CURDE

OI L
RE F I NI N
 Naphtha
andgases

Top pump
Kerosene
around

Desalter E2

Distillation tower
Light
Toppump gasoil
around Heavy gasoil Bottom
pump
around
E2 E3 Heavy
E5 gasoil
Light gasoil
Kerosene
E4
E1 Bottompump
Furnace
around
Reduced
E5 E6 crude

Storage Reduced crude

Definition of oil refining
An oil refinery isan industrial processplant wherecrudeoil is
processedandrefinedintomoreuseful petroleumproducts,
such asgasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base, heating oil,
kerosine, and liquefied petroleum gas
O p e r a t io n :-
Crudeoil isseparated intofractionsby fractional
distillation. Thefractionatingcolumn iscooler at
thetop than at thebottombecausethefractionsat
thetop havelower boilingpointsthan thefractions
at thebottom
 T y p i c a l
d i s t i l l a t i o
n t o we r
• During distillation crudeoil passesthrough many
processessuch as
• Heatingin heat exchanger
• Heatingin furnaces
• Distillation towers
• Chemical processes
• Cooling
• Storing
He a t i n g i n h e a t
e x c h a n g e r s
 To keep thecrudein liquid phase
 Theheatingprocessdoinggradually in order to prevent
dissociation of crudeoil
s h e l l - t u b e
h e a t
e x c h a n g e r

Weusein thistypefor heating

oil steamor
aproduct
Of refiningprocessto savefuel
observethat therearemany
typesworkingwith
benzene–kerosine-solar
Heating in furnaces
 Thepurposeof thisprocessisto raisetheoil temperature
to360co in order toseparatesitscomponents

‫رأسى افقى‬ ‫افقى افقى‬

‫رأسى رأسى‬
furnaces
 A furnaceor direct firedheater, isan equipment usedto
provideheat for aprocessor can serveasreactor
which providesheatsof reaction. Furnacedesignsvary
astoitsfunction Fuel flowsintotheburner andisburnt with air
providedfroman air blower. Therecan bemorethan one
burner in aparticular furnacewhich can bearrangedin cells
which heat aparticular set of tubes. Burnerscan alsobefloor
mountedasin thepicture, wall mountedor roof mounted
dependingon design. Theflamesheat upthetubes, which in
turn heat thefluidinsidein thefirst part of thefurnaceknown
astheradiant section. In thechamber wherecombustion takes
place
After thefluegasleavesthefirebox, most furnacedesigns
includeaconvection section wheremoreheat is
recovered beforeventingto theatmosphere through the
fluegasstack . (HTF=Heat Transfer Fluid. Industries
commonly usetheir furnacesto heat asecondary fluid
with special additiveslikeanti-rust and high heat transfer
efficiency. Thisheated fluidisthen circulatedround the
wholeplant to heat exchangersto beused wherever heat is
needed insteadof directly heatingtheproduct lineasthe
product or material may bevolatileor proneto crackingat
thefurnacetemperature.)
Crude oil cycle
 Theoil entersformthetopof furnaceat theconvection
section in order to achieveagradually heatingtotheoil
then theoil leavethissection of radiation which has
higher temperaturein thefurnace
Observethat theoil iscarried in two coilsand complete
cyclein thefurnacethen each compound of petrol leaveto
an distillation tower
Weusemazuteasafuel in furnace becauseit isavailable
and cheap
Distillation tower
Treating and Blending the Fractions
Distillated and chemically processed fractions
aretreated to removeimpurities, such as
organiccompoundscontainingsulfur, nitrogen,
oxygen, water, dissolved metalsand inorganic
salts. Treatingisusually doneby passingthe
fractionsthrough thefollowing: acolumn of
sulfuricacid- removesunsaturated
hydrocarbons(thosewith carbon-carbon
double-bonds), nitrogen compounds, oxygen
compoundsand residual solids(tars, asphalt)
an absorption column filledwith dryingagents
to removewater
sulfur treatment and hydrogen-sulfide
scrubbersto removesulfur and sulfur
compounds
 After thefractionshavebeen treated, they arecooled and
then blended together tomakevariousproducts, such as:
gasolineof variousgrades, with or without additives
 lubricatingoilsof variousweightsand grades
 keroseneof variousgrades
 jet fuel
 diesel fuel
 heatingoil
 chemicalsof variousgradesfor makingplasticsandother
polymers
Chemical process
 You can changeonefraction into another by oneof three
methods: breakinglargehydrocarbonsinto smaller pieces
(cracking)
 combiningsmaller piecestomakelarger ones
(unification)
 rearrangingvariouspiecesto makedesiredhydrocarbons
(alteration)
 Cracking
Crackingtakeslargehydrocarbonsandbreakstheminto
smaller ones

And this to increase the

reaction area and this
leads to a very speed
process such as
heating distillation

Cracking breaks large chains into smaller chains

Thermal - you heat largehydrocarbonsat high
temperatures(sometimeshigh pressuresaswell)
until they break apart.
steam - high temperaturesteam(1500degrees
Fahrenheit / 816degreesCelsius) isused tobreak
ethane, butaneand napthainto ethyleneand benzene,
which areused to manufacturechemicals.
visbreaking - residual fromthedistillation tower is
heated(900degreesFahrenheit), cooled with gasoil
and rapidly burned (flashed) in adistillation tower.
Thisprocessreducestheviscosity of heavy weight
oilsandproducestar.
coking - residual fromthedistillation tower isheated
totemperaturesabove900degreesFahrenheit until it
cracksinto heavy oil, gasolineand naphtha. When
theprocessisdone, aheavy, almost purecarbon
residueisleft (coke); thecokeiscleanedfromthe
cokersand sold.
 Therefiningprocessreleasesnumerousdifferent chemicals
intotheatmosphere; consequently, therearesubstantial air
pollution emissions[7] andanotableodor normally accompanies
thepresenceof arefinery. Asidefromair pollution impacts
therearealsowastewater concerns,[3] risksof industrial
accidentssuch asfireandexplosion, andnoisehealth effects
duetoindustrial noise.
 Thepublichasdemandedthat many governmentsplace
restrictionson contaminantsthat refineriesrelease, andmost
refinerieshaveinstalledtheequipment neededtocomply with
therequirementsof thepertinent environmental protection
regulatory agencies. In theUnitedStates, thereisstrong
pressuretoprevent thedevelopment of newrefineries, andno
major refinery hasbeen built in thecountry sinceMarathon's
GaryvilleLouisianafacility in 1976. However, many existing
refinerieshavebeen expandedduringthat time. Environmental
restrictionsandpressuretoprevent construction of new
refineriesmay havealsocontributedtorisingfuel pricesin the
UnitedStates[8]. Additionally, many refineries(over 100since
the1980s) haveclosedduetoobsolescenceand/or merger
activity within theindustry itself. Thisactivity hasbeen
reportedtoCongressandin specializedstudiesnot widely
publicised.
Cooling
Coolingoperation isvery
important processbefore
storingtheproducts
Thisprocesscan beoperated
usingby heat exchanger or by
air cooler and increasingthe
coolingarea
Theair ispushed by usingbig
fansto path through thetubes
and heat transfer by convection
to theair
Air cooler
The big fans push the air to get through a large number of narrow tubes
This tube are made of cupper and have aluminum fins to cooled quickly
The length of this tubes approximately 13.5 m and it is 460 tube
storing
# Gaseous fuels such as propane, stored and shipped in
liquid form under pressure in specialized railcars to distributors

# Liquid fuels blending (producing automotive and aviation grades of

gasoline, kerosene, various aviation turbine fuels, and diesel fuels, adding
dyes, detergents, antiknock additives, oxygenates, and anti-fungal
compounds as required). Shipped by barge, rail, and tanker ship. May be
shipped regionally in dedicated pipelines to point consumers, particularly
aviation jet fuel to major airports, or piped to distributors in multi-product
pipelines using product separators called
pipeline inspection gauges