ICS 27.

040 Edition August 1996

Technical Rules Calculation for cyclic loading TRD 301
for due to pulsating internal pressure Annex 1
Steam Boilers or combined changes of internal pressure Design
(TRD) and temperature

The Technical Rules for Steam Boilers (TRD) reflect the present state of safety requirements for the materials, manufac-
ture, design, equipment, erection, inspection, and testing as well as the operation of steam boilers. They are prepared and
updated according to the most recent technical developments by
Deutscher Dampfkesselausschuß (DDA)
Reference is also made to § 6, Paragraph 2 of the Steam Boiler Decree (DampfkV) (Clause on the equivalence of technical
rules and standards within the EC)

The TRD sheets are published on behalf of "Deutscher Dampfkesselausschuß" by

c
CO f¿
Vereinigung der Technischen Überwachungsvereine e.V., P.O.Box 10 38 34, 45038 Essen
¿"I
E S
Translated by:
Fachverband Dampfkessel-, Behälter- und Rohrleitungsbau e.V., Düsseldorf
If there is any doubt regarding the interpretation of this sheet, the German wording shall apply.

Ú E
Preliminary note
The calculation for cyclic loading shall be governed by local peak stresses. For static loading, these are only indirectly ac-
E = counted for by the mean stress and the related efficiency coefficients which take into consideration a limited and partially
B i
plastic deformation.
15 Q.

•if
»i Contents

1 Scope 5 Allowable streses and load cycles

2 Design values and units 6 Superposition of various load cycles

u o
3 Individual stresses 7 Literature
2 cr
Q. C
4 Total stress condition
m O

Ira S 1 Scope The design rules following hereafter will be supplemented

.y o
inasmuch as new knowledge is gained.
Z3
Q. Q.
.1^ 1.1 This Annex 1 to TRD 301 shall apply to the contirma-
tory calculation of components which were designed in ac-
cordance with TRD 301, with respect to cyclic loadings 1.2 The calculation shall be based on the actual dimen-
Ö § sions of the respective plant component which shall be de-
r -c which are due to internal pressure, on the one hand, and
^§ due to radial temperature differentials during start-up termined by confirmatory measurements. If the actual wall
o E
(heating-up) and shutdown (cooling down), on the other thickness is unknown, the probable wall thickness shall be
t O hand, in the areas subjected to maximum loadingi). calculated as follows:
£ o
CD 0)
It is assumed that on components subjected to pressure
If the wall thickness Se is a mean wall thickness, then the
and temperature the maximum local peak stresses occur on
design wall thickness shall be taken as Sb = Se. If Se is a
the inside of the edges of openings or on branches in cylin-
minimum wall thickness, then Sb = 1.15 • Se shall be used
drical shells. Additional forces and moments of a significant
for seamless cylindrical shells, and Sb = Se + 1 for welded
magnitude shall be calculated separately (design rules in
shells made of plate^).
preparation).
2) Ttie factor of 1.15 is about half ttie plus tolerance of 25 % for tu-
^) Explanations in course of preparation bes with minimum wall thickness.

To replace the April 1975 edition of TRD 301, Annex 1 and to replace Draft TRD sheet 301, Annex 1,
edition Ivlay 1995;
I = changed with respect to revtous edition
This TRD sheet shall only be applied in conjunction with TRD 300 and TRD 301

:üpyright © 1997 by Vulkan-Verlag, P.O.Box 10 39 62, 45039 Essen

Page 2 TRD 301, Annex 1

At the same time, the following shall apply, depending on d ctmo = 3-2 for flanged-out main bodies with welded
or da. whichever is the nominal diameter: branch; root drilled out or ground over,
without residua! gap, Fig. 5
da = d, + 2Sb
Where the requirements for the welded joint are not
di = da-2 Sb met. e.g. in the case of a non-machined root of the weld
dm = 0.5 (i^ + d\) or a residual gap of < 1.5 mm, amo shall be increased
by the factor for the influence of the root gap
1.3 For calculation purposes, the following shall be defined
as governing temperature &* during a start-up and shut- 1
down period (load cycle) under consideration; U- (4)
1 - 0.5 I -^
1Î* = d +0,75(0-0) d;
(1)
= 0,75 iW 0,25 0 Root gaps up to approximately 1.5 mm are taken into
All temperature-dependent values shall be referred to this consideration by this (actor íA. However, the require-
governing cycle temperature i3* (or the respective load cy- ments according to (1) shall always be met for diame-
cles). ter ratios of dAi/d > 0.5 and simultaneously

1.4 Because of the approximately linear dependence of d > 300 mm or

stresses on the governing internal pressure p', the calcula-
tion of the allowable temperature differentials may be lim-
ited solely to the two points of minimum and maximum
pressure of the load cycle under consideration. Intermediate
values shall be obtained by linear interpolation.
2 Design values and units
Cf. TRD 301, Section 2.
for welded-on stubs or nozzles respectively with dAi >
120 mm, provided the pertinent basic shell consists of
a material having a guaranteed minimum yield strength
of Os > 355 N/mm2 at 20 "C.
OmO = 3.5 for expanded joints
amo = 5.0 for expanded and welded joints with re-
sidual gap on the root side > 1.5 mm

3 Individual Stresses
3.1 Ideal-elastic mechanical hole-edge stresses
3.1.1 The maximum hole-edge stress for cylindrical shells
with vertical branches shall be determined by using the fol-
lowing relation:
d
o¡p -a P* (2)
2 s.

For the stress concentration factor am the following shall

apply:

«m ^ «mO + f..-a. (3)

Fig. 1: Reinforcement by means of set-through and full-
If om or the stress concentration factor a^o cannot be de- penetration welded branch
termined either by measuring or by calculation, the following
shall be used:

(1) omo = 2.6 for set-through and full penetration welded

branches as per Fig. 2, as well as for die-
forged branches with conical transition
and fillets as per Figs. 2 and 3; in each
case without residual gap
Omo = 2.9 for welded-on branches; seating surface
adapted or milled plane; root drilled out or
ground over, without residual
gap, Fig. 4
Deviating herefrom, the stress concentra-
'" tion factor ctmo = 2.4 may be used for
dAi £ 50 mm;

dAi/oS < 0.2 and 1.6 < ^ < 2.0

3) For material properties cf. VDE Guidelines 3128. Fig. 2: Die-forged branch
 Page 3 TRD 301. Annex 1

3.1.2 For the time being, cylindrical shells with oblique

and/or non-radially arranged branches shall be calculated
as per para 3.1.1 above.
3.1.3 In this connection, arrays of holes in cylindrical
shells shall be treated like single openings as per para 3.1.1
above.
3.1.4 For the time being, cylindrical shells with Y-shaped
branches under an opening angle of VA shall be calculated
as follows:

(6)
2 s.

Here the following shall be used:

Fig. 3: Branch forged from solid material and subsequently
bored and turned (90-VA)'
a„ = 2.5 + (7)
10^

but not less than 3.2.

A weld root in the gusseted area shall be machined. If this
is impossible, am shall be multiplied by ii = 1.2.

3.2 Ideal-elastic thermal stresses at hole edge

These stresses solely depend on the radial temperature
pattern within the vessel wall. For the inner wall, and as-
suming a rotation-symmetrical temperature characteristic
(also under thermal shock),

Design a Design b Ö:,, - a. (^m-^i) (8)

1- V
Fig. 4: Reinforcement by means of welded-on branch
shall be used. Herein, a stress concentration factor of ati =
2 shall be used unless another value can be proved to be
correct by calculation.
Assuming a quasi-static nary temperature pattern for an in-
sulated outer wail, the temperature differential will become
Au = i'>rn - ^\ = const. - A-öoo and, as a function of the rate of
temperature change 1/0 can be stated as follows:

Ai3_ - — • 0» (9)

In this case <Pt is a shape factor in accordance with Fig. 7.

Fig. 5: Reinforcement by means of branch welded to
flanged-oul main body
{2} If the stress concentration factor ob has neither been
determined by measuring nor by calculation, ob = 2.0
shall be used for all branches.
(3) The out-of-roundness factor AJ for elliptical deviations
from circularity as per Fig. 6 shall be
For the purpose of measurement dm can be measured in
the centre of the wall, with adequate accuracy.
4 Total stress condition
If no considerable exterior forces and moments exist except
for internal pressure, then the total hole edge stress can be
determined as follows:
(10)

5 Allowable stresses and load cycle numbers

U_ 5.1 stress limits with known load cycle numbers
fu = l-S • (5)
3 ' 100
1-v' 5.1.1 If only the number n of the start-ups from cold condi-
1+
tion is stated which are provided or may be expected, then
 Page 4 TRD 301, Annex 1

the incipient crack formation load cycle number ñ > 5 n
shall be used as basis, so as to ensure adequate reseives
for start-ups from hot condition {Cf. TRD 301, Clause 6.2.1).
However, if combined load cycles have to be assumed,
consisting of ni start-ups from cold and nz, ns . . start-ups
from hot condition (with possible differences between the
initial and the finai conditions), then the incipient crack for-
mation load cycle numbers/ii, 02- ns.etc, shall be so se-
lected that the requirement of equation (25) is complied
with.
In accordance with Clause 5,1.2 the reduced alternating
stress ranges shall be determined for the load cycle num-
bers Hi, 02, etc.
y > 0 is the absolute relation between the allowable thermal
stress at the beginning of shutdown and the allowable
thermal stresses at the beginning of start-up.
If during start-up not only the temperature, but also the
pressure is reduced, and the component is not regularly
cooled by an additionally feeded colder fluid, and unless
otherwise agreed between boiler manufacturer, purchaser
and inspection body, y - 0 may be used in the calculation.
Then, in this case ój = á,p and Oi ^ G¡p - AG,.
Otherwise the maximum is
o¡ = a,p + A 0| (15)

5.1.2 For unnotched bars, and in accordance with Fig. 8,

5.1.4 For parts in contact with water which are manufac-
the allowable alternating stress ranges of 2oa shall be de-
termined as a function of the incipient crack formation load tured from non-austenitic steels, special care shall be taken
to preserve the mangetite protection layer. Therefore, the
cycle number n. For components, these ranges shall be re-
stress limits for these parts are additionally restricted as
duced because of surface influences. This shall be done by
follows:
using the correction factor fs as per Table 1 and results in
> Oip^ - 600 N/mm2 (16)
Aa* = ^ [11:
f.
â| < öjp^ + 200 N/mm2 [17)
This alternating stress range Ao* shall be corrected as indi-
cated in Fig. 7. Table 1: Correction factor fe to take into account the influ-
(1 ) In the elastic case of Aa' < 2 ho.2/f a correc- ence of the surface as a function of the yield
tion is required in order to take account of the influence strength
of the maximum possible mean stress. The result upon Os in N/mm2
using the Gerber parabola is the allowable reduced al-
h
ternating stress range of the ideal-elastic stresses in <355 1.0
the form of > 355 to 600 1.2
>600 1.4
''0.2/tí' ''E
AO; = 2 Or
Ao*
(12)
5.1.5 Equations (14) to (17) provide the allowable maxi-
2 '^02/-d' _^
mum and minimum stresses for the individual load cycles.
Ao* Aa*
Therefrom, and using equations (8) and (10), the allowable
temperature differentials upon start-up and shutdown can
be calculated as follows:
(2) In the 0 v e r e I a s t i c case of Ao* > 2 ao2/it* it
must be considered that, in fact, the calculation must be Start-up:
made with a higher strain than that in the idealised 1- V Öi - Oi,
Ai3 = i5^-0¡ [18)
elastic case. Then the following applies:
ßu ^.

AOi - 1/2 • f^o.s/ö* • ^° ' (13) Shutdown:

1- V O; - O;,
AÛ = ^^ - oi (19)
5.1.3 After the allowable reduced alternating stress ranges
Aoi have been determined for the individual load cycles, the
allowable maximum stresses a, and the allowable minimum
stresses oi shall be determined, by means of which a, shall 5.2 Allowable number of load cycles for given stresses
be limited during start-up and shutdown and finally the al-
lowable temperature differentials are to be calculated. 5.2.1 If for a load cycle the stress limits a, and a, are
known, then the incipient crack formation load cycle number
As the stress limits for the individual cycles can be influ- n for this cycle can be determined as follows:
enced by the selection of the start-up and shutdown rate,
they may be freely selected within a certain range. In this Based on the existing alternating stress range
case, it is recommended to determine o¡ as follows, using a
factor Y- AO: = Ó: - Ó, (20)

there is
a,= — .a. (14)
(1 ) for the over-elastic case of Aoi < 2 • GO 2/,r
 Page 5 TRD 301, Annex 1

•SH¿4?>
M Bmmmmm W'.f WmMM^i^&^MM"Ae\¡
!^iLü"[!iLi!DiHííljiJllj!:!lJil!Íihi^?^

0.5x10"^

Flg. 6: Out-of-roundness factor fu

Page 6 TRD 301, Annex 1

-0.48

-0.45 ^^^

é, -0.40 ^ggíPS^;

-0.35,

-0.32

Diameter ratio íJ^=-T-

Ftg. 7: Shape factors for cylindrical shells

AG; The results as per equations (23) and (24) are conservative,
2aa - ACf: • h —3- (21 ; because the maximum thermal stress and the maximum
0,2/û* mechanical stress are added without considering an addi-
tional phase shift. For more accurate calculations, the ac-
(2) for the elastic case of AGí < 2 oo.2/ô' tual time phasing must be taken into account.

5.2.3 For parts in contact with water, o¡ and o¡ shall not

(2Öp)' exceed the limits stipulated in clause 5.1.4 which, under
2 0a - Aa¡ f^ • (22) certain conditions, can be achieved by limiting the ideal-
(2 0B)^-(2GO2/,,.-AOj)^
elastic thermal stresses.

Using the value of 2aa, the incipient crack formation load

cycle number n is derived from Fig. 8.
Therefrom, the allowable number of load cycles results, for
start-ups from cold only, as n = —.
For combined load cycles the allowable load cycle numbers
ni, n2, n3, ... shall be so selected that equation (25) is satis-
fied.
6 Superposition of different load cycles
A given combination of load cycles with irregularly fluctuat-
ing stresses, regarding magnitude and frequency, is subdi-
vided into load cycles with an identical or almost identical
alternating stress range (such as, for example, start-ups
from cold, or from hot condition), and evaluation is made on
the basis of the linear damage rule.
According to this rule, the usage factor D of all load cycles
shall be limited to

1
5.2.2 For preliminary calculations, the stress limits of ôj D = ^ +^ + (25)
ñr> ño
and Oi, based on the temperature change rates of v,ti and
v-dz, assuming quasi-stationary conditions, can be assumed
as follows: with a safety factor against usage So > 2.

ßLö •E^ <S>,

G; = a m P — + a. 'flt (23) 7 Literature
2 s. 1- V
Makinejad, N.: Dynamische Lochrandspannungen und zu-
O, lässige Temperaturdifferenzen in rotationssymmetrisch be-
à. =a. -t-a.
ßLü ^. (24) lasteten zylindrischen Bauteilen größerer Dampferzeuger.
'ö2
2s. 1- V
VGB Kraftwerkstechnik Vol. 54 (1974) No. 3, pp. 186-194.
 Page 7 TRD 301, Annex 1

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Page 8 TRD 301, Annex 1

Form for calculating the allowable number of load cycles at specified temperature differentials
or temperature change rates, respectively

a) Design and calculation data

1 Type and (nominal)

dimensions of vessel
2 Material seamless
longitudinally welded
3 Design wall tfiickness Sb = (measured or average wall thickness)
(without thermal stress: Sb = Sv) Sb = X 1.15 (seamless and minimum wall St mm
thickness)
Sb = + 1 (longitudinally welded and minimum
wall thickness)
4 Inside diameter (for outside diameter d\^ da-2 • Sb) a mm
5 Maximum diameter of opening dA\ mm
6 Out-of-roundness U %
7 Opening angle for Y-shaped branches VA "
8 Working pressure (gauge) P4 N/mm2
9 Minimum cycle pressure (for start-up from cold p = 0) P N/mm2
10 Maximum cycle pressure P N/mm2
11 Minimum cycle temperature Û "C
12 Maximum cycie temperature Û °C
13 Governing cycle temperature •Ô* = 0.75 T3 + 0.25 Ü Ô' °C
14 Start-up rate at the beginning of (at p) (positive) Vû, K/min
start up, calculated for quasi-
stationary condition
15 Temperature difference at the (at p) (negative) AÖ1 K
beginning of start-up
16 Shutdown rate at the beginning of (at p) (for 7=0 becomes va^ = 0, otherwise Vf,2 K/min
shutdown, calculated for quasi- negative)
stationary condition
17 Temperature difference at the (at p) (for 7=0 becomes Ai32 = 0, othenwise Ai32 K
beginning of the shutdown positive)
18 Modulus of elasticity (atr) Eö N/mm2
19 Minimum proof stress at elevated (at r) ao.2/d N/mm2
temperature
20 Differential thermal (at r) ßu^ 1/K
expansion coefficient
21 Thermal diffusivity (at Û*) aö mm2/min
22 Minimum tensile strength (at room temperature) ÓB N/mm2
23 Factor fa h=^.0 (if 5s < 355 N/mm2)
Í3 = 1.2 (355 < as < 600 N/mm2) ••• ^
-
Í3=1.4(ifas >600N/mm2)
24 Theoretical stress concentration amo = 2.6 (forged/set/through)
factor for membrane stresses Omo = 2.9 (welded on without gap) &itß -
ttmo = 3.2 (flanged)
f4= ^.0 (unmachined root)

25 Factor it '4 k —
1-0.5

/4 = 1.2 Y-br£inch ( unmachined)

 Page 9 TRO 301, Annex 1

b) Calculating procedure

26 dm = 0.5 (da + d) dm mm

uo= 1 + 2-f uo -
27

28
w °-^^ w
mm^ K
N
ßL. • ^,.

^ 1 (u^ - 1) (3 u¡ - 1) - 4 u^ In u^ Obtain from diagram

29 or compute! Of -
' " 8 (u¡ - 1} (u^ - 1)2

V - ^••' V 1/min
30

f In \ 1 "^1 \ D -*
U -
31 'u (P4 ) 1-^
AJ(P4)
(d f 100
1 + 0.455 ÍP4 m
i^b j

32 «m(P4) = «mo''4 +2-.'u(P.) Of «m = •^A am(p4) -

10^ J
am > 3.2

33 Ojp4 N/mm2

34 ^b J L/
m) -
3 100
1 + 0.455 'P1

35 «m(P) = «mû'^4+2 i,(p) or «m = •u «mÍP) -

am > 3.2

36 óip=cx,(p)-P'|f (Tip N/mm2

/
dm]
37 «b J u íiÍP) -
3 100
1 + 0.455 ÍPI ¡dm'
Ub>

38 a^(p)^a^o-^4+2-/,(p) or 2.5 + r •u am(p) -

am > 3.2

39 ó,=ajp).p.^ üip N/mm2

40 (quasi-stationary case!) Wúl N/mm^

41 {quasi-stationary case!) CT¡i52 N/mm2

'i>2 w V W
42 a\ = Ojp + Oifl, *) Oi N/mm2

43 Oj = Oip + OiiÍ2 ') (at the beginning of shutdown and N/mm2

Y = 0 become o,-,^^ = 0)
Page 10 TRD 301, Annex 1

44 AOi = CTi - (Tj Aö( N/mm2

"^a -ACT,
.03 ACT /Í3 ^""^
2.5^^^^ ifAai>2CT0.2/fl
45 2 0a N/mm2
o„ A„ f (205)" if AOi > 2 00^0
(25Br-(25o.2/ö-Ao^f

46 Incipient crack formation load cycles n for 2 Oa at 1"^' ñ -

only start-up from cold: n < —

47 Allowable number of cycles Combined cycle loading: select m n -

48 Si = Gip4 -600 Si N/mm2

49 S2 = öip, + 200 S2 N/mm2
50 For parts wetted by water, the additional requirements are:
Si < Ci S2>Ôi

See also notes to clause 5.2.2 of Annex 1.

.•iJH?, .' •••••îift^-.v •^!,'.--îjr.:-: „.^-í^V.'-flI^flí'í^:- ,-.í;Ír. •J^v^Tí'^'^í

J
 Page 11 TRD 301, Annex 1

Form for calculating the allowable temperature differentials and temperature change rates at
specified number of load cycles

a) Design and calculation data

1 Type and (nominal)

dimensions of vessel
2 Material seamless
longitudinally welded
Sb = (measured or minimum wall thickness
3 Design wall thickness Sb = X 1,15 (seamless or minimum wall thickness Sb mm
Sb = + 1 (seamless or minimum wall thickness
4 Inside diameter (for outside diameter d\ == da - 2 • Sb) oi mm
5 Maximum diameter of opening C^Ai mm
6 Angle of opening for Y shaped branches VA °
7 Working pressure (gauge) P4 N/mm2
8 Minimum cycle pressure (for start-up from cold p = 0) P N/mm2
9 Maximum cycle pressure P N/mm2
10 Minimum cycle temperature •& °C
11 Maximum cycle temperature % °C
12 Specified number of load cycles (for start-up from cold n > 2000) n -
only start-up from cold 5 • n
13 Incipient crack formation number combined loading: sele ct n¡ h -
of load cycles
< 0.5
A)
14 Governing cycle temperature iV = 0,75 i3 + 0.25 i^ xV X
15 Modulus of elasticity (at xV) E,. N/mm2
16 (Minimum) proof stress at elevated Ô0.2/Î) N/mm2
temperature (at xr)
17 Differential thermal ßu 1/K
expansion coefficient (at i3")
18 Thermal diffusivity (at Ú-) ai) mm2/min
19 (Minimum tensile strength (at room temperature) OB N/mm2
20 Ratio Y (cf. clause 5.1.3) Y -
fe = 1.0 (if Os < 355 N/mm2)
21 Factor /b fe = 1.2 (355 < Os < 600 N/mm2> h -
fa = 1.4 (if Gs > 600 N/mm2)
22 Allowable alternating stress range (2 oa for ñ at xV) 2aa N/mm2
23 Out-of-roundness U %
24 Theoretical stress concentration amo = 2.6 forged/set-through
factor for membrane stresses amo = 2.9 welded-on without gap ClmO -
amo = 3.2 flanged
f4 = 1.0 (ma :;hined root)
f4= (unmachined)
25 Factor U U -
1-0.5

f4 = 1.2 Y-br anch (unmachined)

Page 12TRD301, Annex 1

b) Calculation procedure

26 drr, = 0.5 (da + a,) dm mm

27 üo=1 +2 -^ =
d. uo
0.35
28 W= mm^K
ßLfl-^ö W

^1 (üg - 1) (3 ug - 1) 4 üg In ÜQ
29 Obtain from diagram or compute! a>t
8 {Uo^ - 1) . (üo - 1}'

30 V = ^^
1/min
*f s^
. 2 0,
31
Í. AGZUI N/mm2

Aa¡ = ^2 • CTo.2/0 • ^^ ' (for the over-elastic case) Ao* > 2 ÓQ2/O)

32 AOi N/mm2
AG, - 2 Or + .1-H "B O ^0.2/It
Ao* Ao' Ao* O,'B

(for the elastic case)

K'^b Ü
33 ^u(P4)-1-5 ii(p4)
100
1 - 0.455
V^b ;
2 \
am(P4) = «mO-^4+2./,(p4) or a^ - 2.5 + -^
34 ID' am(p4)
ttm > 3.2

35 ^'ip. =«m(P4)P4' 2s. Oipa N/mm2

/"w \

36 U
f.(p) = 15- /u(p)
/• = \ ^w A^ 100
1 -H 0.455
v^«.
37
(90-VA)'
«m(P)= «mO ^ +2/u(P) or a„ = 2.5-H
10^ am{p)
am > 3.2

38 ô^p -a^(p).p
2 s. Oip N/mm2

/^ \
U
39 i,(p)-1.5 ^u(p)
f •^L \ (M ^^ 100
1 + 0.455
l^oj », =»6

«m(P)-«mO-^4 +2 /-.(p) or a„ - 2.5 + (90-n'A)'

40 10^ am(p)
am > 3.2
r. - rf.
41 Oin
ip =an-(p)p-
""m"
2S. Oip N/mm2
 Page 13 TRD 301, Annex 1

Aa¡
42 S
^1 -5
"ip +' ^'P Si N/mm2
1 + y

43 S2 = OifM - 600 S2 N/mm2

6\ = S^ (not wetted by water) "
44 5i = S2 if S2 > Si • (if wetted by water) Oi N/mm2
Oi= Si if Si > S2
45 S3 = ACT¡ + Ói S3 N/mm2
46 SA = aip4 + 200 S4 N/mm2
ai = S3 (not wetted by water) "
47 ai = S4 if SA < S3 • (if wetted by water) Oi N/mm2
6i=S3 if S3 < S4 -
48 AO1 = W • (ói - 5ip) A•ö^ K
49 Ai^r = W- im- Sip) A^r K
50 AT32 = W • (Si - áip) A1Î2 K
51 Ai32' = W • (ai - 5ip) Ai^- K
52 Vù, = V • A\h *) v^ K/min
53 v,i, = V • Atír *) V^r K/min
54 W'^ = V • AÔ2 *) v^ K/min
55 VtV = V • Ai32' *) V^^: K/min

See also notes to para 5 2.2 of Annex 1

»'•î

K/min
^•1

^^
.

Í ^ 9 P*
Internal près sure

^^3

-^^^^
^
»^•4

Fig. 1 : Allowable temperature differences Fig. 2: Allowable temperature change rate, calculated for
quasi-stationary condition
' • ^^^^4>•