THE COPPERBELT UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF NATURAL RESOURCES

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND AQUATIC SCIENCES

ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF OVERFISHING ON THE SOCIO-

ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES OF LAKE BANGWEULU

A CASE STUDY OF SAMFYA

BY

MAKOMBE CHILONGE

(S.I.N 17110741)

A proposal submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the

award of a Bachelor of Science degree in fisheries and aquaculture.

JULY, 2020

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Table of Contents
1.0 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................3
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 5
1.2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 6
1.3. JUSTIFICATION ……………………………………………………………………6
1.4. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES……………………..………………………………….6
1.4.1. MAIN OBJECTIVES…………………………………………………………6
1.4.2. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES…………………………………………………….7
1.4.3. RESEARCH QUESTIONS…………………………………...........................7
1.5. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY…………………………………………….......7
1.6. SCOPE OF THE STUDY………………………………………………...………….8
2.0. LITERATURE REVIEW......................................................................................................8
2.1. GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE 8
2.2. AFRICA’S PERSPECTIVE………………………………………………………….9
2.3. ZAMBIA’S PERSPECTIVE 10
3.0. MATERIALS AND METHODS………………………………………………………11
3.1. RESEARCH DESIGN………………….……………………………………………11
3.2. RESEARCH AREA…………………....…………………………………………….11
3.3. DATA COLLECTION………………………………………………………………12
3.3.1. PRIMARY DATA………………………………………..…………………12
3.3.2 SECONDARY DATA……………………………………...………………..12
3.4. SAMPLE SIZE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE…………………………..…….12
3.4.1 SAMPLE DESIGN……………………………...…………………………..12
4.0. DATA ANALYSIS……………………………………………………………………..13
5.0. LIMITATIONS…………………………………………………………………..….…13
6.0. BUDGET………………………………………………………………………………..14
7.0. WORK PLAN……….……………………………………………………………….…15
REFRENCES……….….……………………………………………………………….…..16
APPENDICES……………..……………………………………………………………..19

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION
Fish stocks are a vital resource to human populations. They are a renewable resource capable
of sustaining ecological, livelihood, and recreational benefits if properly managed and
supported. In recent years, however, overfishing, climate change, shifts in land-use patterns,
population growth, and other stressors have contributed to declines in fish stocks worldwide.
Fishing efforts globally have remained relatively constant with only slight increases recorded,
while the global production of marine fisheries has declined, (Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations [FAO], 2010) many experts have warned, the world is
now witnessing the most crucial period in the history of fisheries, with so many species in a
state of decline and threatened with extinction (Srinivasan et al., 2010, citing Grainger and
Garcia, 1996; Pauly et al., 2002; Myers and Worm, 2003; Millennium Ecosystem
Assessment, 2005; Lotze et al., 2006; Worm et al., 2006).
Biological overfishing, the standard definition of overfishing, occurs when fishing depletes
stocks faster than they can reproduce. Catch levels that exceed sustainable harvest rates can
yield higher returns in the short-term, but they eventually result in biologically overfished
stocks with biomass levels below key biological thresholds. At worst, overfishing can lead to
species extinction. Overexploitation of the world's fisheries is the subject of much recent
concern (FAO 2002, Pauly et al. 2002, and Hilborn et al. 2003). Although the global
production of fish and fishery products continues to grow, the harvest from fisheries has
stagnated over the last decade. Global fisheries may underperform due to overfishing,
harmful subsidies, and over-capacity (Akpalu and Normanyo. 2015). This condition is not
sustainable either globally or at a regional level. Institutions, organizations, and governments
are aware of the need to implement policies to ensure the sustainability of fisheries in the
long term. Today numerous fish stocks and plant species have declined since their historical
peaks, and some have even collapsed, leading to urgent calls for more stringent management
and the establishment of protected areas (Roberts et al. 2003). However, the discussion of the
current fisheries crisis has focused nearly exclusively on marine resources, and to some
extent on associated threats to marine biodiversity, particularly those affecting charismatic
animals such as seabirds, marine turtles, dolphins, and whales. The fisheries of lake waters
have received only slight consideration within global analyses (FAO 1999, Hilborn et al.
2003, Kura et al. 2004). Fishing and the activities surrounding it—processing, packing,
transport, and retailing—are important at every scale, from the village level to national and
international economies.
Fishing is a crucial source of livelihoods in developing nations, particularly for low-income
families in rural areas where job options are limited. Small-scale commercial and subsistence
fishing often provides the employment of last resort when more lucrative labour opportunities
cannot be found (Kura et al. 2004). Although there are no global estimates of the number of
people engaged in lake fisheries, in China alone, more than 80% of the 12 million reported
fishers are engaged in fishing and aquaculture (Kura et al. 2004). According to the
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, depletion of fish stocks is one example of a potentially
irreversible change to an ecosystem that results from present unsustainable practices. The
Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries developed in 1995 by the Food and Agriculture

3
Organization (FAO) of the United Nations includes a set of recommendations for reducing
the negative impacts of fishing activities on marine ecosystems (Coll, M.; Libralato, S. 2013).
Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Small-Scale Sustainable Fisheries (SSF) were developed
in 2015 as a complement to the 1995 FAO Code (FAO. 2015), and the SSF Guidelines are a
fundamental tool to promote sustainable development in a strategic framework (FAO. 2015).
The contribution of fisheries to the global food supply is also significant. In 2000, fish and
fishery products constituted 15.3% of the total animal protein consumed by people (FAO
2003). About 1 billion people—largely in developing countries—rely on fish as their primary
animal protein source (calculation based on Laurenti 2002), and this is especially true for
poor rural communities.

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1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Fishing is a prehistoric practice dating back at least 40,000 years. Since the 16th century,
fishing vessels have been able to cross oceans in pursuit of fish, and since the 19th century it
has been possible to use larger vessels and in some cases process the fish on board. Fish are
normally caught in the wild. Techniques for catching fish include hand gathering, spearing,
and netting, angling and trapping. The term fishing may be applied to catching other aquatic
animals such as shellfish, cephalopods, crustaceans and echinoderms. In addition to providing
food, modern fishing is also a recreational sport. Also isotopic analysis of the skeletal
remains of Tianyuan man, a 40,000-year-old modern human from eastern Asia, has shown
that he regularly consumed freshwater fish. (Yaowu Hu Y. 2009). Archaeological features
such as shell middens, (https://www.york.ac.uk/archaeology/middens/index.htm) discarded
fish bones and cave paintings show that sea foods were important for survival and consumed
in significant quantities. During this period, most people lived a hunter-gatherer lifestyle and
were, of necessity, constantly on the move. Spearfishing with barbed poles (harpoons) was
widespread in Palaeolithic times (Guthrie, 2005). The Neolithic culture and technology
spread worldwide between 4,000 and 8,000 years ago. With the new technologies of farming
and pottery came basic forms of the main fishing methods that are still used today. From
7500 to 3000 years ago, Native Americans of the California coast were known to engage in
fishing with gorge hook and line tackle (King 1991). In addition, some tribes are known to
have used plant toxins to induce torpor in stream fish to enable their capture (Rostlund 1952).
Copper harpoons were known to the seafaring Harappans (Ray 2003) well into antiquity
(Allchin 1975). Early hunters in India include the Mincopie people, aboriginal inhabitants of
India's Andaman and Nicobar islands, who have used harpoons with long cords for fishing
since early times (Edgerton 2003).
Historically, humans have utilized fishing and the extraction of marine resources as a source
of food, for cultural significance, and as a means of livelihood. The first documented cases of
overfishing occurred in the 1800s when whale populations were decimated for their blubber,
which was used primarily for lamp oil. By the 1950s Atlantic cod and herring as well as
California sardines were harvested to the brink of extinction for human consumption
(Greenberg 2010).
According to FAO statistics, the total number of fishermen and fish farmers is estimated to be
38 million. Fisheries and aquaculture provide direct and indirect employment to over 500
million people.(FAO 2009) In 2005, the worldwide per capita consumption of fish captured
from wild fisheries was 14.4 kilograms, with an additional 7.4 kilograms harvested from fish
farms.(From FAO website).

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1.2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Fish in Zambia has been one of the major sources of protein (Mbewe, 2017). Many rural
Zambians rely on unstable sources of food which contribute to seasonal hunger and poverty.
With no reasonable doubt, fishing is one segment that can contribute to reducing food
insecurity and it is the world’s fastest growing source of animal protein (Hishamunda and
Ridler 2006).
Lake Bangweulu, one the largest lakes in the country, occupies a pre-eminent position among
the lakes of Zambia. Thousands of people inhabiting the basin land and many are dependent
on the riverine fisheries known as fishermen community which occupy a dominant position.
The role of fishermen in communities and in fish and fisheries is important for most of the
developing and developed countries of the world for income and employment generation
point of view. So without proper infrastructural development, introduction of advanced
techniques, proper and planned utilization of available local resources through involvement
of local people in fisheries may not be completely fruitful (Basavakumar k.v 2011).
Socioeconomic status refers to information on a variety of aspects of a community, such as
demography, income, living cost, boat transport, fishing gear, marketing infrastructure etc.
and provides information for understanding of social, cultural and economic conditions of
people, households and community (Kronen, M, 2007).
Samfya district has seen a large increase in its population and that has meant that a lot more
people have been engaging in different activities to sustain them and their families, and one
such activity is fishing because of Lake Bangweulus nearness to the town. With the increase
in the number of fishermen has come an unprecedented increase in fish caught in the lake
which is detrimental to the town and the people’s livelihood of living. This also affects the
ecological system that is in the lake as species are running extinct and species that rely on
fish for food are also moving out of the lake to search for food elsewhere.

1.3. JUSTIFICATION
Proper knowledge of the various socio-economic activities at the Lake will provide extension
personnel with ample information on the various factors that are like to influence fisheries
production within these Lakes. It gives these extension agents an idea of the proper
approaches to be used in the execution of the various innovative and conservative measures
to be applied on the fisheries resources at the Lake without affecting the important social
structure of the community. It also helps policy makers to see which policies can be put in
place to preserve the ecological system of the lake.

1.4. RESAERCH OBJECTIVES

1.4.1. MAIN OBJECTIVE

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 Assess the impact of overfishing on the social economic activities of Lake Bangweulu in
samfya district.

1.4.2. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

 To ascertain the number of fishermen and people that depend on the lake as a major
source of income.
 To analyse the socio-economic benefits that may accrue from fishing.
 To determine why overfishing has increased.
 To find out how overfishing has affected the socio-economic status of the people

1.4.3. RESEARCH QUESTIONS

 What is the number of people and fishermen that depend on the lake as a major source
of income?
 What are the socio-economic benefits that may accrue from fishing?
 Why over fishing has increased over the years?
 How has overfishing affected the socio-economic status of the people?

1.5. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

From ancient times, fishing has been a major source of food for humanity and a provider of
employment and economic benefits to those engaged in this activity (FAO, 1996). Fishing is,
first and foremost, a human activity that produces food and generates income and
employment. It is a complex system that operates in an ecological context where constant
interactions between biology, ecology, economics and sociology take place. The economic
performance of the sector depends both on the characteristics of the fish stocks as well as the
market conditions and the efficiency of the harvesting process. Many of the world’s fisheries
are challenged by a combination of overcapacity, overharvesting, habitat damage and low
economic returns. The description “too many boats chasing too few fish” surely fits most
aquatic fisheries today (Grafton et al., 2006). Therefore, it is vital to carry out the study in
order to review at what level fishing is contributing to livelihoods in Zambia. According to
Musuka and Musonda (2012), Zambia has a lot of natural resources (rivers and lakes) which
is an opportunity for the Zambian people to diversify sources of income and nutrition,
[ CITATION Mbe17 \l 1033 ]. Overfishing is a time- sensitive issue, and if not addressed
immediately, researchers and ecologists fear that the world could run out of fish for
consumption by 2048 (Eilperin) and Zambia is no exception. Concerted efforts are underway
by dozens of national and regional government agencies, non- governmental organizations
(NGOs), international organizations, conservation organizations, businesses and citizens to
establish fishing capacities at a level consistent with both conservation objectives and
profitable industry (Montaigne). Consumers can voice their own purchasing power by

7
reducing or eliminating fish from their diet or by choosing fish that has been certified as
sustainable.
In countries lacking regulation and incentives to protect fish, conservation efforts are often
weak, and overexploitation of the resource becomes close to inevitable (Hauge, et al 2). As a
result, poverty increases, availability of fish and marine resources declines, and people begin
exploiting other natural resources to replace losses of income. According to [ CITATION
FAO18 \l 1033 ] six out of ten Zambians live in poverty and more than half of them are
extremely poor and are unable to meet their minimum nutritional needs. This simply means
that (Genschick et al., 2015) above 60% of people live below the poverty line and 42% are
classified as extremely poor. Poverty rates are highest for female-headed households, with
extreme poverty levels of more than 60% in rural areas and 15% in urban areas.
Fish has become a major source of protein consumption in most African countries. In
Zambia, the majority of those residing in rural areas rely on unstable sources of food which
lead to seasonal hunger and poverty [ CITATION Afr17 \l 1033 ]. Therefore at the end of this
study the discussion of how overfishing has impacted the social-economic activities of
samfya district will be addressed.

1.6. SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The objective of the study is to assess how overfishing has taken a toll on the livelihoods of
the people in samfya district. The study will look at the fisher men in the district of samfya.

2.0. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE
No country is immune to the effects of overfishing. Despite having one of the most regulated
fisheries in the world, Canada has seen the collapse of the Atlantic Canadian Cod fishery in
the 1990s. This is one of the most commonly cited examples in the world of overfishing and
its economic, social and cultural implications. Since the collapse of the cod, and resulting cod
fishing moratorium, other fisheries have provided alternatives for some fish harvesters.
However, many harvesters were forced to give up fishing—and a way of life passed down
from generation to generation—altogether (Daskalov, 2002). Thousands of individuals have
left the fishery for work in other trades or professions, and in many cases for other parts of
the country. Today overfishing remains a threat to the social and economic welfare of many
countries but none more so than in developing island states. Fishing is not simply an
important component of these developing economies, in many cases it is a central element in
the traditional diet of its citizens. In many African and South Asian coastal nations fish may
account for as much as 50 percent of protein in a typical diet. The decline of fish stocks in
coastal waters as the result of overfishing and illegal fishing activities is making this
important resource much less accessible for some of the world’s poorest citizens. In
developing countries where there is a shortage of other work for fishermen to turn to, this can
lead to further social and cultural difficulties, including increases in violence or migration

8
away from the home country seeking work (from
http://overfishingdilemma.weebly.com/economic-and-social-effects.html)
According to the Georgi M. Daskalov who wrote an academic article about overfishing
effects on the environment and ecosystem, it was said that when we take a predatory fish out
of the environment the lower scaled microorganisms like phytoplankton will bloom.
(Daskalov, 2002) These blooms can cause anoxic and hypoxic conditions and that can affect
the rest of the food chain, and the rest of the ecosystem. Most species do not adapt to sudden
changes very well, therefore, many species populations will deplete leaving fewer and fewer
fish for fisheries to catch. It is evident that overfishing is having a major impact on the ocean
in nearly every aspect imaginable. Many of these fish are interwoven in the ecosystem and
needed for specific purposes. Overfishing many of the smaller fish greatly affects the food
chain system and the eating habits of other animals such as larger fish like sharks. (Economic
and Social Effects) It forces them to have to prey on other fish that they normally wouldn’t
which can offset the food chain and cause a major disturbance in the ocean in general. Many
of the fisherman are carless when trying to catch fish and in turn effect other parts of the
ocean negatively such as coral reefs by coming in contact with these and destroying the
homes on a great deal of marine animals in the process.
Since the 1980s fish stocks have been overexploited, ecosystems have been modified, and
economies that once thrived from fishing exports have crashed. As a result, international
tensions have mounted due to competition over resources, and much debate has been had
over how to properly manage fisheries and trading of goods. As of result of such crises, there
has been a growing need for fisheries experts, as well as marine conservationists and
biologists to identify flaws in global fisheries, and ways to mitigate harmful fishing practices
through the development of responsible and sustainable fisheries (“Fisheries Management”
1). With the proper management, fisheries have the potential to reduce malnutrition and
provide a stable income to traditional coastal communities and developing nations.
2.2. AFRICA’S PERSPECTIVE
In developing nations, like those of coastal West Africa, fishing is poorly regulated. As a
result, local and foreign fishing fleets are decimating fish stocks, and contributing to the
growing socio- economic disparity among the fishermen and the people of Senegal, Ghana,
Guinea, and Angola (Montaigne). Poor people in these developing nations are incentivized to
continue unsustainably exploiting fish stocks for small wages because they are left with few
other options. This example of a “poverty trap” occurs when people become so poor that the
short-term need to survive outweighs any long-term advantages to conservation or
sustainable management (Cinner, et al. 206).
There are several complicated factors associated with this poverty trap that combine with the
pressures of socio-economic despair, further augmenting the issue of overfishing. For one,
unstable population growth exacerbates poverty in small coastal communities and developing
nations by increasing pressure on local resources. In nearly all cases, these people are not
aware of sustainable fishing practices because these nations lack stable, reliable
infrastructure, as well as regulation and enforcement systems. Ultimately, this negatively
affects the local economies because they overexploit already vulnerable and top- predator fish
stocks, resulting in issues of food scarcity and loss of livelihood in the future. Another issue
is the lack of incentives to protect this valuable industry. Fish are what is known as common

9
pool resources. In countries lacking regulation and incentives to protect fish, conservation
efforts are often weak, and overexploitation of the resource becomes close to inevitable
(Hauge, et al 2). As a result, poverty increases, availability of fish and marine resources
declines, and people begin exploiting other natural resources to replace losses of income.

2.3. ZAMBIA’S PERSPECTIVE

Zambia is endowed with 12 million hectares of water in form of rivers, lakes, and swamps
and 8 million hectares of wetlands (Alexander.S 2015). This endowment represents a huge
fisheries and aquaculture resource that is segmented into three major water basins that
include the Congo, Luapula, and the Zambezi catchments. The Congo basin is the smallest
and is represented by Lake Tanganyika. The Luapula Basin consists of the Chambeshi River
and the Bangweulu Lakes and Swamps Complex, Luapula River, Mweru-wa-Ntipa and Lake
Mweru. The Zambezi catchment area is the largest and consists of the Luangwa River,
Lukanga swamps, Kafue River, Zambezi, the Middle Zambezi (now dominated by Lake
Kariba), and Lower Zambezi.
The fisheries subsector is important in the economy of Zambia as it is projected to contribute
53.4% of animal protein in the diets of Zambians (FAO 2012a). Although globally the fish
consumption has grown from 9.9 kg in 1960s to 19.2 kg in 2012 (FAO 2014b), about 0.4% to
the agriculture sector (Central Statistics Office 2014) and that it supports around one million
people both directly and indirectly (DOF 2014). Furthermore, the scenario in Zambia has
remained subdued.
Zambia gets most of its fish from capture fisheries. Capture fisheries involves the harvesting
of naturally occurring fish resources in the naturally occurring water bodies such as lakes,
rivers, and any impoundments. The major capture fisheries include Lakes Kariba, Mweru–
Luapula, Mweru–Wantipa, Lusiwasi, Itezhi Tezhi, and Tanganyika. The major rivers include
Kafue, Luangwa, Lukanga, Chambeshi, and Zambezi. Therefore, emphasis is on fisheries
management in order to sustain fish production from natural water bodies.
The production from capture fisheries is not likely to increase from the current 75,000 tons on
average since they are being over-exploited due to the use of destructive methods coupled
with an increasing number of fishers. For instance, there were 7,696 fishers in 1976 against
18,150 fishers in 2013 in the Lake Bangweulu complex alone (Gordon, 2005). This may
explain why the fish production from capture fisheries has started to decline since 2010. The
fisheries sector has contributed between US$51 and 135 million per annum to GDP over the
period 2002-2007, averaging around 1.24 percent of GDP at current prices (Central Statistics
Office). This relatively small contribution at the macro level masks important contributions
of fish production to the rural economy through employment, earnings and as a source of
food. An estimated 300,000 (Bene and Merten, 2008). people earn part of their income
directly as fishers and fish farmers or indirectly as traders, processors and other service
providers (boat building and repair, net manufacturing, fuel wood supply, power supply,
transportation). It is estimated that more than 20 percent of animal protein intake for people
in Zambia is from fish (FAO 2006). Hence there is an important role for fish and fish
products in the food and nutrition security of the Zambian population, especially the urban
poor and people living with HIV and AIDS (PLHIV). (Allison and Seeley, 2004).

10
3.0. MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1. RESEARCH DESIGN
The study will involve simple random sampling also known as Probability sampling, which is
based on the notion of random selection where every item of the population has an equal
probability of inclusion in the sample. Information will rigorously be obtained from the
department of fisheries, fishermen, and vendors of fish caught within the vicinity through
structured questionnaires. The locations of the fishermen, and will be obtained from the
department of fisheries, fish venders and from the lake shore when they bring in there catch
and if possible their contacts, will be collected from the department of fisheries and in person
from them in samfya district. The data to be collected is how they have been affected by
overfishing and what that has meant for their livelihoods.

3.2. RESEARCH AREA

Samfya is a town located in the Zambian province of Luapula. It is the centre of Samfya
District. The town is located on the south-western shore of Lake Bangweulu, on the longest
stretch of well-defined shore of that lake.

Figure 1: Map of Zambia showing the study site samfya district in Luapula province. (Source:
Map data ©2020 Google)

11
3.3. DATA COLLECTION
Both primary and secondary data will be applied to satisfy the specific objectives of the
study.
3.3.1 PRIMARY DATA
The collection of Primary data will be done using structured questionnaires, interviews and
observations. Data will be collected both by physical observation and interview with
fishermen at house, field, fishing place and market.
3.3.2 SECONDARY DATA
Secondary data will be collected by studying published and unpublished books, reports,
research works, journals and newspapers. Utmost information will be collected from the
internet. This data will be compared to the primary data that will be collected, in order to
formulate a good conclusion about the research.
3.4. SAMPLE SIZE AND SAMPLE TECHNIQUE
The sample size of the study will be based on the static theory of Claves (1987); which states
that any sample of 30% of the units or more gives a true representation of the population. A
sample size of 30% will be selected to represent the total population.
To generate the sample size, Boyd’s formula will be used to calculate the sample size (n) i.e.
n
 ×100=C
N
 Expressing “n” in terms of “N” and “C” gives us the formula for sample size
CN
 Sample ¿(n¿)=
100
 Where, C=Sample percentage , N=Population ¿ ¿, and n=sample ¿ ¿

3.4.1 SAMPLE DESIGN

Simple random sampling method will employed in this study alongside the sample random
generator software to draw a sample size of 30% from the entire population. This software
(Random sample generator) allows a sample size (n) to be generated from an ordered list of
the population (N). This software will simply because it is very effective at minimizing
biasness. To use this software;
 The population should be in an ordered list i.e. it should be numbered from 1 through
to the population size (N).
 N in this case refers to the number of units in the Population you wish to generate the
Sample size (n) from.
 The software allows one to randomly select a sample of size n, where n is the number
of units one wishes to select.
 Sample (%) allows one to specify a percentage of the population one wishes to
sample. Where the percentage results in a fraction, the sample size will be rounded
up.

12
4.0. DATA ANALYSIS
After the collection of data, the variable will be converted into numerical data and using an
appropriate format, the data will be entered into a computer for processing. It will then be
analyzed using a computer software; Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version
22.0 for pie charts, frequency tables and graphical representation of the data. The results will
be appropriately coded (assigning numbers and/or symbols to responses in the field).

5.0. LIMITATIONS
 Some people may refuse to be interviewed
 Others may give untrue answers and at times not be available for the interviews.
 The funds for the study may not be enough and not be given on time.

13
6.0. BUDGET
The money to be used for this project will be obtained and delivered by the government
through the Ministry of higher education under the bursaries committee (student’s loans
board), minor sources will be acquired from the parents where necessary. The budget is as
follows;

ITEMS/DESCRIPTION COST(ZMK)

Transport 600

Accommodation 500

Printing, photocopying and binding 200

Internet services 150

Stationery 100

Miscellaneous 200
TOTAL 1,750

14
7.0. WORK PLAN
MONTH
March June July September October
ACTIVITY 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021

Distribution of the
Questionnaires

Collection of the
Questionnaires
and subsequent
analysis of the
findings
analysed data sent
to the supervisor

Compilation and
writing of the
report
Submission of
report

15
REFERENCES
African Humanity. (2017). the importance of aquaculture to Zambia.
Alexander Kefi Shula and Rhoda Mofya-Mukuka. (2015). THE FISHERIES SECTOR IN
ZAMBIA: STATUS, MANAGEMENT, AND CHALLENGES
Allchin 1975, page 106
Basavakumar, K.V., Devendrappa, S and Srenivas, S.T. (2011). A Study of Fishing
Community of a village in Karnataka. Karnataka J. Agric. Sci. 24(5): 684-687 pp.
Kronen, M., Stacey, N., Holland, P., Magron, F and Power, M. (2007). Socioeconomic
Fisheries Surveys in Pacific Islands: A Manual for the Collection of a Minimum Dataset.
Secretariat of the Pacific Community. Reef Fisheries Observatory, PROCFish/C and CoFish
Programme, Funded by European Union. 127 pp.
Bene, C. & Merten, S. (2008) Women and fish-for-sex: transactional sex, HIV/AIDS and
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Cinner, Joshua E., Timothy R. McClanahan, Tim M. Daw, Nicholas A.J. Graham, Joseph
Maina, Shaun K. Wilson, and Terence P. Hughes. "Linking Social and Ecological Systems to
Sustain Coral Reef Fisheries." Current Biology 19.3 (2009): 206-12. Web.
Coll, Marta & Libralato, Simone & Pitcher, Tony & Solidoro, Cosimo & Tudela, Sergi.
(2013). Sustainability implications of honouring the Code of Conduct for Responsible
Fisheries. Global Environmental Change. 23. 157-166. 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.10.017.
Daskalov, G. M. (2002). Overfishing drives a trophic cascade in the Black Sea. Ecology
Progress Series, 225, 53-63.
Department of fisheries. (2014). Objectives and Mission Statement Regarding the Growth of
Aquaculture in Zambia
Edgerton 2003, page 74
Economic and Social Effects - Portland State University. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://overfishingdilemma.weebly.com/economic-and-social-effects.html
Food and Agriculture Organisation (2002) the State of World Fisheries and Agriculture,
2002. FAO, Rome.
[FAO] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1999. Review of the State
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APPENDICES
QUESTIONNAIRE.

THE COPPERBELT UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF NATURAL RESOURCES

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND AQUATIC SCIENCES

A STRUCTURED QUESTIONNAIRE ON THE ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF

OVERFISHING ON THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND ECOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF
LAKE BANGWEULU.
This structured questionnaire will be used to gather data purely for academic purposes on the research
project on the ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF OVERFISHING ON THE SOCIO-
ECONOMIC AND ECOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF LAKE BANGWEULU. The responses to the
questionnaire will be treated with outmost confidence and the favourable responses will be highly
appreciated.

TO BE ANSWERED BY FISHER MEN AND FISH VENDORS

(TICK WHERE APPROPRIATE)

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A. Household Characteristics
1. a. Name of Head of House____________________
b. Cell No----------------------------
c. Name of Respondent: ___________________
d. Relation with HH Head: _______________________

2. Gender Male ( ) Female ( )

3. Age: ____________ (years)
4. Year of schooling--------------------------years
5. Number of people currently living in household------------------
Adult male------- Adult female----------Children up to 11---------
Adolescents (12-18 years) --------Male -----------Female_____________

6. Other people supported outside of household ______

7. Number of economically active (earning) household members _________
8. Main income generating activity_________________
9. Secondary income generating activities_____________________
10. Remittance from family members
1= Yes ( )
2= No ( )
If yes, how much per month? ________k
11. Do you have own livestock
1= Yes ( )
2= No ( )
If yes, then what and how many ________
1=Cow-------,
2=Chicken----------
3= Goat----------,
4= Others (Specify) ---------
12. Do you have own land

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 1= Yes ( )
2= No ( )
If yes, then how much? ________
Homestead---------
Agricultural--------
Other ------- (local unit of measurement in Lima)

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B. FISHING ACTIVITIES
13. What is the primary purpose of your involvement in fishing?
1=Subsistence or consumption ( )
2=Consumption and selling ( )
3=to sell in the local market, (generate income) ( )
4=Labour (employed by others) ( )
5=Other? …………………………………..
14. Over the last 5 years has your income from fishing changed?
1=increased ( )
2= decreased ( )
3=stayed the same/stable ( )
4=Not sure ( ) Why?
_____________________________________________________________________
______
________________________________________________
15. Do you own a fishing boat?
Yes ( ) No ( )
16. Do you own a fishing net only?
Yes ( ) No ( )
If no what types of fishing gear do you use? ---------------------------------------------
17. What type of fish do you normally catch?
1= Tilapia ( )
2= Catfish ( )
3= Tiger fish ( )
4= Other -----------------------------------------
18. Over the past 5 years has your catch
1= Increased ( )
2= Decreased ( )
3= Stable ( )
4= don’t know ( )
19. Are you aware of the fishing ban put in place by the government?

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 1= yes ( )
2= No ( )
20. What are some of the challenges you face as a
fisherman………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
21. Overall has fishing improved your livelihood?
1= yes ( )
2= No ( )

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