Let us consider the steady two-dimensional ‡ow of an incompressible Sisko

‡uid induced by a radially stretching sheet. The sheet is coinciding with the
plane z = 0 and the ‡uid occupies the half space z > 0: For mathematical
modelling we take the cylindrical polar coordinate system (r; ; z). Because of
the rotational symmetry, all the physical quantities are independent of :

For a two-dimensional axisymmetric ‡ow, we assume the velocity …eld of the

form
V = [u (r; z) ; 0; w (r; z)] ; (1)
where u and w are the velocity components along the radial (r) and axial (z)
directions, respectively.
Now by invoking equations (6:1) and (1:1) in the governing equations (1:4)
to (1:5) we get the resulting equations as

@u u @w
+ + =0 (2)
@r r @z

1
 @u @u @p1 @2u @2u @ u
u +w = +a + 2 +
@r @z @r @r2 @z @r r
2 n 13
2 2 2 2
@ 4 @u @u @w @u @w 5
+2b 2 +2 + +
@r @r @r @z @z @r
2 n 1 3
2 2 2 2
@ 4 @u @w @u @w @u @w 5
+b + 2 +2 + +
@z @z @r @r @z @z @r
2 n 1 3
2 2 2 2
@u @w @u @w @ u
+2b 4 2 +2 + + 5; (3)
@r @z @z @r @r r

@w @w @p1 @ 2 w @ 2 w 1 @w
u +w = +a + +
@r @z @z @r2 @z 2 r @r
2 n 13
2 2 2 2
@ 4 @u @w @u @w @u @w 5
+b + 2 +2 + +
@r @z @r @r @z @z @r
2 n 13
2 2 2 2
b @u @w @u @w @u @w
+ 4 + 2 +2 + + 5
r @z @r @r @z @z @r
2 n 13
2 2 2 2
@ 4 @w @u @w @u @w 5:
+2b 2 +2 + + (4)
@z @z @r @z @z @r

It is worth mentioning that by putting a = 0; the above equations reduce

to those of the power-law ‡uid and for b = 0; Eqs. (7) and (8) reduce to the
governing equations for classical Newtonian ‡uid. Similarly, n = 0 relates the
above equations to the Bingham plastic model with b as the yield stress.
To facilitate the boundary layer approximations, we introduce the following
dimensionless quantities
u w r z p1
u = ; w = ; r = ; z = and p1 = ; (5)
U U L L U2
where L denotes the characteristic length and U the stretching velocity.
Using the above quantities, Eqs. (7) and (8) become, in non-dimensional
form
@u u @w
+ + =0 (6)
@r r @z

2
 @u @u @p1 @2u @2u @ u
u +w = + "1 2
+ +
@r @z @r @r @z 2 @r r
2 n 13
2 2 2 2
@ 4 @u @u @w @u @w 5
+2"2 2 +2 + +
@r @r @r @z @z @r
2 n 1 3
2 2 2 2
@ 4 @u @w @u @w @u @w 5
+"2 + 2 +2 + +
@z @z @r @r @z @z @r
2 n 1 3
2 2 2 2
@ 4 @ u @u @w @u @w 5 (7)
+2"2 2 +2 + +
@r @r r @r @z @z @r

@w @w @p1 @2w @2w 1 @w

u +w = + "1 2
+ +
@r @z @z @r @z 2 r @r
2 n 13
2 2 2 2
@ 4 @u @w @u @w @u @w 5
+"2 + 2 +2 + +
@r @z @r @r @z @z @r
2 n 13
2 2 2 2
1 4 @u @w @u @w @u @w 5
+"2 + 2 +2 + +
r @z @r @r @z @z @r
2 n 13
2 2 2 2
@ 4 @w @u @w @u @w 5:
+2"2 2 +2 + + (8)
@z @z @r @z @z @r

In the above equations, the arising dimensionless parameters are

n 1
a= b= U
"1 = and "2 = :
LU LU L
Proceeding with the boundary layer approximations, r, u and p are of order
1 while w and z are of order , Also we note that the dimensionless parameters
"1 and "2 are of order 2 and n+1 ; respectively. Consequently, the governing
equations in the boundary layer are
@u u @w
+ + = 0; (9)
@r r @z
!
n 1
@u @u @p1 @2u @ @u @u
u +w = + "1 + "2 ; (10)
@r @z @r @z 2 @z @z @z
@p1
0= : (11)
@z
Above equations in dimentional form can be written as
@u u @w
+ + = 0; (12)
@r r @z

3
 !
n 1
@u @u @p1 @2u @ @u @u
u +w = +a 2 +b ; (13)
@r @z @r @z @z @z @z
@p1
:0= (14)
@z
In the present problem, since the ‡ow is caused only due to the stretching of
the sheet so the pressure gradient can be neglected and @u@z < 0. Thus the non-
linear equation governing the steady two-dimensional axisymmetric ‡ow within
the boundary layer has the form
n
@u @u @2u @ @u
u +w =a b ; (15)
@r @z @z 2 @z @z
with the corresponding boundary conditions
u = crs , w = 0 at z = 0; (16)
u = 0 as z ! 1, (17)
in which c > 0 and s are constant related to the surface stretching velocity.
Introducing the following similarity transformations
z 1 1
= Rebn+1 and (r; z) = r2 U Rebn+1 f ( ) ; (18)
r
where is the similarity variable and (r; z) is the Stokes stream function
de…ned by
u = 1r @@z and w = 1r @@r which gives
1 1
u = U f 0 ( ) and w = U Re n+1 [fs (2n 1) + n + 2g f ( ) fs (n 2) + 1g f 0 ( )] :
n+1
(19)
Using the above transformations Eq. (4) is identically satis…ed and Eqs.
(14) (16) reduce to

n 1 s (2n 1) + n + 2
Af 000 + n [ f 00 ] f 000 + f f 00 sf 02 = 0; (20)
n+1
f (0) = 0; f 0 (0) = 1, f 0 (1) = 0: (21)
In the above equations, prime denotes di¤erentiation with respect to and
the dimensionless quantities are de…ned by
2
Rea = rU=a, Reb = rn U 2 n
=b and A = Rebn+1 = Rea : (22)
The physical quantity of interest is the local skin friction coe¢ cient Cf =
1 n 1
w= 2 U 2 where w = a + b @u @z
@u
@z is the local wall shear stress.
z=0
In view of the above transformations, the local skin friction coe¢ cient takes the
form
1 1
n
Cf Rebn+1 = Af 00 (0) [ f 00 (0)] : (23)
2

4
1 The exact analytical solution
Physically, the power-index n is a non-negative real number. Let us consider the
case when n is a non-negative integer. For n = 0 and s = 1, Eq. (19) reduces to

Af 000 + f f 00 f 02 = 0; (24)

The exact analytical solution of Eq. (23) satisfying the boundary conditions
(20) is
p p
f( )= A 1 e = A : (25)

Now for n = 1 and s = 3, Eq. (19) reduces to

(1 + A) f 000 + 3f f 00 3f 02 = 0; (26)

which has the exact analytical solution of the form

p p p
1+A 3= 1+A
f( )= p 1 e : (27)
3