a platform for standardized instruments, but the
shares of Colombian companies in the real sector are very low, only 17% use these
instruments, compared with advanced economies exceed 60%. Companies with foreign
trade operations, with foreign currency and with higher operating revenues are the main
users of forward.
Introducción
Introduction
El mercado de derivados financiero ha tenido un gran avance en los últimos 13 años, pero
la participación de la mayoría de las firmas en el mercado es baja y el uso de estos
instrumentos aún se encuentra concentrado en un pequeño número de empresas.
The financial derivatives market has made great progress in the last 13 years, but the
participation of most firms in the market is low and the use of these instruments is still
concentrated in a small number of companies.
En Colombia los derivados sobre tasa de cambio son los más populares.
The dominance of exchange rate derivatives, especially in the domestic currency against
the US dollar, is a particularity of the markets of emerging economies, which makes the
exchange rate risk more important for the financial results of the users of these instruments.
La literatura ha identificado tres fuentes del riesgo cambiario, el primero es exposición por
transacción afectando los flujos de la compañía, el segundo exposición por transacción
necesitan liquidarse en una moneda extranjera, la segunda exposición por conversión o
exposición contable, al cambio de los activos, pasivos o patrimonio de las empresas
cambie por el cambio en la tasa de cambio, y por último la exposición económica o
exposición operativa surge de las fluctuaciones en el valor de la moneda que impactan los
flujos de caja, y el valor de las empresas a largo plazo, afectando la competitividad.
The literature has identified three sources of foreign exchange risk, the first is exposure by
transaction affecting the company's flows, the second exposure by transaction needs to be
settled in a foreign currency, the second exposure by translation or accounting exposure, to
the change of the assets, liabilities or equity of the companies changes by the change in the
exchange rate, and finally the economic exposure or operating exposure arises from the
fluctuations in the value of the currency that impact the cash flows, and the value of the
companies in the long term, affecting competitiveness.
Conocer que tan extendido es el uso de los derivados financieros en el sector real, el uso de
coberturas puede suavizar los costos de las firmas, cumpliendo obligaciones en moneda
extranjera y el buen uso del flujo de ingresos en la volatilidad de los ingresos.
Knowing how widespread is the use of financial derivatives in the real sector, the use of
hedges can smooth the costs of firms, fulfilling obligations in foreign currency and the
good use of the income flow in the volatility of income.
Los derivados financieros permiten atenuar los incrementos de los costos para los
productores de insumos importados, limitando el incremento de los precios por las
empresas.
The financial derivatives allow to attenuate the increases of the costs for the producers of
imported inputs, limiting the increase of the prices by the companies.
Se busca analizar cuanto usan las empresas colombianas los derivados financieros, se
analiza el caso de contratos forwards peso-dólar por ser el más importante por su liquidez.
The aim is to analyse how much Colombian companies use financial derivatives, and the
case of forward-looking peso-dollar contracts is analysed as it is the most important one
because of its liquidity.
This document is developed in six sections, the first is the present one, the second is a
description of the market regulation of financial derivatives in Colombia, in the third the
data and information sources in financial derivatives, in the fourth the importance of
forwards, in the fifth the degree in which companies use exchange rate derivatives and the
importance of forwards, peso-dollar and finally the conclusions.
Los derivados financieros tienen una historia que llega a los 30 años en el país, en el que se
autorizó a los deudores de obligaciones en moneda extranjera a celebrar contratos de
compra a futuro de divisas con los con los intermediarios del mercado cambiario.
Financial derivatives have a history that reaches 30 years in the country, in which debtors
of obligations in foreign currency were authorized to enter into contracts for the future
purchase of foreign currency with intermediaries in the exchange market.
En 1992 se autorizó a los intermediarios del mercado cambiario y otras entidades públicas,
con aprobación para celebrar contratos a futuro con relación a la tasa de cambio del peso
frente al Dólar estadounidense en la modalidad (OTC), (Forwards), (Swaps), call y y ventas
put.
In 1992, foreign exchange market intermediaries and other public entities were authorized
to enter into forward contracts in relation to the exchange rate of the peso against the U.S.
dollar in the form of (OTC), (Forwards), (Swaps), call and put sales.
En el año 2008 a través de la bolsa de valores de Colombia, Colombia se convirtió en el
tercer país latinoamericano, en lanzar una plataforma de mercado de derivados
estandarizados.
En el mismo año el Ministerio de Hacienda y Crédito Publico Expidió el decreto 1796,en el
que se reglamentaron las operaciones con instrumentos financieros derivados y
estructurados, tanto en el mercado OTC, como en el estructurado.
In the same year, the Ministry of Finance and Public Credit issued Decree 1796, which
regulated operations with derivative and structured financial instruments, both in the OTC
and structured markets.
Este documento se basa en información sobre las características de las empresas, que
realizan forwards, peso-dólar, durante el periodo del año 2003 al 2016.
This document is based on information on the characteristics of the companies that carry
out forwards, in pesos and dollars, during the period from 2003 to 2016.
También se incluyeron las empresas del sector real inscritas en el registro nacional de
valores y emisores de la superintendencia financiera, y las empresas que más ingresos
operacionales a la superintendencia de servicios públicos.
Also included were the real sector companies registered in the national registry of securities
and issuers of the financial superintendency, and the companies with the highest
operational income to the superintendency of public services.
Derivatives that are linked to the exchange rate are the most popular in Colombia, different
from what occurs in developed markets and in other Latin American economies, where
derivatives on interest rates have greater prominence.
In the real sector, the use of derivatives on underlyings different from the exchange rate
(foreign currency) is practically non-existent; only since 2014 have there been significant
negotiations of derivatives on commodities such as coffee, wheat and sugar; for the
remaining periods, companies will negotiate in dollars or foreign currency.
También se destaca que las empresas realizan derivados financieros con los bancos del país
en mayor medida que con agentes del exterior.
It is also worth noting that companies conduct financial derivatives with the country's banks
to a greater extent than with agents abroad.
Se hace evidente que las negociaciones de derivados cambiarios realizados por el sector
real con los bancos totales han tenido un gran crecimiento en el primer trimestre del 2003.
It is evident that the exchange rate derivatives negotiations carried out by the real sector
with the total banks have had a great growth in the first quarter of 2003.
Los derivados realizados por las empresas colombianas están concentrados en un único
contrato, los forwards peso-dólar representan el 80% de los montos nominales transados
por el sector real, y en el crecimiento de las negociaciones de derivados sobres tasa de
cambio en el país.
Derivatives held by Colombian companies are concentrated in a single contract, peso-dollar
forwards represent 80% of the nominal amounts traded by the real sector, and in the growth
of exchange rate derivatives trading in the country.
Hay 4 factores que describen las negociaciones de derivados que realizan las empresas
colombianas.
There are 4 factors that describe the derivative negotiations that Colombian companies
carry out
1. La predominancia de derivados de la tasa de cambio, incluyendo cross, currency,
swaps, estas negociaciones de tasa de cambio es superior 12 veces a los derivados
de productos básicos y tasa de interés.
1. The predominance of exchange rate derivatives, including cross, currency,
swaps, these exchange rate negotiations is greater than 12 times that of commodity
and interest rate derivatives.
2. Las empresas colombianas realizan sus derivados con los bancos locales.
2. Colombian companies make their derivatives with local banks.
3. El crecimiento de los montos transados en derivados por las empresas del sector real
en Colombia, ha sido impulsado por el aumento de las negociaciones de forwards.
3. The growth of amounts traded in derivatives by companies of the real sector
in Colombia, has been driven by the increase of forwards negotiations.
4. El crecimiento de las negociaciones de forwards a estado influenciado por un
incremento en el número de contratos realizados.
4. The growth of forwards negotiations has been influenced by an increase in
the number of contracts made.
a. Sectores
a. Sectors
Las transacciones de forwards entre el sector real y bancos colombianos, se concentra en
las empresas industriales y comercializadoras las cuales tranzan el 82% del valor nominal
concentrado con los bancos locales.
Forward transactions between the real sector and Colombian banks are concentrated in
industrial and commercial companies, which transfer 82% of the concentrated nominal
value to local banks.
El sector agrícola y los demás sectores económicos han variado sus posiciones entre
compras y ventas.
The agricultural sector and other economic sectors have varied their positions between
purchases and sales.
Los forwards realizados por el sector real con los bancos colombianos son de corta
duración, Durante los periodos de incertidumbre de los mercados financieros
internacionales, los plazos de negociación tienden a disminuir.
Forwards made by the real sector with Colombian banks are of short duration. During
periods of uncertainty of international financial markets, negotiation terms tend to decrease.
El sector agrícola pacta los derivados de mayor plazo, después se encuentra el sector
industrial, las empresas comercializadoras son las que realizan forwards sus plazos son más
altos que los de los contratos negociados al anterior del sistema financiero y con el exterior.
The agricultural sector agrees on the longer term derivatives, then there is the industrial
sector, the trading companies are the ones that make forwards their terms are higher than
those of the contracts negotiated to the previous one of the financial system and with the
foreigner.
El aumento en el contrato de forwards entre el sector real y los bancos puede ser por dos
causas; porque hay mas empresas vinculadas vinculados a los derivados financieros, o
porque las empresas están realizando mas derivados financieros.
The increase in the forwards contract between the real sector and the banks can be due to
two causes; because there are more related companies linked to financial derivatives, or
because the companies are making more financial derivatives.
Para el 2016 solo un 175 del total de las firmas incluidas transaron forwards, esta
participación es baja, en comparación con las economías desarrolladas.
By 2016 only 175 of the total firms included traded forwards, this share is low compared to
developed economies.
Para la mayoría de las empresas la compra y venta dólares a plazo no es una estrategia que
haga parte de sus coberturas financieras, sino mas bien es de manera esporádica.
For the majority of companies, buying and selling dollars on a forward basis is not a
strategy that is part of their financial coverage, but rather is sporadic.
Las empresas permanentes aquellas que realizan forwards con los bancos colombianos, las
empresas entrantes, o las empresas salientes, las intermitentes, y las empresas que no
participan.
The permanent companies are those that carry out forwards with Colombian banks, the
incoming companies, or the outgoing companies, the intermittent ones, and the companies
that do not participate.
Las negociaciones de los forwards con los bancos en el sector real se han extendido a mas
empresas.
Forward negotiations with banks in the real sector have extended to more companies.
Para el año 2003 solo 100 empresas tranzaban la totalidad de sus forwards, para el año
2016 estas firmas negociaron el 79% , a pesar de que se ha multiplicado el valor negociado
por las nuevas firmas no es significativo.
In 2003 only 100 companies traded all their forwards, and by 2016 these firms traded 79%,
although the value traded by the new firms has multiplied but is not significant.
Las empresas que han dominado el mercado de forwards durante los últimos de 13 años no
solo han sido pocas sino básicamente las mismas.
The companies that have dominated the forwards market during the last 13 years have not
only been few but basically the same.
Las empresas de comercio exterior transan el 90% del valor negociado en forwards entre el
sector real y los bancos locales.
Foreign trade companies trade 90% of the value negotiated in forwards between the real
sector and local banks.
Aunque la participación es baja de las empresas de comercio exterior las exportaciones e
importaciones de las empresas que realizan derivados cambiarios, representan el 60% de
los flujos de comercio exterior.
Although the participation of foreign trade companies is low, the exports and imports of
companies that carry out exchange derivatives represent 60% of the foreign trade flows.
El monto de los forwards transados crece con el volumen de comercio internacional que
tienen las firmas.
The amount of forwards traded grows with the volume of international trade that the firms
have.
Al comparar el nivel de NIT la muestra de las 5122 de las empresas mas grandes del país
con las bases de datos de exportaciones e importaciones se encontró que las empresas con
mas ingresos están vinculadas al comercio exterior.
When comparing the ILS level, the sample of the 5122 largest companies in the country
with the export and import databases, it was found that the companies with the highest
income are linked to foreign trade.
En segundo lugar, se encuentran los forwards que lo utilizan las empresas vinculadas al
comercio exterior.
In second place are the forwards used by companies linked to foreign trade.
Para el caso colombiano el riesgo cambiario identifico el tipo de cambio como el principal
obstáculo.
In the Colombian case, the exchange rate risk identified the exchange rate as the main
obstacle.
Las firmas mas propensas a utilizar los derivados financieros son los que tienen mayores
volúmenes de comercio exterior, deudas a corto plazo, o con mayor probabilidad de
enfrentar estrés financiero.
The firms most likely to use financial derivatives are those with higher volumes of foreign
trade, short-term debts, or more likely to face financial stress.
Las exportaciones de las empresas con coberturas cambiarias dentro de las ventas externas
del país han variado, por los momentos de depreciación del peso, las empresas exportadoras
realizan coberturas cambiarias por menor valor, muestran una reducción en el valor de las
ventas de dólares a plazos realizadas por empresas exportadoras a los bancos colombianos.
Exports of companies with foreign exchange coverage within the country's external sales
have varied, due to moments of peso depreciation, exporting companies make foreign
exchange coverage for less value, showing a reduction in the value of dollar sales in terms
of terms made by exporting companies to Colombian banks.
Durante los últimos años las empresas han entrado mas en contratos forward, cando
aumenta la volatilidad de la tasa de cambio de la tasa de cambio, ante escenarios de
incertidumbre económica las firmas con comercio exterior incrementan sus coberturas
frente al riesgo cambiario.
During the last years companies have entered more in forward contracts, when the volatility
of the exchange rate increases, in the face of economic uncertainty scenarios, companies
with foreign trade increase their hedges against exchange risk.
Durante periodos de apreciación del peso las firmas exportadoras se vincularon mas al
mercado de forwards conforme a su volatilidad, el mercado cambiario crecía, las firmas
importadoras reaccionan menos a los movimientos de volatilidad de la tasa de cambio
comparados con los periodos de depreciación.
During periods of appreciation of the peso, the exporting firms were more linked to the
forwards market according to its volatility, the exchange market grew, the importing firms
reacted less to the movements of volatility of the exchange rate compared to the periods of
depreciation.
Las empresas importadoras normalmente demandan dólares para realizar sus pagos en el
exterior, comprando dólares a plazo esto ocurre cuando la tasa de cambio a tenido una
tendencia definida al alza y el mercado incrementa.
The importing companies normally demand dollars to make their payments abroad, buying
dollars in advance. This happens when the exchange rate has had a defined upward trend
and the market increases.
Cuando el precio del dólar ha reducido estas firmas incrementan sus ventas a futuro, las
ventas netas de las firmas exportadoras se mantuvieron invariables, durante los momentos
donde el precio del peso bajo las empresas exportadoras redujo sus ventas de dólares a
plazo.
When the price of the dollar has reduced, these firms increase their future sales, the net
sales of the exporting firms remained unchanged, during the moments when the price of the
peso under the exporting companies reduced their dollar sales on a forward basis.
Un 95% de la confianza de las firmas que comercian mas con el resto del mundo y las que
realizan operaciones de menor valor, transan derivados mas altos que aquellas que estan
quintiles intermedios.
95% of the firms that trade more with the rest of the world and those that carry out
operations of lesser value trade higher derivatives than those in the intermediate quintiles.
Las empresas con mayores flujos de comercio exterior negocian entre 17 y 19 millones de
dólares mas en forward respecto a las de quintil 4, que transan e promedio 1,7 y 2,1
millones de dólares mas que la quintil 3, entre 420 y 655 mil dólares mas que la quintil 2,
las firmas que utilizan mas derivados de moneda coinciden con aquellas que tienen ingresos
por ventas generadas en el extranjero.
The firms with the highest foreign trade flows trade between 17 and 19 million dollars
more in forwards than those in quintile 4, which trade an average of 1.7 and 2.1 million
dollars more than quintile 3, between 420 and 655 thousand dollars more than quintile 2,
the firms that use more currency derivatives coincide with those that have income from
sales generated abroad
5.5 Forwards peso-dólar y deuda en moneda extranjera.
5.5 Peso-dollar forwards and foreign currency debt.
Las empresas de comercio exterior son otro grupo que se beneficia de las coberturas
cambiarias, son aquellas que tienen deudas de moneda extranjera, debido al valor del dólar
que puede incrementar el costo de su financiación, permitiendo reducir el costo de
endeudamiento.
Foreign trade companies are another group that benefits from exchange rate hedges; they
are those that have foreign currency debts, due to the value of the dollar that can increase
the cost of their financing, allowing them to reduce the cost of debt.
Con la base de datos de las empresas tomadas como muestra inicial se realizaron forwards
entre los años 2003 y el 2016
With the data base of the companies taken as initial sample, forwards were made between
2003 and 2016
De las empresas tomadas como muestra el 53% tomaron deuda externa al menos durante un
año del periodo estudiado, las empresas mas grandes del país son las mayores deudoras de
moneda extranjera, esto está asociada con la dificultad de la gran mayoría para obtener un
financiamiento del mercado externo.
Of the companies taken as a sample, 53% took on foreign debt for at least one year during
the period studied. The largest companies in the country are the largest debtors of foreign
currency, which is associated with the difficulty of the vast majority in obtaining financing
from the foreign market.
Al incluir el SE ME encontró un porcentaje inferior de las firmas con deuda extranjera tiene
activos en divisas diferentes al peso colombiano.
By including the SE ME, we found that a smaller percentage of firms with foreign debt
have assets in currencies other than the Colombian peso.
Cuando se analizaron las empresas de muestra que tienen una moneda extranjera se
encuentra un 54% de ellas tiene activos denominados en ME.
When the sample companies with foreign currency were analyzed, 54% of them had assets
denominated in ME.
Las empresas que tienen deuda y activos denominados en ME participan mas en el mercado
de forwards de tasa de cambio, en promedio el 45 % a diferencia de las que tienen deudas
en ME, pero no activos en ME, su participación es de 38%.
Companies that have debt and assets denominated in EM participate more in the exchange
rate forwards market, on average 45%. Unlike those that have debt in EM but no assets in
EM, their participation is 38%.
Las empresas que se involucran mas en operaciones denominadas en ME cuentan con mas
fuentes de cobertura para sus posiciones pasivas, al tener activos en moneda extranjera
pueden liquidarlos para cubrir sus deudas en ME, pero también acceden a los instrumentos
financieros derivados les permiten proteger sus flujos de caja en escenarios fuertes para la
tasa de cambio.
The companies that are more involved in ME-denominated operations have more sources of
coverage for their passive positions, having assets in foreign currency they can liquidate
them to cover their debts in ME, but they also have access to derivative financial
instruments that allow them to protect their cash flows in strong exchange rate scenarios.
Las firmas con mayores desembolsos o amortizaciones en moneda extranjera son aquellas
con montos mas altos en el mercado de forwards peso-dólar.
The firms with the highest disbursements or amortizations in foreign currency are those
with higher amounts in the peso-dollar forwards market.
Para la empresa del quintil de deuda más alto, la diferencia en el valor de forwards
negociados es mas marcada sugiriendo el uso de derivados en las compañías con mayores
niveles de una en ME.
For the firm in the highest debt quintile, the difference in the value of forwards traded is
more marked suggesting the use of derivatives in the firms with higher levels of one in ME.
Las empresas que tienen tanto deuda como activos en ME no solo negocian forwards
frecuentemente, sino que también lo transan con mayor valor nominal respecto a las firmas
de la muestra que solo tienen deuda en moneda extranjera.
Companies that have both debt and assets in EM not only trade forwards frequently, but
also trade them at a higher nominal value than firms in the sample that have only foreign
currency debt.
Las empresas con deuda en moneda extranjera son compradoras netas de dólares a plazo, el
endeudamiento es un factor asociado al uso de los derivados y las empresas deudoras
utilizan los forwards como cobertura ante el sistema financiero local e internacional.
Firms with foreign currency debt are net purchasers of dollars on term, debt is a factor
associated with the use of derivatives, and debtor firms use forwards as hedges against the
local and international financial system.
Las empresas con inversión extranjera directa no tienen una participación significativa en el
mercado de forwards diferente a las que no tienen.
Companies with foreign direct investment do not have a significant participation in the
forwards market different from those that do not.
Aunque el numero de empresas con IED que participa en el ercado de forwards no es muy
alto, sus negocios abarcan el 75% del total, el valor promedio de las IED es doble.
Although the number of companies with FDI that participate in the forwards market is not
very high, their businesses cover 75% of the total, the average value of the FDI is double.
Las empresas con inversión extranjera directa negocian mas contratos sin IED, desde el año
2009 la cantidad de forwards contratados con los bancos colombianos han sido un 30%
superior a la inversión extranjera.
Companies with foreign direct investment negotiate more contracts without FDI, since
2009 the number of forwards contracted with Colombian banks has been 30% higher than
foreign investment.
Las empresas tienden a negociar forward de menor monto nominal cuando se deprecia el
peso, esto ocurre mas frecuentemente en las empresas con IED.
Companies tend to negotiate lower nominal forwards when the peso depreciates, which
occurs more frequently in companies with IED.
La relación entre la tasa de cambio y la negociación de forwards para las empresas es
negativa y significativa siendo mas fuerte para las empresas que tienen IED.
The relationship between the exchange rate and the negotiation of forwards for companies
is negative and significant, being stronger for companies with IED.
En episodios de depreciación las firmas con IED prefieren coberturas cambiarias fuera del
sector financiero colombiano.
In episodes of depreciation, firms with FDI prefer exchange rate coverage outside the
Colombian financial sector.
Aunque las empresas de la muestra con IED participan menos en el mercado de forward
respecto a los que no tienen IED, el monto de las primeras negociaciones es superior debido
a que negocian mas contratos por mayor valor nominal, cuando la tasa de cambio respecto
al dólar se deprecia.
Although the firms in the sample with FDI participate less in the forward market than those
without FDI, the amount of the first negotiations is higher because they negotiate more
contracts for a greater nominal value, when the exchange rate with respect to the dollar
depreciates.
El uso de forward sobre el dólar permite que las empresas hagan un manejo financiero mas
adecuado, reduciendo su vulnerabilidad ante los cambios de la tasa de cambio que pueden
afectar negativamente las ganancias y sus activos.
The use of dollar forwards allows companies to make a more adequate financial
management, reducing their vulnerability to exchange rate changes that can negatively
affect profits and assets.
En Estados Unidos han encontrado una relación positiva entre el tamaño de la firma y el
uso de derivados, las empresas que usan mas derivados como estrategia de cobertura son
las que tienen ingresos mayores.
In the United States, they have found a positive relationship between firm size and the use
of derivatives; companies that use more derivatives as a hedging strategy are those with
higher revenues.
6. Conclusiones
6. Conclusions
Se encontró que el 82% de las transacciones en los bancos locales y el sector real se
concentra en las empresas dedicadas al comercio y la actividad industrial.
It was found that 82% of the transactions in the local banks and the real sector are
concentrated in companies dedicated to trade and industrial activity.
Pero aun existe una participación baja de las empresas y una alta concentración en el
mercado de forwards a pesar de que ha crecido 5 veces el numero de participantes, el
crecimiento se ve concentrado en solo 100 empresas, el uso de los derivados se encuentra
aún limitado en Colombia.
But there is still a low participation of the companies and a high concentration in the
forwards market despite the fact that it has grown 5 times the number of participants, the
growth is concentrated in only 100 companies, the use of derivatives is still limited in
Colombia.
Los forwards son negociados mas que todo en empresas de compra y venta de vienes al
resto del mundo su flujo de caja es en dólares, el monto negociado nominal en derivados
con actividades de comercio exterior es creciente.
Forwards are negotiated mainly in companies that buy and sell goods to the rest of the
world, their cash flow is in dollars, the nominal amount negotiated in derivatives with
foreign trade activities is growing.
Las firmas con mayores flujos de deuda en moneda extranjera son aquellas que tienen
montos altos en el mercado de forwards, Las empresas que tienen deudas y activos en ME
negocian mas derivados en tasa de cambio.
Companies with higher foreign currency debt flows are those that have high amounts in the
forwards market. Companies that have debts and assets in ME trade more derivatives in
exchange rate.
Las empresas con IED negocian el 75% del valor transado en el mercado de forwards
adquieren coberturas cambiarias a través de endeudamiento directos con sus matrices.
Companies with IED trade 75% of the value traded in the forwards market acquire
exchange rate hedges through direct debt with their parent companies.
Las firmas son mas propensas a usar derivados como estrategia de cobertura cuando sus
ingresos operacionales son mayores, pero no quiere decir que por el uso de forwards su
desempeño mejore solo actúa como cobertura.
Firms are more likely to use derivatives as a hedging strategy when their operating
revenues are higher, but this does not mean that by using forwards their performance
improves only as a hedge.
Hay una concentración significativa del uso de forwards en las empresas grandes del país,
usar estos instrumentos significa reducir las consecuencias de los cambios en la economía
colombiana y hacer un manejo de los riesgos que enfrentan las compañías.
There is a significant concentration of the use of forwards in large companies in the
country, using these instruments means reducing the consequences of changes in the
Colombian economy and managing the risks faced by companies.
Palabras nuevas
New words
Cobertura cambiaria
Currency hedging is a mechanism that allows the investor or company to protect itself from
the volatility of a currency. To do so, a future operation is carried out by fixing the price of
the currency in the present. In English it is known as currency hedge.
The objective of this type of financial hedge is to guarantee the acquisition of a currency at
a previously agreed rate. Thus, even if the exchange rate rises, the buyer will not be
affected.
La cobertura cambiaria es útil sobre todo para empresas vinculadas al comercio exterior.
Ello, debido a que están expuestas al riesgo cambiario. Es decir, pueden facturar en euros,
pero necesitan pagar a sus proveedores, por ejemplo, en dólares.
Currency hedge is useful especially for companies involved in foreign trade. This is
because they are exposed to exchange rate risk. That is, they can invoice in euros, but need
to pay their suppliers, for example, in dollars.
Firmas
Signatures
En Estados Unidos, los individuos a veces usan las palabras "firma" o "compañía" para
referirse a actividades y negocios. Sin embargo, el significado de "establecimiento",
definido para objetivos de tasas y estadísticos, subraya la importancia de la ubicación física
para una organización.
In the United States, individuals sometimes use the words "firm" or "company" to refer to
activities and businesses. However, the meaning of "establishment," defined for tax and
statistical purposes, underscores the importance of physical location to an organization.
The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics states that "A firm is a legal business whether corporate
or otherwise, and may consist of one establishment, several establishments, or even a large
number of establishments. The IRS issues one Employee Identification Number per firm,
regardless of the number of establishments in which the firm operates.
Fluctuación
Fluctuation
It is known as the concrete and material loss of the goods, while the fluctuation is linked to
the monetary loss due to such variation. The fluctuation reflects in money, therefore, the
difference between what you have and what you should have according to the inventories.
The word fluctuation comes from Latin roots, from the voice "fluctuatĭo". The dictionary of
the Royal Spanish Academy describes the term as the action and effect of fluctuation; and
fluctuation can be defined as the experimentation of a variation of a measure or value.
Fluctuation is an entry that can be found in different fields and contexts, but which alludes
to the increase and reduction of something in particular and in an alternating manner, that is
to say, the variation, alteration or transformation in the value, quality or intensity of
something. In the business sphere, fluctuation is when there are upward and downward
swings in the prices of securities traded in certain financial markets; generally these are
variations that occur due to a variable or magnitude between the value at a certain time and
its average value.
Esporádico
Sporadic
Que se da con poca frecuencia, no es regular y ocurre aisladamente sin relación alguna con
otros casos anteriores o posteriores. Que es ocasional, compara diseminado, disperso,
sporadies. En medicina, dícese de la enfermedad que no tiene carácter epidémico ni
endémico. En fitopatología, se califica así las enfermedades que se presentan en la planta
aislada, sin alcanzar carácter epidémico ni endémico.
It occurs infrequently, is not regular and occurs in isolation with no relation to other cases
before or after. That it is occasional, compares scattered, dispersed, sporadic. In medicine,
it is said that the disease is not epidemic or endemic. In phytopathology, the diseases that
are presented in the isolated plant, without reaching epidemic or endemic character, are
qualified this way.
Transar
Transar
Neutral intransitive verb. This vocabulary is used especially in the Americas. It is defined
as to yield, give in, agree, consent, condescend, give up, compromise, concede, acquiesce,
abdicate, approve, reach a transaction, deal or agreement, it can be used as a pronominal.
Sustancial
Substantial
Volatilidad
Volatility
El término volátil es un adjetivo que se usa para indicar algo que vuela o puede volar, como
por ejemplo, las aves que pueden levantar vuelo.
The term volatile is an adjective used to indicate something that flies or can fly, such as
birds that can take flight.
La palabra volátil puede ser empleada en diversas áreas para referirse a una serie de
fenómenos económicos, científicos y sociales que, en un sentido figurado, se relacionan
con lo que vuela, se eleva o se dispersa en el aire.
The word volatile can be used in various areas to refer to a number of economic, scientific
and social phenomena that, in a figurative sense, relate to what flies, rises or is scattered in
the air.
Likewise, the expression volatile is used to indicate that which is transformed into steam, as
well as, when something or someone disappears in an unexpected way. For example: "My
paycheck volatilized in a few days.
La palabra volátil deriva del latín volatĭlis, que significa 'volar'. Entre los sinónimos que se
pueden emplear con este término según su sentido son: volador, inestable, inconstante,
aéreo, evaporable, entre otros.
The word volatile is derived from the Latin volatĭlis, which means 'to fly'. Among the
synonyms that can be used with this term according to its meaning are: flying, unstable,
inconstant, aerial, evaporable, among others.
The term volatile in the area of economics and finance is used to indicate the change in
price of an asset, currency or product. On the other hand, volatile also refers to changes in
the stock exchange quotation index.
Correlación
Correlation
Bootstrapping
Bootstrapping
Bootstrapping es una palabra inglesa que se utiliza en el mundo anglosajón para expresar la
idea de “iniciar un negocio con pocos recursos” o “emprender únicamente con los medios
que hay a tu alcance”. Contempla el conjunto de técnicas para desarrollar una idea y
convertirla en negocio sin apenas recursos.
Bootstrapping is an English word used in the Anglo-Saxon world to express the idea of
"starting a business with few resources" or "undertaking only with the means at your
disposal". It covers the set of techniques to develop an idea and turn it into a business with
few resources.
El bootstrapping está pensado sobre todo para micro emprendedores y pequeños equipos de
trabajo llamados precisamente bootstrappers.
Bootstrapping is designed above all for micro-entrepreneurs and small work teams called
precisely bootstrappers.
Existen dos tipos de pequeños emprendedores, dentro de los que se engloban estas técnicas:
There are two types of small entrepreneurs, within which these techniques are included:
Micro-entrepreneurs: entrepreneurs who want to remain alone, without employees and who
want to achieve a certain lifestyle. They must have a product to achieve their goal.
Bootstrappers: tienen una visión de negocio que va más allá de la aventura personal, algo
más grande que puede ser tres, cuatro o diez empleados, los que sean, y con independencia
del tamaño requerido saben que deben desarrollar su idea y crecer para sobrevivir.
Bootstrappers: they have a business vision that goes beyond the personal adventure,
something bigger that can be three, four or ten employees, whoever they are, and regardless
of the size required they know that they must develop their idea and grow to survive.
Quintiles
Quintiles
Un quintil es la quinta parte de una población estadística, representa el 20% del número
total de individuos de una población determinada. Es un término muy utilizado en
economía para distribuir a la población,
A quintile is one fifth of a statistical population, representing 20% of the total number of
individuals in a given population. It is a term widely used in economics to distribute the
population,
Modesta
Modesta
Modesto es un adjetivo que indica modestia. Esta palabra señala que una persona es
humilde y no tiene vanidad o engreimiento. Por ejemplo, 'Cuando le dimos el premio, él fue
muy modesto y dijo que todo se consiguió gracias a sus compañeros'. Indica, además que
alguien o algo no tiene lujos o que es sencillo. Por ejemplo, 'Vivió en una casa modesta.' En
este sentido, algunos sinónimos pueden ser: austero, escaso, sobrio. También significa que
algo o alguien tiene pobreza o escasez de recursos. Por ejemplo, 'Creció en una familia muy
modesta'. Se pueden utilizar como sinónimos los siguientes términos: pobre o sin recursos.
Esta palabra procede del latín modestus, a su vez derivada de la palabra modus (medida).
Modest is an adjective that indicates modesty. This word indicates that a person is humble
and has no vanity or conceit. For example, 'When we gave him the award, he was very
modest and said that everything was achieved because of his colleagues'. It also indicates
that someone or something is not luxurious or simple. For example, 'He lived in a modest
house. In this sense, some synonyms can be: austere, scarce, sober. It also means that
something or someone has poverty or scarcity of resources. For example, 'He grew up in a
very modest family. The following terms can be used as synonyms: poor or destitute. This
word comes from the Latin word modestus, which in turn is derived from the word modus
(measure).
Disparidad
Disparity
Sustantivo femenino. Este vocabulario se refiere a
una diferencia, discrepancia, divergencia, diferenciación, distinción, contraste, antagonismo
o disimilitud de un elemento, cosa y objeto en respeto de otros. (en derecho) impedimento o
no contraer nupcias o del matrimonio canónico que se derivaba de la diferencia de una
religión o creencia entre los contrayentes, este se le conoce como disparidad de cultos.
Oscilando
Swinging
Oscillating is an intransitive verb that designates the type of movement where a body
swings, in a seesaw, from one end to the other, always passing through the same midpoint,
in the manner of a pendulum. Hence, in this sense, its synonyms are swinging, rocking or
pendulum. The word, as such, comes from the Latin oscillāre, which means, precisely, 'to
swing'.
Hallazgo
Find
La palabra hallazgo deriva del verbo hallar y cuya raíz etimológica proviene del latín. La
palabra hallar viene de una forma más antigua: fallar (que no tiene nada que ver con el
fallar de cometer un fallo) Suele explicarse que esta forma fallar, deriva del
término afllare (ad + flare) cuyo significado es echar el aliento hacia algo, olfatear, como
hacen los animales. De ahí que hallar acabara significando “encontrar aquello que se
busca”. Mientras la forma fallar quedó como la significación de “dar sentencia en un litigio
o concurso.”
The word find derives from the verb to find, and its etymological root comes from Latin.
The word hallar comes from an older form: to fail (which has nothing to do with the failure
of committing a fault). It is usually explained that this form, to fail, derives from the term
afllare (ad + flare) whose meaning is to take a breath towards something, to smell, as
animals do. Hence, to find will end up meaning "to find what you are looking for". While
the form fail was left as the meaning of "giving judgment in a dispute or contest."
La Real Academia Española define esta palabra como la acción y efecto de hallar. También
se utiliza ese término para definir a “a la cosa hallada”. La definición de este término
refiere a una observación novedosa u original, de algún aspecto de la realidad, normalmente
un fenómeno natural. También suele denominarse popularmente de esta manera cuando se
trata de algo sorprendente e inesperado.
The Real Academia Española defines this word as the action and effect of finding. The term
is also used to define "the thing found". The definition of this term refers to a new or
original observation of some aspect of reality, usually a natural phenomenon. It is also
popularly called this when it is something surprising and unexpected.
Incertidumbre
Uncertainty
Uncertainty can be derived from the absence of information, or from disagreement about
the information available, implying a certain degree of ignorance. For example, the return
on an investment cannot be known in advance. Etymologically it is made up of the prefix in
(negation) and certus (true), so it is defined as the lack of certain knowledge, the doubt or
lack of certainty about something that concerns us.
Intermitentes
Flashes
Que se interrumpe y vuelve a empezar de modo alternativo cada cierto tiempo más o menos
regular.
It is interrupted and starts again in an alternative way every few years on a more or less
regular basis.
Originado en el latín “intermittentis”, vocablo integrando por el prefijo “inter” que se
traduce como “entre” y por el verbo “mittere” en el sentido de “enviar” se aplica el
calificativo intermitente para designar algo (un sonido, una señal luminosa, un dolor, una
actividad) que aparece o se realiza, luego desaparece o no se hace, y más tarde vuelve a
aparecer o a efectuarse, a intervalos regulares o ligeramente irregulares: “Las luces del
árbol de navidad se apagaban y prendían de modo intermitente”, “Me llegan mensajes de
mi primo, que está en el exterior, de modo intermitente” o “Mi estudio no es constante, al
hacer tantas pausas se torna intermitente”.
Originated in the Latin "intermittentis", a word integrated by the prefix "inter" which is
translated as "between" and by the verb "mittere" in the sense of "to send", the intermittent
qualifier is applied to designate something (a sound, a light signal, a pain, an activity) that
appears or is made, then disappears or is not made, and later reappears or is made, at
regular or slightly irregular intervals: "The lights on the Christmas tree would go on and
off," "I get messages from my cousin, who is outside, in a flashing way," or "My study is
not constant, as it becomes intermittent when I make so many pauses.
Especulación
Speculation
Speculation is the set of commercial or financial operations that aim to obtain an economic
benefit by taking advantage of the fluctuation of prices in time through the investment of a
capital, that is to say, to buy cheap and sell expensive.
The main characteristic is that the speculator will never seek to enjoy the good or financial
product in which he invests, unlike other investments. The only thing the speculator seeks
with his investment is to obtain economic advantage from the fluctuations in the price of
that good, that is, his main objective is to obtain economic benefit.
Speculators try to guess what the future behaviour of a price will be and then enter the
market as expected. For example, suppose a speculator predicts that the wheat harvest will
be worse than expected and the price will therefore rise. The speculator will act in the
wheat futures market by buying contracts and waiting for the price of wheat to rise to make
a profit.
Speculative activity does not guarantee an absolute return; in fact, it carries a significant
risk of losing some or all of the money invested. If, when making an investment, the market
moves in the opposite direction to that predicted by the speculator, the latter will suffer a
loss. Therefore, in order to speculate it is necessary to have knowledge about what is being
done, with the aim of benefiting from the situation.