Title of the Paper - WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SUB CODE:09CBEC71

Prepared by:Ms.Sridevi, Ms.Meena, Ms. Nandhini

Unit No Mark Questions
Part A
1 2 1.Differentiate wireless communication and wired communication.
1 2 2.List the different types of services .
1 2 3.What is paging?
1 2 4.Differentiate cellular telephony and cordless telephony.
1 2 5.Define Base Station, Mobile station, MSC.
1 2 6.Define cell splitting.
1 2 7.Define cell cluster.
1 2 8.What is meant by Frequency reuse?
1 2 9.What are the different types of Multiple Access Scheme?
1 2 10.What is hand off?
1 2 11.State the principle of cellular network.
1 2 12.What is fading?
1 2 13.What are the various types of interference?
1 2 14.Define FDMA.
Part B
1 11 1. Explain in detail about various types of services
1 11 2. Discuss in brief about various multiple Access Schemes.
1 11 3. Discuss in detail about various data requirements of services.
1 11 "4. Write short notes on a) Multipath propagation
b) Spectrum limitations
"
1 11 5. Explain briefly about Noise and Interference limited system.
1 11 6. With suitable diagrams explain in detail about the principle of
cellular networking.
Part A
2 2 1.      What is scattering?
2 2 2.      List out types of wide band channel.
2 2 3.      Define the propagation effects with mobile radio
2 2 4.      What are the propagation mechanisms of EM waves?
2 2 5.      Define Doppler shift?
2 2 6.      What is the necessity of Link budget?
2 2 7.      What do you mean by WSSUS channels?
2 2 8.      Explain small scale fading.
2 2 9.      What is the significance of propagation model?
2 2 10.  List the advantage and disadvantages of Hata model
2 2 11.  What are the models in narrow band model?
2 2 12.  What are the advantage and disadvantage of okumura’model?
2 2 13.  What is Rayleigh fading?
2 2 14.  What is slow fading?
2 2 15.Differrentiate slow fading and fast fading
PART B
2 11 1.      Explain free space path loss and two ray model propagation
mechanisms for wireless channel
2 11 2.      Explain (a) Rayleigh fading
(b) Rician fading effects in mobile radio
"
2 11 3.      Enumerate on narrowband channel model.
2 11 4.      Write short notes on a) Okumara model b) Hatta model
2 11 5.  Explain about various propagation mechanisms with suitable
diagram.
2 11 6. Design a link budget and explain about need of link calculation.
Part A
3 2 1.       What is QPSK?
3 2 2.       Difference between MSK and AMSK?
3 2 3.       Why AMSK is preferred for wireless communication ?
3 2 4.       Define digital modulation? list the Advantages
3 2 5.       Compare linear and non linear modulation
3 2 6.       Define constellation diagram & What do you infer from it ?
3 2 7.       Write probability of error equation for QPSK,BFSK & MSK
3 2 8.       Define BFSK
3 2 9.       Define Offset QPSK, π/4 differential QPSK
3 2 10.   Define power efficiency & bandwidth efficiency
3 2 11.   What are the types of digital modulation technique
3 2 12.   List the advantage of digital modulation technique
3 2 13.   How can improve the performance of digital modulation under
fading channels
Part B
3 11 1. What is the principle of MSK Scheme and explain in detail the
generation and detection of it.
3 11 2. With suitable block diagram explain about GMSK transmitter and
receiver.
3 11 3. Explain briefly about Binary phase shift keying and its advantages
3 11 4. a. Discuss in detail any two demodulation technique of minimum Shift
keyin g method.b. Explain in detail about optimum receiver structure for non
coherent detection
3 11 5. a. Describe with a block diagram Quadrature phase shift keying and
its advantages b) What are the salient features of QPSK?
3 11 6. What is BFSK ? Derive the bit error probability of BFSK and also
explain the constellation diagram of it.

Part A
4 2 1.       List the different types of speech coding techniques
4 2 2.       State the significance of linear and decision feedback
equation ?
4 2 3.       Differentiate Micro and Macro diversity ?
4 2 4.       Write any two drawbacks of Bit error driven diversity.
4 2 5.       Mention any four methods of micro diversity .
4 2 6.       Draw the block diagram of linear equalizer.
4 2 7.       What is non linear diversity?
4 2 8.       Define switched diversity & frequency diversity .
4 2 9.       What is non linear equalizer ?
4 2 10.   Why diversity technique is needed ?
4 2 11.   How to improve link performance ?
4 2 12.   Differentiate selection , combining diversity.
4 2 13.   Define feedback diversity.
4 2 14.   What is angular diversity.
4 2 15.   Define polarization diversity.
4 PART B
4 11 1.Discuss in detail about combination signals with suitable diarams.
4 11 2.Write short notes on a)Spatial Diversity b)Temporal diversity
c)Frequency diversity d)Angle diversity
4 11 3.Briely discuss about Encoding and decoding in block codes.
4 11 4.Explain about macro diversity techniques in detail.
4 11 5.Discuss in detail about Speech coder designs.
4 11 6.Write in detail about Linear Equalizers with suitable adaptive
algorithm.

Part A

5 2 1.       Define the concept of spread spectrum.

5 2 2.       What is the necessity of cyclic prefix ?
5 2 3.       What are the types of spread spectrum ?
5 2 4.       Define Chip duration & Chip rate.
5 2 5.       List out the advantages & disadvantages of DS-SS.
5 2 6.       How can we increase the capacity of CDMA ?
5 2 7.       Why we go for 3G ?
5 2 8.       Identify multiple access techniques used.
5 2 9.       Compare slow hopping & fast hopping FH-SS
5 2 10.   Write the goals of GSM standard
5 2 11.   State synchronization.
5 2 12.   Write any two advantage of CDMA.
5 2 13.   What is soft hand over?
5 2 14.   How will you control power in down link?
5 2 15.   What is the drawback in error correction coding?
5 Part B
5 11 1.       With suitable block diagram explain in detail about Direct
sequence spread spectrum
5 11 2.      Discuss on - FHMA , FH-SS
5 11 3.      Enumerate on i) GSM Architecture ii) GSM Channels
5 11 4.      Explain CDMA & compare its performance with TDMA
5 11 5.      What is orthogonal frequency division multiplexing , Explain
OFDM technique and mention it merits & demerits
5 11 6.Compare in brief various multiple access techniques used in spread
spectrum system.
----------------------------------------------------

1. Which of the following is not a characteristic of cellular telephone system?

a) Accommodate large number of users
b) Large geographic area
c) Limited frequency spectrum
d) Large frequency spectrum
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Cellular systems accommodate a large number of users within a limited
frequency spectrum over a large geographic area.
2. What is the responsibility of MSC in cellular telephone system?
a) Connection of mobile to base stations
b) Connection of mobile to PSTN
c) Connection of base station to PSTN
d) Connection of base station to MSC
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Mobile Switching Center (MSC) is responsible for connecting all
mobiles to the PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) in a cellular system.
3. Who has the responsibility of billing and system maintenance function in
cellular system?
a) Base Station
b) PSTN
c) MSC
d) Mobile system
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Mobile switching center (MSC) accommodates 100,000 subscribers and
5,000 simultaneous conversations at a time and handles all billing and system
maintenance functions.
4. What is the function of FVC (Forward Voice Channel)?
a) Voice transmission from base station to mobiles
b) Voice transmission from mobile to base station
c) Initiating mobile calls
d) Broadcast all traffic request for all mobile
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: FVC (Forward Voice Channel) and RVC (Reverse Voice Channel) are
responsible for voice transmission. FVC is used for voice transmission from base
station to mobile and RVC is used for voice transmission from mobile to base
station.
5. Which two channels are responsible for initiating mobile calls?
a) FVC and FCC
b) FVC and RVC
c) FCC and RCC
d) FCC and RVC
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: FCC (Forward Control Channel) and RCC (Reverse Control Channel) are
control channels responsible for initiating mobile calls.
6. Of the total channels present in the cellular system, what is the percentage of
voice and control channels?
a) 95% voice channels, 5% control channels
b) 5% voice channels, 95% control channels
c) 50% voice channels, 50% control channels
d) 25% voice channels, 75% control channels
View Answer

7. What is MIN?
a) Subscriber’s telephone number
b) Paging message
c) Traffic request number
d) Mobile Internet
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: MIN (Mobile Identification Number) is a 10 digit unique number which
represents the telephone number of subscriber.
8. What is transmitted along with the call initiation request during the origin of
call by a mobile?
a) MIN
b) ESN
c) ESN and SCM
d) MIN, ESN and SCM
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: When a mobile originates the call, it sends the MIN (mobile
identification number), ESN (electronic serial number) and SCM (station class mark)
along with the call initiation request.
9. What does SCM indicates?
a) Maximum receiver power level for a particular user
b) Maximum transmitter power level for a particular user
c) Minimum receiver power level for a particular user
d) Minimum transmitter power level for a particular user
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: SCM (Station Class Mark) indicates the maximum transmitter power level
for a particular user.
10. What is the shape of the cell present in the cellular system?
a) Circular
b) Square
c) Hexagonal
d) Triangular
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: The shape of the cell present in the cellular network is hexagonal
since it can cover the entire geographical area without any gap and overlapping.
11. Why the size of the cell is kept small in cellular network?
a) Increase capacity
b) Decrease capacity
c) Increased size of base station electronics
d) Slow process of handoffs
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The size of the cells in cellular network is kept small because of the
need of high capacity in areas with high user density and reduced size and cost of
base station electronics.
12. What is handoff?
a) Forward channel
b) Switching technique
c) Roamer
d) Guard channel
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Handoff is a switching technique which refers to the process of
transferring an active call or data session from one cell in a cellular network to
another.
13. Which one is not an advantage of using frequency reuse?
a) Increased capacity
b) Limited spectrum is required
c) Same spectrum may be allocated to other network
d) Number of base stations is reduced
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Frequency reuse is a technique of reusing frequencies and channels
within a cellular system to improve capacity and spectral efficiency.
14. The process of transferring a mobile station from one base station to another
is
a) MSC
b) Roamer
c) Handoff
d) Forward channel
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Handoff is the process of changing the channel associated with current
connection while a call is in progress.
15. The interference between the neighbouring base stations is avoided by
a) Assigning different group of channels
b) Using transmitters with different power level
c) Using different antennas
d) Using different base stations
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The interference between the neighbouring base stations is avoided by
assigning different group of channels and reusing the same channel after a certain
amount of distance.
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Wireless & Mobile Communications Questions & Answers – Free Space Propagation
Model
« PrevNext »
This set of Wireless & Mobile Communications Multiple Choice Questions & Answers
(MCQs) focuses on “Free Space Propagation Model”.

1. The mechanism behind electromagnetic wave propagation cannot be attributed to

___________
a) Reflection
b) Diffraction
c) Scattering
d) Sectoring
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: The mechanisms behind electromagnetic wave propagation are diverse.
They can be greatly attributed to reflection, diffraction and scattering. Due to
multiple reflections from various objects, the electromagnetic waves travel along
different paths of varying lengths.
2. The propagation model that estimates radio coverage of a transmitter is called
___________
a) Large scale propagation model
b) Small scale propagation model
c) Fading model
d) Okumura model
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Large scale propagation model are useful in estimating the radio
coverage area of a transmitter. They can predict the mean signal strength for an
arbitrary transmitter-receiver (T-R) separation distance. They characterize signal
strength over large T-R separation distances.
3. Propagation model that characterize rapid fluctuation is called _________
a) Hata model
b) Fading model
c) Large scale propagation model
d) Okumura model
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Fading models characterize the rapid fluctuations of the received
signal strength over very short travel distance (a few wavelengths) or shot time
durations (on the order of seconds).
4. Small scale propagation model is also known as _________
a) Fading model
b) Micro scale propagation model
c) Okumura model
d) Hata model
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Small scale propagation model is also called fading model. Fading
model characterize the rapid fluctuations of the received signal strength over very
short distance of a few wavelengths or short time duration. The propagation models
are used to estimate the performance of wireless channels.
5. Free space propagation model is to predict ______
a) Received signal strength
b) Transmitted power
c) Gain of transmitter
d) Gain of receiver
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Free space propagation model predicts the received signal strength
when there is an unobstructed line of sight path between transmitter and receiver.
It assumes the ideal propagation condition that the environment is empty between
the transmitter and receiver.
6. Which of the following do not undergo free space propagation?
a) Satellite communication system
b) Microwave line of sight radio links
c) Wireless line of sight radio links
d) Wired telephone systems
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: EM signals when traveling through wireless channels experience fading
effects due to various effects. But in some cases the transmission is with no
obstruction and direct line of sight such as in satellite communication, microwave
and wireless line of sight radio links.
7. The free space model predicts that received signal decays as a function of
_________
a) Gain of transmitter antenna
b) T-R separation
c) Power of transmitter antenna
d) Effective aperture of the antenna
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: As with most large scale radio wave propagation models, the free space
model predicts that received signal decays as a function of the T-R separation
distance raised to some power. Often it is given as a function of negative square
root of the distance.
8. Relation between gain and effective aperture is given by ______
a) G=(4πAe)/λ2
b) G=(4π λ2)/Ae
c) G=4πAe
d) G=Ae/λ2
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The gain of the antenna is proportional to effective aperture area.
Therefore, antennas with large effective apertures are high gain antennas and have
small angular beam widths. Most of their power is radiated in a narrow beam in one
direction, and little in other directions.
9. Relation between wavelength and carrier frequency is _________
a) λ=c/f
b) λ=c*f
c) λ=f/c
d) λ=1/f
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Wavelength is inversely proportional to carrier frequency. For
electromagnetic radiation in free space, wavelength is a ratio of speed of light
(c) and carrier frequency (f). Speed of light is 3*108 m/s. The unit for wavelength
is meters.
10. Which of the following antenna radiates power with unit gain uniformly in all
directions?
a) Directional antenna
b) Dipole antenna
c) Isotropic antenna
d) Loop antenna
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Isotropic antenna radiates the power with unit gain uniformly in all
directions. It is an ideal antenna. From practical point of view, there is no
actual isotropic antenna. But, an isotropic antenna is often used as a reference
antenna for the antenna gain.
11. EIRP is abbreviated as __________
a) Effective isotropic radiated power
b) Effective isotropic radio power
c) Effective and immediate radiated power
d) Effective and immediate ratio of power
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: EIRP stands for Effective Isotropic Radiated Power. It is the amount
of power that a theoretical isotropic antenna would emit to produce the peak power
density observed in the direction of maximum antenna gain. EIRP also takes into
account the losses in transmission line and connectors and includes the gain of the
antenna.
12. Path loss in free space model is defined as difference of ________
a) Effective transmitted power and gain
b) Effective received power and distance between T-R
c) Gain and received power
d) Effective transmitter power and receiver power
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: I Path loss is defined as difference of effective transmitter power
and receiver power. Free-space path loss is the loss in signal strength of an
electromagnetic wave that would result from a line-of-sight path through free
space, with no obstacles nearby to cause reflection or diffraction.
13. Far field region is also known as _________
a) Near field region
b) Fraunhofer region
c) Erlang region
d) Fresnel region
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: The far field is the region far from the antenna. In this region, the
radiation pattern does not change shape with distance. Also, this region is
dominated by radiated fields, with the E- and H-fields orthogonal to each other and
the direction of propagation as with plane waves.
14. Fraunhofer distance is given by _____
a) 2D2/λ
b) 2D/λ
c) D/λ
d) 2D/λ2
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Fraunhofer distance, also known as far field distance is inversely
proportional to wavelength. It depends on the largest physical dimension of the
antennal (D). This distance basically denotes the boundary between far field and
near field region.
15. Which of the following is called an ideal antenna?
a) Dipole antenna
b) Directional antenna
c) Isotropic antenna
d) Loop antenna
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Isotropic antenna is an ideal antenna that directs the power uniformly
in all directions. It is a theoretical point source of electromagnetic. It is
practically not possible. It is mainly used as a hypothetical antenna to measure
the gain.

-----------------
This set of Wireless & Mobile Communications Multiple Choice Questions & Answers
(MCQs) focuses on “Cellular Telephone Systems”.

1. Which of the following is not a characteristic of cellular telephone system?

a) Accommodate large number of users
b) Large geographic area
c) Limited frequency spectrum
d) Large frequency spectrum
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Cellular systems accommodate a large number of users within a limited
frequency spectrum over a large geographic area.
2. What is the responsibility of MSC in cellular telephone system?
a) Connection of mobile to base stations
b) Connection of mobile to PSTN
c) Connection of base station to PSTN
d) Connection of base station to MSC
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Mobile Switching Center (MSC) is responsible for connecting all
mobiles to the PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) in a cellular system.
3. Who has the responsibility of billing and system maintenance function in
cellular system?
a) Base Station
b) PSTN
c) MSC
d) Mobile system
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Mobile switching center (MSC) accommodates 100,000 subscribers and
5,000 simultaneous conversations at a time and handles all billing and system
maintenance functions.
4. What is the function of FVC (Forward Voice Channel)?
a) Voice transmission from base station to mobiles
b) Voice transmission from mobile to base station
c) Initiating mobile calls
d) Broadcast all traffic request for all mobile
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: FVC (Forward Voice Channel) and RVC (Reverse Voice Channel) are
responsible for voice transmission. FVC is used for voice transmission from base
station to mobile and RVC is used for voice transmission from mobile to base
station.
5. Which two channels are responsible for initiating mobile calls?
a) FVC and FCC
b) FVC and RVC
c) FCC and RCC
d) FCC and RVC
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: FCC (Forward Control Channel) and RCC (Reverse Control Channel) are
control channels responsible for initiating mobile calls.
6. Of the total channels present in the cellular system, what is the percentage of
voice and control channels?
a) 95% voice channels, 5% control channels
b) 5% voice channels, 95% control channels
c) 50% voice channels, 50% control channels
d) 25% voice channels, 75% control channels
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: In each cellular system, control channels are 5% of the total channels
available and remaining 95% are dedicated to voice and data traffic.
7. What is MIN?
a) Subscriber’s telephone number
b) Paging message
c) Traffic request number
d) Mobile Internet
View Answer

8. What is transmitted along with the call initiation request during the origin of
call by a mobile?
a) MIN
b) ESN
c) ESN and SCM
d) MIN, ESN and SCM
View Answer

9. What does SCM indicates?

a) Maximum receiver power level for a particular user
b) Maximum transmitter power level for a particular user
c) Minimum receiver power level for a particular user
d) Minimum transmitter power level for a particular user
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: SCM (Station Class Mark) indicates the maximum transmitter power level
for a particular user.
10. What is the shape of the cell present in the cellular system?
a) Circular
b) Square
c) Hexagonal
d) Triangular
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: The shape of the cell present in the cellular network is hexagonal
since it can cover the entire geographical area without any gap and overlapping.
11. Why the size of the cell is kept small in cellular network?
a) Increase capacity
b) Decrease capacity
c) Increased size of base station electronics
d) Slow process of handoffs
View Answer

12. What is handoff?

a) Forward channel
b) Switching technique
c) Roamer
d) Guard channel
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Handoff is a switching technique which refers to the process of
transferring an active call or data session from one cell in a cellular network to
another.
13. Which one is not an advantage of using frequency reuse?
a) Increased capacity
b) Limited spectrum is required
c) Same spectrum may be allocated to other network
d) Number of base stations is reduced
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Frequency reuse is a technique of reusing frequencies and channels
within a cellular system to improve capacity and spectral efficiency.
14. The process of transferring a mobile station from one base station to another
is
a) MSC
b) Roamer
c) Handoff
d) Forward channel
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Handoff is the process of changing the channel associated with current
connection while a call is in progress.
15. The interference between the neighbouring base stations is avoided by
a) Assigning different group of channels
b) Using transmitters with different power level
c) Using different antennas
d) Using different base stations
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The interference between the neighbouring base stations is avoided by
assigning different group of channels and reusing the same channel after a certain
amount of distance.
-------------------
1. Diffraction occurs when radio path between Tx. And Rx. Is obstructed by
________
a) Surface having sharp irregularities.
b) Smooth irregularities
c) Rough surface
d) All types of surfaces
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Diffraction occurs when radio path between transmitter and receiver is
obstructed by a surface that has sharp irregularities (edges). The secondary waves
resulting from the obstructing surface are present throughout the space and even
behind the obstacle.
2. At high frequencies, diffraction does not depends on ______
a) Geometry of the object
b) Distance between Tx and Rx
c) Amplitude of incident wave
d) Polarization of incident wave
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: At high frequency, diffraction depends on the geometry of the object,
as well as the amplitude, phase, and polarization of the incident wave at the point
of diffraction. It gives rise to a bending of waves even when line of sight does
not exist between transmitter and receiver.
3. Diffraction allows radio signals to propagate around ________
a) Continuous surface
b) Smooth surface
c) Curved surface of Earth
d) Does not allow propagation
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Diffraction allows radio signals to propagate around the curved
surface of the Earth. Signals can propagate beyond the horizon and to propagate
behind obstruction. It is the slight bending of light as it passes around the edge
of an object.
4. Which principle explains the phenomenon of diffraction?
a) Principle of Simultaneity
b) Pascal’s Principle
c) Archimedes’ Principle
d) Huygen’s principle
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: The phenomenon of diffraction can be explained by Huygen’s principle.
It states that all points on a wavefront can be considered as point sources for the
production of secondary wavelets. And these wavelets combine to produce a new
wavefront in direction of propagation.
5. Diffraction is caused by propagation of secondary wavelets into _______
a) Bright region
b) Shadowed region
c) Smooth region
d) Large region
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Diffraction is caused due to propagation of secondary wavelets into a
shadowed region. The field strength in the shadowed region is the vector sum of the
electric field components of all the secondary wavelets in the space around the
obstacle.
6. Difference between the direct path and the diffracted path is called _______
a) Average length
b) Radio path length
c) Excess path length
d) Wavelength
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Excess path length denoted by ∆, is the difference between the direct
path and the diffracted path. It is calculated with the help of Fresnel zone
geometry.
7. The phase difference between a direct line of sight path and diffracted path is
function of _______
a) Height and position of obstruction
b) Only height
c) Operating frequency
d) Polarization
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The phase difference between a direct line of sight path and
diffracted path is a function of height and position of the diffraction. It is also
a function of transmitter and receiver location.
8. Which of the following explains the concept of diffraction loss?
a) Principle of Simultaneity
b) Pascal’s Principle
c) Fresnel zone
d) Archimedes’ Principle
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: The concept of diffraction loss is a function of the path difference
around an obstruction. It can be explained by Fresnel zones. Fresnel zones
represent successive regions where secondary waves have a path length from Tx to Rx
which are nλ/2 greater than total path length.
9. In mobile communication system, diffraction loss occurs due to ______
a) Dielectric medium
b) Obstruction
c) Electric field
d) Operating frequency
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Diffraction loss occurs from the blockage of secondary waves such that
only a portion of the energy is diffracted around an obstacle. An obstruction
causes a blockage of energy from source some of the Fresnel zones, allowing only
some of the transmitted energy to reach the receiver.
10. For predicting the field strength in a given service area, it is essential to
estimate ______
a) Polarization
b) Magnetic field
c) Height of transmitter
d) Signal attenuation
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Estimating the signal attenuation caused by diffraction of radio waves
over hills and buildings is essential in predicting the field strength in a given
service area. In practice, prediction is a process of theoretical approximation
modified by necessary empirical corrections.
----------------------
1. Scattering occurs when medium consists of objects with dimensions _______
compared to wavelength.
a) Same
b) Small
c) Large
d) Very large
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Scattering occurs when the medium through which the wave travels
consists of objects with dimensions that are small compared to the wavelength. But
the number of obstacles per unit volume is large.
2. Scattered waves are produced at ________
a) Rough surface
b) Shadowed region
c) Smooth surface
d) Horizon
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Scattered waves are produced by rough surfaces, small objects or by
other irregularities in the channel. In practice, foliage, street signs, and lamp
posts induce scattering in a mobile communication system.
3. The actual received signal is ______ than what is predicted by reflection and
diffraction model.
a) Weaker
b) Equal
c) Stronger
d) Very weak
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: The actual received signal in a mobile radio environment is often
stronger than what is predicted by reflection and diffraction model alone. This is
because when a radio wave incidence upon the rough surface, reflected energy is
spread out in all directions.
4. Scattered energy in all directions provides _________ at a receiver.
a) Channels
b) Loss of signal
c) No energy
d) Additional radio energy
View Answer

Answer: d
Explanation: Objects such as lamp posts and trees tend to scatter energy in all
directions. They provide additional radio energy at a receiver. Scattering may also
refer to particle-particle collisions between molecules, atoms, electrons, photons
and other particles.
5. Surface roughness are often tested using ______
a) Rayleigh criterion
b) Lawson criterion
c) Barkhausen stability criterion
d) Nyquist criterion
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Rough surface is often tested using a Rayleigh criterion. It defines
the critical height of surface protuberances for a given angle of incidence. The
Rayleigh criterion is the criterion for the minimum resolvable detail. The imaging
process is said to be diffraction-limited when the first diffraction minimum of the
image of one source point coincides with the maximum of another.
6. A surface is considered rough if protuberance is ______ than critical height.
a) Equal
b) Less
c) Greater
d) No relation
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: A surface is considered rough if its minimum to maximum protuberance
is greater than the critical height calculated using Rayleigh criterion. It is
considered smooth if protuberance is less than critical height.
7. RCS of scattering object is defined as the ratio of ______
a) Power density of signal scattered to power density of radio wave incident
b) Power density of radio wave incident to power density of signal scattered
c) Power density of incident waves to power density of reflected wave
d) Power density of reflected wave to power density of incident waves
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The radar cross section of a scattering object is defined as the ratio
of the power density of the signal scattered in the direction of the receiver to
the power density of the radio wave incident upon the scattering object. It has
unit of square meters.
8. Which equation is used to calculate the received power due to scattering for
urban mobile radio system?
a) Laplace equation
b) Bistatic radar equation
c) Poisson’s equation
d) Maxwell equation
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: For urban mobile radio systems, models based on bistatic radar
equation is used to compute the received power due to scattering in the far field.
This equation describes the propagation of wave in free space which impinges on a
scattering object and then reradiated in the direction of receiver.
9. In ionosphere propagation, waves arriving at the receiving antenna using the
phenomenon of _______
a) Scattering
b) Refraction
c) Diffraction
d) Radiation
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Scattering is a general physical process where some forms of
radiation, such as light, sound, or moving particles, are forced to deviate from a
straight trajectory by one or more paths. It is due to localized non-uniformities
in the medium through which they pass.
10. Power density is basically termed as ________ power per unit area.
a) Reflected
b) Refracted
c) Radiated
d) Diffracted
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Power density is the amount of power (time rate of energy transfer)
per unit volume. It is also termed as radiated power per unit area. In energy
transformers including batteries, fuel cells, motors, etc., power density refers to
a volume. It is then also called volume power density.

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This set of Wireless & Mobile Communications Questions and Answers for Experienced
people focuses on “Practical Link Budget Design Using Path Loss Models”.

1. Empirical approach is based on fitting curve or analytical expressions.

a) True
b) False
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The empirical approach is based on fitting curves or analytical
expressions that recreate a set of measured data. This has the advantage of
implicitly taking into account all propagation factors, both known and unknown
through actual field measurements.
2. Which of the following is not a practical path loss estimation technique?
a) Log distance path loss model
b) Log normal shadowing
c) Determination of percentage of coverage area
d) Hata model
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Log normal shadowing, log distance path loss model and determination
of percentage of coverage area are practical pat loss estimation techniques. Hata
model is only valid for exterior environment.
3. Average received signal power decreases __________ with distance.
a) Exponentially
b) Logarithmically
c) Two times
d) Four times
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Both theoretical and measurement based propagation models indicate
that average received signal power decreases logarithmically with distance. It is
valid for both outdoor and indoor channels.
4. What does path loss exponent indicates?
a) Rate at which path loss decreases with distance
b) Rate at which path loss increases with distance
c) Rate at which path loss decreases with power density
d) Rate at which path loss increases with power density
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: The average large scale path loss for an arbitrary T-R separation is
expressed as a function of distance by using a path loss exponent, n. It indicates
the rate at which the path loss increases with distance.
5. The reference distance should not be in the far field of the antenna.
a) True
b) False
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: It is important to select a free space reference distance that is
appropriate for the propagation environment. The reference distance should always
be in the far field of the antenna so that near field effects do not alter the
reference path loss.
6. Which distribution describes the shadowing effect?
a) Log normal distribution
b) Nakagami distribution
c) Cauchy distribution
d) Rayleigh distribution
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Log normal distribution describes the random shadowing effects. It
occurs over a large number of measurement locations which have the same T-R
separation, but have different clutter on the propagation path.
7. Log normal shadowing is a phenomenon that occurs with same T-R separation having
same level clutter on the propagation path.
a) True
b) False
View Answer

Answer: b
Explanation: Log normal shadowing occurs over a large number of measurement
locations which have the same T-R separation, but have different levels of clutter
on the propagation path. It follows log normal distribution.
8. Log normal shadowing implies that measured signal levels at specific T-R
separation have ______ distribution when signal levels have values in dB units.
a) Rayleigh
b) Gamma
c) Gaussian
d) Nakagami
View Answer

Answer: c
Explanation: Log normal shadowing implies that measured signal levels at a specific
T-R separation have Gaussian (Normal) distribution. It is about the distance
dependent mean of 4.68 where the signal levels have values in dB units.
9. A link budget is accounting of all __________
a) Gain and losses from the transmitter
b) Power transmitted by transmitter
c) Power received by receiver
d) Power transmitted and received
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: A link budget is accounting of all of the gains and losses from the
transmitter, through the medium (free space, cable, waveguide, etc.) to the
receiver in a telecommunication system. It accounts for the attenuation of the
transmitted signal due to propagation, as well as the antenna gains and
miscellaneous losses.
10. Antenna’s efficiency is given by the ratio of __________
a) Losses
b) Physical aperture to effective aperture
c) Signal power to noise power
d) Effective aperture to physical aperture
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: The larger the antenna aperture the larger is the resulting signal
power density in the desired direction. The ratio of effective aperture to the
physical aperture is the antenna’s efficiency.
Sanfoundry Global Education & Learning Series – Wireless &