A THESIS ON

“A Review Of Government Schemes For

Agricultural And Rural Development “

SUBMITTED IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENT
THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF
MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (AGRIBUSINESS)
IN
GOPAL NARAYAN SINGH UNIVERSITY
Submitted by:
AAKASH KUMAR CHOURASIYA
UNIVERSITY ROLL NO-18MBA037
REGISTRATION NO-0316/18
Under the Guidance of
Mr. Akshay kumar (Asst. Professor)
FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES

NARAYAN ACADEMY OF MANAGERIAL

EXCELLENCE, JAMUHAR (SASARAM)
SESSION-2018-2020
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this MBA thesis entitled “A Review Of

Government Schemes For Agricultural And Rural Development” was
carried out by me for the degree of MASTER OF BUSINESS
ADMINISTRATION (AGRIBUSINESS) under the guidance and supervision
of Mr. Akshay kumar (Asst. Professor), FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT
STUDIES, GNSU, JAMUHAR (SASARAM).

The interpretations put forth are based on my reading and understanding

of the original texts and they are not published anywhere in the form of books,
monographs or articles. The other books, articles and websites, which I have
made use of are acknowledged at the respective place in the text.

For the present thesis, which I am submitting to the University, no

degree or diploma or distinction has been conferred on me before, either in this
or in any other University.

Place: Jamuhar AAKASH KUMAR CHOURASIYA

Date: March 2020 ROLL NO-18MBA037
 ACKNOWLEDMENTS

I wish to sincerely thank all those who have contributed in one way or
another to this study. Words can only inadequately express my deep gratitude
to my guide, Mr. Akshay kumar (Asst. Professor), for her meticulous care,
kindness and generosity. Her fruitful comments and insightful suggestions
have been a crucial formative influence on the present study. He has supported
me in every possible way since the beginning of my research. His critical and
careful reading of my writing has saved me from a lot of errors. Without his
guidance and encouragement, my research would have never come out in the
present form. I have seen in his an unpretentious and devoted scholar.
Furthermore, it has been a memorable and enjoyable experience for me to
work with him..
I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Alok Kumar, the Dean of
the college, for his incessant inspiration, expert guidance, invaluable
suggestions, and, above all, his moral support.
Finally, I sincerely acknowledge the courtesy of the authorities of
libraries: GNS University’s for their cooperation needed by permitting me
access data and relevant materials while carrying out the present research

Aakash kumar
chourasiya
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Agriculture plays a vital role in India’s economy. 54.6% of the population is engaged in agriculture
and allied activities (census 2011) and it contributes 17.4% to the country’s Gross Value Added for
the year 2016-17 (at current prices). Given the importance of agriculture sector, Government of
India took several steps for its sustainable development. Steps have been taken to improve soil
fertility on a sustainable basis through the soil health card scheme, to provide improved access
to irrigation and enhanced water efficiency through Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY),
to support organic farming through Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY) and to support for
creation of a unified national agriculture market to boost the income of farmers. Further, to mitigate
risk in agriculture sector a new scheme “Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) has been
launched for implementation from Kharif 2016. As per the land use statistics 2014-15, total
geographical area of the country is 328.7 million hectares, of which reported net sown area is 140.1
million hectares and the gross cropped area is 198.4 million hectares with a cropping intensity of
142 percent. The net area sown works out to be 43 percent of the total geographical area. The net
irrigated area is 68.4 million hectares.

As per the Provisional Estimates released by Central Statistics Office (CSO), Ministry of
Statistics & Programme Implementation on 31.05.2017, agriculture and allied sectors contributed
approximately 17.4 percent of India’s GVA at current prices during 2016-17. GVA of agriculture and
allied sectors and its share in total GVA of the country at current prices series during the last 4 years
is as follows:

Sector Year
2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17
GVA of Agriculture and Allied Sectors 1926372 2068958 2175547 2372085
Percent to total GVA 18.6 18.0 17.5 17.4

Source: Central Statistics Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Govt. of
India. There has been a continuous decline in the share of agriculture and allied Sectors in the GVA
from 18.6 percent in 2013-14 to 17.4 percent in 2016-17. Falling share of agriculture and allied
sectors in GVA is an expected outcome in a fast growing and structurally changing economy. Growth
(over the previous year) in the total GVA of the economy and that in the GVA of agriculture and
allied sectors at 2011-12 basic prices is given below:
 Year Total Agriculture &
GVA Allied Sector GVA
2013-14 6.1 5.6
2014-15 7.2 -0.2
2015-16 7.9 0.7
2016-17 6.6 4.9

This article evaluates rural infrastructure facilities inmajor states of India. Despite several public
initiatives for infrastructure development in rural India, facilities continue to be poor and progress
has been mostly unsatisfactory with differential performance across states.

 rural infrastructure reveal that improved physical and social infrastructure and livelihood
opportunities enhance agricultural productivity and output, improve literacy and life expectancy,
and reduce poverty and infant mortality. The results, showing the relative importance of various
infrastructures, suggest that the government should prioritise additional investments in electricity,
roads, irrigation, housing and telecommunications to enhance overall well-being.
 INTRODUCTION
India is a country of villages and its development is synonymous with the development of the
people living in rural areas. India is a vast and second most populous country of the world.
(According to the 1991 census, 74.28 per cent population of our country reside in the countryside).
But a big part of this population has been leading an uncertain economic life due to non-
synchronization of employment opportunities in agriculture sector because of the fast growing
population.

Rural development has been receiving increasing attention of the governments across the world. In
the Indian context rural development assumes special significance for two important reasons. First
about two thirds of the population still lives in villages and there can not be any progress so long as
rural areas remain backward. Second, the backwardness of the rural sector would be a major
impediment to the overall progress of the economy.

India is predominately an agricultural country and farming is their main occupation. In terms of
methods of production, social orgnaisation and political mobilization, rural sector is extremely
backward and weak. Moreover, technical developments in field of agriculture have increased the
gap between the rich and poor, as the better off farmers adopted modern farm technology to a
greater extent than the smaller one’s. The all India Rural Credit Review Committee in its report
warned “If the fruits of development continue to be denied to the large sections of rural
community, while prosperity accrues to some, the tensions social and economic may not only
upset the process of orderly and peaceful change in the rural economy but even frustrate the
national affords to set up agricultural production.’’ It was therefore felt necessary to make
arrangements for the distribution of fruits of development to the rural weak and backward section
of society.

It is rightly pointed out that a purely agricultural country remains backward even in respect of
agriculture. Most of the labour force in India depends on agriculture, not because it is
remunerative but because there are no alternative employment opportunities. This is a major
cause for the backwardness of Indian agriculture. A part of the labour force now engaged in
agriculture needs to be shifted to non-agricultural occupations.
Literacy, another growth indicator, is more acute in rural than in the urban areas. It is 44 per cent
in villages and 73 per cent in cities. Again, more poor people live in the rural than the urban areas.
Out of the estimated 210 million poor persons in the country, 168 million are located in villages
and 42 million in urban areas. Out of 108 million rural household, 30 per cent are agricultural
labour households. Fifty eight per cent of households in the villages are marginal farmers, having
less than I hectare of land and 18 per cent having less than 2 hectares.

These figures show that there is wide degree of diversity in some of the basic socio indicators of
development between the rural and urban areas and call for concerted action to alleviate this
disparity.

The stress on rural development is also due to many constraints facing the rural areas, which
generally suffer from inadequate infrastructure facilities and technological advancements. The
rural areas are not well placed in terms of even minimum needs like safe drinking water, primary
health and road transport. This apart, the rural population suffers from indigence, ignorance and
illiteracy. Their traditional outlook towards development has been preventing them from taking full
advantage of the incentives offered by the Government. Also, the ownership of land and other
assets has been heavily concentrated in hands of a few. It is precisely for this reason that the
benefits of rural development programmes failed to reach the rural population targeted for these
benefits to the extent expected.

Rural development requires a vast infrastructure. Provision of this is no easy task, because it has to
be undertaken by the Government. Private investment in this area

has been meager and continues to be so. But the trend of mearge investment in the rural sector is
gradually changing in terms of economic sustenance. However, evolving an appropriate technology
for rural development is not an easy task. Such a technology has to simultaneously achieve the thin
objectives of raising growth rates and stepping up opportunities of employment. The setting up of
appropriate institutions and co-ordinating their activities are crucial to any rural development
strategy The potential of self reliance in rural areas needs to be exploited in a planned manner.

A single approach to rural development would not be effective. In fact, rural development is the
product of interaction between various physical, technological, economic, socio-cultural,
institutional and environmental factors. Indeed, the rural sector should experience the required
changes so that it can join the mainstream of national development and contribute its share for
economic development. It has been rightly said, “In the end, however, rural development should
not be seen as a package of specific needs but as a transformation of rural like and conditions.’’

Concept of Rural Development :

The term is used to mean ‘organizing things’ so as to change existing conditions in favour of a
better state. There may be many variants of development drawing their nomenclature from the
sphere of activity where the change is managed or the type of change or the ‘method’ how the
desired change is attained. For several decades the term was used, solely, for economic change,
inclusive of the conditions which affect betterment. The concept was later extended to its wider
meaning to embrace ‘changes’ of political, social, cultural, technological, economic and also the
psychological frame of society. In its current meaning ‘development’ is used to express animated
change for reaping utmost human potential. Technically, development is the name of a ‘Policy’ and
its ‘Consequent programmes’, designed to bring about a desired change’ in social, economic,
political, or technological spheres of life. It is concerned with the promotion of human capacities :
Physical or mental, to attain the cherished social goals. Development is potential-related, and it can
be attained to the extent of the existing development potential, which is measured by the

un-exploited resources, talents, margin of sophistication and the ‘will power’ which implements
development policy. Development is the conditioning of progress, and when efforts are laid
towards the use of Growth potentials in rural economy and Society, it is rural development.

Rural development is not a charity programme and its objective is to raise the capacity of
producing more crops, better crops, variety crops, greater output per unit of input and higher
quality of output. It is concerned with creation of increased incentives for putting more efforts and
investments for raising efficiency per worker. Therefore education, information, training, research,
and application of research is within the range of rural development.

The term ‘rural development’ is of focal interest and is widely acclaimed in both the developed and
the developing countries of the world. There is however no universally acceptable definition of
rural development, and the term is used in different ways and in vastly divergent context. As a
concept, it can notes overall development of rural areas with a view to improve the quality of life
of rural people. In this sense it is a comprehensive and multidimensional concept and encompasses
the development of agriculture and allied activities-village and cottage industries and crafts, socio-
economic infrastructure, community services and facilities, and above all, the human resources in
rural areas. As a phenomenon, it is the result of interactions between various physical,
technological, economic, socio-cultural, and institutional factors. As a strategy, it is designed to
improve the economic and social well-being of a specific group of people the rural poor. As a
discipline, it is multidisciplinary in nature representing an intersection of agriculture social
behavioural, engineering and management sciences. In the words of Robert Chambers, “Rural
Development is a strategy to enable a specific group of people poor rural women and men, to gain
for themselves and their children more of what they want and need. It involves helping the poorest
among these who seek a livelihood in the rural areas to demand and control more of the benefits
of rural development. The group includes small scale farmers, tenants and the landless. *

Thus, rural development may mean any one of these, depending upon our focus. To avoid
ineffective floundering among the myriad definitions, we shall define rural development as a
process of developing and utilizing natural and human resources, technologies, infrastructure
facilities, institutions and organisations, and government policies and programmes to encourage
and speed up economic growth in rural areas, to provide jobs, and to improve the quality of rural
life towards self sustenance. In addition to economic growth, this process typically involves
changes in popular attitudes, and in many cases even in customs and beliefs. In a nutshell, the
process of rural development must represent the entire gamut of change by which a social system
moves away from a state of life perceived as ‘unsatisfactory’ towards a materially and spiritually
better condition of life. The process of rural development may be compared with a train in which
each coach pushes the one ahead of it and is in turn pushed by the one behind, but it takes a
powerful engine to make the whole train more. The secret of success in development lies in
identifying and if needed developing a suitable engine to attach to the train. There are no
universally valid guidelines to identify appropriate engines of growth, if at all they exist. It is a
choice which is influenced by time, space, and culture.

Rural development has attracted the attention of the economists right from the Mercantilist era
and Adam Smith down to Marse and Keynes, yet they were mainly interested in the problems
which were essentially static in nature and largely related to a western European framework of
social and cultural institutions. Their interest in the economics of development has been stimulated
by the wave of political resurgence that swept the Asian and African nations after Second World
War and thought to promote rapid economic development coupled with the realization on the part
of the developed nations that ‘poverty anywhere is a treat to prosperity everywhere’. As Meier and
Baldwin have remarked : “A study of the poverty of nations has even more urgency than a study of
the wealth of Nations.’’ The Economists differ on its definition as some one says increase in the
economy’s real national income over a long period and some says about the increase in the per
capita real income of the economy which are not convincing as it lacks of human welfare.

As the Economists have different views on the concept of economic development and so, it is very
difficult to define what rural development actually means. It is rather complex and
multidimensional duplication which could not be conclusive. Generally, it is said that rural
development means the development of rural areas through extension of irrigation facilities,
expansion of electricity, improvements in the techniques of cultivation, educational and health
facilities etc. But it seems a narrowness of the aims. Agriculture may be the part of the rural
development but it cannot be the whole of rural development. Professor V.K.R.V. Rao looked upon
the process of economic development essentially as a means to the development of human beings
enabling them to realise their full potential. He was actually concerned about the nurturing of
human values and attainment of human dignity by all. No wonder, his thinking on rural
development was influenced by his larger human perspective. He further visualised that
agricultural development by itself had serious constraints in alleviating poverty there and
emphasized that non-agricultural development and growth of social and cultural services are as
important as agricultural development for solving the complex problem of rural poverty and
unemployment. There are different views on the concept of rural development but, rural
development continue first to the basic needs of the rural population coupled with psychological
and cultural needs to make them productive and enlightened so that they should create assets not
to eat assets.

Since rural development intends to reduce poverty, it must clearly be designed to increase
production and raise productivity. It is believed that improved food supplies and nutrition, together
with basic services such as health, education and cultural activities would directly improve the
physical wellbeing and quality of life of the rural poor, but also indirectly enhance their
productivity and their ability to contribute to the national economy.

Rural Development in India pre-independence :

Rural development traces back its history to the Seventeenth Century when voluntary efforts to
serve the mankind were initiated. A religious society of people known as ‘Friends’ or ‘Quakers’ had
emerged as a movement in this direction for the first time
in England and then in other parts of the world in rapid strides. It aimed at providing service to
mankind transcending bonds of religion, territory and culture. The Quaker was a kind of rebel. In
the mid of the seventeenth century, the main plank of the Quaker movement was that every
human being has infinite dignity, that he is worthy of reverence simply because he is a human
being and therefore, a temple of God. The main spirit behind this movement has been one of the
selfless service and sacrifice and it runs like a wire, as it were among the exponents of the Quaker
faith.

The Quakers constituted the international group, functioning on a global level. Since the very
inception of their movement, the Quakers devoted themselves to the alleviation of human
miseries, resulting from wars and natural calamities like famines, earthquakes, etc. The Quaker
service to India was brought by Rachel Metcalfe. She left England in the year 1866 and came to
India with meagre resources and with no previous arrangements for launching a project of social
reconstruction. In last quarter of the nineteenth Century, a few more quakers arrived in India to
actively participate in reconstruction of the society. But the unfortunate part was that the famines
of 1895-96 and 1899-1900 converted these Quakers into simple relief workers.

It was at the beginning of the twentieth century that a training point was recorded in the history of
rural reconstruction work when the Rasulia compound at the outskirts of Hoshangabad was
acquired and the Rasulia workshop for learning was established. It was in this compound that a
popular Hoshangabad was later developed. The trainees of the workshop manufactured furniture
and supplied the same to the local market. Even today some of the furniture available in the
Collectorate office and on the Hoshangabad railway station was manufactured in that workshop in
those early days. A stage then arrived in 1920 when the Rasulia workshop had to be closed down
mainly on account of an exit of the then grown up children from it. Beside, the Quakers had also
carved out the two villages of Laki and Makoria from jungle in nearby areas of Hoshangabad and
were pre-occupied with problems of inhabitants of these settlements.
A new phase started in the year 1932 when Hilda Cushmore visited India and opened a new
chapter in the history of Rural development. Using her profound knowledge of working as a
Warden of a university ‘settlement’ in Bristor and Manchester and as a quaker relief worker in
France and Poland she conceived of the idea of an Indian rural settlement which could be named as
Quaker Ashram. She established the Ashram with an intention that it should serve as a forum for
exchange of ideas for the Indians and the English and for all other drawn from different parts of the
world. Besides extending a variety of services to the villages through trained workers, young and
old, fully equipped for both mental and manual work, it was deemed that the Ashram would grow
into a living witness to the possibility of International co-operation and Goodwill.

The first attempt for rural development in India was made in 1885 with an ultimate objective of
bringing immediate relief and development of rural areas in Baroda. In 1922, the Swaraj Ashram
was established at Baroda by Maganlal Gandhi. The Ashram aimed at preparing for non-
cooperation, and the civil disobedience movement launched by the Indian National Congress under
the leadership of Gandhi. The resolution for non-cooperation was passed earlier in September
1920 at the Calcutta Congress under the President ship of Lala Lajpat Rai. This resolution included
mainly two things : boycott of foreign goods and mass publicity for use of home-made Khadi
clothes. It was thought that boycott of goods in particular might not affect adversely the British
trade. But spinning and weaving as an instrument for training in the qualities of self-reliance and
self-confidence would definitely bring about a favourable impact on rural development.

Moreover, with the start of the Reform movement by Adivasis during the period 1915-20, the
Government suffered heavy losses in revenue, sales of liquor by contractors reduced, drastically
and the Adivasis also refused to do the agricultural work on low wages. In 1935, reconstruction
centers were organised at several places, but start of the Second World War in September 1939
thwarted the progress of achievement of these centre.
‘Grow More Food’ campaign was started in 1939 with a view to augmenting the level of food
production through planning and implementation of short term and long term improvement
programmes in agriculture. Besides, a good number of projects aiming at community development
were introduced in different parts of the country by the Governments of states/union territories.

The next important step was taken by the Kisan Sabha under the leadership of the Communist
party worker Mrs. Godavari Parulekar in 1945. For the first time, Adivasis made slogans against
exploitation by landlord, money landers, and contractors. As a result, the Minimum Wages Act was
brought under enforcement in Forties to safeguard the interest of Advasis working for forest
contractors and plantation owners. And since 1947, the Government started to encourage
formation of cooperative labour contract societies for forest workers.

While summing up, we notice that since start of the last decade of the nineteenth century, quite a
few centres parts of the country. These centres made systematic efforts for development of life
and society of specific rural Communities and tried to make full use of technological knowledge.
And by the end of the Forties of twentieth century a number of such centres based on well defined
principles and approaches of community development were going on in various parts of the
country. Some of these centres were started by the Government of sub-national level and some
others were initiated by the great individuals and private organisations including Christian
missionaries, Gandhian Constructive workers and independent voluntary associations.

Post Independence :

After independence, in September 1948 the first and the for most ‘Pilot Project’ was started in an
area of 64 villages scattered in the vicinity of Mahewa located at a distance of about 8 miles from
the Headquarters of Etawah district. Subsequently, in the year 1949, there was again a move for
‘Grow More Food’ campaign with a view to attaining self-sufficiency in food grains by 1952. In the
same year, on 18th April, the Bhoodan Movement was started under the leadership of Vinoba
Bhave. The aim of the movement was to acquire land through donation from individual landowners
and distribute it fairly among the landless families. A similar kinds of movements like ‘Gramdan’
were also started in the direction of rural development during this period. But one of the major
shortcoming of these efforts was that they were more or less ‘ad hoc’ and inco-ordinated in nature
without any conceptually broad-based strategy. Besides, these efforts were also more in nature of
trials rather than experiments with well defined approaches and methods. Those of Governmental
authorities to improve the economic, social and cultural conditions of communities, to integrate
these into the life of the nation and to enable theme to contribute fully to national progress.

In India, objectives of the Community development add national extension programme were to
assist each village in planning and carrying out integrated, multi- phased family and village plans
directed towards increasing agricultural production, improving existing village crafts and industries
and organizing new ones, providing re-creation facilities and programmes, improving housing and
family living conditions and providing programmes for village women and youth.

For the implementation of the programme blocks were set up, each comprising about 70,000
people. Community development programme acquired a momentum following the introduction of
Panchayati Raj institutions. This was done on the recommendations of a study team for community
projects and national extension service appointed by the Planning Commission in 1957. The team
in its report, submitted at the and of December 1957, had tried to find out what needs to be done
to make the performance match with the promise. The committee observed that so long as we do
not discover or create a representative and democratic institution which will supply the local
interest, supervision and needed to ensure that the expenditure of money upon local objects
conforms with the needs and wishes of the locality, invest it with adequate power and assign to it
appropriate finances, we shall never be able to awake local interest and excite local initiative in the
field of development.

In the second plan a shift in emphasis was made with relatively larger share of the plan outlay
allotted to heavy industries in public sector. The plan further added that rapid industrialization and
diversification of the economy was thus the core of development. It was also hypothesized by the
planners that the first task should be to
make the cake larger and then one can think of its distribution. This led to the conclusion that
“seek yet growth and all other thing will be added into it”

But in the third plan it was stated that in the scheme of development the first priority necessarily
belong to agriculture. Experience in the first two plans, and specially in the second, has shown that
the rate of growth in agricultural production is one of the main limiting factor in the progress of the
Indian economy. It was also realised that development of agriculture, based on the utilisation of
manpower resources of the country side and the maximum use of local resources holds a key to
the rapid development of the country.

In view of the production trends during the second plan, it had become clear that importance of
agriculture could not be undermined. The third plan explicitly stated that “more than any other
factor, the success of the Third plan will turn on the fulfillment of its agricultural targets”. After the
lapse of some years, the government launched programmes oriented to agriculture and allied
services. The main reason for introducing the new programmes was the heavy import of foodgrains
between 1947-1960.

The first among these programmes was Intensive Agricultural District Programme, an experiment
in intensive agricultural development introduced in 1960. This step was taken by the government
on the recommendation of the Agricultural production Team sponsored by the Ford Foundation.
The team suggested that those crops and areas in each state having the highest potential for
increasing production may be chosen. The purpose was to achieve rapid and significant increase in
the agricultural production. Under the IADP, a package of improved practices were to be applied. It
was thought that through measures of concentration of resources in such areas, a network of
substantial production pockets could be built up within a few years.

Both positive and negative results can be expected from such a pilot programme. The basic idea of
the programme was sound. It was also proved that the small farmers can be no less progressive
than the big farmers provided the requisite pre-conditions for agricultural development are
created.
The committee also described the programme as the “Path finder” and “Pace setter” for the whole
agricultural programme. The main criticism level led against this programme was that the whole
strategy was supply based without taking into consideration the demand aspect of inputs.

The Intensive Agricultural Area Programme introduced in 1963, was a diluted version of the IADP.
The aim of the IAAP was also to bring about an increase in the production of main crops in selected
areas by an intensive and coordinated use of various aid of production.

High-yielding varieties programme was introduced in 1965-66. The strategy was expected to
benefit the rural economy in two ways : (a) by quick increase in the cereal output and (b) by raising
the demand for agricultural labourers.

Under this programme, arrangements were to be made for the selection of areas in each state;
working out a training programme at all levels and arrangement of inputs like fertilizer, seeds,
pesticide, plant protection equipment and credit on the basis of proper need assessment.

Its chief marit was found in its immense potentialities to solve the food problem of the country in
the shortest time. Out of a total increase in food grain production of 32 million tonnes envisaged in
the Fourth Plan, nearly 21 million tonnes were estimated to be due to the successful adoption of
the HYV programme. This programme brought about a ‘Green Revolution’ in the country. Another
important finding has been that the new strategy has reduced unemployment among agricultural
labourers in several states though its impact on the wage level of agricultural labours is not very
clear. Inequality of income not only widened between the irrigated and run irrigated areas of
implementation of this programme but also within the areas where this programme was
introduced.
Adverse weather condition prevailed for three years. The sharp set-up in defence outlay and
administrative rigidity contributed to the shortfalls in the Third Plan which ultimately resulted in to
plan holiday for subsequent three years.
The basic goal of Fourth Plan to achieve rapid increase in the standard of living of the people
through measures which also promote equality and social justice. Emphasis was placed on the
common man; the weaker section and the less privileged. For this purpose, priority was given to
labour intensive programme through development of agriculture, rural infrastructure including
communication and transport links, rural electrification, water management, rural industries
decentralization and dispersal of industrial investment and rural and urban housing.

Removal of poverty and attainment of self-reliance were two major objectives that the country had
set out to accomplish in the Fifth Plane. The major thrust of policy was in terms of substantially
widened employment opportunities in the agricultural sector, specially for agricultural laboures
and small farmers. The National Programmes of Minimum Needs as incorporated in the Fifth Plan,
therefore, envisaged a frontal attack on this problem. One of the major objectives was to
substantially raise the per capita monthly consumption of the lowest 30 per sent of the rural
population.

During these two plans, a number of special rural development programmes were introduced such
as Farmer Training and Education Programme for commercial crop Oil Seeds Development
Programme and Dry Land Agricultural Development Programme. The government was worried
about frequent drought in some parts of the country. The drought prone area represents nearly 19
per cent of the total area and account for nearly 12 per cent of the population.

Apart from the outlay included in the Five Year Plans, the government used to provide annually a
considerable amount to famine affected areas. Hence, Rural Workers Programme was initiated in
1970-71 with focus on execution of rural works and employment generation. The programme was
reoriented on the basis of an area development approach and was redesigned as Drought Prone
Area Programme at the time of mid term appraisal of the Fourth Plan. The basic objectives of the
programme were (1) reducing the severity of the impact of drought, (2) stabilizing the income of
the people particularly weaker sections of the society and (3) restoration of ecological balance.
Under the programme various schemes were to be undertaken such as
medium and minor irrigation projects, soil conservation and a forestation and construction of
roads.

Though employment opportunities were rooted through this programme, the other objectives
were not achieved. Dr. Gadgil remarked : “The idea that a rural works programme can easily meet
this need is not well founded. The experience of the Third Plan in relation to rural works
programme was that both from the point of view of utility as a development programme and from
the point of view of affording additional employment suitable to the need of the local population,
the rural works approach left much to be desired.” 1

One of the objectives of the Fourth Plan was to enable the small and marginal farmers and
agricultural labourers to participate in the process of development and to share its benefit. In
pursuance of this objective, the plan provided two sets of projects, viz., the project for small but
potentially viable farmers and agricultural labourers.

The main functions of the Small Farmers Development Agency were : (1) to identify eligible small
farmers on the basis of potential viability and their problems and formulate programmes for
making them viable, (2) to promote rural industries and set up an adequate institutional, financial
and administrative machinery, and (3) to promote, and strengthen common facilities such as
cooperative institutions marketing etc.

The programme of Marginal Farmers and Agricultural Labourers was worked out in 1971-72. The
projects under the MFAL programme were designed to make in-depth study of the problems of
marginal farmers and agricultural labourers and to evolve suitable programmes and make
institutional, financial and administrative arrangements for their implementation. irregularities
were reported in the identification of target groups. Very little attention was paid to identification
of agricultural labourers in several projects. The programme which was primarily adderessed to
help the weakest, tended to help the relatively better off among the small and marginal farmers
and agricultural labourers.
The Command Area Development Programme was conceived towards the end of the Fourth Plan.
The basic objective of this programme was to organize the use of irrigation
systems by modernizing them and adjusting the cropping pattern to soil and agro-climatic
conditions of the command areas. Thirty seven command area development authorities converging
47 irrigation projects had been set up till March 1978. *

Realizing the fact that a large number of people had been neglected in various development
programmes, the government launched some programmes having a wider coverage than that of
earlier programme.

Under the Hill Area Development Project, Tribal Area Development Programme and Integrated
Trible Project efforts were made to provide benefits to trible people. The main aim behind these
programms was to provide basic amenities and improve their living condition.

The Cresh Scheme for Rural Employment was conceived at a time when the various development
programmes like SFDA, MFAL, DAAP, etc. had not spread out fully and a minimum measure of
affort was considered necessary to relieve the stress caused by unemployment and
underemployment The scheme was introduced in 1971. This scheme had two basic objectives, Viz.,
(1) direct generation of employment in the districts covered by applying labour intensive
techniques, and (2) the production of assets of durable nature in consonance with local
development plans.

Implementation of this scheme suffered from many difficulties. The injunction that the scheme will
provide employment only to those household which had no adult earning member was found to be
impractible. Other drawback was the lack of follow up programmes. Proper attention was also not
given to create useful durable asset through this programmes.

Based on the directive principles of the constitution social justice has been a basic objective of
development planing. However, the past experience had revealed that the programme for the
provision of social consumption did not have the desired impact partly because the related
programmes had not been given high priority and partly because decisions regarding individual
sector were taken without any effort to bring about an integration of the facilities provided.

Indian Rural Problems, Ashok Navrang Murarilal & Sons, New Delhi, 2006, pp. 204-245.
The National Programme of Minimum Needs as incorporated in the Fifth Plan, therefore, envisaged
a frontal attack on this problem by attempting to allocate adequate resources for social
consumption for all areas. It aimed to establish through out the country a network of certain
essential services on a coordinated and integrated basis, given certain predetermined criteria of
uniformity and equlity. Since the programme includes both sectors urban and rural the government
decided to give priority to the programmes in rural areas. In the Sixth Plan, therefore, a Revised
Minimum Needs Programme was incorporated .

The new strategy of Integrated Rural Development (IRD) was announced in 1976. It was in outcome
of prolonged minimum needs programme.

Agriculture development means providing assistance to the crop producers with the help of
various agricultural resources. Providing protection, assisting in the research sphere, employing
latest techniques, controlling pests and facilitating diversity all fall within the purview of agriculture
development.Ways # 1. Transport Facilities:

To facilitate the farmers to produce new farm inputs and enable them to sell their product in
markets, villages should be linked with mandies.

It would help to raise their income which in turn stimulates the farmer’s interest to adopt better
farm technology with sufficient income.

Thus the cultivator can invest more for the improvement of land.
Ways  # 2. Irrigation Facilities:

Crop productivity depends not only on the quality of input but also on the irrigation facilities.
Therefore, canals, tube wells should be constructed to provide better irrigation facilities for the
security of crops. Extensive flood control measures should be adopted to prevent the devastation
caused by floods.

Ways # 3. Institutional Credit:

To save the farmers from the clutches of moneylenders, adequate credit facilities should be made
available at reasonable cheap rates in rural areas. The land mortgage banks and co-operative credit
societies should be strengthened to provide loans to the cultivators. Moreover, integrated scheme
of rural credit must be implemented.

Ways # 4. Proper Marketing Facilities:

Marketing infrastructure should be widened and strengthened to help the farmers to sell their
products at better prices. There should be proper arrangements for unloading of the produce in the
markets. Besides, price support policy must be adopted and minimum prices should be guaranteed
to the peasants.

Ways # 5. Supply of Quality Inpu

The farmer in the country should be supplied with quality inputs at proper times and at controlled
prices. To protect the farmers exploitation, effective steps are needed to be taken to check the sale
of adulterated fertilizers.
Ways # 6. Consolidation of Holdings:

In various states consolidation of holdings is not satisfactory. Therefore, efforts should be made
towards completing the consolidation work in the specific period of time. Big areas of land which are
lying waste, can be reclaimed and made fit for cultivation.

Ways  # 7. Agricultural Education:

In a bid to guide and advise the farmers regarding the adoption of new technology arrangements
should be made for agricultural education and extension services. It would assist the farmers to take
proper crop-care leading to increase in crop productivity.

Ways # 8. Reduction of Population on Land:

As we know, that in our country, majority of population depends on agriculture to earn their both
ends meet. This increases the pressure of population on land which leads to subdivision and
fragmentation of land holdings.

Therefore, proper climate should be generated to encourage the farm people to start employment
in subsidiary occupations. It will help to reduce the population pressure on land. Surplus labour
should be withdrawn from agriculture sector and be absorbed in non-agricultural sector.

Ways # 9. Provision of Better Manure Seeds:

The farmers should be made familiar with the advantage of chemical fertilizer through exhibitions
and these inputs should be made easily available through co-operative societies and panchayats.
Liberal supplies of insecticides and pesticides should be distributed at the cheap rates all over the
country side.
Ways # 10. Land Reforms:

It is also suggested that efforts should be made to plug the loopholes in the existing land legislations
so that the surplus land may be distributed among the small and marginal farmers. The
administrative set-up should be streamlined and corrupt elements should also be punished. It will
help to implement the law properly.

Ways # 11. Co-operative Farming:

To check the sub-division and fragmentation of holding, the movement of co-operative farming
should be launched. Co-operative farming would result in the adoption of modern technology on so-
called big farms. In this way, agriculture will become profitable occupation through economies of
large-scale farming.

Ways # 12. Development of Cottage and Small Scale Industries:

In rural areas, more emphasis should be made to set up cottage and small scale industries. This will
raise the income of the peasants and keep them busy during the off season.

The Indian government’s commitment to agriculture is a global success story. Since Independence in
1947, India has succeeded in significantly reducing the number of people living in poverty. In the
early 1960s, India introduced “Green Revolution” technologies: high-yielding grain varieties,
fertilizer, pesticides and irrigation. By the early 1990s, India was self-sufficient in food-grain
production. But not everyone has enough access to the food produced, and India is still the country
with the poorest people on our globe: of India’s 1028 million people (in 2001), around 300 million
people were classified as “poor”.
A pathway out of poverty for India’s rural poor these live in rural areas. India’s ability to reduce
poverty. Most people in rural India depend directly or indirectly on farming for their livelihood.
Despite this, not enough attention has been given to agriculture to overcome poverty. The
importance of agriculture to stimulate rural growth is generally accepted, but politicians have
failed to establish the necessary frame conditions for rural economic growth.

It is widely accepted that agricultural growth and human development (in the fields of education,
health and women’s issues) are key factors for rural development. The World Bank, the Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the International Fund for Agricultural Development,
as well as bilateral development agencies agree that investment in agricultural growth helps reduce
poverty and ensure pro-poor growth more than any other form of intervention.

The agricultural sector has potential to create economic growth in rural areas. It generates job
opportunities in adding value (as in the food processing industry), in bringing agricultural products to
the consumer (market linkages), and in providing support (infrastructure, information, quality
control and training).

Rising populations mean more demand for food. Improved

demand for quality food (more meat, dairy products and organic food). If these demands are to be
met, national farm outputs must rise, and farmers must produce different types of products. In
addition, access to food must be improved for those who still cannot meet their basic needs,
wherever they live – in remote rural areas, marginal areas or urban slums.

1. The Need to Improve Agricultural Productivity

 Severe hunger and poverty affects nearly 1 billion people around the world.

 By 2050, it’s estimated that the earth’s population will reach 9 billion. Global food
production will need to jump by 70 percent to 100 percent to feed these people. Rising
incomes, increasingly scarce resources, and a changing climate are putting additional strains
on agricultural productivity.
 Two billion people in the developing world are malnourished. Malnutrition continues to be
the world’s most serious health problem and the single biggest contributor to child
mortality.

 The power of investing in agriculture is clear: Agricultural development is two to four times
more effective at reducing hunger and poverty than any other sector
Review of Literature
Review of literature is an important aspect of research work as it helps in understanding specific
problems and in drawing some hypotheses. Keeping in this view, literature connected with the
problem in hand has been reviewed gleaning it from various sources, viz., relevant books, journals,
dissertations, reports, research projects, surveys, etc. This part of the present chapter takes into
consideration the conclusions and views of various scholars regarding the overall performance of
Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) and causes of its success or otherwise, and various
drawbacks associated with the programme. Thus, the major issues related to the criteria of
identification of the poor and its related aspects, viz., fairness/genuineness of procedure for
selection of rural poor, various loopholes, technical flaws, suggestions for improvement, utilization
of loan and bribe given for loan, etc., have been given due attention in the review.

Kulkarni et al (1989)16 carried out a study in Bijapur district of Karnataka. They find that different
socio-economic factor affect the success of failure of different schemes of IRDP. According to them
the success of IRDP mainly depends upon the level of education, family size, ownership of livestock,
durable assets and occupational structure. The study highlights that one of the reasons for poor
performance of IRDP was the delay in actual sanctioning of loans and releasing of the subsidy
amount by the development authorities. They suggested that single window approach both for
subsidy and loan would reduce the time gap and transaction cost of borrowing for the beneficiaries.

Calling it the world’s most ambitions credit-based poverty alleviation effort, the World Bank (1989:5)
attributes the failure of India’s Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) to its inability to
ensure continued access to institutional credit for disadvantaged rural households. Unless
constraints, which continue to block access of the poor to institutional finance, are not removed
effectively, the window of opportunity to banking services offered by the IRDP will remain closed.
Welfare gains derived thus far by beneficiaries of their IRDP are likely to be short lived without the
opportunity to replenish working capital and undertake additional investment, using term credit.

Thippaiah and Devendra Babu (1986)17 have come out in their study with some major defects in the
implementation of the programme Non-identification of proper persons as beneficiaries, non-
availability of trained personnel, misuse of loans and poor repayment position and lack of
infrastructural facilities are some of such defects.

Rao and Natarajan (1988)18 in their study on evaluation of impact and progress in implementation of
IRDP in Warangal district note the deficiencies prevailling in IRDP. Their study brings to the limelight
various deficiencies in the whole chain of IRDP in the district which are under-financing, providing
cash credits by violating the norms, lack of supervision, lack of knowledge on the part of the
beneficiaries to utilize the assets lack of adequate training to the schemants, the IRDP loans not
being utilized to the extent of their real objectives

Mohansundaram (1988)19 conducted an evaluative study in two blocks of Coimbatore district of

Tamil Nadu, entitled “How IRDP schemes can be batter implemented ?” He suggests some important
measures regarding effective implementation of IRDP schemes. He states that very low perception
of the rural poor indicates the dire need for increasing awareness among them about the special
schemes meant for their welfare. The lackadaisical attitude of the implementation machinery should
also be changed. Selecting deserving and bonafide beneficiaries by conducting household surveys,
credit camps and involvement of Gram sabhas, etc. will ensure assisting of right beneficiaries. The
major advantages of such exercises are cutting across the dominance of intermediaries and
avoidance of leakages. This can be done by active and effective coordination among the various
village level developmental functionaries. According to him the programme has promoted the
income of the beneficiaries.

Taneja (1989)20 researches the conclusion that despite too much proclaimed claims about the
success of various anty-poverty programmes, such as IRDP, NREP, RLGP, and TRYSEM most of the
labour households are still not able to meet their minimum consumption requirements. These are
the people who do not have a bare sufficiency of anything neither food, clothing, nor shelter, leave
alone education or medical care. The author observes that the fact we find such utter destitution
here in Panjab (reputed to be the home of India’s most progressive farmers) raises doubt about the
designing and implementation of the poverty eradication programmes.

Singh (1988)21 in his paper entitled “Socio –Economic Impact of IRDP on Weaker Sections in Panjab”,
infers that the IRDP does have its impact on the weaker sections. Those who took advantage of the
facilities were in a better position to improve their socio-economic life than those who did not avail
themselves of such facilities. He observes that comparatively well-off sections of the society derived
more benefits from IRDP than the weaker sections.

In an evaluation study entitled “Finance under Rural Development Programmes”, the State Bank of
Patiala (1987)22 concludes that 42 among 100 persons seem to have crossed the poverty line but
according to these beneficiaries the additional income so generated has not improved their living
conditions to the desired so much that the

additional income generated has been nullified. However, almost all the beneficiaries under the
scheme admitted that they increased their annual income and now they were living in somewhat
better conditions than those obtaining before availing of loans under the IRDP.

Rao (1987)23 states that the reduction in the extent of poverty is not significant among those who
have taken up village industries. He feels it ambivalent that the IRDP can be successful in improving
the skills of labourers.

Regarding the nature of utilization of the IRDP loan, the State Bank of Patiala (1987) 24 on the basis of
the report by the Branch Manager/ROOS has come to the conclusion that in 98 cases the funds at
the initial stage were utilized properly, while in two cases animals were reportedly disposed of
immediately after purchase within the same cattle fair. However, 19 borrowers later on disposed of
their assets and utilized the sale proceeds for some other purpose. The study discloses that these 19
persons also actually misutilzing the funds.
Basu (1988)25 infers that IRDP, a strong policy instrument for poverty alleviation has brought about
mixed consequences in the district of Nadia. Its performance has varied in various areas and sectors.
From identification of beneficiaries to raising and sustaining them above the poverty line, there have
been insidences of satisfactory as also those of poor results.

Hirway (1988)26 notes the following deficiencies in the IRDP : First IRDP emphasizes self-employment
rather too much. It assumes that the poor and especially the poorest of the poor are capable of self-
employment and managing independent enterprises successfully. This assumption is not realistic as
many of the poor are illiterates, have low risk capacity, process little entrepreneurial abilities, and
have no or very little assets. Therefore, they are not credit worthy. They are not capable of managing
enterprises independently. Many of them would be better off if they are given wage employment.

Secondly, IRDP assumes that the poor need a subsidized income generating asset and when it is
given the needs of the poor are largely satisfied. This assumption also is

not fully correct as the asset will perhaps meet a part of their needs, but it will not help them in
meeting their urgent needs. In this sense, IRDP is a partial approach which tends to create leakages
in the working of the asset schemes and in running of the programme successfully.

Thirdly, IRDP assumes that the special arrangements made for the poor will reach them. It is difficult
to accept that IRDP, which does not attempt to change the prevailing socio-economic system in
which it operates, will change the process of percolation of economic programmes in favour of the
poor. The planning component of IRDP also is found to be weak. First of all, there is no systematic
approach regarding allocation of IRDP funds among various schemes, various areas and households.
There is no provision in IRDP which provides for allocation of resources. To allocate specific schemes
to the poor households mainly on the basis of their own demands is definitely not a sound way of
planning.

Rao (1987)27 points out that the IRDP in Maheswaran block of Ranga Reddy district has achieved
partial success only. According to him, the absence of a proper set-up at the block level was
hindering the planning and implementation of programmes. Although the programmes chosen were
based on the capacity and preference of the beneficiaries, they were neither integrated properly nor
did they form part of any long term strategy. There was no scope of community involvement in
planning the rural development programmes and the emphasis was only on giving subsidies to the
rural poor from available funds.

Devi’s study (1986)28 holds that the IRDP as an anti-poverty programme is good in intention but
intention alone is not enough to cater to the needs adequately. Measurement of poverty in absolute
terms, i.e. in terms of per capita income required to meet subsistence needs of the family is essential
but it has limited utility. Having defined and measured poverty purely in economic terms, there is no
need to have social categories within the poor such as SCs, backward classes and others. The only
relevant and meaningful categories for the purpose of providing appropriate capital assistance under
IRDP are landless agricultural labourers, artisans and small farmers. In fact, there is every reason to
exclude small farmers with more than one hectare of

land from the category of poor as they have less coercion, different priorities and more potential to
develop independently without any external assistance. The more homogeneous are the poor in
their needs and priorities, the more efficient will be the transfer of IRDP inputs to them and the
more effective will be the programme.

Since the immediate goal of all the antipoverty programmes is to improve income or financial
condition of the poor, the ultimate goal clutches will have to be to free them from the clutches of
the upper caste or class and thereby reduce the degree of their despondence and exploitative
elements of the system in economic, social and political terms. One should not forget that the poor
are really poor due to some serious and real constraints which can not be overcome overnight and
there is a cumulative effect of disadvantages leading to deprivation and both of them leading to
despondence and dependence at the end. It may also be essential to organize the identified poor,
encourage their own leadership and get them involved in decision making which ultimately
encourage them with a view to avoiding the feeling of alienation and poorlessenss. Hence, the need
was to create a sense of competence which is so decisive for the success of any anti-poverty
programme.

Sidhu (1986)29 concludes that the income generation under IRDP indicates that income generation
under IRDP indicates that there were only 22 per cent of families whose income was between Rs.
2,001 and Rs. 3,000. At the same time, there were 20 families whose one or more members were in
government job. These members earn from Rs. 7000 to Rs 8000 per year. Moreover, there were five
families whose land exceeded the unit of small and marginal farmers and they owned tractors. Thus,
it is not the IRDP which has increased the income but they were already living above the poverty
line. Moreover, some beneficiaries were running small businesses and should not have been given
assistance under IRDP.

Through their study, Satanarayan and Peter (1985) 30 arrive at the conclusion that among various
apparent constraints, uneven, untimely and inadequate financial and supervisory support for the
IRDP schemes, the traditional dominance of the rich and powerful political personnel links in the
rural areas, expanding population illiteracy and unemployment inherent inferiority complex and lack
of enthusiasm and

confidence among the rural poor are the significant factors mainly responsible for the overall
hindrance in the process of poverty alleviation. In the presence of such chronic rural problems, the
responsible job of managing the IRDP schemes has rendered helpless, the socially weakers group of
village level workers and school teachers. As a result, the alignment in the planning and
implementation of the IRDP schemes could not be a properly organized.
scope and Objectives
The objective of the present study are the followings

1. To make comparative study of various schemes of rural and agriculture

development.
2. To search out characteristics of rural poverty.

3. To identified the factors, which are affecting to the rural and agriculture.

4. To review the performance of schemes at current time.

5. To study the various elements related to rural and agriculture development/

I have explained here major objectives of the study. We have considered this type of
objective which purely depends on availability of data.
Research METHODOLOGY
This study has an exploratory-cum-descriptive research design. This study will be based on
secondary data, which will be taken from different sources like records of Incentive Agricultural
Development Programme (IADP), Incentive Agricultural Area Programme (IAAP), Draught Prone Area
Programme (DPAP), Small Farmers De elopement Agency (SFDA) High Yielding varieties programme
(HYVP), Integral Rural Development Programme (IRDP) etc. DRDA (District Rural Development
Agency) records as well as Government of India and publications, Reports, of various committees
and commissions on poverty. Different studies and reports of rural development schemes. as well as
Journals, Research studies, Articles also be used in this study. Issuing secondary data
 DATA INTERPRETATION
Review of Agricultural development schemes
Soil Health card Scheme (SHc)
about Scheme

Soil Health Card Scheme has been introduced in year 2014-15 to assist State Governments to issue
soil health cards to all farmers in the country. Soil health card will provide information to farmers on
nutrient status of their soil along with recommendation on appropriate dosage of nutrients to be
applied for improving soil health and its fertility. Soil status will be assessed regularly every 2 years
so that nutrient deficiencies are identified and amendments applied.

 Soil Health Card was launched in February, 2015.

 Soil Health Card scheme has been approved for implementation during the remaining period
of 12th Plan to provide 12 crore Soil Health Cards to the farmers in the country.

 Soil health card is being issued every 2 years for all land holdings in the country so as to
promote balanced and integrated use of plant nutrients.

 Nation-wide program to conduct farm level soil analysis.

objectives
 To provide information to farmers on soil nutrient status of their soil and
recommendation on appropriate dosage of nutrients to be applied for improving soil
health and its fertility.
 Provide customized crop specific recommendation for nutrient application.
Progress
 By December, 2018, 10.48 crores Soil Health Cards has been distributed.
Progress of Soil Health card Scheme
S. Component / 2014- 2015- 2016- Total
N. year 15 16 17
1. New Static STLs 10 93 308 411
2. New Mobile STLs 69 8 3 80
3. Setting up of Mini 0 0 8614 8614
soil testing labs
Total 79 101 8925 9105
1. Cycle-I. As on 24.01 2018, against the target of 253 lakh soil sample, 100% soil samples have
been collected and tested. Against the target of 1119 lakh soil health cards, 1048.12 lakh (i.e.
94%) cards have been distributed to farmers.
2. Cycle-II. The 2nd Cycle of the scheme started from 1st May 2017. As on 24.01 2018, against the
target of 127.31 lakh soil sample collection for the year 2017-18, 103.49 lakh samples have
been collected and 63.54 lakh samples tested. Against the target of 626.96 lakh soil health
cards, 115.69 lakh cards have been distributed to farmers.
Benefits of SHc and SHm Scheme
 Soil health card promote balance and judicious use of plant nutrients.
 Soil test based applications of major, secondary and micronutrients.
 Adoption of Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) leads to reduction in consumption of
chemical fertilizer.
 Application of fertilizer based on soil health card recommendations decreases the
use of chemical fertilizer by 8-10%.
 Application of fertilizers on soil health card recommendation leads to increase the
yield of crops by 5-6 % and increase the farmers income.

Pradhan mantri krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PmkSY)

about scheme
The Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana has been made operational from 1st July, 2015
with the motto of ‘Har Khet Ko Paani’ for providing end-to –end solutions in irrigation
supply chain, viz. water sources, distribution network and farm level applications.
Department of Agriculture Cooperation & Farmers Welfare is implementing ‘Per Drop
More Crop’ component of PMKSY. The Per Drop More Crop mainly focuses on enhancing
water use efficiency at farm level through precision/ Micro Irrigation (Drip and Sprinkler
Irrigation). Besides promoting precision irrigation and better on-farm water management
practices to optimize the use of available water resources, this component also supports gap
filling interventions like micro level water storage or water conservation/management
activities to complement and supplement the works under taken through various
national/state level programmes for drought proofing measures.
objectives:
 Developing a long term solution for mitigating the effect of drought and increasing area
under irrigation with motto of Har Khet Ko Pani.
 Achieve convergence of investments in

* During 2017-18, so far an area of 6.09 lakh ha has been

covered under Micro Irrigation.
 * includes Allocated amount of Rs. 2500.00 crore (BE) during 2017-18

Significant Achievements under Per Drop More Crop are:

Year Amount Area covered No. of Water Potential Created for

Released under MI, Harvesting Structures Protective Irrigation,
Created (in hectare)
(Rs. In crore) lakh ha
2014-15 (OFWM- 963.55 4.25 - -
NMSA)

2015-16 1556.73 5.72 18750 27835

2016-17 1991.17 8.39 38806 86490

2017-18 (as on 2495.80 6.09 65195 110000

30.1.2018)

irrigation at the field level

 Expand cultivable area under assured irrigation
 Improve on-farm water use efficiency to reduce wastage of water
 Enhance the adoption of precision irrigation and other water saving technologies (More crop per
drop),
 Promote sustainable water conservation practices etc.
other initiatives:
 District Irrigation Plans (DIPs) are the cornerstone for integrated planning and
implementation of PMKSY. District irrigation plans (DIP) for all 675 districts have been
prepared which covers almost all the agricultural dominated districts of the country.
 An Android based Bhuvan integration app viz. BHUVAN PDMC has been developed in
collaboration with NRSC, Hyderabad for geo-tagging of interventions/ assets created under
PMKSY.

kisan credit card

about scheme
In order to ensure that all eligible farmers are provided with hassle free and timely credit for
their agricultural operation, Kisan Credit Card (KCC) scheme was introduced in 1998-99.
Marginal farmers, share croppers, oral lessee and tenant farmers are eligible to be covered under
the Scheme.
objectives
To meet the short term credit requirements for cultivation of crops, post harvest
expenses, produce marketing loan, consumption requirements of farmer household, working
capital for maintenance of farm assets and activities allied to agriculture like dairy animals,
inland fishery etc. investment credit requirement for agriculture and allied activities like pump
sets, sprayers, dairy animals etc.
eligibility
 Farmers - individual/joint borrowers who are owner cultivators;
 Tenant farmers, oral lessees & share croppers;
  Self Help Groups (SHGs) or Joint Liability Groups (JLGs) of farmers including tenant
farmers, share croppers etc.
Progress
A total number of 4.32 crore KCCs had been converted to RKCCs (As on 11.10. 2017)

national Food Security mission (nFSm)

introduction:

National Food Security Mission was launched in 2007-08 to increase the production of rice, wheat
and pulses by 10, 8 and 2 million tonnes, respectively by the end of XI Plan through area expansion
and productivity enhancement; restoring soil fertility and productivity; creating employment
opportunities; and enhancing farm level economy. The Mission is being continued during 12th Five
Year Plan with new target of additional production of 25 million tonnes of food grains comprising of
10 million tonnes rice, 8 million tonnes of wheat, 4 million tonnes of pulses and 3 million tonnes of
coarse cereals by the end of XII Plan.

objectives:

 To Increasing production of rice, wheat, pulses and coarse cereals through area expansion
and productivity enhancement in a sustainable manner in the identified districts of the country.

 To restoring soil fertility and productivity at the individual farm level, and

 To enhancing farm level economy (i.e. farm profits) to restore confidence amongst the
farmers.

area coverage under nFSm from 2017-18 onwards:

From 2016-17, NFSM is being implemented in 638 districts of 29 states. NFSM-Rice is being
implemented in 194 districts of 25 states. NFSM- Wheat is being implemented in 126 districts of 11
states. NFSM-Pulses is being implemented in 638 districts of 29 states and NFSM-Coarse cereals is
being implemented in 265 districts of 28 states.

interventions included under programme

 Breeder Seed production of pulses was introduced under NFSM-Pulses programme.

 150 Seed Hubs are being implemented through IIPR Kanpur for increasing certified seeds of
indigenous production of pulses in India through the Indian Institute of Pulses Research (IIPR),
Kanpur and their centres.

 Supplying of Minikits of pulses seed varieties not older than 10 years free of the cost (100%
share) to the farmers.

 In addition to State Governments, the ICAR/ KVKs/SAUs also involve in conducting the
demonstrations on improved latest package of practices of pulses.

 15% allocation is earmarked for pulses under NFSM for production of quality seeds through
State Governments.
 The government has decided to create a buffer stock of pulses to control fluctuation of
prices of pulses. Procurement has already started through the Department of Food and Consumer
Affairs.

outcome:

 As per the target, NFSM has achieved the bumper production of rice (110.15 million tonnes),
wheat (98.38 million tonnes), pulses (22.95 million tonnes) and coarse cereals (44.19 million tonnes),
during 2016- 17 as per 4th advance estimates. The total foodgrains production achieved during
2016-17 is 275.68 million tonnes i.e. (9.6%) increase against last year.

mission for integrated development of Horticulture (midH)

about Scheme

Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH) launched in 2014-

15 is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme for the holistic growth of the horticulture sector covering fruits,
vegetables, root & tuber crops, mushrooms, spices, flowers, aromatic plants, coconut, cashew,
cocoa and bamboo. Under National Horticulture Mission (NHM) scheme Government of India (GOI)
contributes 60% of total outlay and 40% share are contributed by State Governments for
developmental programmes. Under Horticulture Mission for North Eastern and Himalayan State
(HMNEH) scheme, GOI contribution is 90% and 10% share is contributed by State Governments.
Similarly under National Horticulture Board (NHB), Coconut Development Board (CDB), Central
Institute for Horticulture (CIH), Nagaland and the National Level Agencies (NLAs), GOI contribution
is 100%.

Major interventions and initiatives of MIDH for doubling of farmers’ income are increased focus
on supply of quality planting material, increasing productivity through protected cultivation and
proper management practices, promoting sustainable horticulture, post harvest management (PHM)
infrastructure including development of cold chain, linking farmers to market, aggregation of
farmers

into FPOs/FIGs and promoting their tie up with Market Aggregators (MAs) and Financial Institutions
(FIs) also encourage the farmer groups (FPOs/FIGs) own the entire value chain from farm gate to
market. Focus is also on specific value chain management and precision farming, bridging skill gap by
skill development training, making MIDH DBT compliant and ICT based MIS and monitoring.
Emphasis is also on development of crop specific projects based on entire value chain (from farm to
market) in the states.

objective

a) Promote holistic growth of horticulture sector, including bamboo and coconut through area
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based regionally differentiated strategies which includes research, technology promotion,

extension, post- harvest management, processing and marketing in consonance with
comparative advantage of each State/region and its diverse agro-climatic features;

b) Encourage aggregation of farmers into farmer groups like FIGs/FPOs and FPCs to bring
economy of scale and scope.
 c) Enhance horticulture production, augment farmers, income and strengthen nutritional
security;

d) Improve productivity by way of quality planting material and water use efficiency through
Micro Irrigation.

e) Support skill development and create employment generation opportunities for rural youth in
horticulture and post-harvest management, especially in the cold chain sector.

major achievements under midH.

 Area expansion : 463651 ha

 Rejuvenation : 79356 ha

 Protected cultivation : 109766 ha

 Adoption of Organic Farming : 23704ha

 IPM : 319357ha.

 Nurseries: 265Nos.

 Water Resources: 17021Nos.

 Horticulture Mechanization: 100695Nos.

 Beekeeping: 472740Nos.

 Market infrastructure: 1991Nos.

 Training of Farmers: 353298Nos.

 Post-harvest Management infrastructure: 28167Nos.

national agriculture market (e-nam)

Under the scheme, a pan India electronic trading portal (e-NAM) is deployed in selected regulated
wholesale markets in States across the country and 585 markets are proposed to be integrated with
e-NAM by March, 2018. E-NAM is reformed linked scheme and States are required to carry out pre-
requisite reforms to enable (i) a Single licence to be valid across the State, (ii) Single point levy of
market fee, and

(iii) Provision for electronic auction as a mode of price discovery.

Small Farmers’ Agribusiness Consortium (SFAC) to act as the Lead Promoter of NAM.

Progress
 On 14th April, 2016, Hon’ble Prime Minister Sh. Narendra Modi launched the pilot of e-
NAM on the 125th Birth Anniversary of Baba Saheb Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar in 21
markets of 8 states.
 National Agriculture Market (e-NAM) scheme was approved on 1st July, 2015 with an
initial allocation of Rs. 200 crore to link
585 wholesale APMCmandis across the country through a common e-platform.
 National Agriculture Market (NAM) is a pan-India electronic trading portal which
networks the existing APMC and other market yards to create a unified national market
 for agricultural commodities.
 The Central Government offers one time grant to the States / UTs up to Rs.30.00
lakh per market, based on their DPR for purchase of hardware, internet
connection, assaying equipment and related infrastructure.
 An additional grant of Rs. 45 lakh per mandi is envisaged in the budget announcement
of 2017-18 for installation of sorting, grading, & packing facility and compost unit in the
E-NAM Mandis.
 In principle approval given to integrate 630 mandis in 18 States, UTs with e-NAM.
To facilitate assaying of commodities for trading on e-NAM, common tradable parameters have
been developed for 90 commodities
 By 26th January, 2018, total 152 lakh tonnes of agricultural produce worth Rs. 36587
crores has been recorded; 74 lakh farmers,
1.01lakh traders and 53169 commission agents were registered on e-NAM platform

Schemes of Small Farmers agribusiness consortium (SFac)

SFAC was set up as a registered society on 18th January, 1994. Currently, the members of SFAC
include RBI, SB1, IDB1, EX1M Bank, Oriental Bank of Commerce, NABARD, Canara Bank, NAFED etc.

SFAC is implementing the Central Sector Scheme for agribusiness development in association with
Notified Financial Institutions providing:

 Venture Capital to agribusiness projects, and assistance to farmers / products groups for
preparing bankable Detailed Project Reports (DPR).

agri-Business development (aBd) through venture capital Scheme (vca)

about scheme:

Venture Capital Assistance Scheme is being implemented to provide interest-free Venture Capital to
setup agribusiness projects and Project Development Facility (PDF) and facilitate the promotion of
agri-business projects.

objectives

 To facilitate setting up of agribusiness ventures in close association with all Financial

Institutions notified by the Reserve Bank of India where the ownership of the Central/State
Government is more than 50% such as Nationalized banks, SBI & its subsidiaries, IDBI, SIDBI,
NABARD, NCDC, NEDFI, Exim Bank, RRBs & State Financial Corporations.
 To catalyze private investment in setting up of agribusiness projects and thereby
providing assured market to producers for increasing rural income & employment.
 To strengthen backward linkages of agribusiness projects with producers.
 To assist farmers, producer groups, and agriculture graduates to enhance their
participation in value chain through Project Development Facility.
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 To arrange training and visits, etc. of agripreneurs in setting up identified

agribusiness projects.
 To augment and strengthen existing set up of State and Central SFAC.
Progress:
SFAC has extended Venture Capital Assistance support to 1910 units amounting Rs.
 560.27 crore and 1,60,751 farmers have been benefited . It has resulted in direct
employment generation to 87,223 persons. Under the scheme, during 2017-18, SFAC
has extended equity support to 87 agripreneurs amounting Rs. 79.90 crore.
3.3.1. equity grant Scheme (egS) For Farmer Producer companies (FPcS)

about scheme

Equity Grant Scheme extends support to the equity base of Farmer Producer Companies
(FPCs) by providing matching equity grants. The EGS shall be operated by Small Farmers'
Agri Business Consortium (SFAC). The Equity Grant Scheme enables eligible FPCs to
receive a grant equivalent in amount to the equity contribution of their shareholder
members in the FPC subject to a maximum of Rs. 10.00 lakh per FPC in two tranche. The
Scheme shall address nascent and emerging FPCs, which have paid up capital not
exceeding Rs. 30 lakh as onthe date of application.
In order to support the equity base of FPCs, a matching Equity Grant upto a
maximum of Rs 15 lacs is given to FPCs.
Equity Grant shall be a cash infusion equivalent to the amount of shareholder equity
in the FPC subject to a cap of Rs. 10 lakh per FPC. Equity Grant sanctioned shall be
directly transferred to the Bank account of the FPC. The FPC shall, within 45 days of the
receipt of the Equity Grant, issue additional shares to its shareholder members,
equivalent in value to the amount of the Grant received by it.
objectives :
 Enhancing viability and sustainability of FPCs.
 Enhancing credit worthiness of FPC.
Enhancing the shareholding of members to increase their ownership and participation in
their FPC
Progress:
In order to support equity base of FPCs , a matching grant up to a maximum of Rs. 10 lakh
is given to FPCs. During 2014-17, equity grants have been sanctioned to 154 Farmers
producing Companies (FPCs). During 2017-18, SFAC has extended equity grant to 204 FPCs
have been extended.
3.3.2. credit guarantee Fund Scheme (cgFS) about scheme:

Credit Guarantee Fund has been set up with the primary objective of providing a Credit Guarantee
Cover to Eligible Lending Institutions (ELI's) which are providing collateral free loans to Farmer
Producer Companies (FPCs). The Credit Guarantee Fund offers a cover of 85% to loans extended by
banks to FPCs without collateral, upto a maximum of Rs. 1.00 Crore.

objectives

 To provide a Credit Guarantee Cover to Eligible Lending Institution (ELI) to enable them to
provide collateral free credit to FPCs by minimising their lending risks in respect of loans not
exceeding Rs. 1.00 Crore.
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 To enable FPC to get collateral free loan by providing credit guarantee to ELI's.

Progress:

During 2014-17, a total of 26 FPCs have taken benefit under the scheme.
1... Farmer Producer organizations (FPos) about scheme
The concept of ‘Farmer Producer Organizations (FPO)’ consists of collectivization
of producers especially small and marginal farmers so as to form an effective alliance to
collectively address many challenges of agriculture such as improved access to
investment, technology, inputs and markets. Farmer Producer Organizations registered
under the special provisions of the Companies Act, 1956 as the most appropriate
Institutional form around which the mobilization of farmers is to be made for building their
capacity to collectively leverage their production and marketing strength.
The formation and development of FPOs will be actively encouraged and supported by
the Central and State Governments and their agencies, using financial resources from
various Centrally sponsored and State-funded schemes in the agriculture sector agencies.
This goal will be achieved by creating a coalition of partners by the concerned promoter
body, involving civil society institutions, research organisations, consultants, private sector
players and any other entity which can contribute to the development of strong and viable
producer owned FPOs.
objectives

 To promote economically viable, democratic, and self governing Farmer Producer

Organisations (FPOs).

 To provide support for the promotion of such FPOs by qualified and experienced Resource
Institutions.

 To provide the required assistance and resources – policy action, inputs, technical knowledge,
financial resources, and infrastructure – to strengthen these FPOs.

 To remove hurdles in enabling farmers’ access the markets through their FPOs, both as
buyers and sellers.

To create an enabling policy environment for investments in FPOs to leverage their collective
production and marketing power

Progress

 As on 31st Dec, 2017, against a target of

7.83 lakh farmers to be mobilized, 6.99 lakh small & marginal farmers have been identified and
formed into 41,094 Farmer Interest Groups (FIGs). These FIGs further have been federated into FPOs
and so far 693 FPOs have been registered and 109 are under the process of registration.

 443 FPOs have been registered during 2014 to 2017 as compared to 223 FPOs during 2011-14
with total increase of 98.65% collectivization of farmers.

3.3.3. Scheme for Farmer Producer companies.

SFAC is also taking up the implementation of the Equity Grant and Credit Guarantee Fund Scheme
for Farmer Producer Companies which was approved by the EFC during 2013-14.

This scheme will enable registered farmer producer companies to access equity grant to double
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member equity upto a maximum limit

of Rs.10.00 lakhs. The scheme also provides a credit guarantee to financial institutions
which extend loans to producer companies without collateral upto Rs.1.00 crore.
SFAC is organizing awareness camps to publicize the Equity Grant and Credit Guarantee
Fund Scheme all over India.
Progress
 In order to support the equity base of FPCs, a matching equity Grant up to maximum of
Rs. 15 lakh is given to FPCs. During 2014 -17, equity grants have been sanctioned to 154
Farmers Producers Companies (FPCs).
3.4. Price Support and Procurement
Budget 2018-19 had announced that broad based procurement operation strengthened it after
holding comments from the states.

3.4.1. minimum Support Price (mSP)- noticification

Minimum Support Price (MSP) is a form of market intervention by the Government of India
to insure agricultural producers against any sharp fall in farm prices. The minimum support
prices are announced by the Government of India at the beginning of the sowing season for
certain crops on the basis of the recommendations of the Commission for Agricultural Costs
and Prices (CACP). MSP is price fixed by Government of India to protect the producer -
farmers - against excessive fall in price during bumper production years. The minimum
support prices are a guarantee price for their produce from the Government. The major
objectives are to support the farmers from distress sales and to procure food grains for public
distribution. In case the market price for the commodity falls below the announced minimum
price due to bumper production and glut in the market, government agenciespurchase the
entire quantity offered by the farmers at the announced minimum price.
The Price Support Policy of the Government is directed at providing insurance to
agricultural producers against any sharp fall in farm prices. The minimum guaranteed prices
are fixed to set a floor below which market prices cannot fall. Till the mid 1970s, Government
announced two types of administered prices :
 Minimum Support Prices (MSP)
 Procurement Prices
The MSPs served as the floor prices and were fixed by the Government in the nature of a
long-term guarantee for investment decisions of producers, with the assurance that prices of
their commodities would not be allowed to fall below the level fixed by the Government, even
in the case of a bumper crop. Procurement prices were the prices of kharif and rabi cereals at
which the grain was to be domestically procured by public agencies (like the FCI) for release
through PDS. It was announced soon after harvest began. Normally procurement price was
lower than the open market price and higher than the MSP. This policy of two official prices
being announced continued with some variation upto 1973-74, in the case of paddy. In the case
of wheat it was discontinued in 1969 and then revived in 1974-75 for one year only. Since
there were too many demands for stepping up the MSP. In 1975-76, the present system was
evolved in which only one set of prices was announced for paddy (and other kharif crops) and
wheat being procured for buffer stock operations.
Government fixes the Minimum Support Prices (MSPs) of major agricultural crops after
taking into account the recommendations of the Commission for Agricultural Costs & Prices
(CACP). The Commission is mandated to recommend MSPs for 22 Agricultural Commodities
and Fair and Remmunerative Price(FRP) ofsugarcanetakenintoconsideration the cost of
production (CoP), overall demand- supply, domestic and international prices, inter- crop price
parity, likely effect of the price policy on the rest of the economy and rational utilization of
land, water and other production resources. Thus, pricing policy i.e. the exercise of MSP is not
based on cost only though the cost is an important determinants of MSP. During last three
following crops MSP were given as under:

3.4.2. Procurement of Foodgrains (department of Food & Public distribution)

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Procurement operations are seasonal - Kharif Marketing Season (KMS) starts from
01st October and lasts upto next 30th September of a year. Paddy / Rice and Coarse
grains like jowar, bajra, ragi & maize are procured during the KMS.
The Rabi Marketing Season (RMS) starts from 1st April and lasts upto next 31st March
of a year. Mostly, wheat and sometimes barley is procured during RMS.
3.4.3. Price Support Scheme (PSS)
 Price Support Scheme (PSS) is implemented for procurement of oil seeds, pulses and
cotton through Central Nodal Agencies at the Minimum Support Price (MSP) declared
by the Government. This scheme is implemented at the request of the concerned state
government, which agrees to exempt the procured commodities from levy of mandi
tax and assist central nodal agencies in logistic arrangements including gunny bags,
provide working capital for state agencies, creation of revolving fund for PSS
operations etc. as required under the Scheme guidelines. The basic objectives of PSS
are to provide remunerative prices to the growers for their produce with a view to
encourage higher
Commodity Variety 2014- 2015- 2016- 2017- Absolute and %
15 16 17 18 change in MSP 2017-18
over 2014-15
KHARICROPS (Rs per quintal)
ARHAR(Tur)
URAD 4350 4625 5050 5450 1100(25.3)
RAGI 4350 4625 5000 5400 1050(24.1)
MOONG 1550 1650 1725 1900 350(22.6)
SOYABEEN 4600 4850 5225 5575 975(21.2)
SESAMUM 2560 2600 2775 3050 490(19.1)
PADDY 4600 4700 5000 5300 700(15.2)
BAJRA Common 1360 1410 1470 1550 190(14.0)
PADDY 1250 1275 1330 1425 175(14.0)
NIGERSEED Grade 'A' 1400 1450 1510 1590 190(13.6)
GROUNDNUT IN SHELL 3600 3650 3825 4050 450(12.5)
JOWAR 4000 4030 4220 4450 450(11.3)
Maldandi 1550 1590 1650 1725 175(11.3)
SUNFLOWER SEED Hybrid 1530 1570 1625 1700 170(11.1)
MAIZE 3750 3800 3950 4100 350(9.3)
COTTON 1310 1325 1365 1425 115(8.8)
Medium Staple 3750 3800 3860 4020 270(7.2)
RABI CROPS Long Staple 4050 4100 4160 4320 270(6.7)
GRAM
MASUR (LENTIL) 3175 3500 4000 4400 1225(38.6)
SAFFLOWER 3075 3400 3950 4250 1175(38.2)
RAPESEED/MUSTARD 3050 3300 4100 1050(34.4)
BARLEY 3100 3350 3700 4000 900(29.0)
WHEAT 1150 1225 3700 1410 260(22.6)
1450 1525 1325 1735 285(19.7)
1625
investment and production and to safeguard the interest of consumers by making available supplies
at reasonable prices with low cost of intermediation.

ministry of Food Processing industries (moFPi)

3.5. Pradhan mantri kisan SamPada Yojana
Government of India (GOI) has approved a new Central Sector Scheme – Pradhan
Mantri Kisan SAMPADA Yojana (Scheme for Agro-Marine Processing and Development of
Agro-Processing Clusters) with an allocation of Rs. 6,000 crore for the period 2016-20 on 3
May 2017 coterminous with the 14th Finance Commission cycle. The scheme is being
implemented by Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI).
PM Kisan SAMPADA Yojana is a comprehensive package which will result in
creation of modern infrastructure with efficientsupply chain management from farm
gate to retail outlet. It will not only provide a big boost to the growth of food processing
sector in the country but also help in providing better process to farmers and is a big
step towards doubling of farmers income, creating huge employment opportunities
especially in the rural areas, reducing wastage of agricultural produce, increasing the
processing level and enhancing the export of the processed foods
Thefollowingschemeswillbeimplemented under PM Kisan SAMPADA Yojana
 Mega Food Parks.
 Integrated Cold Chain and Value Addition Infrastructure.
 Creation / Expansion of Food Processing & Preservation Capacities.
 Infrastructure for Agro-processing Clusters.
 Creation of Backward and Forward Linkages.
 Food Safety and Quality Assurance Infrastructure.
 Human Resources and Institutions.
output
PM Kisan SAMPADA Yojana is expected to leverage investment of Rs. 31,400 crore for
handling of 334 lakh MT agro-produce valued at Rs. 1,04,125 crore, benefiting 20 lakh
farmers and generating 5,30,500 direct/indirect employment in the country by the year 2019-
20

3.6. national cooperative development corporation (ncdc)

National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC), a Statutory Corporation was
established on 14.03.1963 under an Act of Parliament (NCDC Act of 1962) for economic
development through cooperative societies. NCDC is primarily focused on the cooperatives
in the agriculture and allied sectors. These cover the complete value chain from “farm to
shelf ” including production, processing, marketing, storage, cold-chain, for agricultural and
allied produce besides other inputs such as fertilizer, seeds, banking etc. and other sectors
such as energy, rural housing and forest produce.
NCDC is playing key role in doubling the farmers’ income through cooperatives.
The promotional and developmental functions of NCDC aim at creating eco- systems for
agriculture and allied sector stakeholders for successful conceptualization and
implementation of developmental schemes and projects in cooperative sector. NCDC
provides financial assistance for economic development of agriculture and allied sectors
through cooperative societies. It also provides assistance for capacity building and
upgradation of skills of personnel involved in the cooperatives.
Financial assistance in the form of
subsidy is being provided through NCDC for improving the economic conditions of
cooperatives particularly in the less developed and under developed regions, removing
regional imbalances, to speed up cooperative development in agricultural marketing,
processing and storage, cold-chain development, computerization of Primary Agricultural
Cooperative Credit Societies(PACS), cotton development, establishment of new as well as
modernization / expansion / rehabilitation of existing cooperative spinning mills, ginning and
pressing units, promotion and development of selected districts in the country through
cooperative efforts etc.
Progress
 Over the years, disbursements of NCDC financial assistance are growing. NCDC made an all
time high release of Rs. 15914 crore during 2016-17. During Current financial year 2017-18
disbursement targets have already been surpassed. Disbursements of Rs. 19758.89 crore have
been achieved against the target of Rs. 8000.00 crore till 13/02/2018.
 NCDC has provided cumulative financial assistance of Rs. 94407.61 crore. Out of total
cumulative assistance of Rs. 94407.61 crore since 1963, 51.40% i.e. Rs. 45880.86 crore
assistance has been provided since 2014-15.
 Net NPA of zero percent maintained during last 6 years.
 Recovery percentage maintained above 99.50%
NCDC is a ISO 9001:2008 compliant organisation from October 2014 and has upgraded its
Quality Management System in conformity with the ISO 9001:2015, the latest ISO Standard since
December 2016
4.1. Pradhan mantri Fasal Bima Yojna (PmFBY)
The erstwhile Crop Insurance Schemes have been reviewed in consultation with various
stakeholders including States/ UTs. As a result of the review, a new scheme “Pradhan Mantri
Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) has been approved for implementation from Kharif 2016 along with
pilot Unified Package Insurance Scheme (UPIS) and Restructured Weather Based Crop Insurance
Scheme (RWBCIS).
Under the PMFBY, the premium rates to be paid by farmers are very low and balance
premium will be paid by the Government, to be shared equally by State & Central Government,
to provide full insured amount to the farmers against crop loss on account of natural calamities.
There is no upper limit on Government subsidy
Features
 Covers all food grains, oilseeds and annual commercial/Horticultural crops.
 One season one rate – a uniform maximum premium of 2% for Kharif, 1.5% for Rabi, Food &
Oil seed crops and 5% for Annual Commercial/Horticultural Crops.
 Covers all risks of crop cycle – preventive sowing; risk to standing crops and post- harvest
losses.
 For losses due to hailstorm, landslide and inundation assessment of yield losses at individual
field level.
Post-harvest losses for cut& spread crops on field upto 14 days due to cyclone/cyclonic&
Farmers Welfare (DAC&FW) is mandated to coordinate relief measures necessitated by drought,
hailstorm, pest attack, frost/cold wave. Spatial distribution and quantum of rainfall during South-
West Monsoon (June- September) mainly determines the incidence of drought in the country, as
South West Monsoon accounts for more than 70% of annual rainfall
 A Manual for Drought Management was published in the year 2009 by the Department
revised in 2016 through a consultative process, involving the concerned Central
Ministries Departments, State Governments, Scientific, Technical and Research Organizations.
 Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare (DAC&FW) is mandated to
coordinate relief measures necessitated by drought, hailstorm, pest attack and cold wave/frost.
 The revised items and Norms for assistance State Disaster Response Fund (SDRF) and
National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF)
, for the period 2015-16 to 2019-20, was intimated to all State Governments by Ministry
of Home Affair (MHA).
 A Drought Management Plan (DMP) as required under Disaster Management Act, 2005, has
been prepared keeping in view the theme of national Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction
(NPDRR) to achieve “Disaster Risk Reduction for Sustainable Development : Making India
Resilient by 2030.”.
Progress:
 Need for assistance for all categories has

increased by 1.5 times.

 Threshold admissibility assistance raised from 1ha to 2 ha in all cases.
 The financial assistance paid to the farmers in the event of death increased to Rs, 4
lakh from Rs. 1.5 lakh.
Assistance for fund under National Disaster Response fund was Rs. 30101 crore during
2014-2017

4.2. risk management & insurance in animal Husbandry and dairying

 Providing protection mechanism to the farmers / BPL / SC / ST / landless livestock rearers
against any eventual loss of their Indigenous / crossbred milch animals, pack animals and other
livestock (Goat, Sheep, Pigs, Rabbit, yak and Mithun) animals due to death.
Progress
 Since 2014-15, Livestock Insurance Scheme is covered all the Districts of India and all the
animals (Milch Cattle, Small animals and Pack animals) have been covered for insurance.
 Premium rate of Insurance is 3%-4.% for one year and 7.5% - 10.5% for three years based on
different category and areas.
 Since 2014-17, 26.80 lakh animals have been insured and Rs. 81.95 crore release to States for
Livestock Insurance Scheme.
 Insurance Value for Milch Animals on the basis of lactation of animal from Rs. 3000 per litre
for cow and Rs. 4000 per litre for Buffalo.
 Payment after loss of animal within 15 days otherwise penalty of 12%
compound interest to the beneficiaries.
 Focus on landless farmers, BPL, SC, ST and Women farmers so that benefit of insurance reach
to last strata of society.

5.1. Support to State extension Programmes for extension reforms Scheme (atma
Scheme)
 The erstwhile Scheme ‘Support to State Extension Programmes for Extension
Reforms (ATMA)’ implemented since 2005 has now been included as a component of the Sub-
Mission on Agriculture Extension (SMAE) under umbrella scheme”Green Revolution
Krishonnati Yojana” with some cost revisions.
 It is now under implementation in 676 districts of 29 states & 3 UTs of the country.
The scheme promotes decentralized farmer- driven and farmer accountable extension system
through an institutional arrangement for technology dissemination in the form of an Agricultural
Technology Management Agency (ATMA) at district level. Under the scheme grants-in-aid is
released to states with an objective to support State Governments efforts of revitalization of the
extension system and making available the latest agricultural technologies in different thematic
areas to increase agricultural production through extension activities viz. Farmers Training,
Demonstrations, Exposure Visits, Kisan Mela, Mobilization of Farmers Groups and Setting up of
Farm Schools. Through these activities, latest agriculture technologies are disseminated to farmers
of the country.
Progress
This Scheme has been revised to include manpower support, roping in the farmers’ feed back
in to planning by setting up Farmer Advisory Committees (FACs) at Block/ District & State Level
and providing farmer-to-farmer learning
and extension support through Farmer Friend.
The Modified Scheme has dedicated Specialists & Functionary Support at State (2 at State
Nodal Cell and 7 to 15 at SAMETI level based on the number of blocks in the State/UT
), District (5 per district) & Block level (4 per Block).Various activities supported under the
Scheme for educating and creating awareness amongst farmers include farmers trainings, exposure
visits, demonstration, Kisan Mela mobilization of farmers Interest Groups (FIGs) and farm schools
etc. Since inception of the scheme in 2005, 4.33crore farmers’ have been benefited through
various farmer oriented activities.

establishment of the agri-clinics and agri-Business centres (acaBc)

A Central Sector component, “Establishment of Agri-Clinics and Agri- Business
Centres (AC&ABC)” has been under implementation since April, 2002 to supplement the efforts
of public extension, support agricultural development and create gainful self-employment
opportunities to unemployed youths with qualification in agriculture and allied sectors.
The National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management (MANAGE), Hyderabad is
the implementing agency for Training Component and National Bank for Agriculture and Rural
Development (NABARD) is the implementing agency for Subsidy Component of AC&ABC
 scheme.
There is a provision of credit linked back- ended upfront composite subsidy on the bank
loan availed by trained candidates under the Scheme. The subsidy is 44% in respect of
women, SC/ST and all categories of candidates from North-Eastern and Hill States and 36%
in respect of other categories.
The subsidy is admissible for loans upto Rs.20 lakh in case of individual and Rs.100 lakh in
case of Group Projects (for ventures set up by a group of 5 trained candidates).
The scheme promotes involvement of agri- preneurs trained under the AC&ABC scheme in
providing advisory and extension services to the farmers in agriculture and allied areas through
agriventures established with financial supports. These agri-preneurs are actively involved in
providing advisory and extension services to the farmers on various technologies including soil
health, cropping practices, plant protection, post harvest technology etc.
Progress
During the current year 2998 candidates have been trained and 270 have established their
ventures. Since inception of the scheme, 56,542 candidates have been trained and 23,517 agri-
ventures have been established in the country till 31.12.2017 creating job opportunities to the
tune of 7337 thousand mandays. Among the ventures established, 1915 have been granted with
subsidy as on 31.12.2017. The agriventures established under the scheme are acting as active
supplementary institutions for Government Extension mechanism in the States/UTs.

5.2. \ kisan call centers (kcc)

The KCC Scheme was launched on 21st January 2004 to provide answer to farmers’
queries on agriculture and allied sectors through toll free telephone lines. A country wide
common eleven digit number ‘1800-180- 1551’ has been allocated for KCC. The replies to the
queries of the farming community are being given in 22 local languages. KCCs operate from 14
locations in the country covering all the Sates and UTs.
output
Since inception of the scheme, in the year 2004 over 353.75 lakh live calls have been
registered at the KCC till December, 2017.

5.3. Farmers’ portal (www.farmer.gov.in)

Farmers’ Portal is a one stop shop for farmers where a farmer can get relevant information on
range of topics including seeds, fertilizer, pesticides, credit, good practices, dealer network,
availability of inputs, agromet

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 advisory etc. This information can be drilled down through the pictorial view of Map of India
placed on the Home page as well.
While over 800 websites of various departments and organisations related to Agriculture &
allied sectors in the Central and State Governments and 80 applications/portals of the
Department pertained to agriculture & allied sectors from organisational and schematic view-
point, not even one portal existed for the farmers and that was the genesis of the Farmers’ Portal.
This centralized repository is the back bone of all mobile apps and SMS advisories. This
portal provides information across all stages of crop management right from sowing of seeds
till post harvesting. The beauty of this web based portal is that one can sift down to the block
level
get the information of particular block

1.. development of mobile apps

Spreading agricultural related information to farmers in the poorest communities has been made
easier by proliferation of mobile phones. Today, mobile apps and services are being designed and
released in different parts of the world.Mobile apps help to fulfil the larger objective of farmers’
empowerment and facilitates in extension services which can address the global food security
issues.Many mobile apps have been developed for farmers.

Kisan Suvidha App: This app provides information to the farmers on critical parameters viz Weather,
PlantProtection, Input Dealers, Agroadvisories and Market Prices, etc. Downloads till 6th Dec, 2017:
424752
 Pusa Krishi mobile app has been launched by Union Agriculture Minister on March 21, 2016
to help farmers to get information about technologies developed by IARI to realize the dream
“LAB to LAND” of our Prime Minister. Downloads till 6th Dec, 2017: 29086
Crop Insurance mobile app is used to calculate the Insurance Premium for notified crops based
on area, coverage amount and loan amount in case of loanee farmer. It can also be used to get
details of normal sum insured, extended sum insured, premium details and subsidy information of
any notified crop in any notified area. Downloads till 6th Dec, 2017:21230
AgriMarket app is use to fetch the market price of commodities from markets within the
range of 50 km of the device’s location using mobile GPS. There is another option to get
price of any market and any crop
in case person does not want to use GPS location.Downloads till 6 th Dec, 2017: 32148

cce agri – mobile app

 CCE Agri mobile app has been developed
to digitizethe information of crop cutting experiment conducted in field.
 It automatically captures the location of field through GPS.
 Photographs and data captured through the app are transfer to web server
immediately.
 Reduced claim settlement time and a level of transparency has achieved.
 Experiments done till 6th Dec, 2017:235935

crop insurance Portal

 The only Portal for all stakeholders including Farmers, States,Insurance Companies Banks

 Both Insurance Schemes viz.PMFBY and WBCIS Covered

 Information to Farmers on Premium, Cut Off Dates & Company Contacts for their Crop &
Location on Web and through mobile app.
 Insurance Premium Calculator and Creation of Database of Notified / Allotted Dynamically

 Farmer’s Application for Loan / Insurance and its Integration with Banks

 Total downloads till 6th Dec, 2017 : 21230.

6.1. rashriya krishi vikas Yojana (rkvy)

RKVY accords flexibility and autonomy to States in planning and executing projects related to
agriculture and allied sectors. States are empowered to formulate strategies for development of the
agriculture and allied sectors in a holistic way taking into account their agro-climatic conditions so as
to effectively address their local needs and priorities, rather than continuing with business as usual
mode of “one size fits all” formula.

Besides planning and execution of projects, RKVY provides complete flexibility and autonomy to
States to customize interventions as per local requirements.

 Government launched a revised RKVY Scheme in 2014-15 to provide more flexibility to

States for boosting investment and enhancing productivity in agriculture and allied sectors.

 During 2014-15 to 2016-17 Maharashtra, Karnataka and Odisha have taken up 34 projects
under Public Private Partnership for Integrated Development of Agriculture (PPPIAD).

 Geo-tagging of assets created under RKVY has been initiated with technical support from
National Remote Sensing Centre. More than 75,000 assets geotagged.

 The Central share of allocation for implementation of the scheme during the current year
(2017-18) is Rs. 4750 crore.

The cabinet on 1st November 2017 has approved continuation of the ongoing centrally sponsored
scheme (State Plan)-Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) as Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana-
Remuneration Approaches for agriculture and Allied sector Rejuvenation (RKVY-RAFTAAR) for three
years i.e. 2017-18 to 2019-20 with a financial allocation of Rs. 15722 crores.

RKVY-RAFTAAR's broad objectives are making farming a remunerative economic activity through
strengthening the farmer's effort, risk mitigation and promoting agri- business entrepreneurship.

1.. national Programme for dairy development (nPdd)

i. To create and strengthen infrastructure for production of quality milk including cold chain
infrastructure linking the farmer to the consumer;

ii. To create and strengthen infrastructure for procurement, processing and marketing of milk;

iii. To create training infrastructure for training of dairy farmers;

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iv. To strengthen dairy cooperative societies/ Producers Companies at village level;

v. To increase milk production by providing technical input services like cattle-feed, and
mineral mixture etc;

vi. To assist in rehabilitation of potentially viable milk federations/unions;

Progress
 Under the programme, 32 projects in 18 States have been approved with the total outlay of
Rs.353.49 crore (Central Assistance Rs249.06 crore) against which Rs.155.99 crore has been
released till 08.03.2017.This Department has approved establishment/modification of 18.60 LLPD
capacity dairy plant, installation of 4.91 LLPD capacity chilling plant and creation of 4516 dairy
cooperative society (DCS). Till date, 654.6 Thousand Liters per day (TLPD) of milk processing
capacity and 186.5 TLPD milk chilling capacity have been created under the project and 1259 DCS
have been organized.

6.2. dairy entrepreneurship development Scheme

The Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries is implementing Dairy
Entrepreneurship Development Scheme (DEDS) from 01.09.2010 with the objective of generation of
self employment opportunities in the dairy sector, covering activities such as enhancement of milk
production, procurement, preservation, transportation, processing and marketing of milk by
providing back ended capital subsidy for bankable projects through NABARD.

objectives
i. to generate self-employment and provide infrastructure for dairy sector.
ii. to set up modern dairy farms and infrastructure for production of clean milk.
iii. to encourage heifer calf rearing for conservation and development of good breeding
stock.
iv. to bring structural changes in the unorganized sector, so that initial processing of milk can be
taken up at the village level.

v. to upgrade traditional technology to handle milk on a commercial scale.

vi. to provide value addition to milk through processing and production of milk products

1.. Pandit deen dayal upadhyay unnat krishi Shiksha Yojna )- (icar)
Agricultural Education Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Department of
Agriculture Research and Education. Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare, Govt of
India is actively participating in the Unnat Bharat Abhiyan of Ministry of Human Resources
Development since 2015-16. Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ welfare has been given
responsibility to extend activities of Organic Farming, Natural Farming and Cow based Economics.
During 2015-16 ICAR has initiated Unnat Bharat Abhiyan activities related to capacity building of
different progressive farmers in the field of Organic Farming,
130 training programmes were organised by different Agricultural Universities on Natural
Farming/Organic Farming/Cow Based Economy. It has made a great impact at National level
and the farmers have been greatly benefited and are coming forward to make it mass
movement.
Keeping this in view and the interest shown by the farmers, it was decided to identify 100
farmers across the country having knowledge, skill, ability and experiences related to Organic
Farming, Natural Farming and Cow based Economy and having facilities to conduct training
programmes.
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Subsequently in year 2016-17, ICAR has initiated a new scheme Pandit Deen Dayal
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Upadhyay Unnat Krishi Shiksha Yojna (PDDUUKSY) in Unnat Bharat Abhiyan with the
following objectives:
 To build skilled Human Resource at village level relevant to national needs towards organic
farming and sustainable agriculture.
 Provide rural India with professional support in the field of Organic Farming/ Natural
Farming/Rural Economy/ Sustainable Agriculture.
 To extend other activities of Unnat Bharat Abhiyan at village level through these established
centres.
6.12. mahatma gandhi national rural employment guarantee Scheme (mgnregS)
A right-based programme, aims at enhancing livelihood security by providing at least one
hundred days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial year to every household whose
adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. MGNREGS resulted in creation of
productive assets of prescribed quality & durability.
The mandate of the Act is to provide at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in
a financial year to every rural household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled
manual work.
Progress
It also ensured social inclusion and strengthening of Panchayat Raj Institutions. During this
year, 4.67 crore households were provided employment in 140.24 lakh works and in the process
187.91 crore person-days of employment were generated. There was very high participation
from marginalized groups like SC/ ST (39%) & women (56%). For disbursement of wages around
11.42 crore Bank & Post Office Accounts of MGNREGA workers have been reported.

6.3. deen dayal upadhyaya grameen kaushalya Yojana (ddu-gkY)

Ministry of Rural Development's placement- linked skill training programme announced on 25th
September, 2014, refocuses and re- prioritises NRLM'S skilling component so as to build the capacity
of rural poor youth to address the needs of both national and global skill requirements. The scheme is
expected topromote 'Make in India' campaign by preparing skilled workforce required for it.
DDU-GKY has been aligned with the, Common Norms notified by Government. A total of 544
projects are being undertaken in the country by 268 Project Implementing Agencies (PIAs)
selected in terms of guidelines.
The Department of Rural Development implements schemes for generation of self
employment and wage employment, provision of housing and minor irrigation assets to rural
poor, social assistance to the destitute and Rural Roads. Apart from this, Department provides
the support services and other quality inputs such as assistance for strengthening of DRDA
Administration, Training &. Research, Human Resource Development, Development or
voluntary action etc. for the proper implementation of the programmes. The major
programmes of the Department of Rural Development are Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana,
(PMGSY), Rural Housing (RE), Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
(MGNREGA), National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM) and National Social Assistance
Programme (NSAP). New schemes of SAGY and Rurban Mission have been in initiated.
Department of Land Resources is mandated to all land based development programmes. It
implements area development programmes on watershed basis. The three watershed
development programmes of the Department i.e.. Integrated Wasteland Development
Programme (IWDP), Drought Prone Areas Programme (DPAP) and Desert Development
Programme (DD P) have been consolidated into a single modified programme namely Integrated
Watershed Management Programme (IWBP).

deendayal antyodaya Yojana-national rural livelihoods mission (daY-nrlm)

National Rural Livelihoods Mission, renamed as Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana- National Rural
Livelihoods Mission (DAY- NRLM) was launched on 3rd June, 2011. It has a mandate to reach out to
8-10 crore rural poor households spread across 2.5 lakh Gram Panchayats in the country. The purpose
of mobilization of women from poor households was to help them come together, collectively discuss their
issues of poverty and deprivation, save a little regularly and improve sustainable livelihood options and
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capitalize on opportunities though credit linkages and technical assistance, Thus, the primary focus of the
mission is to help women unleash their entrepreneurial capabilities by complementing them with capacities
(knowledge, information, tools, collectivization, finance and technical assistance). The Programme was
revamped and named Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana- National Rural Livelihood Mission in December,
2015.
Mobilization of rural poor women into Self Help Groups (SHGs) and their federations is NRLM's key
strategies for addressing rural poverty. SHGs are homogenous groups of 5-20 women that functions on the
principles or mutual cooperation and collective action, These SHGs are federated at the village/Panchayat,
cluster and block level. The institutions provide services (savings, credit, technical assistance for livelihood
promotion) to their members that help them strengthen and sustain livelihoods.
It is envisaged that as the SHGs and their federations mature, they create a strong demand system for
efficient and quality services, including accessing schemes and national social security assistance,
programmes. Linkageswith mainstream institutions such as banks, local governance bodies, and
government departments help them address multiple dimensions of poverty and deprivation. These
activities enable women to improve their access to entitlements, rights, resources and livelihood
opportunities and gradually come out of poverty.
Key processes of NRLM are driven by the institutions of rural poor women, especially by women who
have come out or poverty by this very process. Thus, it is a programme for the poor women, of the poor
women and by the poor women, NRLM aims at empowering not only financially but also socially and
politically. Being a women-centric programme and also led by women, NRLM provides a strong
foundation for women's empowerment. These institutions serve as channels for disseminating useful
information to rural women.

6.15. mahila kisan Sashaktikaran Pariyojana (mkSP)

Launched in 2010-11, is a special program for livelihood enhancement under DAY-
NRLM. It is a concerted effort to recognize the role of women in agriculture. Investment is
made to enhance their capacities, increase their income, and encourage participation in
agriculture and allied activities. It also aims at ensuring nutrition for poorest of the poor by
securing and strengthening the primary livelihoods basket of poorest households. The primary
objective of MKSP is to empower women in agriculture by making systematic investments to
enhance their participation and productivity in agriculture based Iivelihoods.

6.4. roshni
Roshini was launched by Ministry of Rural Development on 10th June 2013 in a bid to further reach out
to rural youth in the country's 27 most critical Left Wing-Extremism-affected districts. It. will support a
minimum of 50000 youths in these vulnerable districts.
Key features o f the Roshni initiative are as under
 Training will be imparted through public- private and public-public partnerships with registered
PlAs.
 Four residential training models with duration ranging from 3 months to 1 year shall be taken up to
meet diverse needs of youth depending on their entry level qualifications.

1.. Himayat for Youths in j&k

Ministry of Rural Development is undertaking scheme for skill empowerment and employment of J&K
youths called Himayat. Himayat was launched in Srinagar on 21st August 2011 for giving training and
placement to one lakh youth in Jammu & Kashmir over a period of 5 years. The scheme is a 100%
centrally funded scheme. The Scheme is available to youth from both BPL as well as non-BPL categories
and youth from urban as well as rural areas. Himayat is available to youths from border areas of-Jammu &
Kashmir also

6.20. Skill development in agriculture

initiatives of dac&FW to promote Skill development activities:

1. Four Meetings of Coordination Committee on Skill Development held on 13.10.2016, 6.2.2017,

10.4.2017 and 12.1.2018 under the chairmanship of Additional Secretary (Extension)/ Joint Secretary
(Extn). One National level and four Regional level workshops on skill development in agriculture to orient
various stake holders were organized in 2017.
  During 2016-17, 100 Krishi Vigyan Kendras(KVKs) and 8 National Training Institutes
of DAC&FW have been accredited with Agricultural Skill Council of India (ASCI) for
conducting 216 training courses. A budget of Rs. 3.52 crore was allotted under Rashtriya
Krishi Vikas Yojana for conducting skill training courses during 2016-17.
 During 2017-18, additional KVKs, ICAR Institutes, SAUs and National Training Institutes of
DAC&FW have been identified for affiliation with ASCI for conducting 115 training courses.
A budget of Rs. 2.00 crore has been concurred by IFD under 1% contingency fund of
Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana.

Workshops on Skilled Development

Workshop Date Place State participated
National Workshop – 5.1.2017 NASC Complex, All States
“Kaushal Vikas se Krishi Pusa,
Vikas” New Delhi

Regional Workshop – 12.2.2017 Hyderabad AP, Telangana, Kerala, Karnatka,

Southern States Tamilnadu, Goa, Maharashtra

Regional Workshop – Eastern 25.5.2017 Kolkata Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha,

States Sikkim & West Bengal

Regional Workshop – Western 18.08.2017 Jaipur Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh

States & Chhattisgarh

Regional Workshop – 15.09.2017 Chandigarh Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh,

Northern States Himanchal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and
Jammu & Kashmir
FINDING