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Last Update: 30 January 2008

© 2008 ORGADATA AG, Leer, Germany

All rights reserved.
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owned by ORGADATA Software-Dienstleistungen AG, Leer.
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completely excluded in spite of all efforts, any comments would be much appreciated.

Manual Statics Module -2-

CONTENTS

1. HANDLING STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS MODULE............................................................................ 5

1.1 Independent Statics Module.......................................................................................................... 5
1.1.1 Wind Load Calculation........................................................................................................... 6
1.1.1.1 Simplified Method according to DIN 1055-4.................................................................. 6
1.1.1.2 Height depending Gust Velocity Pressure according to DIN 1055-4 ............................. 7
1.1.1.3 Direct Input of Height depending Wind Loads................................................................ 8
1.1.2 Limit Values ........................................................................................................................... 9
1.1.2.1 Deflection Limits ............................................................................................................. 9
1.1.2.2 Stress Limits ................................................................................................................... 9
1.1.3 Beam Statics - Vertical .......................................................................................................... 9
1.1.3.1 Single-Span-Beam ....................................................................................................... 10
1.1.3.2 Double-Span-Beam ...................................................................................................... 11
1.1.3.3 Multi-Span-Beam.......................................................................................................... 12
1.1.3.4 Printouts ....................................................................................................................... 14
1.1.4 Beam Statics - Horizontal .................................................................................................... 15
1.1.5 Glass.................................................................................................................................... 16
1.1.5.1 Single Glass ................................................................................................................. 17
1.1.5.1.1 Monolithic Glass.................................................................................................... 17
1.1.5.1.2 Laminated Glass ................................................................................................... 18
1.1.5.2 Insulated Glass Unit ..................................................................................................... 19
1.1.5.2.1 Monolithic Glass.................................................................................................... 19
1.1.5.2.2 Laminated Glass ................................................................................................... 20
1.2 Statics Module in Input of Elements............................................................................................ 21
1.2.1 Curtain Wall ......................................................................................................................... 22
1.2.1.1 Grid Input...................................................................................................................... 23
1.2.1.2 Supports ....................................................................................................................... 24
1.2.1.3 Profile Selection ........................................................................................................... 25
1.2.1.4 Display Options ............................................................................................................ 26
1.2.1.5 Printouts ....................................................................................................................... 27
1.2.2 Door/Window ....................................................................................................................... 27
1.2.3 Glass.................................................................................................................................... 28
1.2.4 Printouts............................................................................................................................... 31

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2. BASIC CONCEPTS STATICS MODULE ......................................................................................... 32
2.1 Beam Statics for Doors, Windows and Curtain Walls................................................................. 32
2.1.1 Background of Calculation Method...................................................................................... 32
2.1.2 Direct Wind Load Input ........................................................................................................ 34
2.1.3 Results ................................................................................................................................. 34
2.1.3.1 Deflection Line.............................................................................................................. 34
2.1.3.2 Moment Diagram .......................................................................................................... 35
2.1.3.3 Shear Diagram ............................................................................................................. 35
2.1.3.4 Support Reactions........................................................................................................ 35
2.2. Glass Statics .............................................................................................................................. 35

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1. HANDLING STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS MODULE

The statics module of logiKal can be launched as stand-alone version (independent individual
program) or as part of the functions in the Input of Elements. The following text describes the required
inputs, settings and possible result outputs of both variants.

1.1 INDEPENDENT STATICS MODULE

The structural analysis module is used to design beams and glass panes independent from the Input
of Elements. Those are automatically saved within the statics job and they can be re-loaded any time.
Click the button “Structural Analysis” on the main menu to launch it.

Fill out all information about the job first and then click the button „Actions“ in order to define loads and
limit values. Please pay attention to the notice!

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1.1.1 WIND LOAD CALCULATION

The horizontal wind load on vertical constructions are either calculated according to different national
standards or free values are applied. The following paragraphs describe exemplary how to proceed in
compliance with the allowed methods of the current DIN 1055-4:2005-03. For that select under
“Country” the option “Germany (DIN 1055 Part 4 and TRLV)”. Other national standards follow the
same input and setting principles.

1.1.1.1 SIMPLIFIED METHOD ACCORDING TO DIN 1055-4

Set up “Simplified Method” under “Calculation Method”. This method is generally allowed to be applied
for buildings up to a height of 25 m above ground level. Besides enter the dimensions of the cuboid,
i.e. building height h, building width b and building depth d, and input the altitude of the site (sea level).
Finally you have to determine the wind zone and the terrain category (inland or coastal area) which
match your job. In case of doubt you should always apply more disadvantageous values, i.e. “Coastal
Area” instead of “Inland”.

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1.1.1.2 HEIGHT DEPENDING GUST VELOCITY PRESSURE ACCORDING TO DIN 1055-4

The second calculation method of DIN 1055-4:2005-03 is the calculation of the height depending gust
velocity pressure. It is mainly used for buildings which exceed a height of 25 m above ground level.
The wind zone is either determined directly or by selecting a city. In the last case LogiKal defines the
wind zone automatically. Under terrain categories there are four additional categories available apart
from the two mixed profiles “Coastal Area” and “Inland”. This also applies here: In case of doubt
decide for the more disadvantageous terrain category. The input of the building parameters is identical
to the simplified method.

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1.1.1.3 DIRECT INPUT OF HEIGHT DEPENDING WIND LOADS

Alternatively to the calculation in compliance with DIN 1055-4:2005-03 it is possible to enter a height
depending wind load directly. Select “Direct Input” instead of “Country” and click the button „Add“.
Please keep in mind that you must already enter the final distributed load here and not the velocity
pressure which is always multiplied by an aerodynamic coefficient. Wind pressure is positive, wind
suction negative. It is assumed that the load is constantly distributed over the building width and
depth, i.e. different loads due to increased suction values in corner areas are not applied.

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1.1.2 LIMIT VALUES

The maximum permissible values which apply to the design of beams and glasses are defined on the
tab “Limit Values”. For beams it is possible to determine deflection limits only, for glass panes
additional stress limits can be specified, too.

1.1.2.1 DEFLECTION LIMITS

Deflections of beams and glass panes are not regulated by DIN standards, general technical
approvals or application guide lines. Mostly, the so called “Ultimate State of Serviceability“ is defined
by the demands of the glass suppliers. It is up to the user to request these values from the glass
manufacturer and to enter them afterwards. Frequently used values like “8 mm” or “L/300” are already
suggested. Apart from the glass it is also possible to restrict the deflection of the beam spans by
inputting limit values for “Maximum Deflection / Length Span”.

1.1.2.2 STRESS LIMITS

The maximum permissible stress values of different glass types are specified in the lower part of the
form. The values which are specified in the Technical Regulations for the Use of Glazing with Linear
Supports (German abbreviation: TRLV) are displayed automatically. Only the values for glass panes
made of semi-tempered glass (STG) are editable, because they are regulated by general technical
approvals. Common maximum permissible stress values of STG are already suggested.

1.1.3 BEAM STATICS - VERTICAL

After having defined all actions click the button “Beam Statics – Vertical” on the main menu in order to
perform a preliminary structural design for mullions. First of all select the applied length unit under
“Parameters” and after this determine the beam’s position on the building. The latter is required to
calculate the corresponding wind load. The it’s up to you to decide whether you want to design single,
double or multi-span beams.

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1.1.3.1 SINGLE-SPAN-BEAM

In order to calculate single-span-beams select under “System” the option “Single-Span-Beam” and
enter the values Length (L), Field Width Left (wL) and Field Width Right(wR). After this make a decision
if you want to apply database profiles or if you prefer to determine free Ix-values and materials
(aluminium, steel, etc.).

In the right part of the form you can find under „Calculation“ the applied wind load and the required Ix-
value. The field “Structural Analysis” shows the applied deflection limits and the current deflection
including the section’s rate of utilisation.

In order to simplify the design of single-span-beams it is assumed that the length of the glass edge
equals the length of the beam span and that the applied load area considers half of the left and right
field width each. If you want to consider glass fields more accurately select the option “Multi-Span-
Beam”.

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1.1.3.2 DOUBLE-SPAN-BEAM

The entries for the preliminary structural design of double-span-beams follow the same input principles
like single-span-beams. However, it is assumed in order to simplify that the length of the glass edge
equals half of the length of the beam.

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1.1.3.3 MULTI-SPAN-BEAM

The most precise method to design mullions consists in entering those as multi-span-beams. Hereby it
is possible to consider different glass field heights and widths on the left and right side of the mullion.
For this select the option “Multi-Span-Beam” under “System“ first and click the button “Edit”
afterwards.

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In the form “Multi-Span-Beam” you are able to determine beam length, supports and glass fields.
Under “Support” it is possible to define additional intermediate supports either by the button “Auto”
which splits the beam in equal spans or to set intermediate supports manually by the button “+”. The
glass fields left and right follow the same principle.

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1.1.3.4 PRINTOUTS

In order to print the results of the mullion’s preliminary structural design click the button “Print” and
select the designated printout options in the following dialogue:

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1.1.4 BEAM STATICS - HORIZONTAL

For a preliminary structural design of transoms click the button “Beam Statics – Horizontal” on the
main menu of the structural analysis module. The input works the same way as the option “Single-
Span-Beam” in the function “Beam Statics – Vertical”. Here you must determine field height top and
bottom instead of field width left and right. Furthermore the program requires information about glass
thickness and glass support distance.

On the right hand side of the form you can find the results of the Ix and Iy design where lines of the Ix
calculation are displayed black and lines of the Iy calculation are displayed blue. Printouts are created
like in the function “Beam Statics – Vertical”.

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1.1.5 GLASS

If you click the button “Glass Statics” on the main menu of the structural analysis module you will be
forwarded to the input form of the corresponding function. After having determined the glass pane’s
position on the building the program already displays the corresponding wind pressure and wind
suction loads. Then enter the pane dimensions and select glass type, pane thickness and spacer gap
if applicable. Under the paragraph “Calculation“ on the right hand side of this form you are able to
check if your glass configuration keeps your self-defined limit values. Examples of different glass
configurations are displayed below.

Important Notice:

Some users of the glass statics module are surprised that LogiKal reports an excess deflection of
glass panes which should be structurally sufficient from their point of view. Please consider the
following remarks on this:

There is no deflection limit for vertical glazing specified in the Technical Regulations for the Use of
Glazing with Linear Supports (TRLV). Only stress limits are available. However, it is required to
consider climatic actions on insulated glass units which may represent a multiple of the wind actions.

Deflection is the decisive design parameter in most practical cases. Therefore LogiKal suggests
common deflection limit values (8mm or L/300) but in particular cases it is absolutely essential to
enquire specific values from your glass manufacturer.

Example: A glass pane 1000x1000mm has a maximum permissible deflection of 1000/300 = 3,3mm. A
current deflection of e.g. 3,63mm already exceeds the limit value by 10 percent even though the value
of 8mm is only utilised by 45 percent. Therefore please check if both limit values must be kept or if e.g.
8mm are sufficient. In this case it is possible to reset the maximum permissible glass deflection to L/0.

Besides the applied proof is a so called proof of serviceability. I.e keeping the limit values provides
that the calculated glass pane is fully functional in matters of impermeability and resistance. This
means in practice that the maximum load bearing capacity is usually not reached by far even though
the serviceability is no longer proven.

If the structural analysis module reports a glass excess deflection you cannot always conclude that the
glass mustn’t be applied that way. However, you should definitely consult your glass manufacturer in
such a case.

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1.1.5.1 SINGLE GLASS

1.1.5.1.1 MONOLITHIC GLASS

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1.1.5.1.2 LAMINATED GLASS

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1.1.5.2 INSULATED GLASS UNIT

1.1.5.2.1 MONOLITHIC GLASS

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1.1.5.2.2 LAMINATED GLASS

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1.2 STATICS MODULE IN INPUT OF ELEMENTS

In order to perform a structural analysis of profiles and glass panes you must first define the actions
and limit values of your current job in the position selection form. For this, click the button “Structural
Analysis” at the bottom of your screen. Then the „Structural Analysis Parameters“ form will open. This
form works exactly the same way as the one in the independent statics module. If you want to
deactivate the structural analysis in your job again tick the checkbox “No Structural Analysis“ and hit
“OK”.

Manual Statics Module - 21 -

1.2.1 CURTAIN WALL

As soon as you have determined the job’s structural analysis parameters the option “Perform
Structural Analysis for this Position” is automatically ticked when you enter a new position. Specify the
element’s position on the building which is required to calculate the wind loads. The button “Settings”
can be used to alter actions and limit values of the whole job if necessary.

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1.2.1.1 GRID INPUT

The program checks in the grid input form if the curtain wall position is located within the building
dimensions. If not a warning appears and you can either alter the curtain wall dimensions or you can
modify the element’s position on the building by clicking the button “Structural Analysis”.

Manual Statics Module - 23 -

1.2.1.2 SUPPORTS

After having determined mullion and transom profiles you may set additional intermediate supports.
For this click the button “Pin/Roller Support”. Bear in mind that the program places supports at the top
and the bottom automatically.

In this dialogue you are able to select whether you want to set supports on all mullions or only on
individual ones. If supports are already set it is possible to delete those, too. Depending on which
option you decide for one of the following forms appears.

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1.2.1.3 PROFILE SELECTION

As soon as all supports have been set you are able to check in the profile selection function if the
mullions fulfil the structural requirements under the current support conditions. Only if Ix-values are
assigned to profiles in the database (Economic-Data) LogiKal states by a green tick or a red “X”
whether the section is sufficient or not. The minimum required Ix-value is displayed in the bottom right
corner of the screen.

Transom profiles are always calculated as single-span-beams only. The deflection caused by dead
load and glass weight (Iy-value) is not checked! For this use the function “Beam Statics – Horizontal”
in the independent statics module on the main menu.

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1.2.1.4 DISPLAY OPTIONS

The button “Settings” can be found in the bottom left corner of the screen. When the structural
analysis function is activated you can display deflection lines, moment and shear diagrams by ticking
the corresponding checkboxes.

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1.2.1.5 PRINTOUTS

If you need a single mullion’s preliminary structural design results printed out during input of elements
right-click the corresponding mullion and select the option “Statics Data/Print”.

1.2.2 DOOR/WINDOW

Door and window positions work in principle the same way as curtain wall positions. The only
difference is that it is impossible to set additional intermediate supports there.

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1.2.3 GLASS

In the glass input form LogiKal displays directly which glass panes keep or don’t keep the limit values.
However it is essential that glass types are assigned to the selected glass.

The following two pictures show where to determine the glass types for an insulated glass unit (User
Database/Glass Units) and project glass.

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It is usually easier to enter a glass in the independent statics module and to configure a structurally
sufficient glass (glass type, thickness, spacer gap) there. Then you can either input this glass as glass
unit or single glass in the “User Database” or enter it as project glass during input of elements.

Manual Statics Module - 29 -

Important Notice:

Some users of the glass statics module are surprised that LogiKal reports an excess deflection of
glass panes which should be structurally sufficient from their point of view. Please consider the
following remarks on this:

There is no deflection limit for vertical glazing specified in the Technical Regulations for the Use of
Glazing with Linear Supports (TRLV). Only stress limits are available. However, it is required to
consider climatic actions on insulated glass units which may represent a multiple of the wind actions.

Deflection is the decisive design parameter in most practical cases. Therefore LogiKal suggests
common deflection limit values (8mm or L/300) but in particular cases it is absolutely essential to
enquire specific values from your glass manufacturer.

Example: A glass pane 1000x1000mm has a maximum permissible deflection of 1000/300 = 3,3mm. A
current deflection of e.g. 3,63mm already exceeds the limit value by 10 percent even though the value
of 8mm is only utilised by 45 percent. Therefore please check if both limit values must be kept or if e.g.
8mm are sufficient. In this case it is possible to reset the maximum permissible glass deflection to L/0.

Besides the applied proof is a so called proof of serviceability. I.e keeping the limit values provides
that the calculated glass pane is fully functional in matters of impermeability and resistance. This
means in practice that the maximum load bearing capacity is usually not reached by far even though
the serviceability is no longer proven.

If the structural analysis module reports a glass excess deflection you cannot always conclude that the
glass mustn’t be applied that way. However, you should definitely consult your glass manufacturer in
such a case.

Manual Statics Module - 30 -

1.2.4 PRINTOUTS

If you want to printout the results of the preliminary structural design click the button “Preliminary
Structural Design” on the main menu. In the following form it is possible to select which parts of the
calculation shall be displayed.

Manual Statics Module - 31 -

2. BASIC CONCEPTS STATICS MODULE
The introduction of more and more complex standards makes it nearly impossible for fabricators to
determine profiles and glass panes during the estimation which shall later fulfil the conditions of a
structural analysis.
It is possible that a low-priced profile or glass is structurally insufficient whereas a structural safe
section is no longer profitable. Where shall fabricators get this important information from?
On the one hand you should better ask a structural engineer prior to submittal of quotation to make a
reliable statement about the designated sections, on the other hand you usually prefer saving these
costs as long as the order isn’t placed with you.
The LogiKal statics module helps you to close this gap by performing the preliminary structural design
of beams in glass panes in doors, windows and curtain walls. Herein beams can consider different
materials (aluminium, steel, wood) and glass panes are able to consider different glass types (Float
Glass, Toughened Safety Glass, Semi-Tempered Glass, Laminated Safety Glass, etc.).

2.1 BEAM STATICS FOR DOORS, WINDOWS AND CURTAIN WALLS

Like other program modules the statics module applies common situations in practice. For the
structural evaluation of special constructions it is still essential to consult an expert.
In the following it is described which preconditions form the basis of the structural analysis in LogiKal.
These remarks are partly rather trivial but they may also mark an important basis for decision whether
the procedure of LogiKal is allowed to be applied reasonably in a particular case or not.

2.1.1 BACKGROUND OF CALCULATION METHOD

The program is capable of calculating single and multi-span-beams according to first order theory.
Thereby the degree of statical indeterminacy plays no role.

Solely vertical elements under mainly horizontal loads (wind) are considered. Thus it is impossible to
calculate roof elements by this module.

Mullions and transoms are calculated as single-span-beams in door and window elements whereas in
curtain wall mullions the number of spans and their span-width are unrestricted.

Pin Support Roller Support Fixed Support

The program recognises “Pin Supports” (normal force N≠0, shear force Q≠0, bending moment M=0)
and “Roller Supports” (normal force N=0, shear force Q≠0, bending moment M=0). Fixed supports

Manual Statics Module - 32 -

(normal force N≠0, shear force Q≠0, bending moment M≠0) are not applied. Picture 1 shows a more
detailed support definition. The bottom support is always automatically a pin support, the top support
is a roller support. All additional intermediate supports are freely definable.

It is postulated that profile or mullion splices produce a rigid connection, i.e. a pin connection or a
rotation spring stiffness is neglected. Therefore you must check carefully whether the applied splice
type fulfils these requirements or not. If not it is still safe to move the splice to the position where the
moment diagram shows zero.

The decisive distributed load according to the requirements of the design load standard results from
on the load cases wind pressure and wind suction. In order to convert load per unit area into load per
unit length the program applies load distribution areas.
Picture 2 shows a curtain wall with a distributed load acting evenly over height and width. In this
particular case the load per unit length A on beam 1 results from multiplying the distributed load by
half of the distance to the next beam: Within span 1.1 the factor amounts to B1/2, within span 1.2 to
B1/2 and within span 1.3 to (B1+B2)/2.
For beam 2 and load per unit length B it is necessary to consider the load distribution areas left and
right of the beam: Span 2.1 and 2.2 own the same factor which is (B1+B2)/2.
Beam 3 represents a special case. The support between span 3.2 and 3.3 isn’t set at the same height
as the transom connection is. In order to avoid different constant distributed loads within span 3.2 the
program assumes that the largest load distribution area is applied for the whole span. Thus it results in
the following factors: span 3.1 (B2+B3)/2, span 3.2 and span 3.3 (B1+B2+B3+B4)/2 each.
When calculating a beam’s load it is assumed that all loads per unit length are evenly distributed over
the span, i.e. a load saltus is only possible at a support’s position and not between two supports. Thus
it appears that the applied load is larger than theoretically required. In our example this is represented
by area D on beam 3 which is included in area C even though the area is already considered in area B
on beam 2. However, this simplification is safe from a structural engineer’s point of view.

LogiKal analyses the ultimate state of serviceability, i.e. the system’s deflections. This one is usually
decisive for the design in practice because deflection limits are usually exceeded prior to stress limits.
The load bearing capacity is not considered, i.e. neither an ultimate strength analysis nor a stability
analysis like buckling or lateral torsional buckling are performed. Thus it is sufficient to multiply the
applied loads by a partial safety factor of 1.0.

Manual Statics Module - 33 -

2.1.2 DIRECT WIND LOAD INPUT

It is also possible to enter wind load profiles directly independent from national wind load standards. In
order to do so the program enquires the wind pressure or wind suction values and the corresponding
heights above ground.

2.1.3 RESULTS

2.1.3.1 DEFLECTION LINE

This is the beam’s deformation diagram due to the applied load. It is decisive for the design. Deflection
limits are to be entered by the user. Those values usually depend on the designated glazing and thus
they have to be requested at the glass manufacturer. Common limit values are 8mm or L/300.

Since the deflection is reciprocally proportional to the second moment of area (moment of inertia)
LogiKal is able to calculate the required Ix value and to decide whether the profile’s current Ix value is
structurally sufficient or not.

The statics module splits the beam into individual spans measuring Lm which are located between two
supports each. A constant distributed wind load wm acts on every span. A beam span might be split
into individual glass spans Lm,n by transoms i.

First the program checks whether the maximum existing deflection max vm due to the action wm on
span m (between two supports) does not exceed the limit values. Second LogiKal surveys if the
maximum existing deflection of the glass spans m,n (between two transoms i and i+1) keeps the limit
values. For this the nodes i are linked to a chord diagram (red lines). The chord diagram serves as

Manual Statics Module - 34 -

reference for the relative deflections of glass spans. Afterwards the maximum existing relative
deflection within the glass span max vm,n is calculated by subtracting the deflection of the chord
diagram (red) from the actual deflection of the deflection line (green).

Later it is displayed in the printouts which of the two parameters – beam span or glass span deflection
– is decisive for the design.

2.1.3.2 MOMENT DIAGRAM

Displays the run of the bending moment curve within a beam. Without having an influence on the
calculated results non-rigid profile splices might be placed where the moment curve crosses the x-
axis. It is also possible to calculate the existing stress within a beam by the moment diagram.
However, stress is not applied to design the profile. For this the deflection curve is decisive
exclusively.

2.1.3.3 SHEAR DIAGRAM

Displays the run of the shear force curve within a beam. The x-intercepts of the shear diagram
represent the places where the moment diagram shows a minimum or maximum.

2.1.3.4 SUPPORT REACTIONS

Adding the shear forces acting right and left to the support results in the support force. It might be
used to design e.g. anchors. But you should keep in mind that the calculated support reactions might
have to be multiplied by a partial safety factor γF in design for strength.

2.2. GLASS STATICS

Glasses are calculated as rectangular linear supported plates in compliance with the Kirchhoff plate
theory. This states that the stresses within the midsurface equal to zero and that transverse shear
deformation is neglected.

As soon as glass deflections become larger than the glass pane thickness the so called membrane
effect is activated significantly. From a structural point of view it is safe that the calculation method
neglects this positive effect of geometrical nonlinearity.

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