Faculty of Engineering & Applied Science (FEAS)

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Program: B.Sc. in EEE
Course Code: EEE 378 Name of Course: Power Electronics Laboratory

Experiment No. 07: PWM WAVE VOLTAGE INVERTER

Objectives of this experiment are to:

1. Understand and learn how IGBT characteristics are used in Voltage Inversion.
2. Learn the basics of PWM.
3. Learn about size and frequency modulation index of PWM.
4. Learn about PWM control techniques.

Course Outcomes (COs), Program Outcomes (POs) and Assessment:

Domain / level
Expt Delivery methods
CO Statement Corresponding PO of learning Assessment tools
No. and activities
taxonomy
Lab tests
Simulation
CO1: Implement Investigation Lab reports
different designed (PO4) Experiment
Affective Final lab test
converters such as Modern Tool
01 domain/ Practice lab
AC-DC, DC-DC, Usage: (PO5) Open ended
AC-AC, DC-AC etc. analyzing level Group lab
discussion
Project show
Tutorial & project
presentation
Lab tests
Simulation
CO2: Design Lab reports
different converter Investigation Experiment
Affective Final lab test
circuits using PSIM (PO4)
02 Modern Tool domain/analyzi Practice lab
software. Open ended
Usage: (PO5) ng level Group lab
discussion
Project show
Tutorial & project
presentation

Required Equipments:

1. ED-2040-G (PWM WAVE VOLTAGE INVERTER)

2. Single Phase AC 220V.
3. Oscilloscope
4. Load connection cord
5. Power supply connection cord

Theory:

Figure 7-1: PWM circuit and waveform

PWM (pulse width modulation) divides pulse into multiple pieces during half period of inverter output
waveform and controls each pulse width. That's why it is a way to control output waveform and
improve waveform. It modulates pulse width of carrier waveform to reference waveform so it's called
the PWM. But, it has disadvantages that control circuit is complicated and necessary of high
speed switching power device.

The Figure 7-1 (a) is half bridge, The Figure 7-1 (b) is full bridge. when switch Sl is on at Figure 7-
1(a), output voltage becomes +Ed;, and when switch S3 is On, it becomes –Ed. When both Switch Sl
and S2 are ON in Figure 7-1 (b), output voltage becomes +Ed. However, when both S3 and S4 are
ON, it becomes -Ed. lf either (S1 and S3) or (S2 and S4) are ON, the load will be short-circuited so
output can be zero voltage. Especially, PWM needs dead time for preventing short-circuit in upper
and lower portions.

PWM inverter has the advantage that it can adjust voltage and frequency with one device at the same
time. PWM alters output waveform into suitable shape and drops greatly the inclusion rate of
harmonic. Also, the PWM doesn't use control rectifier so it is superior in terms of power factor.
The output of PWM inverter is controlled by a chopping wave modulation system(natural PWM or
Sinusoidal PWM) as in Figure 7-2. The chopping wave modulation system is used a lot because it is
consisted of simple analog circuit and is controlled easily.

Figure 7-2: Chop Modulation System

Following two indices are considered:

1. Size Modulation Index:

¿ ref signal ( Ar)

It is defined as δ = .
¿ carrier signal (Ac )

If δ<1, output is said to be overmodulated. Although if δ keeps increasing continuously, it

increases a little. Pulse number per half period will decrease if δ rises in this region. ln the
area, if pulse number decrease per half period with increasing δ, output wave will become
square wave in δ =3.8 region.
2. Frequency Modulation Index:

Freq of carrier ( fc)

It is defined as λ=
Freq of reference( fr)

There is no special restriction in slngle phase, but λ is multiple of 3 in three phase. By the way,
if λ condition is under 9 the output becomes worse than square wave inverter of 6 steps.
Application of variable speed drive is possible by changing output voltage and frequency of
inverter. lf Inverter is run with square wave mode, maximum voltage can be obtained in
+output area. However, application of variable speed drive in +torque area is controlled by
PWM .
PWM Control Techniques:
1. Duty Ratio Modulation:
 Duty ratio modulation is called multiplex pulse modulation and constant width pulses are
generated. Duty ratio modulation use constant DC as a standard signal. Width of pulse controls
fundamental wave and number of pulse controls harmonic.
 Asynchronous type: pulses that have constant frequency fc are displayed like non-
synchronous frequency fr. Therefore, pulse number and width of output are not only
changed per half period but also direct-current component and subharmonic are generated.
ln order to improve that problem, sometimes, fc is raised more than ten times fr.
 Synchronous type: At the beginning point of each mode, fc pulse can be made re-
synchronous to improve a disadvantage of asynchronous type. If width of pulse DELTA is
decreased, harmonic tends to fall down. Harmonics stands out usually near fr.

2. Periodic Modulation:

 Subharmonic Method: Subharmonic method is also called suboscillation technique. lt

compares Ar with Ac and generates PWM waveform. lt controls voltage as δ and
harmonic as λ. Mosfly (λ+ 2)th harmonic is predominant. Depending on sampling type, lt
is divided into natural sampling, uniform sampling etc.

Figure 7-3: PWM modulation of whole bridge inverter

 Delta modulation system: As previously discussed, suppose that PWM is ideal dc power
supply. pulsating current can be gotten when PWM uses AC power supply with rectifier.
ln order to leave out this problem, Delta modulation system defines wave, we want, and is
way to adjust pulse width which load current follows. This way gives hysteresis width.
These widths get smaller and smaller as load current approaches standard current.
Otherwise, the limit of switching device must be considered because switching frequency
rises.
 Figure 7-4: PWM generation circuit

 Harmonic exclusion law (harmonic elimination) : As a way to remove harmonic situation,

in case put notch of n times during half cycle, we can take away (n-1)th harmonic. To
erase lower times harmonic and select notch and achieve PWM by Look-up Table.
 Figure 7-5: Each part waveform and inverter output

Working Procedure:
1. Measurement of Fr Terminal: Connect the circuit as shown and record the waveform by
adjusting the Freq-Variable knob. Then, set the Frequency-select switch on 60Hz, record the
waveform.
 Figure 7-6: Measurement of Freq Terminal of PWM Wave Voltage Inverter

2. Measurement of Fc terminal: Connect the probe of oscilloscope like figure shown below.
And then measure the waveform with adjusting the Fc Freq-Variable knob. Then set the
frequency at 1kHz and record the waveform.

Figure 7-7: Measurement of Fc terminal voltage of PWM Wave Voltage Inverter

3. Measurement of S1-S4 terminal: Connect the probe of oscilloscope like the figure shown
below. And afterwards measure the waveform, record it. You will get the waveform of S1.
Repeat to get the waveform of S2, S3 and S4.

Figure 7-8: Measurement of S1-S4 terminal voltage of PWM Wave Voltage Inverter

4. Measurement of Input Power Terminal: Connect the circuit as shown and record the
waveform. Compare it with the waveform at step 3.
 Figure 7-9: Measurement of input power of PWM Wave Voltage Inverter

5. Measurement of IGBT Gate Terminal: Connect the circuit as shown and record the
waveform for gates G1-G4.

Figure 7-10: Measurement of IGBT Gate Terminal of PWM Wave Voltage Inverter

6. Measurement of load R: Connect the circuit as shown and record the waveform by adjusting
the Freq-Variable knob and Freq-Select switch. Set the reference frequency at 60 Hz and Freq-
Variable Knob at 80%.

Figure 7-11: Measurement of load R of PWM Wave Voltage Inverter

 7. Measurement of load R-L: Connect the circuit as shown and record the waveform by
adjusting the Freq-Variable knob and Freq-Select switch. Set the reference frequency at 60 Hz
and Freq-Variable Knob at 80%.

Figure 7-12: Measurement of load R-L of PWM Wave Voltage Inverter

Measured Results:
Observe, measure and record the waveform of the input voltage, gate voltage and the output voltage
from steps 1-6 in working procedure. Plot them neatly in your graph paper.

Home Works:
1. Explain why the output wave shapes are different from each other in the steps 6 and 7.
2. Comment on how the PWM compares to square wave inverter.
3. What are some improvements that can be made on this topology?