YLLANA BAY VIEW COLLEGE

PAGADIAN CITY

INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS
CORRECTIONS -
Is that branch of the administration of criminal justice charged with responsibility for the
custody, supervision and rehabilitation of the convicted offender?
Purpose of Corrections: 1) Reformation of Offenders 2) Prevention of Crime
Three Revolutions in the History of Corrections
1) Age of Reformation - replaced corporal punishment, exile and physical disfigurement with
the penitentiary.
2) Age of Rehabilitation - assumed that criminals were handicapped persons suffering from
mental or emotional deficiencies. Under this, individual therapy aimed at healing these
personal maladjustments became the preferred style.
3) Age of Reintegration – society becomes the patient as well as the offender. Much more
emphasis is placed on the pressures exerted on the offender by the social groups to which
he belongs and on the society which regulates his opportunities to achieve his goals.
Punishment – is defined as the redress that the state takes an offending member. It is a means of
social control, a device to cause people to become cohesive and induce conformity. It is considered
necessary to restore moral equilibrium and for grounds of social utility.
It is a re-orientation or re-instruction of the individual with a view to preventing a repetition of
the deviation without necessity of taking punitive action.
TWO (2) APPROACHES IN THE PHILIPPINE CORRECTIONAL SYSTEM
1. Institutional-Based Corrections –
This approach provides incarceration and rehabilitation of offenders who are sentenced by the
court to serve the prison term after conviction of a criminal offense to an institution. At present, there
are three (3) executive departments and the LGUs that supervise and control the numerous
institutional facilities nationwide, namely: the DOJ for National Penitentiaries, Provincial Government
for Provincial Jails, DILG-BJMP for District, City and Municipal Jails and DSWD-RCYO) for youthful
offenders.
2. Community-Based Corrections -
Community-based corrections are alternatives to imprisonment or incarceration. It refers to any
community-based corrections program designed to supervise convicted offenders in lieu of
incarceration, either by city, county, state or federal authority. The following programs are:
a. It provides various services to client offenders
b. Monitors and furthers client-offender behaviors related to sentencing conditions
c. Heightens client-offender responsibility regarding payment of fines, victim
compensation, community service and restitution orders.
d. Provides for a continuation of punishment through more controlled supervision
and greater accountability.
Significance of Community-Based Corrections:
1) Humanitarian Aspect – to subject anyone to custodial coercion is to place him in physical
jeopardy, to narrow drastically his access to sources of personal satisfaction and to reduce
self-esteem.
2) Restorative Aspect – concerns measure expected to achieve for the offender a position in
the community in which he does not violate the laws. These measures may be directed at
change, control, or reintegration; the failure of offenders to achieve these goals can be
measured by recidivism, and their success is defined by reaching specific objectives set by
correctional decision makers.
3) Managerial Aspect – are of special importance because of the sharp contrast between the
per capita costs of custody and any kind of community program. When offenders can be
shifted from custodial control to community-based programming without loss of public
protection, the managerial criteria require that such shift be made.
THREE MAIN APPROACHES IN THE TREATMENT OF CRIMINALS:
1) Classical School – the punishment approach is retributive and punitive in nature. Its
imposition is standardized and proportioned to the gravity and nature of the offense.
This approach is stressed on the crime and not on the criminal offender. Among its
proponents included Beccaria, Rousseau, Montesquieu and Voltaire maintained the
doctrine of psychological hedonism, that the individual calculates pleasure and pains
in advance of his action and regulates his conduct by the results of his calculations.
2) Neo-Classical School – the punishment approach is no longer punitive. It is
imposed on some lawbreakers but not on others. It argues that since children and
lunatic persons cannot calculate pleasure and pain, they should not be regarded as
criminals. It was during the time of French Revolution.
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 3) Positive School - this approach views crime as a social phenomenon and
attaches importance to the criminal offenders. The concept of guilt is substituted with
that of social behavior, the incurable is to constitute a criminology hospital.
Rehabilitation is the aim of this approach.
ANCIENT FORMS OF PUNISHMENT:
1. Death Penalty – this was affected by burning, boiling in oil, breaking at the wheel,
drowning, hanging, guillotine, etc.
2. Physical Torture - this was effected by mutilation, maiming, whipping, etc.
otherwise known as “corporal punishment”.
3. Social Degradation - effected by branding, use of ducking stool, stocks, pillory, etc..
in order to put up the offender to shame or humiliation.
4. Banishment – this is sending or putting away of an offender which was carried out
either by prohibition against coming into a specified territory, or prohibition against
outside a specified territory such an island to where the offender has been removed.
FIVE (5) JUSTIFICATIONS OR THEORIES OF PUNISHMENT:
1) Retribution – punishment of the offender was carried out in the form of personal
vengeance i.e. “an eye for an eye” philosophy.
2) Expiation or atonement - this was in the form of group vengeance where
punishment is exacted publicly for the purpose of appeasing the social group. It
gives the community a sense of moral superiority.
3) Deterrence or Exemplarity – punishment gives lesson to the offender by showing
to others what would happen to them if they violate the law.
4) Protection - by placing offenders in prison, society is protected from further criminal
depredations of criminals.
5) Reformation – letting the offenders undergo intensive program of rehabilitation in
prison to become a law-abiding citizens and productive upon his return to the
community.
DEVELOPMENT OF PRISONS:
> Barbarous (1600) a mere form and execution of early punishment. This include offenders
being thrown to the wild animals, staked out in the sun with eyelids propped open, stoned,
disemboweled, dismembered, flogged and even crucified.
> Jail was introduced as a place of confinement of persons arrested and undergoing trial in
Medieval Europe. For those convicted of minor offenses, offenders were chained to galleys to man
the ship of war.
> Transportation system of punishment were used by countries such as England, France,
and Spain by sending their convicts to penal colonies where they served as slaves until they
completed the services.
> Prisons were developed gradually as substitute for transportation, exile, public
degradations, corporal punishments and death penalty. William Penn, of Pennsylvania Prison
initiated the abolition of corporal and death penalty except for the first degree murder.
The Penitentiary Era:
1. The Wallnut Street Jail – It was originally constructed as a detention jail in Philadelphia but
was later converted into state prison and became the first American Penitentiary in 1790. It
began the penitentiary system in the United States when legislation was passed establishing
the principle of solitary confinement, strict discipline, productive work and segregation of more
dangerous offenders.
2. The Eastern Penitentiary – following the Philadelphia model, the eastern penitentiary was
opened in 1829 in Cherry Hill, Pennsylvania.
3. The Western Penitentiary – constructed in 1826 in Pittsburg. Benjamin Franklin and
Benjamin Rush, supporters of Pennsylvania style initiated these conditions.
Penitentiary Concept – the term “penitentiary” came from Latin word “Paenitentia” meaning
“Penitence” which was coined by John Howard, an English Prison Reformer. Penitentiary is
referred to a place where crime and sin may stoned for and penitence produced. Prison and
Penitentiary are now being used synonymously.
4. Two Rival Prison Systems in the early prison history:
A. Auburn Prison -
1. Confinement of prisoners in single cells at night.
2. Congregate work in shop during daytime.
3. Complete silence was enforced.
4. Prisoners can finish more articles when they work in groups than
working alone in their individual cells.
B. Pennsylvania Prison –1. Solitary confinement of prisoners in their own cells day and night.
2. Prisoners are confined in their cells during work, religious instructions.
3. Silence was also enforced.
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The Reformatory Movement (1816-1890)
This was consisted in the introduction of certain reforms in the correctional field by certain
persons, gradually changing the old punitive philosophy of punishment to a more human treatment of
prisoners with innovative institutional programs in Mid-1880.
Persons responsible in the reformatory movement:
1) Manuel Montesimos – he was the director of Prisons at Valencia, Spain in
1835, who divided prisoners into companies and appointed prisoners as petty
officers in-charge; allowed reduction of the inmates sentence by one-third for
for good behavior and offered trade training to prepare the convicts for return to
society.
2) Domets of France – he established an agricultural colony for delinquent boys in
1839, providing house fathers as in charge of the boys. He concentrated on the re-
education; upon their discharge, the boys were placed under the supervision of a
patron.
3) Alexander Macanochie – as Superintendent of the Penal Colony of Norfolk
Island in Australia in 1849, he introduced a progressive humane system to
substitute for corporate punishment, known as the “Mark system” wherein a
prisoner was required to earn a number of marks based on proper department
labor and study in order to entitle him to a ticket of leave or conditional release
which is similar to parole.
4) Sir Walter Crofton – as the Director of the Irish Prison in 1854, he introduced the
Irish system which was later on called the “Progressive Stage System”.
5) Zebulen R. Brockway - as the Superintendent of the Elmira Reformatory
in New York in 1876 who introduced a new institutional program for boys, 16-
30 years of age. Elmira Reformatory is considered as the forerunner of Modern
Penology because it had all the elements of a modern correctional system among
which were: a training school-type, that is, compulsory education, casework method
and extensive use of parole based on the indeterminate sentence.
6) Sir Evelyn Ruggles Brise - he was the Director of English Prisons who opened
the Borstal Institution after visiting Elmira Reformatory in 1897. Borstal
Institutions are today considered as the best reformation institution for young
offenders. This system was based entirely on the individual treatment.
The Industrial Prison Movement (1890-1935)
This was consisted in the operation of industries inside penal institutions in order to support the
maintenance of prisons, especially during the economic depression that hit the United States. Almost
every prison was converted into factory of manufacturing articles which were sold in open market.
During this period, there was sudden increase of criminality in the united States caused by increase in
recidivism and habitual delinquency due to the abandonment of the rehabilitation program in penal
institutions in favor of operation of industries.
The Classification Movement (1930-1944)
The movement of modern correctional reforms started with the reorganization of the Federal
Prison System in 1930, placing the penal institutions of the United States under the centralized
jurisdiction of the Federal Bureau of Prisons, recruiting professionally trained personnel and
accentuating institutional rehabilitation programs. In 1944, the California Prison System was
reorganized which was included the establishment of the Reception and Diagnostic Center. Penal
institutions were constructed and classified according to program specialization and degree of
custody of inmates. The most recent developments in correctional systems are the diversification of
adult penal institutions and the individualization of treatment and training of prisoners. These systems
are very useful for the effective rehabilitation of prisoners.
The Era of Treatment (1945-1967)
During this period, inmates came to be seen more as “clients or patients” than as offenders,
and the terms like “resident or group member” replaced the “inmate” label. The treatment era was
based upon a medical model of corrections – one which implied that the offender was sick and that
rehabilitation was only a matter of finding the right treatment.
The Community-Based Correction Format (1967-1980)
Beginning in the 1960’s, prison crowding combined with the renewed faith in humanity,
inspired a movement away from institutionalized corrections and towards the creation of opportunities
for reformation within local communities. The transition of community-based corrections was based
upon the premise that rehabilitation cannot occur in isolation from the free social world to which
inmates must eventually return. Advocates of corrections portrayed prisons as dehumanizing,
claiming they further victimized offenders who had been negatively labeled by society. In 1972,
Jerome Miller, Massachusetts Prison Director for Youth Services, closed all the reform schools and
replaced them with group homes.
HISTORY OF EARLY PHILIPPINE PRISON SYSTEM
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 Prior to the coming of the Spaniards and immediately soon after their arrival, the penal system
of this country was jurisdictionally local and tribal. It consisted mostly of native mores and customs
administered by regional chieftains. The more notable ones were: the Maragtas Code of Datu
Sumakwel, Kalantiao Code of Datu Kalantiao, Sikatuna Code and others. The most extensive
among these codes was the Code of Kalantiao.
The inception of prison system in the Philippines started during the Spanish Regime dating
back in 1521 through Royal Decrees, Orders, Ordinances, Rules and Regulations promulgated
by the King of Spain. Two known Royal Decrees were enforced, namely:
1. Recopelacion de las Leyes de India 2. Ley Engiciamento Criminal
Legal Basis of Philippine Prison Sytem:
Revised Administrative Code under Sections 1705 to 1751 otherwise known as Prison Law.
Said law states that the head of the Bureau of Prisons is the Director of Prisons who is appointed by
the President of the Philippines with the confirmation of Commission on Appointments. The Bureau of
Prisons (now Bureau of Corrections) has the general supervision and control of National and
Provincial prisons and all penal settlements and is charged with the safekeeping of all prisons
confined therein or committed to the custody of the said Bureau.
Philippines Corrrectional Institutions:
1. New Bilibid Prison in Muntinlupa, Rizal - This was established in 1847 and became the
first and central place of confinement for Filipino prisoners by virtue of the Royal Decree of the
Spanish Crown. The NBP operates two satellite units, namely: Bukang Liwayway (for
minimum security) and Sampaguita Camp (for medium security).
2. San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm in Zamboanga City - This was established in 1869 by
Spanish Authorities for the purpose of confining political offenders. This prison was named
after its founder Captain Ramon Blanco of the Spanish Royal Army. Its area is 1,524.6
hectares.
3. Iwahig Penal Colony in Puerto Prinsesa, Palawan - The establishment of this penal colony is
to serve as an institution for incorrigibles envisioned by Governor Luke E. Wright and ordered
by Governor Forbes in January 23, 1904. Later, it became the colony for well-behaved and
declared tractable prisoners. It enjoys the reputation of being the best open institutions in the
world over. It has four (4) sub-colonies, namely: 1) Sta. Lucia Sub-Colony, 2) Inagawan
Sub-Colony, 3) Montible Sub-Colony, and 4) Central sub-Colony. Its area is 36,000 hectares.
4. Davao Penal Colony in Panabo, Davao del Norte – This colony was established by Gen.
Paulino Santos, Director of Prisons on January 21, 1932 in accordance with Act No. 3732 and
Proclamation No. 414. Its area is 18 hectares. The colony is divided into two sub-colonies,
namely: 1) Panabo Sub-colony and 2) Kapalong Sub-colony
5. Sablayan Penal Farm and Colony in San Jose, Occ. Mindoro – This colony was established
by Candido Bagaoisan, Asst. Superintendent and Administrator under proclamation No. 72
dated September 27, 1954 in a 16,000 hectare land. It is the fastest and youngest colony of
the bureau and an open or minimum security type of institution with self-sufficient in rice which
is principal product.
6. Correctional Institution for Women in Welfareville, Mandaluyong – This institution was
established in 1931 in a 18-hectare land by authority of Act No. 3579 on Novembver 27, 1929.
7. Leyte Regional Prison in Abuyog, Leyte
Three (3) Executive Institutions handling Correctional Services:
1. Bureau of Corrections (BUCOR)
Board of Pardons and Parole (BPP)
Parole and Probation Administration (PPA)
- Under the Department of Justice (DOJ)
2. Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP)
-Under Department of Interior & Local Government (DILG)
3. Rehabilitation Center for Youthful Offenders (RCYO)
-Under Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD)
Provincial Jails – are the only correctional institutions administered and operated
under the Provincial Governor in the provinces.
DIVERSION -
This is formally acknowledged and organized efforts to utilize alternatives to initial or continued
processing into the justice system. In terms of processing, diversion implies halting or suspending
formal criminal proceeding against a person who has violated a statute, in favor of processing through
a non-criminal disposition or means. Diversionary tactics are aimed at keeping people out of the
criminal justice system and particularly out of its institutional component.
1. Influences which have paved the way for Diversion:
a. The insufficiency of the criminal justice system.
b. The desire of the citizen to become actively involved in the system’s
workings.
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 c. Recognition of the fact that crime is actually spawned in the community.
2. Other factors to which contributed to the development of Diversion:
a. The fact that the stigma of incarceration might be avoided.
b. Professional and economic opportunities would not be denied to the
convicted person.
c. Less serious offenses might be more appropriately handled by some
other type of agency.
d. Recidivism would be reduced by lessened opportunity for criminal
contagion which is inevitably present in the penal institution.
3. Criteria for Screening Persons Eligible for Diversion:
a. Relative youth of the offender.
b. Victim’s willingness to forego conviction.
c. Mental or emotional impairment for which treatment is available in the
community.
d. Crime being significantly related to a factor, such as employment or
family problems that can be remedied in the community.
Note: Diversion should be entertained only for those offenders whose behavior can be
effectively dealt with in the community. For the more hardened criminals, of injury or death, or
for individuals whose psychotic or unmanageable behavior acquires the security of custody,
institutionalization is required.
4. Types of Pre-Trial Diversion:
a. Dispute Resolution Programs – are mediation programs which seek to help
antagonistic parties resolved their disputes in face-to-face confrontations as soon after
the act that caused the criminal complaint as possible.
b. Deferred prosecution – this operates in one or two ways:
1. When an offender is arrested, he or she may be screened according to a
number of pre-established criteria to determine if the problem can be handled
through a formal diversionary program; if so, project staff will explain the program
to the accused offender, and if the offender is willing to participate in the
program, the court will be asked to defer formal charging. Prosecutors are
usually willing to dismiss the criminal charges for those offenders who
successfully complete their diversionary programs.
2. Under the second model, formal charges are lodged before defendants are
screened for their eligibility for diversionary programs. If the court and the
offender agree, criminal proceedings are suspended pending the outcome of the
findings and conclusions of the program. A successful solution through the
program ensures that formal charges are dropped; failure results in formal
criminal charges.
c. Treatment alternative to street crime - these are designed to divert drug pushers away
from the criminal justice system and into the jurisdiction of agencies offering
specialized services.
d. Pre-Trial Release – this permits the release of defendants from jail prior to trial. It
offers a series of options that provide varying levels of supervision and services and
can be offered at points increasingly deeper into the criminal justice system.
1) Pre-booking Release:
a. Field Citation –this is a discretionary method of diverting some of the pre arraignment
population back into the community at the point of arrest, and is effected by an
arresting officer who has the option of releasing on the spot any misdemeanant
who does not demand to be taken immediately before the court, and the date of
initial hearing is set for at least five days following the arrest.
b. Station House Citation – occurs after a police officer has transported a
misdemeanant to a police station, where the information provided by the arrested
person is verified. It permits the police officer to make a decision on the basis of
valid information, avoids pre-arraignment, and deprives the misdemeanant of less
liberty than if she or he is booked.
2) Post-Booking Release
a. Release on Own Recognizance (ROR) g. Percentage bail
b. Unsecured Bail h. Fully secured bail
c. Third Party Release i. Cash Bail
d. Conditional Release j. Supervised release
e. Monitored OR – Recognizance Release k. Supervised Pre-Trial Work release
f. Privately secured bail
BUREAU OF JAIL MANAGEMENT AND PENOLOGY(BJMP)

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 Under Section 60, Chapter IV of Republic Act. No. 6975, otherwise known as the PNP Law of
1990, the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP) is created with the powers and functions
stipulated under Sec. 16, “The jail bureau shall exercise supervision and control over all city and
municipal jails. The provincial jails shall be supervised and controlled by the Provincial Government
within its jurisdiction, whose expenses shall be subsidized by the National Government for not more
than three (3) years after the effectivity of the said act.”
Organization of City or Municipal Jails (BJMP):
A. Office of the Warden
Warden is responsible for the coordination and control of the personnel, the inmates and the
program of the institution. He is responsible for the safety, security, discipline and well-being of his
men as well as the prisoners/detainees and sees to the efficient functioning of the institution.
B. Intelligence and Investigation Team
This team gathers, collates and submits intelligence information to the Warden on matters
pertaining to jail conditions, plots or plans by prisoners that threaten the safety of personnel and/or
disturb the normal functioning of the institutions, and those that would lead to the eventual capture of
escaped prisoners. It has also the task in the investigation of all reported cased of violation of laws
and the rules and regulations.
C. Jail Inspectorate Section
This section inspect the jail facilities, personnel and prisoners/detainees and submit report of
deficiencies noted. It helps the warden in the maintenance of discipline, not only of the personnel but
inmates as well.
D. Public Relations Office
This Office is tasked with the maintenance of good public relations to obtain the necessary and
adequate support of the public. It also maintains good relations with the press and other mass media
for the proper dissemination of information advantageous to the administration of the jail.
E. Assistant Warden
Assistant Warden is the principal assistant of the warden. He keeps himself to be able to
assume command effectively during the warden’s temporary absence. He undertakes the
development of a systematic process of treatment in his capacity as Chairman of the Classification
Board. As chairman of the Disciplinary Board, he hears of erring inmates and recommends the
corresponding disciplinary actions thereto.
F. Administrative Group
This group takes charge of all administrative function of the jail, keeps records of the jail
properties, supplies and equipment and maintain personnel records. It also performs such other
functions for the attainment of an efficient jail administration. Under this group, it has the following
branches:
1. Personnel Management Branch – responsible for the preparation and maintenance of
personnel procedure, assignment of personnel, preparation of daily personnel report,
monthly personnel reports and others. It maintains individual record files of personnel.
2. Records and Statistics Branch – keeps and maintains an orderly of booking sheet and
arrest reports, fingerprint cards, photographs and index cards of inmates confined in jail
individual prisoner’s jackets. It also prepares the daily, monthly, quarterly and annual
statistical data of jail intake and releases and submits such other subsidiary reports as
may be required from time to time.
3. Property and Supply Branch – takes charge of the safekeeping of equipment and
supplies and the requisitioning of supplies and materials needed for the operation of
the jail.
4. Budget and Finance Branch - takes charge of financial matters specially in
programming, budgeting, accounting and other activities related to financial services. It
consolidates and prepares financial reports and related statement of subsistence
outlays and disbursement in the operation of the jail.
5. Mess Services Branch - takes charge of the preparation of the daily menu, makes
foodstuff purchases, prepares and cooks the foods and serves it to the inmates. It
maintains a record of daily purchases and consumption and submits a daily report to
the warden.
6. General Services Branch - responsible for the maintenance and repair of jail facilities
and equipment. It also tasked with cleanliness as well as the beautification of the jail
compound.
7. Mittimus Computing Branch - recognizes court decision and mittimus and ascertain by
computation the date of the full completion of the service of sentence of each prisoner
for his eventual release from jail. It also prepares transfer orders on inmates to other
penal institutions.

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 Mittimus – is a warrant issued by a court bearing its seal and the signature of the judge,
directing the jail or prison authorities to receive the convicted offender for the service of
sentence imposed therein.
G. Security Group
This group provides the system of sound custody, security and control of inmates and
movements. It enforces and maintains inmates discipline.
1) Escort/Subpoena Section:
a. Escort Section - produces the inmates under proper guard to the fiscals office,
courts, tribunals and other judicial or quasi-judicial bodies or authority upon
proper summons. It also tasked with the transfer of prisoners to the National
Penitentiaries on proper court orders or authority. In certain cases, it also
executes banishment order for persons to court.
b. Subpoena Section – receives, distributes, and or serves subpoenas, notices,
orders, summons and other court processes directed to inmates confined in
jail. It also makes a compilation of all subpoenas, submitting them to the court
section for the prompt delivery of prisoners to court.
2) Security Platoon - there are three working platoon shifts which shall be responsible for
the overall security of the jail compound. It sees to it that all gates, guard posts and
towers are properly guarded and manned, and that inmates do not escape. It is
responsible for the proper system of security and control procedures of inmates in
confinement, and the searching of all personnel and visitors entering the jail compound to
check and prevent the smuggling of contrabands.
a) Admitting and Releasing Units - this is a part of the security platoon. It is
tasked with receiving of persons committed to jail and the proper release of
prisoners who have served prison sentences or who are on orders of courts
or authority.
H. Rehabilitation Group
This group provides service and assistance to prisoners and their families to enable hem to
solve their individual needs and problems arising from the prisoners confinement. It’s primary interest
is the inmates correction and rehabilitation.
1) Medical and Health Services Branch - provides the necessary medical and physical
examination of inmates upon commitment, treats the sick prisoners during the
confinement and conducts medical and physical examinations before their release. It is
also tasked with the proper psychiatric and psychological examinations and treatment of
offenders. It prescribe/provides medicines and recommends for the hospitalization and
further disposition of seriously ill prisoners. It tasked with the inspection of jail premises
and prisoners in solitary confinement and submits reports and recommendations. The
dental service treat prisoners of their dental ailments and complaints and provides
prophylaxisin certain areas.
2) Work and Education Therapy Services – takes charge of the work/job and educational
program needs for the rehabilitation of the prisoners. It takes care also of proper job
incentives and placement so that prisoners may earn and provide material support for
their families while in jail.
3) Socio-Cultural Services - takes care of the social casework study on individual prisoners
by making interviews, home visits, referral to community resources, free legal services,
laiason work, etc. for the inmates. It also assist the prisoners earn their parole or pardon
because of good conduct.
4) Chaplain Services – takes charge of their religious and moral upliftment of the inmates
through religious services. This branch caters to all religious sects or denominations.
5) Guidance and Counseling Services - responsible for the individual and group counseling
activities to help inmates solve their individual problems and to help them lead a
wholesome and constructive life after their release
Types of Jails:
1. Lock-up Jail – is a security facility for the temporary detention of persons held for investigation
or awaiting preliminary investigation.
2. Ordinary Jail – this institution houses both for offenders awaiting court action and those serving
short sentences usually not more than three years.
3. Workhouse, Jail Farm or Camp houses – a facility for minimum custody offenders serving short
sentences usually not more than three years. Like ordinary jail, they may be operated with
constructive work programs. It provides full employment of prisoners, remedial services and
constructive leisure time activities.
Prisoner/Detainee - is a person committed to jail or prison by competent court or authority for
any of the following reasons:
1) To serve the sentence after conviction, 2) Trial 3) Investigation
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Classification of Inmates:
1. Sentenced Prisoners - are those who are convicted by final judgment of the crime
charged against them.
2. Detention Prisoners - are those persons who are detained for violation of law and
ordinances and has not yet been convicted by the court.
3. Persons held for investigation or safekeeping
A judgment of conviction in a criminal case becomes final:
a. After the lapse of the period of perfecting an appeal which is fifteen (15) days.
b. When the accused expressly waives in writing his right to appeal.
c. When the accused applies for probation
Classification of Sentenced Prisoners categorized under Pres. Decree No. 29:
1) Insular Prisoners – persons who are sentenced to serve a prison term of over three (3)
years or to pay a fine of more than One Thousand Pesos (1,000 Php) or both and those
persons sentenced for violation of the customs laws or other laws within the jurisdiction of
the Bureau of Customs and for violation of election law.
2) Provincial or City Prisoners - persons who are sentenced to serve imprisonment for not
more than three (3) years or to pay a fine of not more than One Thousand Pesos or both.
But, if a prisoner receives two or more sentences in the aggregate exceeding the period of
three years, he shall not be considered a provincial prisoner. The imposition of subsidiary
imprisonment shall not be taken into consideration infixing the status of a prisoner hereunder
except when the sentence imposes a fine only.
3) Municipal Prisoners – is a person who is sentenced to serve imprisonment for not more
than six (6) months.
Alternatives of Jail Confinement:
1. Elimination for those who belong to elsewhere.
2. Payments of fines in place of release from custody.
3. Extensive use of probation.
4. Wider use of approved methods of release from custody.
5. Establishing of farm units and forestry camps.
Degree of Custody of Prisoners:
1. Super Security Prisoners – this is a special group of prisoners composed of incorrigibles,
intractables, and dangerous person who are so difficult to manage that they are the source of
constant troubles and disturbance even in a maximum security institution.
2. Maximum Security Prisoners – this group consist of chronic trouble makers but not as
dangerous as the Super Security prisoners. The movements are restricted and they are not
allowed to work outside the institution but rather are assigned to industrial jobs within prison
compound. They are housed in a maximum security institution.
3. Medium Security Prisoners - these are the prisoners who may be allowed to work outside the
fence of the institution under guard escorts. Generally, they are employed as agricultural
workers.
4. Minimum Security Prisoners – this group belongs to prisoners who are already trusted to
report to their places for work assignment without the presence of guards. They are free to
move around subject only to curfew hours during nighttime.
DIVERSIFICATION: Concept and Importance
Diversification is an administrative device of correctional institutions of providing varied and
flexible types of physical plants for the more effective control of the treatment programs of its
diversified population.
Its principle is that as soon as there are enough prisoners of a certain homogeneous type
requiring a specialized program of custody and treatment, this group should be separated in a
specialized institution. This separation can be done through proper classification of inmates. When
prisoners are classified and grouped according to certain criteria, the treatment is more or less
specialized since the carrying out of the treatment program is concentrated. Segregation of prisoners
are aimed to prevent moral or physical contamination of one group by another; and to prevent
unnecessary custodial risks.
Factors Considered in Diversification:
a. Age – Offenders who are under 18 years of age should be segregated from the older group.
This is to prevent these youthful offenders from becoming hardened criminals from associating
with the more incorrigible group of adult offenders.
b. Sex – Female prisoners should be kept in a separate institution away from the male prisoners
for the protection of these offenders of the weaker sex. Special buildings for women may either
be located on the same site with men’s prison, or in a different site or location from that of the
men’s prison.
c. Medical or Mental Conditions - Mentally abnormal, sexual deviates, physically handicapped
and hospital patients need to be segregated from the prison population because each one of
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 these groups of prisoners require special kind of treatment different from ordinary able-bodied
offenders. The general tone of the institution for those requiring continued long term treatment
for chronic conditions will be that of a hospital with medium security features.
d. Degree of Custody – This is the extent of strict keeping or charge necessary for a person in
confinement. This is the factor used mostly of the diversification of correctional institution
CONTROL Concept:
Control involves supervision of prisoners to insure punctual and orderly movement to and from
the dormitories, places of work, church, hospitals, recreation facilities in accordance with daily
schedule.
1. Prison Discipline – is a continuing state of good order and behavior. In prison, it
includes the maintenance of good standards of work, sanitation, safety, education,
personal health and recreation.
2. Preventive Discipline – involves prompt corrections of minor deviations before they
become serious violations, which may be dealt with a reprimand or warning and is used
when the deviation is : 1) Trivial 2) Due to ignorance 3) The result of careless or
faulty habits.
Disciplinary Cases in Prison/Jail:
The Deputy Superintendent for Custody is responsible for disciplinary and punitive actions as
the Chairman of Disciplinary Board in Prison. In jails, the chairman of the disciplinary board is
Assistant Warden. As the chairman, he hears cases of erring inmates and recommends the
corresponding disciplinary actions thereto:
Composition of the Disciplinary Board:
Chairman – Assistant Warden/Deputy Superintendent
Members: Chief Security Officer
Medical Officer or Public Health Officer
Social Worker
Types of Report that may initiate disciplinary hearing:
a) Behavior Report - it includes both bad acts and attitudes as well as exceptionally good
work habits and attitudes. This is intended to call attention to the inmate’s act such as
lack of self-control, suspiciousness, etc.
b) Misconduct Report - carries every violation of law or rules and every case included is
investigated and heard by the board.
Action taken during pendency of investigation
Pending investigation and adjudication of the case, the prisoner may be placed under
segregation and confinement although not in a punishment status, if:
1. The case is so serious as to warrant it, or
2. There is danger that the offender will unduly influence witnesses.
Punishment imposed in disciplinary cases:
a. Solitary Confinement – it is used in extreme cases especially when there is
danger that the prisoner may hurt himself or others frequently accompanied with
dietary restrictions.
b. Locking in his own cell with lost of yard privileges.
c. Loss of privileges such as visiting, correspondence and other privileges.
d. Transfer to another institution
e. Assignment to a “discipline squad” for manual labor.
f. Counsel and reprimand – a mild form of punishment imposed for trivial offenses.
g. Loss of good conduct time allowance (GCTA).
Good Conduct Time Allowance - is a reward for good conduct whereby a prisoner receives partial
deduction of his prison sentence. Under the law, a prisoner for good conduct or behavior is entitled to
a reduction of:
a. Five days each month during his first two years stay in prison.
b. Eight days each month during his 3rd to the 5th years.
c. Ten days each month during his 6th to the 10th years.
d. Fifteen days each month during his 11th and succeeding years.
Most common prison system violations which necessitate disciplinary hearing
Some of the frequent violations include gambling, fighting, homosexual practices, stealing,
smuggling, possession of contraband or planned, attempted and consummated escapes.
CLASSIFICATION DEFINED:
It is a method by which diagnosis, treatment program are coordinated in the individual case. It
is a process for determination the needs and requirements of those whom correction has been
ordered and for assigning them to programs according to their needs and existing resources.
A. Brief History of Classification:
The term Classification was borrowed from an Army Psychologist who had demonstrated
during the first world war the usefulness of psychological tests for the measurement of human
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abilities, aptitudes and personality. At first, classification consisted of a mere segregation for the
purpose of discipline and administrative control of prisoners, according to such criteria as age, sex,
race and dangerousness. As to the treatment reaction became popular, differentiation was to be
made on the basis of individual needs and probable reformability by inmates and specific treatment
programs were to be directed towards individuals who, as the basis for differentiation implied, could
most benefit from them. In the later years, classification has come to refer to this whole system of
differentiation according to inmate’s needs and individualized execution of treatment programs
consisted with the needs. The term is now used to designate the entire process by which prisoner’s
attempt to attain the objectives of reformation through individualized treatment.
B. Four Separated but coordinated procedures of classification:
1. Diagnosis – the prisoner’s case history is taken and his personality studied. Through
examinations and observations, the staff of the Reception and Diagnostic Center (RDC)
determines the nature and extent of the person’s criminality and the extent to which he may be
rehabilitated.
2. Treatment – this is also performed by the center’s staff which consist in the formulation of a
tentative treatment program best suited to the needs and interest of an individual prisoner based
on their findings. Both diagnosis and treatment planning take place in the reception center.
3. Execution of Treatment Program – this consists in the application of the treatment program
and policies by the classification committee.
4. Re-Classification – the treatment program is kept current with the inmate’s changing needs and
with the new analysis based on any information not available at the time of the initial
classification committee meeting of the inmate’s case which continues from time to time of the
first classification until the inmate is released.
C. Reception and Diagnostic Center (RDC)
This is a special unit of prison where new prisoners undergo diagnostic examination, study and
observation for the purpose of determining the program of treatment and training best suited to their
needs and the institution to which they should be transferred.
Staff of the Reception Diagnostic Center:
1. Psychiatrist – examines the prisoner and prepares an abstract which indicates the mental and
emotional make-up of the prisoner with reference to the presence of psychosis, etc. He
recommends for the type of custody and transfer with emphasis any special condition which
limit or indicate special type of work , educational training, recreation or disciplinary treatment.
2. Psychologist – conducts interview and administers tests. He presents psychological abstract
and findings with regard to the mental level, general and special abilities, interests and skills of
the prisoner. He makes recommendation with regard to custody, transfer and general education
and further study and treatment of the inmate.
3. Sociologist – conducts interview and gathers facts of the personal history of the inmate and
recorded in the social abstract which also includes an analysis and interpretation of the
individual’s social situation and relationshjp.
4. Educational Counselor – conducts orientation classes in general education in order to change
the inmate’s attitudes towards education. He recommends for the type of vocational training of
the prisoner.
5. Vocational Counselor – tests the prisoner in order to determine his general and specific
abilities, interest and skills. He recommends for the type of vocational training of the prisoner.
6. Chaplain – encourages the prisoner to participate in religious worship. His abstract indicate the
religious sect or organization to which the prisoner is affiliated and recommends on the
prisoner’s religious training.
7. Medical Officer - conducts complete physical examinations on the inmates and correlates the
prisoner’s previous health history with the present findings and recommends for the medical
treatment of the prisoner.
8. Custodial/Correctional Officer – the chief of the correctional unit’s abstract includes all
significant observations made by the correctional officers of the prisoner’s behavior and
interaction to various situations and recommends on the transfer and the type of custody of the
inmate.
D. Classification Board for Jails:
The manual of jail management requires that each jail shall maintain a classification board
facilities and personnel are available to be composed of the Assistant Warden as Chairman and the
Chief Security Officer, Medical Officer, Chaplain and Social Work as members. The Board is tasked
with the gathering and collating of information and other data of every prisoner into a case study to
determine the work assignment, the type of supervision and degree of custody and restrictions under
which an offender must live in jail.
E. Admission Procedures in Jails:
1. Receiving – the new prisoner is received either in the center (RDC) or in prison but
later on transferred to the center. The new prisoner usually comes from a provincial
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 or city jail where he is immediately committed upon conviction by the court and
escorted by guards of the committing jail during his transfer to the National Prison.
2. Checking commitment paper – the receiving officer checks the commitment papers
if they are in order, that is, if it contains the signature of the judge or the signature of
the clerk of court and the seal of the court.
3. Establishing identity of the prisoner – the prisoner’s identity is established through
the picture and the fingerprint of the prisoner appearing in the commitment order.
This isto insure that the person being committed is the same person being named in
the commitment order.
4. Searching the prisoner – this step involves the frisking of the prisoner and searching
of his personal things, weapons and other items classified as contraband are
confiscated and deposited with the property custodian. Money, watches, rings and
other pieces of jewelry are deposited with the trust fund officer under proper recording
and receipts.
5. Assignment of Quarters – the new prisoner is then sent to the quarantine unit where
he spends from seven to ten days.
F. The Quarantine Unit or Cell:
This may be a unit of the prison or a section of the RDC where the prisoner is given thorough
physical examination including blood test, X-Rays, inoculations and vaccinations for the purpose of
insuring that the prisoner is not suffering from any contagious disease which might be transferred to
the prison population./
I. Orientation Procedures:
These procedures takes place within the first few days in the center which consists the
following:
1. Giving the prisoners a booklet of rules and regulation, or if this is not available,
explaining the rules to them.
2. Conducting group meetings of the center inmates to explain the purpose of the
treatment programs.
3. Holding sessions with the members of the center’s staff to explain the basic purpose of
the RDC and what the inmates should do in order to profit from their experience.
J. Testing Program:
Within one or two weeks from arrival, group testings are given in the form of psychological and
psychiatric examinations in order to have an analysis of the inmates personality which is very
valuable to the rest of the center’s staff.
K. Program Activities:
A regularly schedule activities which a prisoner undergoes after quarantine and orientation
stagers will last until his last day in the center and include the following:
1. Educational Program – the aims of which are to determine the possibilities of the
inmate which may be pursued or encouraged in prison; and to encourage through
group sessions, the individual to talk out his problems, to lend him to recognize
desirable goals and ways of attaining them.
2. Vocational Program – the inmate is given on-the-job training and observation to
determine his vocational interests and abilities, and attitude towards work.
3. Physical Training and Recreation – these are aimed at building the morale and
maintaining the well-being of the prisoner. It also affords an opportunity for
supervisors to observe how the inmate reacts to various situations which are very
revealing of the prisoner’s personality.
L. Staff Interview:
Since each staff of the Reception and Diagnostic Center (RDC) has his own phase of study
and responsibility, it is necessary that each of them should plan his interview on every inmate on
whom he is required to report, so that his questions are pointed toward securing the information
which will help him analyze the phase of study for which he is responsible.
M. Staff Conference:
This is also called the guidance or case conference where the prisoner, after undergoing all
the tests, interviews and examinations, appears before the center’s staff in a conference to plan out
with him his tentative program of treatment and training. After every member of the staff has given
his report, the body votes on what program of activities the prisoner should undergo including
institutional training, recreational program, religious program, medical, psychiatric and social services.
N. Admission Summary:
The written reports submitted by the center’s staff regarding their findings on the prisoner are
complied and forms the admission summary which becomes the nucleus of the cumulative case
history of the prisoners.
1. Contents of the Admission Summary :
a. An account of the legal aspect of the case
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 b. A summary of the prisoner’s earlier criminal history
c. Social history, or the man’s biography as a person
d. Physical education
e. Vocational interests, competence and experience
f. Educational Status
g. Religious background and interest.
h. Recreational interest
i. Psychological characteristics
j. Behavior in the Reception Center as reported by the custodial staff
k. Initial reaction to group psychotherapy or group counseling or other forms of
treatment
2. Who obtains Copies of Admission Summary:
a. One copy goes with the prisoner which ever prison he is confined.
b. One to the central record system of the Bureau
c. One copy remains with the RDC
d. Copies may also be required sometimes, by the classification committee,
parole agency and other institutions or appropriate community agencies.
3. Uses of the Admission Summary:
a. It is used by the Classification Committee as guide in carrying out the
rehabilitation program of the prisoner in the operating institution.
b. It is used by the parole office as guide in parole program planning and
parole supervision.
TREATMENT PROGRAMS:
The treatment programs are aimed toward the improvement of offender’s attitudes and
philosophy of life; the main goal being the ultimate rehabilitation of offenders by changing inmates’
attitudes.
Phases of the Treatment Programs:
1. Prison Education
It is used as the cornerstone in reformation. In its popular concept, education means the
process or product of formal training in schools or classrooms. In a broader sense, education
includes all the life experiences which shape a person’s attitudes and behavior.
Objectives of Prison Education - the objective of this program shall be the return of the
inmates to society with a more wholesome attitude towards living, with a desire to conduct
themselves as good citizens and with the skill and knowledge which will give them a
reasonable chance to maintain themselves and their dependents through honest labor.
1) General and Academic Education – the first legal recognition of desirable in penal or
reformatory institutions was in 1847 when the legislation of New York State provided for
the appointment of two teachers for each of the state prisons to give academic education
as instruction in English for not less than an hour and a half a day. Within a comparatively
short time, many of the prisons in other states made similar provisions. Eradication of
illiteracy among prisoners is one of the best contributions that the correctional system can
offer to society since about 60 percent of men committed to prisons in the Philippine are
functionally illiterate.
2) Vocational Education – this program is designed to provide prisoners necessary
knowledge and skills for successful work in a socially acceptable occupation after their
release. It is directed to institutional work maintenance aimed at the efficient operation of
prison and the utilization of work to provide on-the-job training of prisoners.
Vocational courses offered:
1) Radio Mechanic 6) Carpentry
2) Auto Mechanic 7) Hollow-Block making
3) Horticulture 8) Poultry and piggery raising
4) Shoemaking 9) Electronics
5) Tailoring
3) Industrial and Educational Programs for Jails – this program is provided for inmates
to acquire trade-related academic instruction if needed, or to engage in any shop work
according to his aptitudes and interest. The following special courses may be scheduled
from time to time to those inmates receptive to training to minimize idleness:
1) First Aid and or life-saving
2) Civic courses in family planning
3) Basic Electronics
4) Automotive maintenance
5) Practical courses in fire-fighting, prevention and disaster relief, etc.
4) Work Assignment of Prisoners :

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 1. Unassignable, or available for a limited employment only such as new arrivals in
quarantine and those nearly to leave the institution, those awaiting transfer, those in
disciplinary status, and those chronically ill and with mental disabilities.
2. Educational assignments, involving general educational, vocational training and
physical education.
3. Maintenance assignments, involving the use of labor in activities relating to the care
and upkeep of the institution properties.
4. Agricultural activities, planned to supply as much food requirements as possible while
simultaneously furnishing training and employment to those adopted to agricultural
work..
5. Industrial employment, planned to contribute towards a reduction in the cost of
operating the institution, to the rest of the inmates who will benefit through industries.
2. Work Programs
This program was regarded primarily as a means of punishment when labor was
introduced into prisons, although the possibility of profits were not overlooked. Labor has
frequently been considered as part of the prison treatment program. Work affects reformation
largely to the extent that it is conducive to changes in associations upon discharge from
prison. It also contributes to the morale of inmates so that they are psychologically better
equipped for making such changes in association.
Work Services for Jails
Convicted able-bodied prisoners may be required to work at east eight hours a day on
worthwhile and/or government projects except on Sundays and legal holidays, However, in
the interest of the service, they may be required to work and if funds are available they may be
fully compensated for service rendered.
3) Religious Services
Religion plays an important role in a person’s life. Religious services are given for the
purpose of changing the attitude of the inmates by inculcating to them the value of religious
beliefs.
4) Recreational Programs
This is usually conducted during “free time” schedule, and should be designed to meet
the needs and interest of the inmate, providing for active competitive and strenuous forms of
recreation for those physically incapacitated.
Objectives of the Recreation Program:
1. To provide an environment that will be conducive to the best mental and
physical development of the inmate.
2. To help the prisoners to become aware of their individual conditions and to
provide a method of improvement
3. Development of proper attitudes and conduct necessary for cooperative
competition.
4. To arouse the interest of the prisoners in the recreational program to the extent
that they will continue this kind of activity after their release.
Activities Included in the Recreational Program:
1) Sports/Athletics
a) Individual sports like weightlifting
b) Dual sports like badminton
c) Team sports like basketball
2) Arts and Crafts like basketry
3) Music such as organizing vocal groups
4) Drama and literary activities, for those with talents for entertaining visitors, etc.
5) Social games like chess
6) Club activities
7) Special activities on special events like New Year’s Day, etc.
5) Health and Medical Services
These services includes:
1) Mental and physical examination of the prisoner; observations, diagnosis and
treatment of inmates;
2) Immunization and protection of the inmate population as well as the staff against
health hazards;
3) Visiting prisoners in segregation sections; sanitary inspections, consultations with
culinary and other officials; and
4) Participation in training, classification, disciplinary and other programs of the
medical officer.
6) Counseling, Casework and Clinical Services

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 1) Counseling - it is a relationship in which one endeavors to help another understand and
solve his problems of adjustment. Counseling implies mutual consent, and as used in working
with offender, encompasses the personal and group relationships undertaken by the staff.
2) Casework - in correctional work, consist of working with one individual at a time, which
includes the professional services rendered by professionally trained personnel in the
description and social treatment of offenders.
3) Clinical Services – this services provides the most intensive diagnostic and treatment
activities which generally include the functions of psychiatrists, psychologists, psychiatric
social workers, and auxiliary personnel, particularly to offenders with deep seated emotional
problems.
INSTITUTIONAL CUSTODY, SECURITY AND CONTROL:
A) Aims of Institutional Security:
1) Prevention of Escapes 2) Control of Contraband 3) Maintenance of Good Order
Contraband – is anything that is contrary to prison or jail rules and regulations. Many of the
things not considered as contraband in the community are classified as contrabands in the
institution.
B) Essential Requisites for a Sound Custody, Security and Control of Prisoners:
1. There must be an adequate system of classification of prisoners. This is to determine the
extent of strict keeping or charge necessary for a person under confinement.
2. There must be a regular, formalized inspection of security facilities such as doors, bars,
windows and locks.
3. There must be an adequate system of counting inmates.
4. There must be a written set of rules for firearms control including specification regarding
the use, safety precautions, proper inventory and storage.
5. There must be a plan for gas control also with specifications of its use, safety precautions,
etc.
6. There must be a plan for the control of contraband defining such items and providing for their
regulations.
7. There must be a plan for the control of keys for the assurance that all are accounted for and
under the control of free personnel.
8. There should be a plan for control of tools and equipment like3 the hanging of tools on
shadow board when not in use.
9. There must be a comprehensive and up-to-date job analysis for all posts – to aid the
employees in understanding more of their tasks.
10. Proper locking devices must be kept in good operating conditions.
11. There must be a proper cell equipment in cells – to minimize the necessity of permitting
prisoners to leave the cells after lock-in.
12. Emergency doors must be provided where prisoners are congregated.
13. Plans should be developed and be available for operation during special emergencies like
riots, escape, emergency lighting, fire, etc.
C. CUSTODY Concept:
Custody is defined as guarding or penal safekeeping. It involves security measures, locking
and counting routines, procedures for searching prisoners and their living quarters, and prevention of
contraband.
1) The Prison’s Custodial Division – this is charged of all matters pertaining to the custody of the
prisoners and security of the institution. This unit is headed by a Security Officer III or Captain.
He holds the rank of Associate Warden.
a) Security Officers – are assigned as commanding officer of the three shifts of guards and
the escort company or platoon.
b) Supervising Prison Guards – take charge of a big group of guard details on several posts
within the perimeter of the institution. They are the immediate superior officers of the
Senior Prison Guards.
c) Senior Prison Guards – take charge of a squad or group of guards in a work detail or
escort detail.. They are also assigned to man important posts such as control gates, mess
halls, and living quarters of prisoners. For every six or eight guards there is one Senior
Prison Guard.
2) Custodial Force for Local Jails under the BJMP - members of the custodial force are members of
the BJMP and they are peace officers. They shall, in addition to their duties as peace officers, also
perform the following special functions:
1. To supervise and maintain order and discipline of inmates in housing units,
those assembled for religious services, entertainment and athletics, during
meals, classes, work details, both and visits.
2. To censor inmate’s mail.
3. To inspect security devices.
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 4. To maintain inner and outer perimeter security.
5. To insure custody and safety of those confined in jail.
6. To escort prisoners to courts, other places of confinement and to hospital in
cases of emergencies.
7. To escort visitors within jail premises.
8. To report any infringement of rules and regulations to proper authorities
9. To inform the desk officer of any emergency case.
10. To keep and maintain records of the prisoners/detainees.
F. Additonal Terminologies:
For a better understanding of some significant terms, the following are hereby provided:
1. Penology - is the study of punishment of crime; a branch of criminology dealing with prison
management and the treatment of offender.
2. Peno-Correctional - is a combination of correctional treatment with penal confinement.
3. Punishment - is the imposition of penalty to produce satisfied suffering on the offender so that
the society is justified in making him suffer for his wrong doings. It restores the balance
between pleasure and pain.
4. Expiation - is a group vengeance as distinguished from retribution which is personal
vengeance. An amending vendetta between the offender and the victim.
5. Corporal Punishment – the offender is inflicted by flogging, mutilation, disfiguration and
warming.
6. Public Humiliation - shaming were effected by the use of stock and pillory, docking stool,
branding and shaving off the hair, etc.
7. Deterrence – it is commonly believed that punishment gives a lesson to the offender; that it
shows others what would happen if they violate the law; and that punishment holds crime in
check. This is the essence of deterrence as a justification for punishment.
8. Protection – is a justification of punishment came after prisons were fully established. People
believe that by putting the offender in prison, society is protected from his further criminal
depredation.
9. Reformation – this is the latest justification of punishment. Under this theory, society can best
be protected from crime if the purpose of imprisonment is to reform or rehabilitate the prisoner.
10. Jails – are institution for the confinement of untried prisoners and sentence prisoners serving
imprisonment not more than three years., jails are administered by the local government.
11. Prisons – are institutions for confinement of sentenced prisoners serving imprisonment for
more than three years. Prisons are administered by the state or national government.
12. Kangaroo Courts – existence of other discredited methods of discipline. Hands down
decisions with out any legal or official authorization to do so.
13. Amnesty – is a general pardon extended to group of persons, usually for political offenders, by
Executive Clemency with the concurrence of Congress.
14. Pardon – is a form of Executive Clemency which is exercised by the Chief Executive. It is an
act of grace and not as a matter of right. Pardon is vested in the president which is subject for
review by the court.
15. Commutation – an Executive Clemency changing a heavier sentence to a less serious one or
a long term to a shorter term. It reduces the penalty.
16. Parole – is a procedure by which prisons are selected for release on the basis of individual
responses and progress within the correctional institution. It is a conditional release after the
prisoner has served the minimum sentence of imprisonment.
17. Reprieve – is a temporary suspension of the execution of sentence, exercise by the president.
18. Inmate - a person who has been committed to a correctional institution by the court or
competent authority.
19. Mandatory Release – a release from prison required by the statute where an inmate has been
confined for a time period equal to his or her full sentence minus statutory “good time”, if any.
20. Prisonization – the socializing process by which the inmates learn the rules and regulations of
the institution and the informal rules, values, customs and general culture of the penitentiary
whether formal or informal.
21. Indeterminate Sentence – a sentence of incarceration having a fixed minimum and a fixed
maximum term of confinement.
22. Gate Fever – the feelings of an immediate release from the penitentiary and the feeling of
uncertainty on the part of the parolee at the ebb on his release to the community.
23. Safekeeping - is temporary custody of a person or the detention of the person for his own
protection or care to secure from liability, harm, or danger.

15