Mass and Energy Balance

Autumn Semester
2019–2020

Dr Nabeel Kadhim Abbood

nabeel.abbood@buog.edu.iq

Room No. 23
 Mass and Energy Balance
● 3 Credit hour ● Marks:
2+1 hr/w Direct contact
● – 30 % Mid Exam
hours – 10% class activity
●3–6 indirect study hours – 60% Final Exam
●Text Book:

Felder′s Elementary
Principles of Chemical
Processes prepares
MATERIAL BALANCE

Chapter 3
MASS BALANCE
 Process
Classification
Batch Semibatch

– Neither batch nor

– Feed is charge to the continuous
process and product is Continuous – During the process a
removed when the part of reactant can
process is completed be fed or a part of
– Input and output is
– No mass is fed or continuously red product can be
removed from the and remove from removed.
process during the the process
operation
– Used for small scale – Used for large scale
production production
(pharmaceutical
products)
 Operation of
Continuous Process

Steady state Unsteady state

– All the variables (i.e. – Process variable change

temperatures, pressure, with time, in particular
volume, flow rate, etc) do mass flow rate.
not change with time
– Minor fluctuation can be
acceptable
Define type and operation of process given below
• A balloon is filled with air at steady rate of 2 g/min
• A bottle of milk is taken from the refrigerator and left on the
kitchen
• Water is boiled in open flask

Answer
• Semibatch and unsteady state
• Batch and unsteady state
• Semibatch and unsteady state
General Balance
•A balance on a conserved quantity (total mass,
mass of a particular species, energy,
momentum) in a system ( a single process unit, a
collection of units, or an entire process) may be
written in the following way:

INPUT + GENERATION – OUTPUT – CONSUMPTION = ACCUMULATION

 Types of balances
Differential
– balances that indicate what is
happening in a system at an
instant time.
– balance equation is a rate
(rate of input, rate of
generation, etc.) and has
units of the balanced
quantity unit divided by a
time unit (people/yr, g
SO2/s).
– usually applied to a
CONTINUOUS process.
Integral
– Balances that describe what
happens between two instants of
time.
– balance equation is an amount of
the balanced quantity and has the
corresponding unit (people, g
SO2).
– usually applied to a BATCH
process, with the two instants of
time being the moment after the
input takes place and the moment
before the product is withdrawn.
• If the balanced quantity is TOTAL MASS, set generation = 0
and consumption = 0. Mass can neither be created nor
destroyed.

• If the balanced substances is a NONREACTIVE SPECIES

(neither a reactant nor a product), set generation = 0 and
consumption = 0.

Generation and consumption = 0.

INPUT = OUTPUT
• If a system is at STEADY STATE, set accumulation = 0,
regardless of what is being balanced.

Steady state: accumulation = 0

INPUT + GENERATION = OUTPUT + CONSUMPTION

• When you are given process information and
asked to determine something about the
process, ORGANIZE the by drawing a flowchart

Represent Represent Represent

INPUTS PROCESS UNIT OUTPUTS
(Reactor, mixer,
separation units, etc)
• Write the values and units of all known stream
variables at the locations of the streams on the
flowchart.
Example
• A stream containing 21 mole% O2 and 79% N2 at
320˚C and 1.4 atm flowing at a rate of 400 mol/h
might be labeled as: Usually we write
m , n , m, n
400 mol/h of the stream!

0.21 mol O2/mol

0.79 mol N2/mol
T = 320˚C, P = 1.4 atm
• Process stream can be given in two ways:

Directly as the amount As the total amount or

or flow rate of each flow rate of the stream
component. and the fractions of each
component
100 kmol/min

60 kmol N2/min 0.6 kmol N2/kmol

40 kmol O2/min 0.4 kmol O2/kmol

10 lbm

3.0 lbm CH4 0.3 lbm CH4/lbm

4.0 lbm C2H4 0.4 lbm C2H4/lbm
3.0 lbm C2H6 0.3 lbm C2H6/lbm
• Assign algebraic symbols to unknown stream variables
[such as m (kg solution/min), x (lbm N2/lbm), and n (kmol
C3H8)] and write these variable names and their associated
units on the flowchart.
n mol/h 400 mol/h

0.21 mol O2/mol y mol O2/mol

0.79 mol N2/mol (1-y) mol N2/mol
T = 320˚C, P = 1.4 atm T = 320˚C, P = 1.4 atm
If that the mass of stream 1 is half that of stream 2, label the
masses of these streams as m and 2m rather than m1 and m2.

m m1

2m m2
If you know that the mass fraction of nitrogen is 3 times than
oxygen, label the mass fraction as y g O2/g and 3y g N2/g rather
than y1 and y2.

y g O2/g y1 O2/g
3y g N2/g y2 g N2/g

When labeling component mass fraction or mole fraction,

the last one must be 1 minus the sum of the others

y mol O2/mol y1 mol O2/mol

(1-y) mol N2/mol y2 mol N2/mol
m = mass
 = mass flow rate
m
n = moles
n = molar flow rate
V = volume
 = volume flow rate
V
x = component fraction (mass or moles) in liquid
y = moles fraction in gas
1000 kg/h of a mixture of benzene (B) and toluene (T) containing 50 %
benzene by mass is separated by distillation into two fractions. The mass flow
rate of benzene in the top stream is 450 kg B/h and that of toluene in the
bottom stream is 475 kg T/h. the operation is at steady state. Write balances
on benzene and toluene to calculate the unknown component flow rates in
the output streams.

450 kg B/h
m 1 (kg T/h)

500 kg B/h
500 kg T/h

 2 (kg B/h)
m
475 kg T/h
Steady state accumulation = 0
Since no chemical reactions occur generation & consumption = 0

INPUT = OUTPUT

Benzene Balance
450 kg B/h
m 1 (kg T/h) 500 kg B/h = 450 kg B/h + m
2

 2 = 50 kg B/h
m
500 kg B/h
500 kg T/h

Toluene Balance
 2 (kg B/h)
m
475 kg T/h 500 kg T/h = m 1 + 475 kg T/h

 1 = 25 kg T/h
m
 Benzene Balance
450 kg B/h
m 1 (kg T/h) 500 kg B/h = 450 kg B/h + m
2

 2 = 50 kg B/h
m
500 kg B/h
500 kg T/h Toluene Balance
500 kg T/h = m 1 + 475 kg T/h
 2 (kg B/h)
m
475 kg T/h
 1 = 25 kg T/h
m
Check the calculation:

Total Mass Balance

1000 kg/h = 450 + m 1 + m
 2 + 475 (all kg/h)

1000 kg/h = 1000 kg/h

An experiment on the growth rate of certain organism requires an
environment of humid air enriched in oxygen. Three input streams are fed
into an evaporation chamber to produce an output stream with the desired
composition.

A: Liquid water fed at rate of 20 cm3/min

B: Air (21% O2 and 79% N2)
C: Pure O2 with a molar flow rate one-fifth of the molar flow rate of stream B

The output gas is analyzed and is found to contain 1.5 mole% water. Draw and
label the flowchart of the process, and calculate all unknown stream
variables.
An experiment on the growth rate of certain organism requires an environment of humid air
enriched in oxygen. Three input streams are fed into an evaporation chamber to produce an
output stream with the desired composition.

A: Liquid water fed at rate of 20 cm3/min

B: Air (21% O2 and 79% N2)
C: Pure O2 with a molar flow rate one-fifth of the molar flow rate of stream B

The output gas is analyzed and is found to contain 1.5 mole% water. Draw and label the flowchart
of the process, and calculate all unknown stream variables.

0.2 n1 (mol O2/min) n3 (mol/min)

0.015 mol H2O/mol
n1 (mol air/min)
y (mol O2/mol)
0.21 mol O2/mol (0.985 – y)(mol N2/mol)
0.79 mol N2/mol
20.0 cm3 H2O (l)/min
n 2 (mol H2O/min)
 0.2 n1 (mol O2/min) n3 (mol/min)
0.015 mol H2O/mol
n1 (mol air/min)
y (mol O2/mol)
0.21 mol O2/mol (0.985 – y)(mol N2/mol)
0.79 mol N2/mol
20.0 cm3 H2O (l)/min
n 2 (mol H2O/min)

20.0 cm3 H2O 1.00 g 1 mol

n2 = n2 = 1.11 mol/min
H2O
min cm3 18.02
Nonreactive steady-state process g input = output

H2O Balance
0.015 mol n3 = 74.1 mol/min
n2 n3
(mol) H2 O
(mol/min) =
 0.2 n1 (mol O2/min) n3 (mol/min)
0.015 mol H2O/mol
n1 (mol air/min)
y (mol O2/mol)
0.21 mol O2/mol (0.985 – y)(mol N2/mol)
0.79 mol N2/mol
20.0 cm3 H2O (l)/min
n 2 (mol H2O/min)

Total Mole Balance

0.2 n1 + n1 + n2 = n3 n3= 60.8 mol/min

N2 Balance
n1 0.79 mol n3 (0.985-y) (mol y = 0.337 mol O2/mol
(mol)
N2 (mol) N2)
=
if final stream quantities Procedure of changing the values of all If final stream quantities
stream amounts or flow rates by a are larger than the
are smaller than the
proportional amount while leaving the original quantities.
original quantities. stream compositions unchanged.

Scaling down What? Scaling up

Flowchart scaling

Suppose you have balanced a You cannot, however, scale

process and the amount or masses or mass flow rates to
flow rate of one of the process molar quantities or vice versa
streams is n1.You can scale the by simple multiplication;
flow chart to make the amount conversions of this type must
or flow rate of this stream n2 be carried out using the
methods as discussed in mass
by multiplying all stream
fraction and mol fraction
amounts or flow rate by the section.
ratio n2/n1.
1 kg C6H6

2 kg
0.5 kg C6H6/kg
1 kg C7H8
0.5 kg C7H8/kg

x 300
300 kg C6H6

600 kg
0.5 kg C6H6/kg
300 kg C7H8 0.5 kg C7H8/kg

kg kg/h
Replace kg with lbm
300 lbm/h

600 lbm/h
0.5 lbm C6H6/lbm
300 lbm/h 0.5 lbm C7H8/lbm
 3.0 kg/min of benzene and 1.0 kg/min of toluene are mixed
3 kg C6H6/min
m (kg/min)

x (kg C6H6/kg)
1 kg C7H8/min
(1-x) (kg C7H8/kg)

•Two unknown quantities – m and x, associated with process, so two equations are needed to
calculate them.

•For NONREACTIVE STEADY STATE process input = output.

•3 possible balance can be written – Balance on total mass, benzene, and toluene – any two of
which provide the equations needed to determine m and x.

For example,
Total Mass Balance:
3.0 kg/min + 1.0 kg/min = m kg/min = 4.0 kg/min
Benzene Balance:
3.0 kg C6H6/min = 4.0 kg/min (x kg C6H6/kg)
x = 0.75 kg C6H6/kg
Rules of thumb for NONREACTIVE process
1. The maximum number of independent equations
that can be derived by writing balances on a
nonreactive system equals the number of
chemical species in the input and output
streams.

2. Write balances first that involve the fewest

unknown variables.
 General Procedure for Single Unit Process
Material Balance Calculation

1. Choose as basis of calculation an amount or flow rate of one of the process streams.
2. Draw a flowchart and fill in all unknown variables values, including the basis of
calculation. Then label unknown stream variables on the chart.
3. Express what the problem statement asks you to determine in terms of the labeled
variables.
4. If you are given mixed mass and mole units for a stream (such as a total mass flow rate
and component mole fractions or vice versa), convert all quantities to one basis.
5. Do the degree-of-freedom analysis.
6. If the number of unknowns equals the number of equations relating them (i.e., if the
system has zero degree of freedom), write the equations in an efficient order
(minimizing simultaneous equations) and circle the variables for which you will solve.
7. Solve the equations.
8. Calculate the quantities requested in the problem statement if they have not already
been calculated.
9. If a stream quantity or flow rate ng was given in the problem statement and another
value nc was either chosen as a basis or calculated for this stream, scale the balanced
process by the ratio ng/nc to obtain the final result.
 A basis of calculation is an amount (mass or moles)
of flow rate (mass or molar) of one stream or
stream component in a process. All unknown
variables are determined to be consistent with the
basis.

If a stream amount or flow rate is given in problem,

Basis of choose this quantity as alight
basis
calculation

If no stream amount or flow rate are known,

assume one stream with known composition. If
mass fraction is known, choose total mass or mass
flow rate as basis. If mole fraction is known, choose
a total moles or molar flow rate as basis
An aqueous solution of NaOH contains 20% NaOH by mass. It is desired to to
produce an 8 % NaOH solution by diluting a stream of the 20 % solution with
a stream of pure water. Calculate the ratios (liters H2O/kg feed solution) and
(kg product solution/ kg feed solution).
An aqueous solution of NaOH contains 20% NaOH by mass. It is desired to to
produce an 8 % NaOH solution by diluting a stream of the 20 % solution with
a stream of pure water. Calculate the ratios (liters H2O/kg feed solution) and
(kg product solution/ kg feed solution).

100 (kg) m2 (kg)

0.2 kg NaOH/kg 0.08 kg NaOH/kg

0.8 kg H2O/kg 0.920 kg H2O/kg

m1 kg H2O
V1 liters H2O
 100 (kg) m2 (kg)

0.2 kg NaOH/kg 0.08 kg NaOH/kg

0.8 kg H2O/kg 0.920 kg H2O/kg

m1 kg H2O
V1 liters H2O

Nonreactive steady-state process input = output

NaOH Balance
(0.2 kg NaOH/kg)(100 kg)=(0.08 kg NaOH/kg) m2 m2 = 250 kg NaOH

Total Mass Balance

100 kg + m1 = m2 m1 = 150 kg NaOH

 Diluted water volume

150 kg 1.00 liter

V1 = = V1 = 150 liters
kg

Ratios requested in problem statement

V1
= 1.50 liters H2O/kg feed solution
100 kg

m2
=2.50 kg product solution/kg feed solution
100 kg
 A degree of freedom analysis (DFA) is simply an
accounting of the number of unknowns in a problem
and the number of independent equations that can be
written.

Procedure to perform a degree-of-freedom analysis:

Degree of 1. draw and completely label a flowchart

freedom 2. count the unknown variables on the chart (n unknowns)
3. light
count the independent equations (n indep. eq.)
4. find number of degree-of-freedom (ndf)

ndf= n unknowns - n indep. eq.

Independent equations Equations are independent if none of them can be

derived from the others. For example, not one of the set of equations can be obtained
by adding or subtracting multiples of the others.
 – n df = 0, there are n independent equations and n
unknowns. The problem can be solved.

– n df > 0, there are more unknowns that independent

Possible equations. The problem is underspecified. n df more
outcomes of independent equations or light
specifications are needed to
a DFA: solve the problem.

– n df < 0, there are more independent equations than

unknowns. The problem is overspecified with redundant
and possibly inconsistent relations.
1. Material balances.
– For a nonreactive process, number of independent equation can be written is
not more than number of molecules species (n ms) of the process
– If benzene and toluene is involve in stream, we can write balance on benzene,
toluene, total mass, atomic carbon and etc., but only TWO INDEPENDENT
balance equation exist
2. An energy balance.
– If the amount of energy exchanged between the system and its surroundings
is specified or if it is one of the unknown process variables, an energy balance
provides a relationship between inlet and outlet material flows and
temperatures.
– To be discussed in later chapters
3. Process specifications
– The problem statement may specify how several process are related.
– i.e: Outlet flow rate is two times than flow rate stream 1 or etc.
4. Physical properties and laws
– Two of the unknown variables may be the mass and volume of a stream material,
in which case a tabulated specific gravity for liquids and solids or an equation of
state for gases would provide an equation relating the variables.

5. Physical constraints
– For example, if the mole fractions of the three components of a stream labeled xA,
xB, and xC, then the relation among these variables is xA + xB + xC = 1.
– Instead label as xc, the las fraction should be 1-xA-xB

6. Stoichiometric relations
– If chemical reactions occur in a system, stoichiometric equation provide a
relationship between the quantities of reactant and the product
– To be discussed later
 A stream of humid air enters a condenser in which 95 % of the water vapor in
the air is condensed. The flow rate of the condensate (the liquid leaving the
condenser) is measured and found to be 225 L/h. Dry air may be taken to
contain 21 mole % oxygen, with the balance nitrogen. The entering air
contains 10.0 mole % water. Calculate the flow rate of the gas stream leaving
the condenser and the mole fractions of oxygen, nitrogen, and water in this
stream.

Degree of freedom analysis:

5 unknowns
- 3 material balances ( since there are 3 molecular species in this nonreactive process)
- 1 density relationship (relating the mole flow rate to the given volumetric flow rate of
the condensate
- 1 the fractional condensation

0 degrees of freedom
• In real chemical industries, more than one unit processes exist such
as a separation unit after reactor and so on.
• Need to know term called SYSTEM in order to solve material
problem
• SYSTEM:
– Any portion of process that can be enclosed within a
hypothetical box (or boundary)
– It can be the entire process, an interconnected of process unit, a
single unit, a point which two or more stream come together
into one stream or etc.
– The inputs and outputs to a system are the process streams that
are intersect to the system boundary
 FEED 2

A E
C
PRODUCT 3
FEED 1 B D UNIT 2
UNIT 1

PRODUCT 1 PRODUCT 2 FEED 3

• Solving material balances in multiple unit process
is basically the same as single unit processes

• In multiple unit, must isolate and write balance

on several subsystems to obtain enough equation
to determine all unknowns stream variables

• Always perform degree-of-freedom analysis

before solving a material balance of system.
A labeled flowchart of a continuous steady state two-unit process is shown below. Each
stream contains two components, A and B in different proportions. 3 streams whose flow
rates and/or compositions are not known are labeled 1, 2 and 3. Calculate the unknown
flow rates and compositions of stream 1, 2 and 3.

40.0 kg/h 30.0 kg/h

0.900 kg A/kg 0.600 kg A/kg
0.100 kg B/kg 0.400 kg B/kg

100.0 kg/h 1 2 3

0.500 kg A/kg Solution:

0.500 kg B/kg
X1=0.233 kg A/kg
30.0 kg/h X2=0.255 kgA/kg
0.300 kg A/kg m1= 60.0 kg/h
0.700 kg B/kg m2= 90.0 kg/h
m3= 60.0 kg/h
 Recycle
• Normally in chemical reaction, some of
unreacted reactant also found in the product.
• This unreacted reactant can be separated and
recycle back to the reactor
Fresh
Feed Product
Reactor Separator

Recycle Stream
 Purpose of Recycle
1. Recovery of catalyst – catalyst is very expensive

2. Dilution of process stream – typically for slurry

solution

3. Control of process variables – especially for the

reaction that release heat, heat can be reduce by
lowering the feed concentration

4. Circulation of working fluid such as in refrigerator

system
EXERCISE
• Forty-five hundred kilograms per hour of a solution that is one-third
K2CrO4 by mass is joined by a recycled stream containing 36.4% K2CrO4 ,
and the combined stream is fed into an evaporator. The concentrated
stream leaving the evaporator contains 49.4% K2CrO4 , this stream is fed
into a crystallizer in which is cooled (causing crystals K2CrO4 to come out
solution) and then filtered. The filter cake consist of K2CrO4 crystals and a
solution that contains 36.4% K2CrO4 by mass; the crystal account for 95%
of the total mass of the filter cake. The solution that passes through the
filter, also 36.4% K2CrO4, is the recycle stream
1.Calculate the rate evaporation, the rate of production of crystalline
K2CrO4, the feed rates that evaporator and the crystallizer must be
designed to handle, and the recycle ratio (mass of recycle)/(mass of fresh
feed)
 Bypass
• Fraction of the feed to a process unit is diverted around the unit and
combined with the output stream from the unit

• Used to control the composition of a final exit stream from a unit by

mixing the bypass stream & the unit exit stream in suitable proportions to
obtain desired final composition.

Fresh
Feed Product
Process Unit

Bypass Stream
 Stoichiometry
• Stoichiometry – theory of proportions in which chemical species combine with one
another.
• Stoichiometric equation of chemical reaction – statement of the relative number of
molecules or moles of reactants and products that participate in the reaction.

2 SO2 + O2 ---> 2 SO3

• Stoichiometric ratio
– ratio of species stoichiometry coefficients in the balanced reaction equation
– can be used as a conversion factor to calculate the amount of particular
reactant (or product) that was consumed (produced).

2 mol SO3 generated 2 mol SO2 consumed

2 mol SO2 consumed 1 mol O2 consumed
 Test Yourself
C4H8 + 6 O2 --------> 4 CO2 + 4 H2O

1. Is the stochiometric equation balance?

– Yes
2. What is stochiometric coefficient for CO2
– 4
3. What is stochiometric ratio of H2O to O2 including it unit
– 4 mol H2O generated/ 6 mol O2 consumed
4. How many lb-moles of O2 reacted to form 400lb-moles CO2
– 600 lb-moles O2 reacted
5. 100 mol/min C4H8 fed into reactor and 50% is reacted. At what
rate water is formed?
– 200 mol/min water generated
 Limiting Reactant & Excess Reactant

The reactant that would run out if a reaction proceeded to completion is called the
limiting reactant, and the other reactants are termed excess reactants.

A reactant is limiting if it is present in less than its stoichiometric proportion

relative to every other reactant.

If all reactants are present in stoichiometric proportion, then no reactant is limiting.

n -n
Fractional Excess = feed stoich

n stoich

n -n
Percentage Excess = feed stoich
 100%
n stoich
 Example
C2H2 + 2H2 ------> C2H6
Inlet condition: 20 kmol/h C2H2 and 50 kmol/h H2
What is limiting reactant and fractional excess?

(H2:C2H2) o = 2.5 : 1
(H2:C2H2) stoich = 2 : 1
H2 is excess reactant and C2H2 is limiting reactant

Fractional excess of H2 = (50-40)/40 = 0.25

 Fractional Conversion

• Fractional Conversion (f)

moles reacted
Fractional Conversion, f =
mole fed

moles reacted
Percentage Conversion, f =  100%
mole fed
 Extent of Reaction

• Extent of Reaction, ξ
ni = nio + vi 
or
n i = n io + vi 

ξ = extent of reaction
ni = moles of species i present in the system after the reaction
occurred
nio = moles of species i in the system when the reaction starts
vi = stoichiometry coefficient for species i in the particular
chemical reaction equation
EXERCISE
• Acrylonitrile is produced in the reaction of
propylene, ammonia, and oxygen
C3H6 + NH3 +3/2 O2 C3H3N + 3H2O
The feed contains 10.0 mole % propylene, 12.0%
ammonia, and 78.0% air. A fractional conversion of
30.0 % of the limiting reactant is achieved. Taking
100 mol of feed as basis, determine which reactant is
limiting, the percentage by which each of the other
reactants is in excess, and the molar amounts of all
product gas constituents for a 30% conversion of the
limiting reactant (Assume basis 100 mol)
 Chemical Equilibrium
For a given set reactive species and reaction condition, two fundamental question
might be ask:
1. What will be the final (equilibrium) composition of the reaction mixture? –
chemical engineering thermodynamics
2. How long will the system take to reach a specified state short of equilibrium? –
chemical kinetics

Irreversible reaction
– reaction proceeds only in a single direction (from reactants to products)
– the concentration of the limiting reactant eventually approaches zero.

Reversible reaction
– reactants form products for forward reaction and products undergo the
reverse reactions to reform the reactants.
– Equilibrium point is a rate of forward reaction and reverse reaction are equal

However the discussion to get the chemical equilibrium point is not covered in this
text- learn in chemical engineering thermodynamic
Example 4.6-2
Multiples Reaction, Yield & Selectivity

Some of the chemical reaction has a side reaction which is

formed undesired product- multiple reaction occurred.

Effects of this side reaction might be:

1. Economic loss
2. Less of desired product is obtained for a given quantity of raw materials
3. Greater quantity of raw materials must be fed to the reactor to obtain a
specified product yield.

moles of desired product

selectivity =
moles of undesired product
 Yield

3 definition of yield with different working definition

Moles of desired product formed

Yield = Moles that would have been formed if there
were no side reaction and the limiting
reactant had reacted completely

Moles of desired product formed

Yield =
Moles of reactant fed

Moles of desired product formed

Yield =
Moles of reactant consumed
Extent of Reaction for Multiple Reaction

Concept of extent of reaction can also be applied for multiple

reaction

Only now each independent reaction has its own extent.

ni = nio +  vi j 
j ij
Example 4.6-3
 Balance of Reactive Processes

Balance on reactive process can be solved based on three

method:

1. Atomic Species Balance

2. Extent of Reaction

3. Molecular Species Balance

 Atomic Species Balance

No. of unknowns variables

- No. of independent atomic species balance
- No. of molecular balance on indep.
nonreactive species
- No. of other equation relating the variable
=============================
No. of degree of freedom
=============================
 Extent of Reaction

No. of unknowns variables

+ No. of independent chemical reaction
- No. of independent reactive species
- No. of independent nonreactive species
- No. of other equation relating the variable
===================================
No. of degree of freedom
===================================
 Molecular Species Balance

No. of unknowns variables

+ No. of independent chemical reaction
- No. of independent molecular species balance
- No. of other equation relating the variable
======================================
No. of degree of freedom
======================================
Example 4.7-1