Steel Composite Bridge Design

MIDAS UK Expert Engineer Webinar Series
Design of steel composite

Bridges: a case of study
Marco Bonomo,
Civil Engineer
Atkins UK
CONTENTS 1 About
2 Introduction to Midas friendly work environment
3 Traffic load and construction stage analysis
4 Results interpretation
5 Introduction to steel composite sections design
6 Steel composite sections design
7 Results interpretation
8 Dynamic report generator
9 Conclusion
About myself
Marco Bonomo
→ Civil Engineer
→ Atkins UK
→ 5+ years of experience
→ Seismic and Structural design
→ Finite Element Method
→ Research activities

About ATKINS The Bridge Department
Olympic park bridges – London 2012 Boston Manor viaduct

→ 700 Bridge Engineers worldwide
→ 3rd company in ENR ranking (2018)
→ Designs more steel-concrete
composite bridges than any other
UK consultant
Borough viaduct Prince Turki Bridge Sai Van Bridge
→ Active on fib and ECCS
commissions
→ Written numerous design and
client standards used worldwide
→ Written internal guidance for Queensferry crossing The heads of the valley Colombo port – FB1
engineers training and constant

professional development
→ Atkins website

About the Bridge
Features:
→ 2 spans 22 m each
→ deck width: 17.5 m
→ 6 steel composite plate girders
→ Pot PTFE bearings at pier
→ integral connection at abutments
→ 800 mm Φ RC columns in 1050 mm Φ sleeves
→ Reinforced concrete bored piles 17.5 m
Bridge longitudinal profile

2. Introduction to Midas friendly work
environment
Steel composite girder bridge wizard
Advantages in using the wizard:
→ Help modelling the initial steel bridge

→ Steel bridge wizard is also used as a
template for other initial steel bridge
projects

Steel composite girder bridge wizard - layout
→ Layout tab provides span information,

steel girder type, bridge width,
modelling type and substructure
support types to input
Boundary guide Layout tab

Steel composite girder bridge wizard - Section
→ Section tab provides deck thickness,
number of girder and girder offsets,
girder section assignments, diaphragm
type and layout
Bracing type guide
Bracing details box
Section tab
Bracing layout guide

Steel composite girder bridge wizard - Load
→ Load tab provides deck non-composite and
composite dead loads, design moving load
and traffic lanes, vehicle selection
Load tab

Steel composite girder bridge wizard – Construction stage
→ Construction stage tab provides deck
pouring sequence, deck reinforcement
Deck pouring sequence box Construction Stage tab

Steel composite girder bridge wizard – Result
→ Bridge wizard provides structure groups, boundary groups and load groups
→ Groups allow to quickly select and unselect various geometric portions of a structure for reviewing
results in specific portions of the structure
→ Groups are mandatory in the construction stage analysis
Construction stage model view: stage 2-2

3. Traffic load and construction stage
analysis
Steel composite girder bridge
Advantages in using Midas:
→ Lots of vehicles according to several different codes

→ vehicles automatically placed to maximise or minimise forces on elements
→ Long and short term effects automatically managed during the construction stage

Traffic load analysis – Input
Data input required:
Step 1: define moving load code

Step 2: define traffic lanes
Step 3: define vehicular loads
Step 4: define moving load cases
Step 5: set up moving load analysis option
Step 6: perform analysis

Traffic load analysis – Input => moving load code
→ Eurocode is inclusive of UK N.A.:

- adjustment factors
- special vehicles
→ BS is inclusive of all vehicles (HA, HB, etc.)
to carry out a bridge assessment
Moving load codes available in Midas

Traffic load analysis – Input => traffic lanes
Definition of traffic line lanes:

Step 1: Lane name
Step 2: Lane width and wheel spacing
Traffic lanes defined into the model
Step 3: Eccentricity (±)
Step 4: Traffic load optimization
Step 5: Vehicular load distribution (cross beam option for grillage models)
Step 6: Moving direction
Step 7: Selection of all elements of the reference line
(selection by 2 points, start and end)
Step 8: Add those element to the list and press ok
Traffic line lanes dialog box

Model view: traffic lane 1

Traffic load analysis – Input => vehicular loads
Definition of vehicular loads:

Step 1: Standard name according to the standard
previously defined
Step 2: Vehicular load name
Step 3: Vehicular load type
Step 4: Adjustment factors
Step 5: Psi factors both for Tandem and UDL systems
Standard vehicle defined into the model Standard vehicle dialog box

Traffic load analysis – Input => moving load cases
Definition of moving load cases:

Step 1: Load case name
Step 2: Select load model
Step 3: Psi factor selection
Step 4: Load case data (vehicle and footway)
Step 5: Assignment lanes previously defined
Moving load cases defined into the model
Moving load cases dialog box

Traffic load analysis – Input => analysis control data
Moving load analysis control data:

Step 1: Load point selection
Step 2: influence generating points
Step 3: Analysis results
Step 4: Calculation filters
Moving load analysis control data dialog box

Construction stage analysis – Input

Step 1: Groups
Step 2: Time dependent material properties
Step 3: Link time dependent and general materials
Step 4: Construction stages and time steps
Step 5: Composite sections for construction stage
Step 6: set up construction stage analysis option
Step 7: perform analysis

Construction stage analysis – Input => groups
Four types of groups:

→ Structure
→ Boundary
→ Load
→ Tendon
Groups defined into the model

Construction stage analysis – Input => Time dependent
material properties
Time dependent material properties:
→ Creep
→ Shrinkage
→ Strength gaining
Comp. strength gaining curve Time dependent material dialog box
Link time dependent material dialog box Shrinkage stain curve Creep coefficient curve

Construction stage analysis – Input => Construction stages
Define construction stages:

→ Name and duration
→ additional steps (optional)
→ elements activation/deactivation
→ Boundaries activation/deactivation
→ Loads activation/deactivation
Compose construction stage dialog box: Compose construction stage dialog box:
element tab load tab
Construction stage dialog box Compose construction stage dialog box: Current stage information box
boundary tab

Construction stage analysis – Input => Composite sections
Define composite sections for C.S.:

→ Active stage
→ Section
→ Part 1 (steel) composite properties
→ Part 2 (concrete) composite properties
Composite section for construction stage

dialog box
Add/modify Composite section for construction
Composite girder view for
stage dialog box
construction stage 2-3

Construction stage analysis – Input => Analysis control data
Construction stage analysis control data:

→ Stage to be analysed
→ Analysis type
→ Time dependent effect control
→ Initial displacement for C.S.
Time dependent effect control dialog box Construction stage analysis data dialog box

4. Traffic load and construction stage
analyses – Results interpretation
Steel composite girder bridge
Advantages in using Midas:
→ Lots of vehicles according to several different codes

→ vehicles automatically placed to maximise or minimise forces on elements
→ Long and short term effects automatically managed during the construction stage

Traffic load analysis – Results interpretation
Moving load results:

→ Influence lines/surfaces
→ Moving tracer
Influence line at pier support
Moving tracer at pier support
Influence lines
Moving tracer
Moving tracer at left abutment

central support

Traffic load analysis – Results interpretation
Moving load results:

→ beam diagrams
→ Table: concurrent forces
Beam forces table dialog box
Beam diagram dialog box
Bending moment envelope MV-LM1
Concurrent forces table MV-LM1

Construction stage analysis – Results interpretation
Construction stage results:

→ Reaction
→ Deformation Summation
→ Force
Construction load cases description


→ Reaction Summation
FZ MY FZ
Node Load Stage Step (kN) (kN*m) Node Load Stage Step (kN)
1 766 Dead Load Stage4 002(last) 581.231 0.128153 1 782 Dead Load Stage4 002(last) 5772.661
2 766 Erection Load 1 Stage4 002(last) -3.3487 8.511612 2 782 Erection Load 1 Stage4 002(last) 94.48019
2 766 Erection Load 2 Stage4 002(last) 64.92041 75.71909 2 782 Erection Load 2 Stage4 002(last) 664.7329
5 766 Creep Primary Stage4 002(last) - - 5 782 Creep Primary Stage4 002(last) -
6 766 Creep Secondary Stage4 002(last) 44.73301 287.5745 6 782 Creep Secondary Stage4 002(last) -432.408
7 766 Shrinkage Primary Stage4 002(last) - - 7 782 Shrinkage Primary Stage4 002(last) -
8 766 Shrinkage Secondary Stage4 002(last) 0.287983 -450.601 8 782 Shrinkage Secondary Stage4 002(last) -5.81706
766 Summation Stage4 002(last) 687.8237 -78.6678 782 Summation Stage4 002(last) 6093.648
sum = 1+2+6+8 687.8237 -78.6678 sum = 1+2+6+8 6093.648
Summation reactions results: stage 4


→ Bending moment Summation
CS04
CS01 ---My
CS02-3
CS03
CS02-4
CS02-2
CS02-1 My
My
Bending moment evolution: summation

5. Introduction to steel composite
sections design

Steel composite sections - behavior
No composite behaviour Composite behaviour
If the stud fails then the section fails!

Composite section behaviour

Steel composite sections – section classification
The steel section can be classified in 4 different classes in function of its behaviour
Full plastic behaviour
Elastic plastic behaviour
Elastic behaviour taking into

account local plate buckling
Moment-curvature curves

How can a section be classified? Width to thickness ratio (c/t)
Outstand flanges classification

Internal compression parts classification

Generally, the section class is the minimum value of the all section’ s compression parts
Exceptions to the rule
Cross-section classification criterion
Effective cross-section in class 2

Flowchart for steel section classification

Steel composite sections – ULS verifications to Eurocodes
→ Resistance of the composite cross-sections:
- for bending moment M (EN 1994-2, 6.2.1)
- for shear force V (EN 1994-2, 6.2.2.1 to 6.2.2.3)
- for interaction M+V (EN 1994-2, 6.2.2.4)
→ Shear resistance in the concrete slab (EN 1994-2, 6.2.2.5(3))
→ Concrete slab resistance (EN 1992)
→ Studs resistance (EN 1994, 6.6)
→ Fatigue Resistance:
- Structural steel details (EN 1993-2 & EN 1999-1-9)
- Slab concrete (EN 1992-2)
- Slab reinforcement (EN 1994-2)
- Studs (EN 1994-2)
→ Lateral torsional buckling (EN 1994, 6.4)

Standards recalled by EN 1994-2

Steel composite sections – Bending resistance
→ Bending plastic resistance for sections class 1-2
For classes 1 and 2 the temporal

loads distribution is not important to
determine the section capacity
Load deflection curves

Composite section plastic behaviour

→ Bending plastic resistance for sections class 1-2
Bending plastic resistance for positive moment (sagging)
Bending plastic resistance for negative moment (hogging)

→ Bending elastic resistance for sections class 3
For class 3 the temporal loads

distribution is important to
determine the section capacity
Composite section elastic behaviour
Same section and load applied but

different section capacity
Same section and load applied but

different section stiffness and deflection
Load deflection curves

What is K factor?
Steel residual resistance
in composite stage
Steel stress in composite
stage
Concrete resistance
Concrete stress in composite
stage
→ If Ka > Kc concrete edge failure
→ If Ka < Kc steel edge failure
K factor computed by Midas

→ Bending elastic resistance for sections class 4 Local buckling occurs before the
attainment of yield stress in one
or more parts of the cross section
There are 2 possible methods
Effective cross section method (used by Midas) Stress reduction method (generalization of the 1st one)
Section without buckled parts treated as class 3 Whole section treated as fully elastic by using
(see EN 1993-1-5,4.3) "reduced stress limits" due to local buckling
(see EN 1993-1-5,10)

Fully equivalent if stress redistribution is allowed for the

What is the difference between the two methods?
reduced stress method
Stress reduction method
Effective cross section method
Stress reduction method for a RHS

Steel composite sections – LTB resistance
→ Lateral torsional buckling resistance Distortional lateral buckling resistance in
composite beam

Steel composite sections – LTB resistance
→ Lateral torsional buckling resistance
Who is the spring stiffness Cd?
Local buckling occur because

Slenderness of this beam supported by lateral springs
of axial force in bottom flange
representative of bracing and U-frame actions
Lateral springs stiffness under the actions in figure
Equivalent girder to determine the

slenderness of the composite system

Steel composite sections – Shear resistance
→ Shear resistance for vertical shear
The contribution of flanges can be added to the shear

Reduction factor due to local buckling resistance of web panels only when the flanges are
not completely utilised in withstanding the bending
moments

→ Shear resistance for vertical shear
Interaction bending vertical shear
Simplified method for sections class 1-2
Bending vertical shear interaction curve

→ Longitudinal shear force
Elastic behaviour (MEd<Mel,RD)

Plastic behaviour (class 1-2)
Longitudinal shear on each row

of studs
Derived from Jourawsky formulation

→ Design shear resistance of headed studs
Short stud mechanism

Steel shear failure
Concrete local crushing failure
Medium stud mechanism
Long stud mechanism

Stud’s resistance in
function of its length
Stud behaviour in function of its height to diameter ratio

→ Design shear resistance of concrete slab
Longitudinal shear at the junction between steel flange edge and concrete slab
Variation of the normal force in the flange over the length Δx
Transverse reinforcement per unit length
Strut’s crushing resistance

Steel composite sections – Fatigue
→ Design fatigue resistance of studs
Stress range caused by the fatigue loads
Damage equivalent factors
Resistance stress range at 2 millions cycles Detail category 80
Determined using the nominal diameter of

the shank' stud
Determined using elastic theory

Steel composite sections – Fatigue
→ Design fatigue resistance of studs
Stress range caused by the fatigue loads
Damage equivalent factors
If top flange in tension
Detail category 80 Detail category 90

6. Steel composite sections design

Steel composite sections design – Input
Step 1: define load combinations

Step 2: define design code
Step 3: define parameters and properties
Composite design data input required

Steel composite sections design – Input => Load combinations
Combination dialog box

Steel composite sections design – Input => Parameters
Everything defined by the software according to the code selected can be modified manually if needed.
EN 1992-1-1: 3.1
EN 1993-2: 6.1
EN 1994-2: 2.4.1.2
EN 1993-2: 6.1
EN 1992-1-1: 7.2
EN 1994-2: 6.8.1
Modify composite material dialog box Composite steel girder design parameters dialog box

Steel composite sections design – Input => Properties
→Long. reinforcement
→Long. stiffeners
→Design position
→Position for design output
→Shear connectors
→Transverse stiffeners
→Types of load applications
→Lateral torsional buckling Longitudinal reinforcement dialog box Studs dialog box
→Damage equivalence factors
Damage equivalent
LTB dialog box factors dialog box
Longitudinal stiffeners dialog box

7. Results interpretation

Results interpretation – Composite girder design
→ Section mechanical properties
Midas: Personal spreadsheet:
Section’s properties [mm] Section’s properties [m]
Before composite
After composite

→ Plastic bending resistance
Positive (sagging) Positive (sagging)
Negative (hogging) Negative (hogging)

→ Vertical shear resistance
Vertical plastic shear resistance Vertical plastic shear resistance

→ Longitudinal shear resistance
Longitudinal shear resistance (studs) Longitudinal shear resistance (studs)
Fatigue studs resistance
Fatigue checks can be more

onerous than ULS checks!

→ Concrete slab (transversal direction)
Forces due to local effects This model does not take into account the
girder flexibility and imagens the slab as a
multi span beam on perfect supports
Load configuration for concrete slab in transversal direction
Forces due to global effects This model takes into account the bending
moment and shear in the slab due to vertical
girders drift under concentrated loads
Bending moment and deformed shape due to a concentrated force

→ Concrete slab (transversal direction) EN 1994-2
Forces due to local effects
Combine effects according

to EN 1993 – 2 Annex E.1-2
Local effects: bending moment envelope
Local effects: shear force envelope
Forces due to global effects
Global effects: bending moment envelope
Local forces +Ψ*Global forces
Global effects: shear force envelope

8. Dynamic report generator

Dynamic report generator
Step 1: register data

Step 2: generate a report (new/open)
Step 3: insert registered data into the report
Step 4: automatic regeneration if any registered
data needs to be updated

9. Conclusion

Conclusion
Advantages in using composite girders:

→ Reduction of buckling effects in comparison to a full steel girder
→ Reduction of weight and cracking in comparison to a reinforced concrete girder
→ Easy and fast construction method with traffic disturbance reduced to min
→ Reduction of deflections in comparison to other kind of decks

Conclusion
Aspects to take into special consideration during design:

→ Section behaviour: full plastic (class 1-2), elastic-plastic (class 3) and elastic with local buckling (class 4)
→ Construction stage analysis: relevant only for section class 3 and 4
→ Bracing system: vital to spread forces between girders due to torque
→ Stud: crucial element to allow the section to act compositely

uksupport@midasuser.com
info@midasit.com
Thank you

Steel Composite Bridge Design

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Steel Composite Bridge Design

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

MIDAS UK Expert Engineer Webinar Series

Design of steel composite

MIDAS UK Expert Engineer Webinar Series

Olympic park bridges – London 2012 Boston Manor viaduct

engineers training and constant

MIDAS UK Expert Engineer Webinar Series

Bridge longitudinal profile

MIDAS UK Expert Engineer Webinar Series

Steel composite girder bridge wizard

Advantages in using the wizard:

→ Help modelling the initial steel bridge

MIDAS UK Expert Engineer Webinar Series

→ Layout tab provides span information,

Boundary guide Layout tab

MIDAS UK Expert Engineer Webinar Series

Bracing type guide

Bracing details box

Bracing layout guide

MIDAS UK Expert Engineer Webinar Series

MIDAS UK Expert Engineer Webinar Series

Deck pouring sequence box Construction Stage tab

MIDAS UK Expert Engineer Webinar Series

Construction stage model view: stage 2-2

MIDAS UK Expert Engineer Webinar Series

Steel composite girder bridge

Advantages in using Midas:

→ Lots of vehicles according to several different codes

MIDAS UK Expert Engineer Webinar Series

Data input required:

Step 1: define moving load code

MIDAS UK Expert Engineer Webinar Series

→ Eurocode is inclusive of UK N.A.:

Moving load codes available in Midas

MIDAS UK Expert Engineer Webinar Series

Definition of traffic line lanes:

Traffic line lanes dialog box

MIDAS UK Expert Engineer Webinar Series

Definition of vehicular loads:

MIDAS UK Expert Engineer Webinar Series

Definition of moving load cases:

Moving load cases defined into the model

Moving load cases dialog box

MIDAS UK Expert Engineer Webinar Series

Moving load analysis control data:

Moving load analysis control data dialog box

MIDAS UK Expert Engineer Webinar Series

Data input required:

MIDAS UK Expert Engineer Webinar Series

Four types of groups:

Groups defined into the model

MIDAS UK Expert Engineer Webinar Series

Comp. strength gaining curve Time dependent material dialog box

MIDAS UK Expert Engineer Webinar Series

Define construction stages:

MIDAS UK Expert Engineer Webinar Series

Define composite sections for C.S.:

Composite section for construction stage

MIDAS UK Expert Engineer Webinar Series

Construction stage analysis control data:

MIDAS UK Expert Engineer Webinar Series

Steel composite girder bridge

Advantages in using Midas:

→ Lots of vehicles according to several different codes

MIDAS UK Expert Engineer Webinar Series