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India is a mixed economy. In
such an economy, the public
sector (governmentowned)
business enterprises exist
alongside the private sector
to achieve a socialistic pattern
of society, in a welfare state
model. Ever since gaining
i ndepen denc e, I n d i a ’ s
economic development has
be en gu id ed by t he tw in
objectives of developing:
India is a federal economy. It
has strong powers vested in
th e Cen tr e wit h fin an ci al
independence and adequacy,
t h u s c r e a t i n g a f e d e r a l
f i n a n c e s y s t e m . M o n e y,
c u r r e n c y, b a n k i n g , a n d
sources of revenue which are
exclusive and high yielding
are under central jurisdiction.
C o n c u r r e n t t a x a t i o n i s
PT Education, All rights reserved.
avoided and efficient financial
powers vest with both the
C e n t r e a n d t h e S t a t e
Governments.
Since then, with the implementation of economic reforms from 1991 to 1992 onwards, growth rates have stabilized around
56 per cent. However, if one looks at India in a global scenario, India accounts for a small percentage of the total world
GDP.
Table 1 : Size of the Indian Economy
India’s GDP at constant prices in 201314 was Rs. 17,166.18 billion. The GDP value of India represents 3.03% of the world
economy. In purchasing power parity (PPP) terms, India is new the world’s third largest economy behind USA and China.
Table 2: Sectoral Structure of Indian Economy (at 200405 prices)
Year 2013
195051 199091 200203 200304 200405 200506 2006 07 200708 200809 200910 201011 2011 12 201213
Sectors 14(P)
Agrciculture
51.88 29.53 20.13 20.33 19.03 18.27 17.37 16.81 15.77 14.64 14.59 14.37 13.95 13.94
and allied
Industry 16.19 27.63 27.39 27.22 27.93 27.99 28.65 28.74 28.13 28.27 27.92 28.22 27.27 26.13
Services 29.54 42.55 52.48 52.44 53.05 53.74 53.98 54.45 56.11 57.09 57.48 57.42 58.79 60.05
P: Provicional estimate
2.0 NATIONAL INCOME AND STRUCTURAL
CHANGES
2.1 Definition
USA
National Income is the sum of domestic
output and net income earned from
abroad. As per the official statement of Japan
the National Income Committee, ‘National Eur opean Union
Income statistics provide a wide view of
the country’s entire economy, as well as
the various groups in the population who
participate as producers and income
receivers, and that, if available over a
substantial period, they reveal clearly the
a
basic changes in the country’s economy Chin
in the past and suggest, if not fully
India
r e v e a l , t r e n d s f o r t h e f u t u r e .’ A s
compared to National Wealth, which
measures the stock of commodities held by the nationals of a country at a point of time, National Income measures the
productive power of an economy in a given period to convert commodities or National Wealth into goods and services for
final consumption.
(2) of (8) IC : PTias(IVIII11) E
2.2 Concepts of National Income
1 . GNP Method: The GNP can be obtained by adding the income earned
and received by the nationals of a country outside the boundaries of
its country to the GDP, and subtracting the income received by foreign
nationals from within the country. Therefore, GNP = [GDP + (income
earned by nationals outside the country) (income received by
foreigners within the country)].
2 . NNP Method: When NNP is obtained at the factor cost, it is called National Income. In other words, National Income
is calculated by subtracting the net indirect tax from the NNP at market prices. Therefore, NNP at factor cost, or
National Income = NNP at market prices – (indirect tax) + (subsidy) (Indirect Taxes – Subsidy) = Net Indirect Taxes.
2.4 India's National Income estimates for 2013 (at 200405 Prices)
The Gross National Income (GNI) at factor cost at 200405 prices is now estimated
at Rs. 56.74 lakh crore during 201314. In terms of growth rates, the GNI is
estimated to have risen by 4.7% during 201314, in comparison to the growth rate
of 4.1% in 201213.
11.( D) 12.( A) 13.( D) 14.( B) 15.( A) 16.( C) 17.(C) 18.( C) 19.( D) 20.( C)
9.(A) 10.( D) 8.(C) 7.(D) 6.(D) 5.(C) 4.(C) 3.(B) 2.(A) 1.(A)
Answer key (DPQ) – Indian economy measures of national income
Historical Background: The development of official estimates of national income and related aggregates to meet the
requirements of planning and policy purposes began after Independence. Recognizing the need for providing estimates of
national income on a regular basis, Government of India set up a High Powered Expert Committee in 1949 known as 'National
Income Committee under the Chairmanship of Prof. P.C. Mahalanobis. It was for the first time that this Committee provided
the estimates of national income for the entire Indian Union.
The estimates of national income and details of methodology adopted by the Committee were published in the First and
Final reports of the National Income Committee brought out in April 1951 and February 1954 respectively. Following the
methodology recommended by the National Income Committee, the Central Statistical Organisation (CSO) prepared the first
official estimates of national income with base year 194849 at constant prices.
The CSO published these estimates at constant (194849) prices alongwith the corresponding estimates at current prices
and the accounts of the Public Authorities in the publication, "Estimates of National Income" in 1956. With the gradual
improvement in the availability of basic data over the years, a comprehensive review of methodology for national accounts
statistics has constantly been undertaken by the CSO with a view to updating the data base and shifting the base year
to a more recent year. As a result, base years of the National Accounts Statistics series were shifted from 194849 to
196061 in August 1967, from 196061 to 197071 in January 1978, from 197071 to 198081 in February 1988, from 1980
81 to 199394 in February 1999, from 199394 to 19992000 in January 2006 and from 19992000 to 200405 on 29th
January 2010. Alongwith the shifting of base years of national accounts series, the CSO also had been making improvements
in the compilation of national accounts series, in terms of coverage of activities, incorporation of latest datasets and latest
international guidelines.
Why a change in the Base Year was needed: The reason for periodically changing the base year of the national
accounts is to take into account the structural changes which have taken place in the economy and to depict a true picture
of the economy through macro aggregates like GDP, consumption expenditure, capital formation etc. For examining the
performance of the economy in real terms through the macroeconomic aggregates like Gross Domestic Product (GDP),
national income, consumption expenditure, capital formation etc., estimates of these aggregates are prepared at the prices
of selected year known as base year. The estimates at the prevailing prices of the current year are termed as "at current
prices", while those prepared at base year prices are termed "at constant prices". The comparison of the estimates at
constant prices, which means "in real terms", over the years gives the measure of real growth.
Guiding Principles for New Series: The three major components influencing the present revision exercise include (i)
revision of base year to a more recent year (for meaningful analysis of structural changes in the economy in real terms),
(ii) complete review of the existing data base and methodology employed in the estimation of various macroeconomic
aggregates including choice of the alternative databases on individual subjects and (iii) to the extent feasible, implementing
the recommendations of the System of National Accounts (SNA), 1993 and 2008 prepared under the auspices of the Inter
Secretariat Working Group on National Accounts comprising of the European Communities (EUROSTAT), International Monetary
Fund (IMF), Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), United Nations and the World Bank.
Choice of 200405 as the Base Year: In the past, National Accounts Statistics were revised decennially changing the
base to a year, which ends with 1. It was primarily because in the base year estimates of national accounts aggregates,
the information on work force plays an important role and work force estimates were obtained from the Population Census
conducted decennially in the years ending with 1.
This practice continued upto the series with base year 198081. Since then, the CSO started using the work force estimates
from the results of Quinquennial Employment and Unemployment Surveys of National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO),
which are conducted once in every five years, and consequently started revising the base years of national accounts
statistics once in every five years coinciding with the years for which the NSSO conducts the Quinquennial Employment and
Unemployment Surveys.
In continuation with this practice, the new series of national accounts has been released with base year 200405 on 29
January, 2010 using the work force data from the results of NSS 61st round (200405) on Employment and Unemployment
Survey.
The new government in 2014 declared the scrapping of the Planning Commission, and its replacement by
a new body more reflective of the needs of today. The new regime is yet to be created and entrusted with
its mandate. Wait and watch!
Index numbers (195051=100)
Gr oss National P roduct Net National Product Per C apita
at Factor Cost at F actor Cost N et National P roduct
( Rs. Crore) (Rs. Crore) (Rs.) Net National Per Capita Net
Y ear
P roduct N ational Product
At Current At 2004 A t Current A t 2004 At Current At 2004 At Current A t 2004 At Current At 2004
Prices 2005 Pr ices Prices 2005 Prices Prices 2005 Prices Prices 2005 Price s Prices 2005 Prices
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
19 5019 51 9,995 2,78,67 7 9 ,464 2,5 5,405 264 7,114 1 00 100 100 100
19 5119 52 10,5 61 2,85,55 8 9 ,985 2,6 2,804 274 7,200 10 5.5 102 .9 103.8 101.2
19 5219 53 10,4 24 2,93,79 1 9 ,840 2,7 1,541 265 7,299 1 04 106 .3 100.3 102.6
19 5319 54 11,3 59 3,11,78 4 10,803 2,8 9,931 285 7,650 11 4.1 113 .5 108.1 107.5
19 5419 55 10,6 60 3,24,83 0 10,154 3,0 5,985 263 7,927 10 7.3 119 .8 99 .8 111.4
19 5519 56 10,8 51 3,33,54 2 10,309 3,1 4,238 262 7,996 10 8.9 123 99 .5 112.4
19 5619 57 12,9 48 3,52,41 8 12,362 3,3 2,192 308 8,284 13 0.6 130 .1 116.9 116.4
19 5719 58 13,2 35 3,47,97 0 12,581 3,2 6,992 308 7,995 13 2.9 128 116.7 112.4
19 5819 59 14,7 92 3,74,21 9 14,078 3,5 2,054 337 8,422 14 8.8 137 .8 127.8 118.4
19 5919 60 15,5 17 3,81,86 4 14,754 3,5 8,913 346 8,425 15 5.9 140 .5 131.4 118.4
19 6019 61 16,9 77 4,08,73 9 16,169 3,8 5,761 373 8,889 17 0.9 151 141.3 124.9
19 6119 62 17,8 94 4,20,95 3 16,998 3,9 6,844 383 8,938 17 9.6 155 .4 145.2 125.6
19 6219 63 19,1 30 4,29,59 4 18,159 4,0 4,119 400 8,901 19 1.9 158 .2 151.7 125.1
19 6319 64 21,8 74 4,51,44 6 20,790 4,2 4,527 448 9,149 21 9.7 166 .2 170 128.6
19 6419 65 25,5 41 4,85,19 3 24,301 4,5 6,327 513 9,627 25 6.8 178 .7 194.5 135.3
19 6519 66 26,7 31 4,67,15 5 25,338 4,3 6,650 522 9,003 26 7.7 171 198.2 126.5
19 6619 67 30,3 83 4,72,02 4 28,750 4,3 9,345 581 8,876 30 3.8 172 220.3 124.8
19 6719 68 35,7 18 5,09,96 5 33,851 4,7 5,052 669 9,388 35 7.7 186 253.8 132
19 6819 69 37,6 83 5,23,55 8 35,685 4,8 6,775 689 9,397 37 7.1 190 .6 261.3 132.1
19 6919 70 41,4 51 5,57,65 2 39,152 5,1 8,434 740 9,800 41 3.7 203 280.8 137.8
19 7019 71 44,0 98 5,85,67 2 41,294 5,4 1,867 763 1,00,16 43 6.3 212 .2 289.6 140.8
19 7119 72 46,9 30 5,91,70 3 43,852 5,4 5,976 792 9,855 46 3.4 213 .8 300.3 138.5
19 7219 73 51,6 41 5,90,13 8 48,216 5,4 2,686 850 9,571 50 9.5 212 .5 322.6 134.5
19 7319 74 63,3 33 6,17,49 8 59,221 5,6 7,937 1,021 9,792 62 5.8 222 .4 387.3 137.6
19 7419 75 74,6 39 6,25,43 7 69,342 5,7 2,741 1,169 9,658 73 2.7 224 .2 443.6 135.8
19 7519 76 79,3 27 6,82,35 5 73,064 6,2 6,779 1,204 10,326 77 2.1 245 .4 456.6 145.1
19 7619 77 85,3 12 6,91,09 6 78,505 6,3 1,897 1,266 10,192 82 9.5 247 .4 480.3 143.3
19 7719 78 97,4 00 7,43,22 3 90,072 6,8 1,442 1,421 10,748 95 1.8 266 .8 538.9 151.1
19 7819 79 1,04 ,774 7,84,29 7 96,663 7,1 9,996 1,492 11,111 1021.4 281 .9 565.9 156.2
19 7919 80 1,14 ,653 7,44,77 2 1,04,766 6,7 7,340 1,578 10,201 1107 265 .2 598.5 143.4
19 8019 81 1,37 ,183 7,98,50 4 1,25,761 7,2 7,359 1,852 10,712 1328.9 284 .8 702.6 150.6
19 8119 82 1,60 ,253 8,42,32 4 1,46,332 7,6 7,481 2,115 11,091 1546.3 300 .5 802.2 155.9
19 8219 86 1,78 ,351 8,64,28 8 1,62,236 7,8 5,134 2,291 11,089 1714.3 307 .4 869.3 155.9
19 8319 84 2,08 ,412 9,32,05 1 1,90,443 8,4 8,950 2,634 11,742 2012.4 332 .4 999.2 165
19 8419 85 2,33 ,689 9,67,48 5 2,12,713 8,7 8,609 2,878 11,889 2247.7 344 109 1.9 167.1
19 8519 86 2,61 ,288 1 0,07,999 2,36,151 9,1 3,143 3,128 12,095 2495.3 357 .5 118 6.5 170
19 8619 87 2,91 ,119 1 0,51,071 2,62,781 9,5 0,457 3,408 12,328 2776.7 372 .1 129 2.9 173.3
A t Current A t 2004 At Current At 2004 A t Curre nt A t 2004 At Curre nt At 2004 A t Current A t 2004
Prices 2005 Prices Price s 2005 Prices Prices 2005 Prices Prices 2005 Price s Prices 2005 Prices
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
19871988 3,29,449 10,86,2 09 2,96,2 57 9,78,46 4 3,7 60 1 2,417 313 0.5 383.1 1426.2 174.5
19881989 3,91,799 11,93,6 97 3,52,9 48 1 0,80,137 4,3 84 1 3,418 372 9.5 422.9 1663.2 188.6
19891990 4,50,809 12,66,7 67 4,05,5 61 1 1,46,446 4,9 34 1 3,947 428 5.5 448.9 1871.6 196
19901991 5,24,268 13,31,0 40 4,71,6 18 1 2,02,305 5,6 21 1 4,330 498 3.5 470.7 2132.4 201.4
19911992 6,03,451 13,49,5 41 5,38,8 24 1 2,11,877 6,2 95 1 4,157 569 3.6 474.5 2387.9 199
19921993 6,92,078 14,22,6 92 6,17,9 40 1 2,76,845 7,0 86 1 4,643 652 9.6 499.9 2688.2 205.8
19931994 8,05,881 15,06,1 38 7,23,0 24 1 3,54,116 8,1 06 1 5,181 764 0 530.2 3074.9 213.4
19941995 9,42,302 16,03,2 64 8,45,5 54 1 4,40,972 9,2 92 1 5,835 893 4.8 564.2 3524.8 222.6
19951996 11,0 5,102 17,20,0 69 9,92,5 16 1 5,47,480 10,695 1 6,675 10487.7 605.9 4057.2 234.4
19961997 12,8 8,706 18,59,3 70 11,58,858 1 6,75,759 12,250 1 7,714 12245.4 656.1 4647 249
19971998 14,3 4,408 19,43,2 08 12,87,141 1 7,45,160 13,352 1 8,103 13600.9 683.3 5065.1 254.5
19981999 16,5 3,771 20,73,1 40 14,90,030 1 8,61,252 15,158 1 8,934 15744.8 728.7 5750.1 266.1
19992000 18,3 1,842 22,29,9 00 16,45,370 2 0,01,250 16,437 1 9,993 17386.2 783.6 6235.4 281
20002001 19,6 9,249 23,18,9 74 17,62,358 2 0,74,858 17,295 2 0,362 18622.4 812.4 6560.8 286.2
20012002 21,4 7,677 24,50,6 81 19,18,827 2 1,90,737 18,450 2 1,065 20275.8 857.7 6999 296.1
20022003 23,2 1,510 25,51,7 30 20,75,329 2 2,78,363 19,653 2 1,575 21929.5 892.1 7455.2 303.3
20032004 26,0 1,508 27,57,1 20 23,29,354 2 4,66,093 21,729 2 3,005 24613.7 965.6 8242.8 323.4
20042005 29,4 9,089 29,49,0 89 26,29,198 2 6,29,198 24,143 2 4,143 27782.1 1029.4 9158.6 339.4
20052006 33,6 4,387 32,28,1 77 30,00,666 2 8,77,284 27,131 2 6,015 31707.3 1126.6 102 92.1 365.7
20062007 39,2 0,042 35,34,8 49 35,01,313 3 1,49,149 31,206 2 8,067 36997.5 1233 118 37.9 394.5
20072008 45,6 1,574 38,79,4 57 40,76,878 3 4,51,829 35,825 3 0,332 43079.4 1351.5 135 90.1 426.3
20082009 52,7 0,644 41,33,2 92 47,05,447 3 6,64,388 40,775 3 1,754 49721.3 1434.7 154 67.9 446.3
20092010 60,5 3,585 44,79,9 73 53,95,687 3 9,59,653 46,117 3 3,843 57014.9 1550.3 174 94.3 475.7
20 10 2 011 70,7 8,512 48,33,1 78 63,25,038 4 2,68,715 53,331 3 5,993 66835.2 1671.3 202 30.9 505.9
20 11 2 012 83,1 4,861 51,71,5 38 74,34,965 4 5,68,249 60,972 3 8,005 73402.4 1783.3 222 89.3 527.8
20 12 2 013 92,7 2,110 NA 82,55,948 N A NA NA NA NA NA NA
2 01 3201 4 (P) 1 0,344,507 56,74,0 00 91,71,045 N A NA NA NA NA NA NA
P = Prov isional
NA = Not Av ailable
1 . A growing country best defined as one with a/an 8 . Which of these problems has the world economy been going
(A) rising GNP at constant prices through since 2008?
(B) rising GNP at current prices (A) inflationary problems in the Rich World
(C) constant GNP at constant prices (B) zero growth in Europe
(D) None of these (C) very slow or negative growth in the Rich Western world
(D) very rapid growth in China, and consequent inflation
2 . A major part of a country's output is normally used for
(A) private consumption (B) public consumption 9 . On which of these indices does India fare really badly?
(C) investment (D) exports (A) HDI (B) FII in stock markets
(C) Space research (D) All the above
3 . A major trade partner of India in the preindependence period
was 10. Why was it decided to scrap the Planning Commission of
(A) USA (B) UK India?
(C) USSR (D) Australia (A) The Planning Commission became extremely corrupt
(B) The pressure from the WB and IMF forced it
4 . A market economy is one in which (C) The rate of GDP growth was not as per expectations
(A) products are sold (D) Ground realities have changed in Indian economy,
needing a fresh approach now
(B) products and factors are bought
(C) products and factors are bought and sold
11. An acknowledgement under the seal of the company, of a
(D) All the above
debt or a loan is called a
(A) warrant (B) share
5 . The role of the Planning Commission from 1950 to 2014,
(C) zero coupon bond (D) debenture
was primarily
(A) collection, planning, allocation of financeial resources
12. As a result of the Green Revolution, the yield per hectare
(B) planning and allocation of entire government budget
of wheat touched a record figure of
(C) broad planning and allocation of financial resources to
(A) 1,500 kg (B) 2,000 kg
several stakeholders
(C) 2,222 kg (D) 3,000 kg
(D) supervising the entire funds disbursement process of
the governments of India, and the various States
13. As in other countries, money in the Indian economy consists
of
6 . When the process of liberalisation was initiated in 1991, the
biggest change that happened was that the (A) metallic coins (B) paper currency
(A) Indian State left large ground vacant to be filled by (C) current deposits (D) All the above
notorious private sector players
(B) public sector was substantially reduced in scope 14. At the commencement of the First Five Year Plan, the total
(C) private sector was made supreme production of foodgrain in India was 50.82 million tonnes
and it touched a record figure of ..... under the Seventh
(D) State’s role as the only, and primary, driver of
FiveYear Plan.
economic policy implementation was significantly
reduced (A) 150 million tonnes (B) 170 million tonnes
(C) 160 million tonnes (D) 190 million tones
7. One of the topmost agenda items for Prime Minister Modi
seems to be
(A) to remove all rules and regulations in business
(B) getting nonresident Indian diaspora to invest
(C) getting Indians to invest abroad in a big way
(D) getting foreign investments to kickstart the economy
18. The debate on “trickle down effect” of globalisation has
(A) not existed in India at all
(B) gained strength recently, as the effect has succeeded
(C) changed a lot in recent years, with a growing
realisation that it may not really be happening
(D) None of the above
Please make sure that you m ark the answers in this scores heet with an HB pencil/pen.
The marking of answers must be done in the stipulated time for the test. Do not take extra time over and above the time limit.
S C O R E S H E E T
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6 A B C D E 16 A B C D E
7 A B C D E 17 A B C D E
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