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    Competition recognizes scientists, engineers, visualization specialists, and artists. Winning entries will be published in Science and Science Online. CAS is a division of the american chemical society.

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    Competition recognizes scientists, engineers, visualization specialists, and artists. Winning entries will be published in Science and Science Online. CAS is a division of the american chemical society.

    Copyright:

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    373 visualizzazioni124 pagine

    Science - 2010 02 26

    Caricato da

    Mi La
    Competition recognizes scientists, engineers, visualization specialists, and artists. Winning entries will be published in Science and Science Online. CAS is a division of the american chemical society.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    Pa NL a) INTERNATIONAL SCIENCE & ENGINEERING VISUALIZATION CHALLENGE CALL FOR ENTRIES Ree Oe es a SUE ON Loe Ce a Award Categories for a ‘paver te: journal Science, published by the + Photographs/Pictures iurinteandeducatet Kacamnandametree™” trent pret explains and makes clear ii namisjoare + Informational Posters ASEM NCC tae cien, 204 Giadtlcs around us. It feeds insight Fiscatization specialists and + Interactive Games and provokes curiosity. artists who produce innovative + Non-Interactive Media workin visual communication, Winning entries willbe published in Science and Science Online, and wil be displayed on the NSF web site, SS o ES ae —— “How do we know this lead molecule is novel?” SciFinder— of course. Need to assess the novelty of substances? SciFinder is the answer. It includes CAS REGISTRY: the most comprehensive substance information available, integrated with relevant journal articles and patents. Give your research team the highest quality and most timely scientificinformation resource. Make SciFinder an essential part of your research process. For more information about SciFinder, visit www.cas.org or e-mail help@cas.org an essential SciFinder “Part of the process.™ COS | SciFinder’ veo ‘CAS isa lvsion of the American Chemical Society AasaeNCeS Without high-quality biomarker data, ‘am | making the best decisions? What is your risk tolerance? WideScreen™ BeadPlex™ Multiplex Assays. Assay solutions that are extensively validated for clarity you can count on. When it comes to biomarker patterns, insight is everything. That's what's init for you. EMD Chemicals sit mwm-eméblasclencescompwidesereen fr crcl nfomation an te boat range of MeeScreen™ products aval. To order NdeSceen™ poss USA ne (Canad 0.854.347, Duside North Amerie contac our oa Mere off. Refer trex gage fr deta ‘EMD WideScreen™ BeadPlex™ Sere Pret aoa ea Ned Multiplex Assays aa ® for the xMAP Technology Platform ee ee Penne een eer pepmrnearr nett eter nat EMD Healthcare Life Sciences Drop. Measure. Done. NanoVue” Plus: intelligent performance across all spectrophotometer applications i's oll the convenience you want in o spectrophotometer, packaged ino portable, wun gelifesciences.com/tryNanoVuePlus | AKTA 1 Amersham | Biacore | IN Cell Analysis | Whatman | GE Service | magination at work EDITORIAL 1059. Science to Bridge the Americas Timothy. Devos NEWS OF THE WEEK 1086 New Network to Track Dus and Vaccines in Pregnancy 1057 Century-Long Debate Over Momentum of Light Resolved? 1068 Experts Map the Terrain of Mood Disarders Sie See 1059 DOE Rewotks Student initiative to Prepare Energy Researchers 1089 From the Science Policy Blog 1070. AAAS Annual Mesting Scents Grapple Wit ‘Completely Out of Hand sacs on CimateScence The Latest on Goengineeing IcaDolphina Pesan? ore Mghlinhts From AMS 2010, NEWs Focus 1072 Cancer's Circulation Prablem eplng son Tor NA >> Since Podest 1075. eeball Mars Proving a Tough Place to Find Liquid Water 1076. Dog Dealers’ Days May Be Numbered LETTERS 1078. Sowing the Seeds of SllConsenation tn Spain’ Budget Neglets Research A Are eal “he Permanence Debate 1M, Stach and fe fog Lie in Science: The Cow Ate My Fieldwork 2 Maden Science cover wuwsciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL327 26 FEBRUARY 2010 BOOKS ETAL 1001 The Immortal Life of Henitta Lacks A Stoo, reviewed by LK Boerner 1082. Prediting the Unpredictable 5 Hough evened by, Sto Reportspp. 1117 POLICY FORUM 4083. Fiing the Legal Framework {or Pharmaceutical Research S.A Knoles PERSPECTIVES 1005 Observing Weather from Space 5.0. kidder and H Yonder Haar 1086. Inetigent infrastructure or Energy Efficiency N.Gershenf ea 4088 Reliable Nose D.teversandA Gupta >> Repotp. 1142 4089 Changing Views ofthe ‘San Andrea Fault 1 Scterer >> Boots, 1082 ‘Reports pp. 117 ond 2119 1091 What Makes a Prion Infectious? S Sapatapone 41092. Seawater Chemistry and Climate Elders >> Repo p. 1114 4093. Turing Off inflammation Signaling Sstantharjah and. Ley >> Repotp 1135 SCIENCE PRIZE ESSAY 1095 On the Cutting Edge: “Teaching Help for Geoscience Faculty GAMandic eta CONTENTS continued >> High-resolution (0.25 meters pr pix) hilshade map showing the topography of the San Andreas Fault the Corio Plain of California, Two steam channels that beat the fault have been displaced about ‘10 meters (omer right by wo earthquakes and 16 meters (upper lef) Layas many as five earthquakes, including the mos recent earthquake in 1857, Blue indicates lower elevations. Se pages 1117 and 1119, Image: 0. ie JR Anowsmithnzone State Unies Lam alg 5.0. Aki 6 8 NeviegUnivsty of Califor rin topography dots ‘gathered bythe 68 Pet and proesed by Opetopgropy page 1072 poges 091 81132 DEPARTMENTS 41055. This Week in Science 1060. Editors’ Choice 1062. Science Saft 4065 Random Samples 1097 ARAS News & Notes 1149 New Products 1180. Science Careers 1049 Choose QIAGEN for detection Detection platforms, assays, and analysis software 2 by QIAGEN f ™ _ [= ’ | ' Use QIAGEN? solutions from sample to result, and benefit from sensitive and reliable detection systems | Quantitative, real-time PCR detection Automated anclysis of DNA fragments and RNA 1 Pyrosequencing® sequence-based DNA detection and quantification aI Opunized) ractytioruse assays cand roucants Moking improvements in life possible — www. qiagen.com RYT) dM MACE pam Taio) Cole [03 www.sciencedigital.org/subscribe For just USS$g9, you can join AAAS TODAY and start receiving Science Digital Edition immediately! www.sciencedigital.org/subscribe For just USS$g9, you can join AAAS TODAY and start receiving Science Digital Edition immediately! REVIEW nz 1098 Mechanisms Underlying Lineage Commitment and Plastcty of Helper CDA" T cells, 1126 1.1 0Shea and Pal REPORTS 1103 Gamma-Ray Emission fom the Shell of Supernova Remnant Ws Revealed by the Fermi LAT AA Abdo etal 1129 Satellite observation suggest th 2 supernova rer 1105 Fertoelectie Control of Spin Polarization Waco ea 132 1110 Integrated Catalytic Conversion of Valerolactone to Liquid Alkenes for Transportation Fuels 1.0. Bor etal 1198 Ablomass-derived compound Is wansfrmed 1114 Reconstructing Past Seawater MgiCa and SiCa trom Mid-Ocean Ridge Flank Calcium Carbonate Veins RM. Coggon ta 1139 Calcium carbonate ven from the 1117] imate Modulate Channel Incision and Rupture History ofthe San Andreas 1142 Faultin the Corio Plain (Gran Lrg a 1119] Slip in the 1857 and Eater Large Earthquakes Along the Cartizo Plan, San Andreas Fault 0.2 etal Pant Peptides Govern Terminal Differentiation of Bacteria in Symbiosis 1. Yan devel eal ANodule-Spectic Protein Secretory Pathway Requited for Nitrogen-Fixing Symbiosis D.tiong eta Individuals and the Variation Needee for High Species Diversity in Forest Tees 1S. Crk toenvronmental conditions may exp Generating a Prion with Bactrially Expressed Recombinant Prion Protein Inhibition of NE-x® Signaling by A20 Through Distuption of Ubiquitin Enzyme Complexes N.Sherbade eta Photorhabusluminescens Toxins ADP-Ribosyate Actin and Rho to Force Actin Clustering the actin ytskeleton in inset anne Nolge Can induce Bimodality in Positive Transcriptional Feedback Loops Without Bstability Cortical Plasticity Induced by Inhibitory Neuron Transplantation 9.6 South Canbe indore by neurons embed by an eater vansplanaton, CONTENTS continued >> wwwsciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL327 26 FEBRUARY 2010 page 1103 poge 1139 page 1145 CONTENTS i 1051 We do proteins too! Over 8,000 proteins and peptides available, with 150 new products added every month. All supported by industry leading datasheets providing detailed application and technical data, just one click away! Stay up-to-date on the latest developments with our human expressed proteins + Optimal post-translational modifications * Biological activity + Fe chimera proteins offering advantages in dimerization Visit www.abcam.comiproteins for more information ‘ooetvy of human expressed poten Assays wore conducted to compare the ‘end thoir non-human exorosced ‘ounterpars such a Ecol orprecesc or ‘ther mamatan expressed pots. Abcam Inc. 1 Kendall Square, Ste 341 Cambridge, MA 02139-1517 USA Tel: 1-617-225-2272 Toll free: 1-888-77-ABCAM. Toll free Fax: 1-866-739-9884 SCIENCEONLINE CONTENTS. i SCIENCEXPRESS er acloncexpress org CkaMad: A Brain-Specifc Protein Attenuating Short-Ferm Synaptic Plastic inthe Dentate Gyrus von Engetrdt al ‘synptie poten tht regulates postsynaptic ‘AMPA receptor esposes hasbeen cloned dnd functionally cratered 3Oa126.cnce 1184178 Be-Adveneraic Receptor Redistribution In Hear Fallue Changes cAMP Compartmentation 10. Nora Achange inthe dstribution of sgnaling molecule onthe surface of heart muscle els may contribute to eae fale Unicolular Cyanobacterial Distributions Broaden the Ocesnic N, Fixation Domain H. Mojonder et Iitrogen nation nthe South Pacific Ocean |sperttioneé among several miciobe species with stint ecphysolgies. BOaiz6rclnce 1105468 Patterns of Diversity n Marine Phytoplankton ‘4.0. Barton eto, Highest dvesty occurs in physically dynamic mid-latitude zones; ones versity and highest ome cer toward the poles 10:1126/cience 1184961 Constants onthe Formation Age of Cometary Material from the NASA Stardust Mission LEP Mate TWansprt of inner solar system material the Ripe elt 3p incorporation ita comets tookat east 2 millon yor, s0a126/cence 181741, SCIENCENOW uvrvaclenconou.org Highlights From Our Daly Newa Coversge Isa Dolphina Parson? Dolphin intelligence poses ity scientific and ethical queton Lack of Sleep Is Contagious Socp-dprived teens tend to have sleep deprived frends and frends who use drug, The Mathematics of Cumpy Crime Models may help police breakup criminal hot pots wuwsciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL327 26 FEBRUARY 2010 SCIENCESIGNALING wen sciencesignaling org ‘The Signal Trasuction knowledge Environment RESEARCH ARTICLE: Apoptotic Cells Activate ‘the “Phoents Rising” Pathway to Promote Wound Heating and Tissue Regeneration PODCAST GX Land AM. Vonook Caspases in ying cel wiger the rlease of growth signals that promote sue epi RESEARCH ARTICLE: DNA-PKcs Controls an Endosoma Signaling Pathway for a Proinflammatory Response by Natural Killer Celis SRojagopoton ea ‘ia and A-dependent protein kina ate required forthe activation of NF by an endosomal receptor PERSPECTIVE: New Role for RPTPa in Spinal Cord injury—Signaling Chondroitin. Sulfate Proteoglycan Inhibition Duan ond Giger APTPa mediates the inhibitory eet of chondotin sulfate proteoglycans on atonal growth, PERSPECTIVE: ER Stes n Pancreat Cells— ‘The Thin Red Line Betmeen Adaptation and Failure Dit Eick and Crop The respons of IREXcto metabolic ER tess ‘smote by its interaction with RACKS FUNDING souRcES Find grants and funding opportunities fr research ‘a rang incl signaling. SCIENCECAREERS ‘wv aclencerareets.crg/caraet maging Fras Career Resources for Scientists Preparing fra Carer In Venture Captal «Pin Lala Crespo accumulated academic and business eden a build 3 aterm ivertment management For Physiian-Scletist Couple, Succes sn Balance hows Deepal kumar and Atl Humar sy thelr shared specialty helps thm balance wrk and foil Science Careets Blog Science Cres Stof Gettrequent updates incling vce, opinion, ‘ews, funding opportunites, and Unk to other nine resources SCIENCETRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE ‘rm aclencetrenslationalmedicine.org Integrating Medicine and Science RESEARCH ARTICLE: Development of Personalized Tumor Blamarkers Using ‘Massively Parallel Sequencing RI Asya PERSPECTIVE: Cancer Sequencing Getsa little More Personal Prokane- Olson and. hanack Technology 1o detect personal genetic aberatons Ineancercllemoves ote to the clini RESEARCH ARTICLE: Adipocyte-Derived Factors Potentiate Nutrient -Induced Production of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 2 byMecrophages Pe kihore ea PERSPECTIVE: Adipose Tissue Macrophages— A Plece ofthe PA of ttaboli Syndrome Clemens Macrophages within fo tise relates hormone that Contributes to atheorlrosls and nln resistance SCIENCEPODCAST win sciencemag org/multimediaypodeast Free Week’ Show Download the 26 February cence Podcast a he about racking culating tuner cells conerting 2 blomassdeived compound nt hydrocarbon Tue your eters to Science, and more SCIENCEINSIDER blogs siencemag org/sciencensider Seonco Pokey News and Anas hash mestos once Sane, AVAAAS 1053 j STUNNING QUALITY Sequencing coverage map of the NEBNext™ DNA Sample Prep R aa EW ENGLAND jabs. BY CAROLINE ASH In tropical forests, as in the ocean plankton, thousands of species may compete for the same resources. How they suc- ceed in coexisting remains one of the central paradoxes in the study of biodiversity. Theoty shows that coexisting species. ‘must partition the environment, but such partitioning is not ‘obvious. Using data from coexisting forest trees in the south- Critical Mediators Helper T cells ae the immune system's ringmas- ters, having 2 mutilcity of functions that medi ate the bodys immune responses to infections. Depending on the typeof infection, €D4* helper Teall respond by secreting specific patteans of cytokines, which provide important cues to other subsets of immune cells. CD4* Tells with dis- tinct jtokne profiles have been viewed cass- cally as separate lineages; however, there is ‘mounting evidence that these cells may not be terminally differentiated but are infact quite plastic. O'Shea and Paul (p. 1098) review tne current understanding of CD4*T cell subset differentiation andthe underlying mechanisms that drive cell-tneage commitment Slip, Tripped, and Faulted Earthquake risk assessment can be improved i ewere able to quanify the recurrence and magnitude of slip events Until recently though, 3 Tack of sophisicated se'smometers has forced usto rely on anecdotal evdence from those who survived major earthquakes orto ook for clues inthe landscape. Zielke et al (p. 1119, pub- Ushed online 21 January; se the Perspective by Scharer) analyzed high-resolution im ges of the San Andreas Fault in southern California The data showed tha major surface ruptres, such asthe 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake, resulted from sips of only about S meters; much tes than previously thaught. nasty that lends support to this discovery, Grant Ludvig fetal. (9.1117, published online 21 Januoey, see the Perspective by Scharer suggest rom wuwsciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL327 26 FEBRUARY 2010 analysis ofthe geomorphic features ofthis region that several smaller earthquakes have occurred during recent centuries rather than Infrequent but larger movements. The Perspec tive by Scharer(p. 1089) discusses how paleo Seismological studies ike these may be valuable for feeding data into earthquake prediction. Lactic Fuels Inthe quest tind sustainable alternatives to petrochemicals a small ecticester, alerolac tone, derived fom cellulase offers promising rw material Bond et al. (9. 1110) show thot car bon dowde can be catalytically excised from the lactone eficienty at high pressure, leaving a rintue of butans. In a second-stage reactor, the butanes can be stung together to form heavier hydrocarbons similar t those found in automotive and jet fuels. The method simultaneously yes fuel and a relatively pure stream of pressurized Carbon diovide amenable to sequesta- tion or further chemical maificaton. Cations in the Veins Ajo eves in Eat’ history, rom climate change to tectonic atv, can be revealed by reconstucting pas conditions ofthe oceans {es from ancient ocean chemistry cn be found inthe ction content of osized microorganisms, marine carbonates, osl depos from old coastal zones. As these pris are prone to ncon- sitenciesbetmeen somples and methodologies, Coagon eta. (9.1114, published ontine 4 Fe eastern United States, Clark (p. 1129) show that individual variation between members ofthe same species allows them to avoid direct competition: One plant may differ significantly from another in its requirements for light, nutrients, oF mois- ture, yet remain within the general spectrum of features dis- played by its conspecifics. rury; se the Perspective by Eldertield) estimated ast seawater composition ftom the geochemistry of resistant carbonate veins precipitated within fresh basalts on the seafloor. The sudden rise to ‘modern-day levels of ocean magnesiumcalium and strontiumecaeium ratios occured about 24 milion years ago, and canbe explained by 2 decrease in sefloce hydrothermal activity cm bined with a decrease in river discharge. Spin into Control Spintorics—the wse of the spin direction of subatomic pats to contol on and ff tats, instead of electric charge—has te potential to create low-power electronics, because ess energy is needed 1 ip spin states than to ip smiches to-ceate voltage barriers. Theo= retical wrk hits that spinpole- ined electrons froma feromag- neticelectode can be onizlled by a change in polarization created in a feet thin film, Garcia eta (p. 1106, published online 14 Jan ay) fabricated an ton-barium titanate junction on lanthanum strontium manganate substrate that acs asa spin detector. acl contro of spin polarization was observed in the eroeletrc layer, which tained its polarization without any applied power. Continued Imagine not being able to recognize your best friend. ‘Today millions of people with Alzheimer's can no longer remember the ones ‘hey love, That number is expected to increase dramatically over the next 20 yeats. And it's one more reason MetLife Foundation continues to support esearch to find a cure. This year the Foundation honers the outstanding work | MetLife Foundation of Todd E. Golde, MD, PhO, University of Florida, Gainesville, Edward H.Koo, MD, | Aleederin finding anAteinerseue University of California, San Diego, Eckhard Mandelkow, PhO, and Eva-Maria Mandelkow, MD, PhD, Max-Planck Institute for Structural Molecular Biology, Hamburg, Germany, with the MetLife Foundation Award for Medical Research. This Week in Science Continued fom page 1055 Recombinant Infectious Prions Prion diseases ae a group of fatal neuradegenerativ disorders that incude Creuzeld Jakob ds- «se in humans and bovine spongitarm encephalopathy in cons. The prion hypothesis stats that the infectious agent ofthese diseases ian aberrant conformational soform ofthe normal prion protein (PP, a alycosyihosphatidylinostot anchored cell surtace protein enriched inthe central nervous system, The final proot ar he prin hypothesis to convert bacecilly expressed ecombi rant Pinto a infectious prio, but thishas been effi to achieve. F. Wang et a. (. 1132, published online 2 Jnuary, se the Perspective by Supattapane) put recombinant Pe puied from bacteria nto mice and obtained ll the characteristics ofthe infectious agent in prion disease. ‘The recombinant form fs not ony resistant to proteinase-, but ao shows infectivity in eultured cells and causes rapid disease progression in wild-type mice, yielding bath the behavioral and the neuropathologcl symptoms. Tripartite Toxin Luminescent bacterial symbionts of nematode worms that attacknsets have lng sted interest in their possibities for biological control. The bacteria produce a family of toxins composed ofa least three subunits that esemble a widely occuring class of bacterial toxins aso produced by human pathogens. Lang et a. (1139) have elucidated the made of action and structural interactions of Some ofthese tripartite protein toxins and found that they poison the cl’ actin cytoskeleton by Catayzing unusual reactions. One toxin mediated adenosine diphosphate (ADP-ribosylation at thveonine-148 to cause actin polymerization, another ADP-rboslated Rho pectin at glutamine-63, and bath synergize to cause actin clustering and cell paralysis Legume Symbiosome Leguminous plants (eas and beans) are major players in sobal nitrogen cycling by virtue oftheir symbioses wth ritroger-fxing bate that are harbored in specialized structures, called nodules, onthe pant’ rots. Van de Velde tab. (p. 1122) show thatthe host plan, Medicago trunctula produces nodule spect ystene-ch peptides, resembling natal plant defense peptides. The peptides enter the bacterial cells and promateits development ito the mature symbiont. na complementary study, D. Wang et ab (p. 1126, have identified the signal peptidase, also encoded bythe plant, thats required fr processing these Specialized peptides into thei active form. Bursty, Infrequent Noise In gene regulatory networks, positive feedback loops can give rise to bistability and hysteresis in gene expression, thereby allowing switching mechanisms and memory effects. Toand Maheshr(p. 1142; see the Perspective by Levens and Gupta) eschew the commonly hele ida that sigmoidal promoter responses ae required to achive a steady-state bimodal response in a postive feedback loop. Instead, using a model and data rom an experiment, they favor noisy gene expression and multiple, noncooperative ansciption factor binding as an explanation forte bimodal response, an they expect that similar nosy systems ave widespread in bolgy Inflexible Timing for Flexibility During erica periods nearly ite, sensory experience mols circuits in the brain. Inthe visual cor tex, blurring or occluding vision in one eye triggers rapid reorganization of neuronal responses noun as ocular dominance plasticity. The critical period fr this plasticity depends on inhibitory newotransmission. Southwell eta. (p. 1145) show that by transplanting embryonic precursors of inhibitory neurons into mice, a period of acular dominance plasticity canbe induced after the end af the normal critical period. These observations suggest that transplantation a inhibitory neurons has therapeutic potential fr brain repair and for treating neurological disorders and inducing periods of brain plastic. wuwesciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL327 26 FEBRUARY 2010 “Fast qPCR results— no problem I've got PCR enzymes capabilities. Maximum efficiency, Minimal To learn more and get your free sample visit us at Research. Together. Fe rus: [ase FE 2-ros concn y enzymagic. with extraordinary inhibition, Increased sensitivity and reproductblity. SsoFast™ EvaGreen® supermx daivers. www.bio-rad.com/ad/ssotast ll r { A —s- The smarter the mouse the quicker the drug gets to market. From disease models that facilitate target identification, to humenized madels thet test the safety and efficacy of potential therapeutics, Taconic's “smart” mice play a pivotal role in speeding new drugs to marker. Taconic’s rapidly expanding portfolio of fully licensed, off-the-shelf ADME-Tox transgenic models, as well as transgenic models for short term carcinogenicity testing provide valuable insights into how your drug will behave in humans. > Taconic introduces nother breakthrough in in vivo compound testing with its new transADMET program. Developed in conjunction with CXR Biosciences, transADMET is transforming the discovery provess by better predicting ADMET in humans, New humanized models are available now. To learn how Taconio's "smart mice” can accelerate your reer elt cob nb arte OC vet Taconic www.taconic.com/SOT ‘Smart Solutions To Improve Human Health & Science to Bridge the Americas Tay veneisa TIS BROADLY RECOGMGED ACOSTA WESTER HEMISPHERE TSEC CA REDE ANKE prccrintetepr’ to ean and ewnmenal otis and stat sainal evelopment But a gee ocetPele tel seha aces ofen ecthhchng bsp ceccgrecet hs ere ts and Behavior at Cornell change. Scientists in developing regions have repeatedly eased ways in which help from the Univesyinithac, NY. United States could be transformational, Its now time to do more. Erma éS@corel. __Thereatewell-esablishedUS. academicand government programs thatexplore links between ea. science and diplomacy and focus on forging robust scientific communities. For example, cach Yea, the Jefferson Science Fellowship of the US. National Academies, in which I participated las year, selets upto 10 senior scientists arose disciplines to wexk withthe US. Slate Department orthe US. Agency fr Internationa Development (USAID).* Asa Jefferson Fellow, [travel to universities, research instates, and govermentagencies,seckingto enhance connections ‘with foreign scientists, From my discussions with scientists and administrators across 12 countries in Latin America, several ideas repeatedly emerged for meeting the challenges ahead in health and environmental arenas, among oes. With minimal additonal resources, the United States cou bob ster such interactions. For example, the U.S. Fulbright program, \which supports about 7000 new grants each year for students, researchers, educators, and other professionals aross disciplines, could make training in he sciences a lager proportion of ts mare dae. This program could provide financial support to aid ech For- cig scientist’ return o his orher home country. Mexico provides this type of reentry support through CONACYT, at tranees inthe United States who come from less-developed counties are likely to require US. ands foe tis purpose. ‘dedicated program tha supports vst of foreign scientists toa US. lab fr as litle as 110.2 ‘months could also havea huge impact on science in Latin Arserica. Participants could learn new approaches toa research question and become part ofa lager rescarch network. To encourage scicntists who are trained abroad to return to psitionst heme, prolonged collaborations are also needed. Undertaking joint research projects in Latin Americas difficult —fundingislimited (US. agenciesofcn restrict foreign expenditures), and grant deadlines fr parnerscan be incompatible To support such projects, fund could be created with contributions from the scence agencics of tne participating counties; for less-developed counts, funds could aso come from USAID. Finally, many Faculty member in Latin America would ike to earn.a PhD in the United States but cannot eave family an job for long periods US. universitios could develop short intensive courses, Internet distance learning, and ereative reszarch programs to support the pursuit of an advanced degree. And with help from US. embassy stain making arrangements, US. scientists Visiting the Carisbean or Latin America for research or vacation could volunteer to spend tine a university; presenting theirresearch and meeting with Faculty and student ‘Most courires inthe Western Hemisphere have democratic governments and are eager for enhanced scientific iteration withthe United States. Moreover, the US. Stale Department ro- nize tha “science diplomacy” in gneral sa powerful adjunet to othe forms of intemationl action. Supporting such efforts achives the diplomatic goals of festering mutual understanding wile building human networks that lnk the United States with ober countries. The costs i= {al compared to that of other forms of “hard diplomacy.” The potential fr scientific and societal payols is immense, a. better-linked scenic community wil speed progress in responding to ‘mij problems that acu al: health, ener, climate change, and preserving biodiversity. And ven more importantly; programs tha support intratinal science broly wll position huan- ity tounderstand and meet the challenges yet to come, ~ Timothy 1. DeVoogd anise 209562 8 i i : i i 8 : “nies ratoacdenies erg onxiden wwnsciencemagorg SCIENCE VOL327 26 FEBRUARY 2010 1059 1060 EDITED BY GILBERT CHIN AND JAKE YESTON ecoLoey A Quick Sniff and She's Off Insects often us their sense of smell to locate food some carry disease-causing pathogens, and in general, being infected makes an organ {sm smell more stronly. Several pathogens have evolved to exploit these odr-tracking behaviors toentain ther lite cycles in advantageous ways -Mouck ea. show that infection by cucumber ‘mosaic virus increases the amount of aphid: attracting volatiles emitted by thelr plant hosts. Despite the delectable odors, virus infection ‘makes the host plant less palatable, and conse ‘quently the aphids don't feed fr long, For cucumber mosaic virus ike vistors are not 8 problem because t happens to be a nonpersis- tent vrus—one sip af infected sap is enough to imbibe an infectious dose. The repellent host, hhastens the vectors departure and the transmis sion ofthe virus toa new host. In contrast, per- sistent viruses, uch as barley yellow dart virus, induce both sweet odors an juicy fruit, which encourage their aphid vectors to prolong their Visits, This allows the virus to complete a lengthy replicative cycle within the insect, after which onward transmission occurs. — CA Pro. Mat Acad, Sei USA. 207, 10.1073/pnas.0907391107 2010, Seismic Spinning Some boundary layers in Earth's interior include {ng the custimantle and corefmantle bound- ares) are often identified by sharp seismic ontiuites, whereas fner-scae interlayer struc- tues require constraints from geochemistry and ‘mineral physics to complement less abvious, or sometimes completely absent, sefsmological sg nals. For example, because some mantle miner- als gradually change in structure of chemical composition with depth (and the associated pres sute and temperature shifts), selsmic velocities Of Bile and Choler a Vibrio cholerae isthe Gram-negative bacterium that causes cholera, a disease that afflicts mul- titudes of people who lackaccessto a source of disinfected drinking water, When the bacterium enters the host's intestine, the master virulence regulator Tox activates the expression of other virulence factors and cholera toxin. Tox s a member ofthe AraC family of transcription fac- tors; some ofthese regulate carbon metabolism (AraC) as dimers, whereas the stress response regulators (Sox5, Rob, and MarA) act as monomers. The promoters to which TxT binds can be found singly and as inverted repeats. Londen eta. have solved the ToxT crystal structure. Ithas an N-terminal regulatory domain and a C-terminal DNA binding domain that shares structural features with AraC, MarA, and Rob. Tex is monomer in the crystal but helix c3 is analogous to the helix that mediates coiled-coil dimerization in AraC. The N-terminal domain contains 2 hydrophobic pocket that in the crystal is occupied by cs-palmitoleate (slate blue), and the activity of Tox fs known tobe inhibited by components of bile, Patmitoleate binds toa lysine ‘residue inthe C-terminal domain and locks Tox into a closed conformation that i nt oriented to bind DNA and would also prevent dimerization. This conformation probably occurs inthe |umen ofthe intestine where bile acids are present, yet in the mucus ofthe intestine, Toxt ‘might be able to reorient into a conformation that can bind DNA and dimerize. — VV Proc Not Acad. Sc. USA, 207, g {rom these regions also vay along ‘a gradient, Based an recent elasticity meas urements ofthe abundant lower ‘mantle mineral ferroperiase, Cammarano eto computed seismic ‘models that identify ‘one such broad chemical or thermal gra dient in the mid-omer mantle. The presence of this transition, which accounts for the preeren tial stability of high spin states of ferrous iron (Fe?) in ferropericas, suggests thatthe viscos: ‘ty and thermal conductivity ofthe mid-mantle ‘may be different than previously thought. Specifically, recycled crustal material driven dou into the mantle by subduction zones could fatten or broaden at this depth, which would affect the extent and dynamics of mantle mixing throughout Earth history, —NWW ‘Geophys. es Lett. 37, 103308 2010) Order at a Distance The classi view of crystallization is the ad tion of atoms, colloids, or other small seq- ments to a growing ordered crystal, where anisotropies in the growth are caused by dit ferences inthe thermodynamic or kinetic influ ences at ferent crystal faces. For some sys toms, such as metal oxides, nanocrystals are believed to form ordered aggregates through a fusion process. It has been proposed that these 26 FEBRUARY 2010 VOL32? SCIENCE sww.sciencemag.org i i i : : primary crystals form a erystallographicaly aligned aggregate, even though each crystal Unit is separated from the other by solvent. ‘Yuwono etal. observe this process inthe slow sgronth of crystals in solutions of ferrihydrite nanoparticles, using cryogenic transmission electron microscopy to preserve the structure ofthe sample at various ages. They observe the slow aggregation of primary crystals, with the formation of radlie assemblies, which they speculate are composed of oriented goethite nanocrystals. They also note occasional twinned aggregates in which the angle a the junction matches that observed in a twinned Sgoethite crystal. Under the beam intensity Fequired for high-resolution imaging, the ‘water betwen the crystals sublimes and the authors are able to see the crystallographic alignment ofeach ofthe primary unis. — MSL 1 Aon. Cher. So. 132, 10.0211 29097683 2010. A Protective Shell Originally carried primarily by forest mosqui- toes living between the Tropes of Cancer and Capricorn, Chikungunya virus has become a sgroming public health threat in Africa, Asia, and parts of Europe. Infection is followed by fever, headache, and nausea and then by debilitating peripheral joint pain that can persist for ‘months or even yeas. This alphavirus has adapted to urban vectors, such asthe Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus, which enhances its potential to spread worldwide, Akahata et al. describe the development ofa protective vaccine by expressing the Chikungunya vius structural proteins in eukaryotic cells and purifying the reslt- ant virus-like par cles, which resemble the vis structurally but lack the encapsu- lated genomic RNA nec essary for replication, Immunization of rhesus mon- keys with the vitutike particles pro- tected them against subsequent challenge with live virus, and the protective effect was shown tobe mediated by the vaccine-induced humoral Immune respanse (IgG). Previous attempts at making vaccines for Chikungunya virus have shown limited efficacy; hence these Findings offer a step fornard in the development of a protective vaccine for humans. — KLM Not. Med. 16, 10.1038/nn.2105 2010. EDITORS'CHOICE MATERIALS SCIENCE Cations Minding the Gap ‘The band gap of a mateial—the energy thresh ld for excitation of electrons and thus the ‘major determinant of properties ranging from color to conductivity—is usually set by the crys tal structure ofthe constituent atoms or ons. could prove useful fora variety of applications tobe able to vary band gaps associated with 3 particular type of bulk framework in asystem- aticway, much as itis curently possible to do at ‘the nanometer scale by tuning the sizeof di persed individual particles. Qian eta. studied the assembly of the arsenic-based Zintl cluster As, with various cations and examined the effects of change transfer between cation and anion. The cations included Cs", cryptand> sequestered K” and Rb, and AU". The band 2p, as determined from optical measurements, ould be varied from 1.1t0 2.1 electron volts. Density functional calculations revealed thatthe changes mainly arose from variation inthe posi- tions ofthe lonest unoccupied orbitals, princi- pally affected by the cations, although some changes were associated with charge transfer Induced by the cations that led to covalent inks between the clusters. — POS ACS Mano 4 235 2010), Neuroscience Signal Effectors "Neurons convey information in part by transmis- sion of small molecules such as y-aminabutyric acid (GABA) across gaps termed synapses. The handshake between pre-and postsynaptic neurons that allows synapses to develop in the central nervous system is bol- stered by surrounding astrocytes, ‘Studying hippocampal neurons ‘and astrocytes from embryonic rats, Hughes et a. show that the signals used by astrocytes to promote GABAeraic inhibitory) neuron development are ditfer= ent than those already shown to promote glutamatergic (excitatory) synapses. These signals encourage the growth of axons, but not dendrites, of the GABAergic neurons and seem not to affect the neurite length of glutamatergic neurons Both the number ané the density of synapses in [GABAergic neurons are pumped up by signals from astrogytes. Although some potential medi- ating factors, such a the thrombospondins, have been excluded inthis work, the relevant signaling proteins secreted by these astrocytes emain at the moment incognito. — PH ‘Mol Cl Neuro, 43,136 2010), wwwsciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL327 26 FEBRUARY 2010 OUR eect ae BCC Preclinical, GLP-compliant Toxicology Studies + Small molecules, biologics, ‘nutraceuticals, and botanical extracts Standard species and specialized models Standard and specialized routes of administration ‘Acute, subchronic, chronic study durations Clinical pathology, anatomic pathology, ADME/PK,, lmmunotoxicology joanalytical Services Method feasibility, development, ‘and validation Formulation and bioanalysis, In vitro metabolism (PCR and RT-PCR Efficacy Models. + Concer + Angiogenesis «+ Infectious diseases, including virology and bacteriology + (NS diseases SOUTHERN RESEARCH es (98) 322-1166» ont (205) 581-2830 BusDev@SouthernResearch.org www.SouthernResearch.org 1062 wor sciencemag.org Science eprom per Res She eaten eet 805 One Se mow habla a Meno 5 S000 ese se Oe hy ‘ean Sate Paya 20EE6817 UM a fro cgay tng eal pen Hoektew@e Greases) Sone mrougeey — Srcuingnomapvtend ‘seve belesaaseag Gb) Ad ran eon ret re {iarion important ise rtd mthe aban xe ini me igo ‘ches. Acordmgy, Soo abe Semen ‘Go po ement odes ugsesol rd Saree d Beate ed che sid ‘joanne ih ao ee, ‘Side idee engenders gon hen Felting nega eactinet inlet ties ed ketene in ‘Seve and ln ena dea wef ee ned ‘laleniy este einbgy aoe: seh ‘Send eat ee eneaiegogene ‘See anc severed pero ce TWonsnon ox mons See poges 352 2nd 353 of he 25 ry 2010 sue of ‘cess musciercemagorgabowbuthrs won Brand colin vorman sue as Katee ale Soopers aks Home ate Rom, dew ‘i on FP eer ae ie Teds) ecg Por Baroy ay Sour jon Shi Sr ioe vee Sema en oer Mi, ey Sah Mea Sage eS at hp ‘war emma tryr en ‘ona Stern Str tome ee Inert ana ua He wo ea Ex ey he tne ‘ayn Sout Shes ene sm ree 15'S Gener leer sna Set slr Ley iron eer Set Brn Wie, nts yr se ‘mney i, tl Pak hr, in we ron host ie tee te i Si eben rele Cae Pe, bet Seve WE si a oem ae Se ‘Same naman sh tate eh tte tbe fong ee wees ae ern Migin orl iy Tubes cpr tne nae 8. Fae nin ‘cing lisse mst ser analy mre 502 63180 Penn mtn andy sen ne Wy K. shake ‘tary Bo ww re Severo rennin ‘Sevan Pe open for nen Sry aap aren abe Ujpebins soee our Cre Ak Ss Warten (ten Ser eae aa a ten ae eh Feet enn sor bh Deion, Ret ets Ae Una sommes tom a ae ie ane se I ewan ay {ahsnoen era, ara Erk ates a Veg ment Wen Unease osm dt eis sen lice hen apt aura Rat 4,7 ‘Plaine, sheet Tag 3620906 Jagan oft foo tere ak th oe 1s neomercecenog ahd ore ig ne nee eran uc ue Namle opr na 03 S31 Beh Fak ished dene Sor we ra vee Wo cr ae Eninsimatcn Paes aga Ba ae 292 ML ever ory ‘nes atmo natn ra anni (nae sews Pot Bue vcr toy Coser. sede oo eon Art ha eat ween ys sn ib or Wi ot bce, ee tana fom tat sat, eae eat [eri sen ne mee ri abel oe ano ly Sk att are ‘iter lei mnt meets i mere ‘Suu Cri nl same enh se {ec amon mons ww Sper ar mon ss Set nex rn eum ps Craton Seeing ne by ar 3805 Tan 30 0 Ea once: FUFAR ot 43 2431380, mum B3C8 Co Nite 10s 2 fe aes sean 05 Ban Tew ia eae Gam oberg ‘eran 208596 94h momen Bute OE MEEST wt fas snk faring 20232587 eo en Ns Meise: 22 0811 nee akan sone Sy uae at Sane ra fo ean A Pe ‘a sew Cy Ch 81 Sir ia sears eeagesneog aks tae ess sn as) Sot any get hy Hay, ob Pha Pama Pale S's Soi Toms Hk AVAAAS SEwon fORAL BORO Sareea eae eyes puree FE Senn ERR Sis. Es as Bates Racer ye rowmworrevewmeroros BEE oman RREREHEG gein ca ent ren coe sin ee ee nee me Hee. Eee Shaan ee 5 a ei Euan. eS ep ee Heese. ike. Rim. Pei cme EER eos. ii a ty Sea i scant ig a in A 26 FEBRUARY 2010 VOL327 SCIENCE wwu.sciencemag.org New PRODUCTS, SERVICES, AND SOLUTIONS Science Careers explore the best way to conduct a crical Sndtrancational scence career t CTSNet, the new oline community fom ScienceCareers, and AAAS made pas bythe Burtughs Welcome Fund ‘Theres no charge for joining, and youll enjoy accesso Practical and specifcinfr Opnortunities to connect with other ent neluding pers, mentors, Access tothe resources ofthe wore’ Community SclenceCareers.org/CTSciNet eat) None (ettecifonn Micropipette ans Elie NST RUMENT SUTTER.COM > Participating Exports: Ron MoKay, Ph.D. atonal neiuias otHeath Betneeda, uD Mark D. Noble, Ph. Uniorsy of Rochester Mosiea! Conter Rochester NY ‘Amy Wagers, Ph.D. Havers University Bsn, MA To Viow Recorded Live! (On January 28, 2010 Pekar errr Sennen eo Welcome to years of affordable flow cytometry. * The ful-featured, 2 laser, 6 detector CB ic priced at a faction ‘of the market leader's cost. + Itis so simple a deetcates operator isnot requed + Easily maintained - the bul-n elablity ofthe 08 offers peace of mind with minimal downtime. + The 06 uses de-ionized water as sheath, reducing everyday ‘costs to just afew cents = va AccuriCytometers.com Aceur Cytereters, Inc ‘nin Avon, MI USA accun St les, Cambs UK a) F 2) = =) = fo} ry faa) Ea a rrr &) P re S a Introducing the 3500 Series Genetic Analyzer. Get ready to make an amazing discovery: the new 8-capil netic Analyzers take DNA analysis to an entirely n daily workflow seems like a nat red d ry 3500 Series Ge: level af performance. A level where your sion of your own intuition. Where precise, qualily e, And where @ new consumables design re interface keep you current inspires greater co and intuitive soft din control fake @ closer look, and you'll find the ned IxL Genetic Analyzers are like second nature, Which is our litst priority when its your date Discaver the 500 System at www.appliedbiosystems.com/3500Series Cn Easy-to-Use Contr at Oualty- Assured Consumables Your Fingertips BB RRs 9 biosystems Africa's Iron- Age Healers? Last month, archaeolo ists working taste in north xn Ghana uncavered the mast detailed evidence yet of a highly sophisticated and previously unknown Iran Age society. A team led by Benjamin Kankeyeng ofthe University of Ghana in Legon excavated part ofan earthen mound contain ‘ng 92 whole and broken tera-cota figurines of hhumansand mythical creatures. Radiocarbon dates from similar mounds in the region place the time between 600 CE. and 1200 CE ‘The mound, which miaculously escaped decades of heavy looting inthe region, may have served as an ancient shrine, Team co-director ‘Timothy Insll ofthe University of Manchester in the United Kingtom says the figurines have what appear tobe libation hoes to hold tual drinks fora deity. There's aso a tually arranged human sl: “The jaw was eemoved, the ial was tured face-down, andthe teeth were snapped out and placed nearby,” Isol says. The finds open @ major window on ritual life in West Arica before the Islamic era, says Christopher DeCorse, an archaeologist at Syracuse Univesity in New York states "its analogous tothe discovery of Upper Paleolithic rock art in Europe.” The deposits, whieh included grindstones for pulverizing plant, could be related to *waditional healing practices,” Kankpeyeng notes. The team hopes to find further clues from the nearby remains of ancient riverbank settlements. The group has been excavating the site of Yikpatongo, frst discovered in 1985, sine 2007. Heated Politics The fallout from “Climategate” i raining down Into state poits. On 9 February, the Utah House of Representatives passed a resolution stating that there ism evidence that the world ‘swarming and wiging the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to revoke is “endan sgerment” ruling that carbon dioxide is a threat te public heath, “Apparently referring tothe controversial leaked e-mails from a climate center in the United kingdom (Science, 4 December 2009, 1. 1329), the Utah resolution contends that “communications between climate researchers around the globe... indicate a wel organtaed and ongoing effort to manipulate global tem- perature data.” Citing the same concerns the state of Texas on 36 February sued EPA to overturn the endangerment finding. The same day, Vieginia’s attorney general filed court petitions questioning EPA's ruling, ‘The Utah resolution, backed by all of the Republican representatives, passed 56 017. The ill now goes to the state Senate, hich is 72% Republican Dimly Lit Teens Video games and texting are not the only reasons ‘teanagers don't go to ed when they should. Lack «of exposure to outdoor lights messing with their boul rythm and keeping tem from getting sleepy when they should, according to research ‘rom the Rensselaer Polytechnic Insitute (RPD in iy, New York ‘team led by Mariana Figueiro of RPS Lighting Research Center conducted an experiment ata welt school n Chapel il, Noth alia, which has skylights that allow students maximal exposure to daylight. For days, 11 eighth faders wore orange glasses that blocked short- Ma vA EDITED BY CONSTANCE HOLDEN wavelength blue ight the kid that lab exper ‘ments have shown is important or seting the Gi- cada clack, Researchers found that atthe end of theweek, the onset of leepinducing melatonin in the cilen was deayed by ahal-nou, "The amount a ight we get indoos is below threshold for activation ofthe circadian sys tem,” says Figueiro, whose report appeared lasteek in ‘Neuroendocrinology Letters. This contributes tothe fact that "some id cant fall steep before 2 oF 3 a.m.” Brown University sleep expert Mary Carskadon says the experiment lacked controls, But she 4 ‘agrees with Figueira that the shortage of ‘outdoor light in most Sschools—compounded by the indoor-viented existence ofthe modern teen—may be contributing substantially to boelow-par school pecformance. SAINT LOSES HER HEAD For more than 600 years, citizens ofthe parish fof Vadstena in Sweden have venerated two stalls said to have been thase of St. Birgitta (1303-1373) and her daughter Katarina In the 1950s, anthropologists scrutinized the skulls and concluded that they were from women aged 60 10 70 years and 50 to 55 years, ich could have fit the mother-daughter scenario. But modern science has shattered the myth, Marie Allen, 2 forensic geneticist from Uppsala University in Sweden, used the relics, to test her new method for analyzing mito- chondrial DNA (mtDNA) from degraded sam- ples. MIDNA trom the two skulls, which is Inherited only ftom the mother, showed both were female but “they were certainly not mother and daughter,” Allen says, What's more, carbon-14 dating revealed that St Biraita's putative seul sat least a century 100 old to be the real thing The other skull is 2 couple of centuries too late. Allen, who published her results in PLoS ONE on 16 February, says the parish isnot 100 disappointed with the findings: “They are very open-minded, and they wanted to know the truth about their eis.” wwousciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL327 26FEBRUARY 2010 1065 1066 DRUG SAFETY New Network to Track Drugs and Vaccines in Pregnancy Pregnant women worry about—and avoid exposure to virtually everything that might be risky, from tap water to soft cheeses. Many also jettison drugs they need, for ear ‘of harming their baby: Unfortunately existing data are fuzzy about the dangers of using or going without key ‘medications. “We can tell you what happens inarat ora rabbit. says Christina Chambers, an epidemiologist at the University of Cali- fornia, San Diego. Buta pregnant woman? For most medications, “we are flying by the seat of our says Chambers, @situa- palling and rus trating.” As a result, both doctors and patients are jittery about whether to continue or drop potentially risky treatments dur- ing pregnancy. ‘A new effort to bring risks Wo focus is being launched this week with $12.5 million from two US, agencies, Iwill start by examining asthma medications called short-acting beta agonists, as well as flu vaccines and anti virals for influenza, Called VAMPSS (the Vaccines and Medications in Pregnancy Sut- veillance System), the program will be funded for 5 years by the Agency for Healtheare Research and Quality tnd for 2 years by the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority and coordinated by the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology. An advi- sory committee that ineludes members from pediatric and obstetric groups and the Centers for Disease Contol and Prevention will guide VAMPSS' research. This push for data began 8 years ago, Chambers and two of her colleagues asthma specialist Michael Schatz of the Kaiser Permanente Medical Center in S Diego, California, and Allen Mitchell, who directs the Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University—had spent years Playing it safe. Fl vaccines top researching the issue, But their studies were hampered by 100 few volunteers and poten- Lially imprecise data from mothers asked {0 remember every pill they'd taken ‘The new program aims to get more robust resultsby bringing together two long-standing efforts. The first, led by Mitchell, has col- Ieoted information aver the years on 37,000 babies, most of them with congenital malfor- ‘mations, and their mothers. Mitchell plans to recruit atleast 2000 mote babies in each of the 2x2 years for VAMPSS. Chanibers, meanhile, 8 one of the lead ers of the Organization of Teratology Infor- mation Specialists (OTIS), It counsels between 70,000 and 100,000 pregnant women and health-care providers each year in the United States and Canada about drug and other exposures in pregnancy and lacta- tion, It also invites some callers to enroll in ssearch studies in which they and their babies are followed over time, OTIS will recruit thousands of these women for the \VAMBSS studies on asthma and flu trea ‘ments and flu vaccines, OTIS takes an approach that improves sta therapies tobe studied in pregnancy. es the quality ofthe data: Itworks with women before their babies are born. But its cohorts are often too small to link a specific med: ication with a specific birth defect. On the ip side, the project headed by Mitchel! has the statistical power to focus on one birth dofect ata time, but it relies on mothers to recall exposures during pregnancy: By con- ducting studies in syne on the same treat ‘ment or vaccine, there's “no question” that ‘VAMPSS will be superior to existing efforis and far more systematic, says Gideon Koren, who directs the Motherisk Program atthe Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Canada, which is part of OTIS's North American network. “The government support helps fila ser fous gap. “It's not a secret that most drug companies ... don't ‘want anything to do with preg- nancy,” says Koren, Drug com panies so far have declined to help fund VAMPSS, To survive long-term and branch out to other drugs and vaccines, as its leaders hope it will, it needs industry money. VAMPSS is coming together now partly because of the HINI fu, HINT was “a situation that -med to be uniquely aiTecting pregnant women” who were at high risk for complications if they contracted it, says Schatz, a ‘past president of the allergy acad- ‘emy. Meanwhile, the US. Food and Drug Administration (EDA) 1g companies to facus more on drug saety in pregnancy after a drug is approved. In December, FDA, ‘announced it vas setting up the Medication Exposure in Pregnaney Risk Evaluation Pro- gram, which relies on insurance company databases to look for signal, is focused as much on demon: ‘on finding hazards. “In some ways there's more benefit" to showing safety than risk, says Chambers, because women and their babies can be harmed by a poorly controlled disease. Studies of prez rant women with asthma have found that those who have asthma attacks are more likely to give birth to babies with low birth ‘weight and in one study, with birth defects ‘But just how reassuring can any study be? is aski 26 FEBRUARY 2010 VOL327 SCIENCE snw.sciencemag.org “Its been really difficult” to prove that drugs or vaceines are sae in pregnancy, says Allison MoGeer, an infectious disease specialist at Mount Sinai Hospital in Toronto, who is studying fu vaccines in pregnancy. Although “MoGeer believes flu vaccines are safe, she hesitates to prescribe antiviral drugs to preg rant women who are mildly ill ors a preven: Live treatment, “Those of us who don't deal PHySics. ea ion) routinely with pregnant women are very afraid to do anything,” she says ‘One arca not addressed by VAMPSS and ‘most other studies is whether medications taken during pregnancy can cause effects in children years later, such as learning difficul- ties in school. “We need to focus more on the long-term effects,” says Lars Pedersen, an epidemiologist and obstetrician at Aarhus The end of random- eu) University in Denmark, who has studied antidepressants and other drugs in preg. rnaney. But that isnot easy to do. IS not so much that “rugs are out there causing problems,” says Schatz, although some probably are. The bigger challenge, he ertainty: Which drugs are dangerous to a fetus, and which are not? JENNIFER COUZIN-FRANKEL Century-Long Debate Over Momentum of Light Resolved? ‘Whatisthe formula for the momentum of tight Zipping through a transparent material? That ‘may sound like @ question on a high-school physies quiz, bu physicists have been debating the matter ever since two different formulas \were proposed more than 100 years ago. Now Stephen Barnet a theorist al the University 0 Strathelyde in Glasgow, U.K., says he has resolved the famed “Abraham-Minkow: dilemma,” Both formulas are correct, he says, bout they denote different things and apply in different contexts Others had suggested that each formula ‘might be correct in its own Way, but Bamett spells out precisely when cach is relevant, says Robert Boyd ofthe University of Rochester in Now York sate. “Steve tells you how to apply them correctly.” Boyd says.“ think [th hhasa good chance of being definitive Everyone agrees thatthe momentum of a photon zinging through empty space is given by a fundamental constant divided by the light’s wavelength. When the light enters a medium such as glass of a gas, however, it slows down, which is why a lens bends light. ‘What then happens to the light’ momenturn? “index Key to this question isthe material the ratio of Tights speed in a ‘vacuum tits speed in the material, a number ‘ypically larger than one. In 1908, German ‘mathematician Hermann Minkowski argued that the momentum of light in a material equals its momentum in the vacuum multi plied by the index of refraction, making it greater than the vacuum momentum, A year is compatriot, physicist Max Abraham, argued thal the momentum of fightin a mate~ rial equals the vacuum momentum divided by the index, making it smaller than the vacuum momentum, of refraction, ‘Thought experiments and real-world data cean be found to support each formula. For ‘example, imagine a photon speeding toward a block of plass (see diagram). Together, the lass and the photon possess a total mass and energy that flows inthe same direction asthe photon, According to Newton's laws of ‘motion, that flow should continue unabated as thephoton passes through te glass. But within the glass, the photon slows down, So to main tain constant energy flow, the glass has to PEMA photon fides n phot manera fy -@ ee Riddle me this. Incompatible equations for a pho toa's mamentur have long puzzled physics recoil inthe same direction, From tis prem a itl algebra leads to Abrahams formula for the photon's momentum in the glass. (On the other hand, imagine fring a photon at an atom in a gas. Suppose the atom can absorb light ofa wavelength slightly longer than that of the approaching photon, Then to soak up the photon, the atom must speed away from the light source so that from its perspec tive the light wavelength stretches just as a siren’ pitch dips if you're in acarrushing away from the siren. The size ofthat “Doppler shift” {is proportional tothe gas index of reftacton, ‘Starting from that premise, litle math yields Minkowski’ formula, Actually, Barnett argues inthe 19 Februe ary issue of Physical Review Letters, the (0 cases describe different kinds of momentum, Abraham's formula gives the “kinetic momentum” essentially the mechanical punch the photon packs as it hits the glass. Any experiment to measure sucha punch will ‘agroe with Abraham's formula, Minkouski’s formula gives the subtler “canonical ‘momentum’ which, loosely speaking, is ‘ied othe wave nature oflight and a material than in vacuum because the Fights ‘wavelength ig shorter in the material, Any experiment to probe wave effects will jibe with Minkowski’ formula, More technically, the canonical momen: tum is a mathematical quantity connected to ‘movements in space. A theorist can write down a quantum “wave function” deseribing an atom siting in an electromagnetic field To move the atom to another spot, the theo rist must change the wave function by per forming a specific mathematical operation that involves the canonical momentum ‘That's why in the thought experiment with the moving atom, its the eanonieal mo {um that counts ren the debate long history, few expect the work to win immediate acceptance, “Vari- ‘ous people have taken rather strong views, you ‘might say verging on religious belief.” says Paul Les, aphysicist atthe US, National Insti ‘ate of Standards and Technology in Gaithers- burg, Maryland, Barnett says he's game to take ‘on the naysayers, however: “If somebody ‘exposes some flaw; then I suppose I shall have to—Oh, they won't!” ADRIAN CHO www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL327 26 FEBRUARY 2010 1067 1068 WS OF THE WEEK PSYCHIATRY Experts Map the Terrain of Mood Disorders ‘There's been a lot of debate over eiforts to revise psychiatry’s Diagnostic and Statisti- eal Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), and one ofthe issues generating extensive dis- cussion is the connection between depres- sion and anxiety, Anxiety isn't on the list of symptoms for major depression, but “most ceases of depression are anxious depression.” jotes David Goldberg of London's Institute of Psychiatry. ‘This is part ofa broader conversation about hhow the American Psychiatric Association's (APA) teams assembling a new DSMV edi tion ean “deconstruct” psychiatric illnesses, recognizing that few exist in their pure form; rather, comorbidity and cross-cutting features are the norm (Science, 12 Febrasty p. 770), Depression isa prime example. Itcan coex- {st with practically any other psychiatric condi- tion. And when it's the primary complaint, ‘many other factors ean shape its course. “There area lot of [comorbid] symptoms that categor- ‘cal diagnoses don't reflect... that relly affect outcome” says psychiatrist lan Faweett of the University of New Mexico School of Medicine in ATbuquerque, chair of the DSM-V work group on mood disorders. Substance abuseand anxiety are tw of the most important, Indeed, DSMC-V authors are debating whether the relationship between anxiety and depression is so close that they should be subsumed into a supereategory of human hopelessness, fear, ‘and existential angst DSW-IV, curently in use, gives a menu of nine symptoms for “major depression," a diag- nosis that afflicts about 17% of the popula- tion at some point in life, according to the US. National Comorbidity Survey. (Bipolar illness depression alternating with mania affects another 12%.) Missing from the list is anxiety; yet, says Faweet, anxious depressives ae a greater risk for suicide, and there's a fivefold difference in response to Suicide Scale Because severity of depression snot @ good indicator of whether a patients suicidal, the ‘mood groups proposing two “suicide assess iment scales” for youths and adults, based on a review of te literature on completed suicides, to help in the process af diagnosing any mental disorders. Proposed risk factors include history of suicide atten, ving alone, “angry impulsv- iy," drag or alcohol abuse, chronic pain, and 2 suicide plan, “CH Deep blue. Tracing a line between depression and anny can be difficult, antidepressants, with nonanxious depressives doing much beter. Frvoets group is therefore recommending that “mixed anxiety depres- sion,” a condition that has been residing inthe Appendix of DSM-IV, be promoted to a free standing diagnosis. But giving anxiety a higher status within depression raises ther categorical questions. The wnxiely disorders” are currently ‘separate category that includes generalized anxicty disorder, phobias, and panic, as well as “obsessive-compulsive disorders and post-traumatic stress dis- ‘order, The symptoms defining the latter wo ae far more varied than those associated with depression and anxiety ‘The mood work group spent lot of time ‘agonizing over the relationship between anxi- ‘ely andl depression ata conference on the sub- {jot atthe Institute of Psychiatry in 2007 “Much new data have revealed a close relation= ship between the two, but some otis confic- ing. Both family studies and whole-genome surveys show that the two disorders share some of the same genes. On the other hand, ‘maging and neurochemistry dala including “drug responses differ: ‘ences. The anxious br samme” asthe depressed one, says APA Presi- ‘dent Alan Schatzberg, a psychiatrist at Stan- ford University in Palo Alto, California, Fin sludies have shown “a common, underlying DsM-v Thc ne vevies ‘genetic vulnerability.” he says, but environ- mental factors seem to determine whether a twin becomes anxious or depressed, Atamother border area of depression’s bleak realm, major depression is sometimes hard to distinguish from bipolar illness, in which depression alternates with mania— characterized by grandiosity, hyperactivity, racing thoughts, and wild schemes. “There's a raft of reports of major depressives with [only] ‘one of to manic symptoms,” says Faweett, Because such individuals are at risk of full- ‘blown bipolar ilness—which is often not diag nosed for years—and also because some an > 1070 AAAS ANNUAL MEETING Pena Caria nee Scientists Grapple With ‘Completely Out of Hand’ Attacks on Climate Science A symposium organized atthe last minute at the annual meeting ofthe American Associa- tion for the Advancement of Seience (the publisher of Sefence) by two of the world’s ‘most prominent scientific organizations addressed recent attacks on an increasingly beleaguered elimate science community. The panel met in the uncertain aftermath of the stolen e-mails affair and critiques of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (APC) (Science, 12 February, p. 768) ‘The symposium was convened by US. National Academy of Seiences President Ralph Cicerone, in conjunction with AAAS, at ‘atime when flaws inthe latest IPCC report ancleven the egit- [ET macy of elimate science, have made headlines. E-mails uncovered late last year revealed instances of scien: tists on the panel discussing withholding data and docu- ments from those with oppos- ing views, conspiring to keep contradictory papers out of influential reports, and encouraging colleagues to delete e-mails, Despite a drumbeat of studies that corrob- orate the conclusion that the planets warming, anc! human activities ae largely responsible, these recent skirmishes * the eonfidence ofthe public i th science [overall] said Cicerone, citinga num ber of recent polis onthe public perception of science. “The situation is completely out of hand,” said climate scientist Gerald North of says scents like bloggers ave really shaken ‘conduct of E-mail etiquette. Gerald North ‘Texas A&M University in College Station, who has served as an IPCC reviewer, “One guy e-mailed me to say I'ma ‘whore for the zBlobal warming erowd.’” His PowerPoint presentation at the meeting included a stide quoting conservative talk show host Glenn Beck, who suggested that scientists commit thara-kari” to atone, “Seienti the same tone and rhetorical style as com- ‘mentators and bloggers,” North said. Although much of the session at the meeting, titled the Transparency and Intgrity of Scientific Research,” focused. ‘on what Harvard University oceanographer ‘and former AAAS head James McCarthy called the “abom- inable” press coverage, scien- tists owned upto their share of the blame. Small errors in the 2007 report were “careless said MeCarthy, but IPCC should have done a full and public examination io describe how they had come about “The names of the authors, who was on the review, what happened it all should have been up there, and it wasn’t done. And I think thatthe institution was hurt asa result” he said, The community allowed “the situation to get out of control,” said Sheila Jasanof of Harvard University: She said in general sien tists had to connect better to the public. “There isa kind of arrogance —we are sei- centists and we know best,” Jasanoff said “That needs to change: ELI KINTISCH should not sound 18TO 22 FEBRUARY 2010 | SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA The Latest on Geoengineering Preliminary findings presented here suggest that some proposed techniques to cool the planet manually may have fewer barriers than previously thought. But many technical and socictal barriers remain. Even before they got tothe sessions, the scientists had to contend with a smattering of activists with drums, cameras, and a mega. ‘phone alleging tha the government is already performing geocngincering through the spraying of particles, in so-called chemtrals Physicist David Keith of the University cof Calgary in Canada addressed the concept of spreading aerosol droplets in the strato sphere, where they could block a small frac- tion ofthe sun's rays. A paper published last year in Environmental Research Leters sug {ested that the leading proposal, spray Is a Dolphin a Person? Are dolphins as smart as people? And it 50, shoulda’t we be treating them a bit ter? Those were the questions scientists and philosophers debated ata session here on Sunday Dolphins ittus out, are prety’ dar smart Panelist Lori Marino, an expert on cetacean neuroanatomy at Emory University in Atlan, ‘sid they may'be Barth’ seca smartest ere ture, afterhumans, of course Botlenose dolphins have gsr brain than humans (1600 grams versus 1300 grams), and thoy have a brain-to-body-woht ratio great than that of great apes (but somal than that of humans), said Maino. “They are the second ‘most encephalized beings on the planet Buti’ not just size that matters. Dolphins also havea very complex neocortex, the part ofthe brain responsible for problem solving, self-awareness, and various ther traits we associate with human intelligence. And researchers have found spindle neurons in dolphin brain called von Econom neurons that in humans and apes have been linked to emotions, social counition, nd even theory of rind: the ability to sense what others are thinking. Overall, said Marino, “dolphin brains stack up quite well to human brains.” ‘What dolphins do with their brains is also impressive. Cognitive psychologist Diana 26 FEBRUARY 2010 VOL327 SCIENCE swwsciencemag.org i 5 3 i : sulfur dioxide gas, woulda’t work. Sulfur dioxide is converted in the atmosphere into droplets of sulfuric acid, which would clump ‘an fall out of the sky before they could have ‘much cooling effect. To get around this problem, Keith and colleagues have pro- posed using airplanes to spray droplets of the acid itself, rather than sulfur dioxide. In ‘unpublished data, the team found thatinject- ing only “s few megatons per year" of sulfue ric acid could be more than twice as effec~ tive at blocking radiation as starting with sulfur dioxide. While scientists are finding ways to over come the engineering challenges, the environ ‘mental effeets of planet-hacking techniques remain uncertain, One challenge in geoengi- nncering a warmed plane! is simultaneously restoring temperatures while minimizing ‘upkion of rain and precipitation, (Stratospheric particles lower the total amount of energy strk- ing Earth, the driver of precipitation.) In previous modeling efforts, adding sun-blocking particles uniformly across the globe has tended to undercool the poles while overcooling the equator. So Kenneth Reiss of Hunter College ofthe City University ‘of New York has ben working with dolphins in aquariums for most of her career and she said their socal intelligence rivals that of the great apes. Dolphins can recognize themselves in a ‘mirror, a sign of self-awareness. They can ‘understand complex gesture “sentences fom Jhurmans. And they ean Tearn to poke an under- ‘water keyboard o request toys, "Much of theit earning is similar to what we see with young children said Reiss So if dolphins are so similar to people, shouldn't we be treating them more like peo= pple? “The very traits that make dolphins inter- sting to study" said Marino, “make confining them in captivity unethical” She noted, for example, that, in the wild, dolphins have a home range of about 100 square kilometers. In captivity they roam one 10-thousanaith of one pervent ofthis area, ar worse, Reiss said she massive dolphin culling ongoing in some parts of the world, ‘which she documented witha graphic video of dolphins being drowned and stabbed in places like the Japanese town of Ta. Thomas White, a philosopher at Loyola ‘Marymount University in Redondo Beach, California, suggested that dolphins aren't ‘merely ike people—they may actually be peo= pie, ort eas, “nonhuman persons.” Defining ‘exactly What i means to bea person isdiicult, ‘White said, but dolphins seem to fit the check Caldeira, a climate scientist at the Camegic Institution for Science in Stanford, Califor- ia, modeled various approaches to ty 10 ccounteracta severe warming theresult ofa doubling of preindustrial CO, concentra- tion. In work yet to be published, he distrib- uted the particles unevenly to try to mini- mize those effects; for example, by putting ‘more a the poles versus the equator. (Global ‘warming is greatest in the Arete.) In mod~ cls that strategy helped fix the undercoo!- ing/overcooling problem, but it worsened the effects on precipitation. “There's a complex problem of how do you balance the damage that you do against the bene~ fi” said Caldeira “That said, simulating ether geoengineer- ing approach to counteract global warming — distributing particles globally or focusing on the poles— suggests a cooler world with less disruption of rain patterns than one in which warming continues unabated. “In a high- global-warming world, more people would be better off with geoengineering, but some poo- ple would be worse off” he said “EU KINTISCH list many philosophers agree on, There are the ‘obvious ones: They realive, anareo their envi- ronment, and have emotions; but they also seem to have personalities, exhibit self-control, and treat others appropriately, even ethically ‘When it comes 10 what defines a person, said White, “dolphins fic the bil” Stil, experts caution that the scientific case for dolphin intelligence is based on rela- tively litte data. “I's pretty story, but it’s very speculative,” says Jacopo Annese, neuroanatomist atthe University of California, San Diego. Despite along history of research, scientists stil don't agree on the roots of intel- Tigence in the human brain, he says,“We don't know, even in humans, the relationship ‘between brain structure and function, let alone intelligence.” And, Annese says, far less is known about dolphins, DAVID GRIM. Wt repoting by Greg Miles wunwsciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL327 26 FEBRUARY 2010 NEWS OF THE WEEK i More Highlights From AAAS 2010 Science reporters posted more than two

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