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DOI:10.19026/ajfst.6.84
ISSN: 2042-4868; e-ISSN: 2042-4876
© 2014 Maxwell Scientific Publication Corp.
Submitted: January 16, 2014 Accepted: January 25, 2014 Published: May 10, 2014
Research Article
Purification of Sardine Oil Using Adsorbent (Active Filter) of Scallop Shells,
Carp Scales and Attapulgite
Sugeng Heri Suseno, Yosephina M.J. Batafor, Nurjanah and Ayu Fitri Izaki
Department of Aquatic Product Technology, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Bogor
Agricultural University, Jl. Agatis Darmaga 16680 Bogor, Indonesia
Abstract: Fish oil especially from sardine has contain great omega 3, but it needs purification because has poor
quality. Fish oil purification can be done by using various types of adsorbents. One of them are scallop shells and
carp scales. The purpose of this study is to choose the best type of active filter (adsorbent) to improve the quality of
fish oil. Sardine oil is purified using an active filter (adsorbent) of carp scales, scallop shells and attapulgite. The
result this study show that the best treatment of adsorbent types is carp scales+scallop shell adsorbent.
Keywords: Active filter, adsorbent, refining, sardine oil, secondary primary oxidation
Corresponding Author: Sugeng Heri Suseno, Department of Aquatic Product Technology, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine
Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Jl. Agatis Darmaga 16680 Bogor, Indonesia
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (URL: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Adv. J. Food Sci. Technol., 6(5): 616-621, 2014
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Fig. 2: Peroxide value of sardine oil; Note: CS (carp scales
Cyprinus carpio), SS (scallop shells Amusium
Free fatty acid (FFA): Analysis of free fatty acids is pleuronectes) and A (attapulgite). sign (gradual
an analysis conducted to determine the amount of free addition of adsorbent)
fatty acids formed by the breakdown of oil through the
chemical process of hydrolysis and biologically by levels may occur by the differences in the type of
microbes. The results of the analysis of free fatty acids adsorbent used. Different types of adsorbents will have
of sardine oils with types of adsorbent treatment are a polarity, the active surface, surface area, porosity,
presented in Fig. 1. particle size, pH and different of water content (Zhu
The results of the analysis of the value of free fatty et al., 1994).
acids sardine oil showed the highest value generated by
gradually treatment of scallop shell and attapulgite Peroxide Value (PV): Peroxide value is the most
adsorbent (12.48±0.63%) and the lowest value in the important value to determine the degree of damage to
treatment of carp scales+shell scallop adsorbent
the oil or fat. The results of the analysis of the peroxide
(6.70±0.07%). Statistical analysis showed that the type
of adsorbent treatment affected (p<0.05) to the value of value of sardine oil with treatment of adsorbent types
free fatty acids (Fig. 1). Bimbo (1998) suggest are presented in Fig. 2.
specification quality crude fish oil with a free fatty acid The results of the analysis of the peroxide value of
content ranged from 1 to 7%, but typically ranges from sardine oil showed the highest value generated by
2 to 5%, while Young (1986) states that the maximum gradually treatment of carp scale and scallop shell
acceptable value of 4.0%. The presence of free fatty adsorbent (14.25±1.25 meq/kg) and the lowest value in
acids in oil due to oil undergoes hydrolysis process. the treatment of carp scales + scallop shells adsorbent
Hydrolysis of triglycerides in the oil will produce fatty (6.00±0.50 meq/kg). Statistical analysis showed that the
acids and monoglycerides components (Winarno, type of adsorbent treatment affected (p<0.05) on
2004). The difference decreased levels of free fatty acid peroxide value (Fig. 2). Peroxide value with the type of
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Adv. J. Food Sci. Technol., 6(5): 616-621, 2014
(e)
(a)
Fig. 5: Percent clarity of fish oil transmission after the
addition adsorbent with a wavelength of 450 (a), 550
(b), 620 (c), 665 (d) and 700 nm (e)
scallop shell and attapulgite adsorbent (98.00±1.30%) AOAC, 1995. Official Methods of Analysis of the
and the lowest value in the treatment of attapulgite Association of Official Analytical Chemist. AOAC
adsorbent (91.35±0.75%). Statistical analysis showed Inc., Washington, US.
that the type of adsorbent treatment affect (p<0.05) to AOAC, 2000. Official Methods of Analysis of the
the value of clarity (Fig. 5c). Figure 5c shows at a Association of Agricultural Chemists. 17th Edn.,
wavelength of 620 nm, attapulgitescallop shell is the AOAC Inc., Washington, US.
most effective adsorbent to purify fish oil seen from the AOCS, 1997. Official Methods and Recommended
Practices of the American Oil Chemists' Society.
greatest percent transmission.
Official Method cd 8-53 Peroxide Value, cd18-90
The results of the analysis of fish oil percent light
p-ansidine Value, cg 3-91 Recommended Practices
transmission at a wavelength of 665 nm showed the for Assessing Oil Quality and Stability. AOCS
highest value generated by treatment of carp scales+ Press, Urbana, US.
scallop shells adsorbent (98.45±1.15%) and the lowest AOCS, 1998. Official Methods and Recommended
value in the treatment of attapulgite adsorbent Practices of the American Oil Chemists Society.
(93.45±0.75%). Statistical analysis showed that the type 5th Edn., AOCS Press, Champaign, US.
of adsorbent treatment affected (p<0.05) to the value of AOCS, 1994. Official Method Cd 18-90: p-anisidine
clarity (Fig. 5d). Figure 5d shows at a wavelength of value. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. Champaign, IL, US.
665 nm, carp scales+scallop shell is the most effective Bhuvana, 2006. Studies on frictional behaviour of
adsorbent to purify fish oil seen from the greatest chitosan-coated fabrics, aux. Res. J., 6(4): 123-130.
percent transmission. Bimbo, A.P., 1998. Guidelines for characterizing food-
The results of the analysis of fish oil percent light grade fish oils. Inform. Int. News Fats Oils Relat.
transmission at a wavelength of 700 nm showed the Mater., 9(5): 473-483.
Boran, G., H. Karacam and M. Boran, 2006. Change in
highest value generated by the treatment of adsorbent
the quality of fish oils due to storage and time. J.
carp scales+scallop shells (99.65±0:15%) and the Food Chem., 98(6): 693-698.
lowest value in the treatment of attapulgite adsorbent Checa, G.A., J.E.D Francisco and B.R. Alejandro,
(96.75±0.65%). Statistical analysis showed that the type 2007. Crystallographic structure of the foliate d
of adsorbent treatment affected (p<0.05) to the value of calcite of bivalves. J. Struct. Biol., 157:
clarity (Fig. 5d). Figure 5d shows at a wavelength of 393-402.
700 nm, carp scales+scallop shell is the most effective CRN (Council for Responsible Nutrition), 2006.
adsorbent to purify fish oil seen from the greatest Voluntary Monograph. Retrieved form: http://
percent transmission. www.crausa.org/pdfs/O3FINALMONOGRAPHdo
c.pdf. (Accessed on: March 12th, 2011)
CONCLUSION Duthie, I.F. and S.M. Barlow, 1992. Dietary lipid
exemplified by fish oils and their n-3 fatty acid.
Fish oil purification can be done by using Food Sci. Technol., 6: 20-35.
Esmaeli, H.R., A. Gholamifard, N. Zarei and A.
adsorbent such as carp scales, scallop shells and
Arshadi, 2012. Scale structure of a cyprinid fish,
attapulgite. Carp scales+scallop shell is the best
Garra Rossica (Nikol’skii, 1900) using scanning
adsorbent treatment characteristics, seen from the total electron microscope (SEM). Iran. J. Sci. Technol.,
oxidation that can meet the standards of IFOS A4: 487-492.
(International Fish Oils Standard) (2011). The best Estiasih, T., 2009. Fish Oil: Technology and
value with clarity percent light transmission values Implementation for Food and Health. Graha Ilmu,
approaching 100 scales contained in the adsorbent Yogyakarta (ID).
treatment carp scales+scallop shells at a wavelength of EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2010.
665 nm and 700 nm. Scientific opinion on fish oil for human
consumption. Food hygiene, including rancidity.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT EFSA J., 8(10): 1874.
IFOS (International Fish Oils Standard), 2011. Fish
This study completion would not have been Oil Purity Standards. Retrieved from:
http://www.omegavia.com/best-fish-oil-
possible without the assistance of many people who
supplement-3. (Accessed on: September 10th,
gave their support. To them I would like to convey my 2013)
heartfelt gratitude and sincere appreciation. IUPAC, 1987. Standard Methods for the Analysis of
Oils Arld Fats and Derivative. In: Paquot, C. and
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