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List of Monitoring Indicators

Examples of potential indicators to assess the state of the environment


Environmental Indicator Cause of the Impact Indicator State of the Environment
Impact
Pollution  Heavy metal emissions  Concentration of heavy metals and
 Organic compound emissions organic compounds in the
environment and animals
Water pollution  Intensive use of water resources  Frequency, duration, extension of
 Annual extraction of surface water shortage periods
water/ground water  Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Hg and
 Household water consumption pesticides in fresh water
per capita  Concentration of fecal coliforms (e-
 Household/industrial coli) in water
discharges in water bodies  Water temperature
Nutrient  Emissions of N and P in water  Biological oxygen demand and
overload and soil dissolved oxygen demand
 Use of N and P in aquatic crop  Concentrations of N and P in
food continental and marine waters
 Use of N and P in fertilizers and
animal feed
Water and soil  Index of acid substances  Excess of critical pH values in water
acidification  Emissions of SO and NO- and soil
 Concentration of acid rainfall
Air pollution  Inventory of stationary and  Concentration of particles, micro-
mobile sources particles and gas in the air
 Number and rate of increase of  Levels of soil, water and forest
industries and cars pollution by emission and deposit
Conservation of  Alteration of habitats  Percentage of threatened or
biodiversity and  Annual rate of wood production endangered species with regard to
landscape  Annual rate of firewood the total of known species
consumption  Changes in biomass
 Annual rate of export of  Extinction rate of protected species
endemic species  Deforestation rate
Earth and soil  Erosion risk  Area affected according to degree
degradation  Current and potential use of soil and type of erosion
for agriculture  Erosion index (sediment
 Loading capacity (head cattle production)
per unit area)  % of loss of horizon A from the soil
 Surface area affected by
desertification

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Socioeconomic Indicators
Communities are often located within a project’s impact area. The impacts the project will have on
the socioeconomic factors need to be determined through a baseline. After that, impacts can be
determined through a change in the indicator.
Indicators of socioeconomic impacts

Indicators Details
Population demographics: Indicates impact the project has based on migration patterns and needs to
size, age, ethnic groups, correspond to the ability of a community to meet the needs of a
gender growing/declining population.
Employment/ Determine in part how large an impact the project will have on quality of
unemployment rates life and contribution to household financial stability.

Median income according Determines in part how large an impact the project will have on quality of
to sectors life and contribution to household financial stability.
% of the population with Indicates the type of pressure the project and influx of workers may have
access to social services on local services and the ability of a community to meet the needs of a
(health, education, growing/declining population.
recreation, social support
etc.)
% of the population with Indicates the type of pressure the project and influx of workers may have
access adequate water, on local services and the ability of a community to meet the needs of a
sanitation, electricity growing/declining population.
Number of community Shows the ability and need for communities to advocate for themselves for
organizations/advocacy or against a cause.
groups
Housing quality and This is particularly important where relocation is necessary. While not all
quantity people will want to relocate, providing the affected population with
improved quality housing helps to improve living standards.
State of public safety Larger populations can cause a strain on the public safety system. If the
services (fire/police) services are inadequate or become inadequate as a result of the
population shift it can negatively affect the social fabric of the population.
Location and quantity of Arable land is essential to both access to food and economic activity in an
farmlands area. As such, a project should always consider the impact the project may
have on agricultural systems.
Local land-use patterns Land is often used in a wide variety of ways; agriculture, forestry,
hunting/fishing, natural and protected areas. A project must be clear about
the impact it will have on local land-use patterns because it can directly
affect the livelihood activities of the local population.
Attitudes toward the General content or discontent toward a project is important, not only in
project project success but also in ensuring the project can co-exist with the
population.

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Sectoral Indicators Example

Environmental Impact Indicator Standard


Tourism
Water consumption  Volume of water consumed per Standard set by individual
month/day/time period water use licences issued
by the state.
Water quality  % Residual water (m3) of total water use per Standards to be set by
area the technical norms for
 Water quality of individual sample testing Residual Waters
based on: temperature, colour, Ph, discharging into receiving
discharge volume, amount oil/grease bodies.
 Water quality accumulation temperature,
colour, Ph, discharge volume, oils/grease
over time
Energy  Monthly kwh use
 For service provision: Kwh used/month;
monthly gas consumption(L/mo); % of
services provided
Maintenance for  Frequency of machine tuneups including: Oil
Machines changes, belt changes, spark plug changes,
lubrication
Waste  Quantity of solid waste produced/month
 Quantity of organic waste produced/month
Mining
Mercury  Quantity of mercury captured
 Quantity of mercury released into air/water
by mine operations each year
Cyanide  Compliance with requirements of the Publication of the
International Cyanide Management code for compliance code and
manufacture, transport and use monitoring data is
suggested.
Biodiversity and  Extent and condition of areas identified as
Protected Areas containing or likely to have high levels of
biodiversity or provide environmental
services which may be affected
(positive/negative) by the mine project
 % of protected area that may be
impacted/threatened by the mine
Greenhouse Gas  Mine complies with GHG emissions
Emission standards based on ISO 14064-1:2006 and
ISO 14064-2:2006
Noise  Mine meeting acceptable noise emission Standards may be set
standards based on either through national
government/international standards legislation or taken from
international bodies,

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Environmental Impact Indicator Standard
Air quality  Mine meeting acceptable air quality Standards may be set
standards determined by either through national
government/international regulating bodies legislation or taken from
International bodies.
Waste management  % tailings facilities with liners adequately Acceptable threshold for
designed to minimize the seepage of seepage is 10–6 cm/sec
contamination to the environment over time with a thickness of 33 cm,
 % of tailings dams and waste rock dumps taking about 1 year for
that are judged to be able to withstand large seepage to move through
seismic and hydrologic events the liner
 % tailings facilities and waste rock dumps The probable maximum
with closure covers that will minimize the seismic activity and
generation of contamination and best meet amount of precipitation
re-vegetation and visual reclamation should be modelled
objectives based on past local
weather patterns,
accounting for climate
change.
Water Quantity  % of rivers and streams potentially affected Baseline to be
by mining projects whose environmental determined, benchmarks
flow is maintained over time or limits set to indicate at
 Groundwater levels in areas potentially what point irreversible
affected by mining projects impact will occur.
Water Quality  Water quality based on set standards, Water quality standards
tested against the baseline for ground and set by state or followed
surface water (Ph, temperature, sediment from international bodies
amounts, presence of arsenic, mercury, such as World Health
lead, cyanide etc.) Organization.
Resettlement  Number of unlawful forced evictions
associated with the project
 % of displaced persons associated with the
project who are satisfied with the
resettlement/compensation process
 % of displaced persons associated with the
mining projects whose standard of living has
improved/deteriorated post-settlement
Cultural Heritage  Number of complaints raised by the Regulations for cultural
communities in relation to the project heritage laid out in
regarding the protection of culture national legislation.
Reclamation/closure  Existence of an up-to-date, satisfactory
closure/reclamation plan
 Annual cost to public and third parties other
than mine beneficiaries of site closure and
reclamation

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References
Conservation International (n.d.). The Energy and Biodiversity Initiative: Biodiversity Indicators for
Monitoring Impacts and Conservation Actions. Retrieved from
http://www.theebi.org/pdfs/indicators.pdf

Initiative for Responsible Mining Assurance (IRMA). (2015). The Initiative for Responsible Mining
Assurance (IRMA) Standard for Responsible Mining. Retrieved from
http://www.responsiblemining.net/irma-standard/

United States Agency for International Development (USAID). (2011). Technical Review Guidelines:
Energy Generation and Transmission. Vol 1, pt 2. P. 29-52. Retrieved from
https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-04/documents/energyvol1.pdf

Source: EIA Online Learning Platform - http://www.iisd.org/learning/eia

© International Institute for Sustainable Development 5

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