Instructor's M a n u a l

to accompany

APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS

Sixth Edition

Robert L. Mott
University of Dayton

PEARSON

Upper Saddle River, N e w Jersey

Columbus, Ohio
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O n l i n e I M t o A c c o m p a n y

APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS

Sixth Edition

Robert L. Mott
University of D a y t o n

PEARSON

Upper Saddle River, N e w J e r s e y

C o l u m b u s , Ohio
CHAPTER FIFTEEN
FLOW MEASUREMENT 235

CHAPTER SIXTEEN
FORCES DUE T O FLUIDS IN M O T I O N 240

CHAPTER SEVENTEEN
D R A G A N D LIFT 251

CHAPTER EIGHTEEN
F A N S , B L O W E R S , C O M P R E S S O R S , A N D THE F L O W OF GASES 260

CHAPTER NINETEEN
F L O W OF AIR IN D U C T S 269

SPREADSHEETS 273

iv
CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE
THE N A T U R E OF FLUIDS A N D THE S T U D Y OF FLUID M E C H A N I C S 1

CHAPTER T W O
V I S C O S I T Y OF FLUIDS 12

CHAPTER THREE
PRESSURE M E A S U R E M E N T 19

CHAPTER FOUR
FORCES DUE T O S T A T I C FLUIDS 25

CHAPTER FIVE
BUOYANCY A N D STABILITY 44

CHAPTER SIX
F L O W OF FLUIDS 61

CHAPTER SEVEN
GENERAL ENERGY E Q U A T I O N 81

CHAPTER EIGHT
REYNOLDS N U M B E R , L A M I N A R F L O W , A N D TURBULENT F L O W
A N D ENERGY LOSSES DUE T O FRICTION 94

CHAPTER NINE
V E L O C I T Y PROFILES FOR CIRCULAR SECTIONS A N D
F L O W FOR N O N C I R C U L A R SECTIONS 113

CHAPTER T E N
M I N O R LOSSES 129

CHAPTER ELEVEN
SERIES PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S 141

CHAPTER T W E L V E
PARALLEL PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S 187

CHAPTER THIRTEEN
P U M P SELECTION A N D A P P L I C A T I O N 213

CHAPTER FOURTEEN
OPEN C H A N N E L F L O W 218

iii
 APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS
Sixth Edition

R o b e r t L. Mott

Prentice-Hall Publishing C o m p a n y

D e s c r i p t i o n of S p r e a d s h e e t s I n c l u d e d on the C D in the B o o k

Introduction

T h i s book includes a C D - R O M that contains ten c o m p u t a t i o n a l aids that are k e y e d to the

book. T h e files are written as Microsoft Excel s p r e a d s h e e t s using V e r s i ó n 2 0 0 2 o n W i n d o w s
XP.

T h e ten s p r e a d s h e e t s are all included in o n e w o r k b o o k called Series Pipe S y s t e m s - M a s t e r .

T h e ñ a m e s of e a c h s p r e a d s h e e t described below are on the t a b s at t h e bottom of the
w o r k b o o k w h e n it is o p e n e d . Y o u must c h o o s e w h i c h is appropriate for a given p r o b l e m .
Most ñ a m e s start with either /, //, or /// indicating w h e t h e r the s p r e a d s h e e t is for a Class /,
Class II, or C l a s s /// pipe line s y s t e m a s d e f i n e d in C h a p t e r 11 of the text.

T h e s p r e a d s h e e t s are d e s i g n e d to facilítate t h e n u m e r o u s calculations required to solve the

variety of p r o b l e m s in C h a p t e r 11 Series Pipeline S y s t e m s . M a n y of the s p r e a d s h e e t s
a p p e a r in the text. O t h e r s w e r e p r e p a r e d to produce solutions for t h e Solutions M a n u a l . T h e
given s p r e a d s h e e t s include data a n d results f r o m certain figures in t h e text, f r o m e x a m p l e
p r o b l e m s , or in p r o b l e m s f r o m t h e e n d of C h a p t e r s 8 , 1 1 , a n d 13 containing the analysis a n d
d e s i g n p r o c e d u r e s f e a t u r e d in the p r o g r a m s .

T h e following s e c t i o n s give brief descriptions of each s p r e a d s h e e t . M a n y are d i s c u s s e d in

the text in m o r e e x t e n s i v e detail. It is e x p e c t e d that y o u will verify all of the e l e m e n t s of e a c h
s p r e a d s h e e t before using t h e m for solutions to specific p r o b l e m s .

U s i n g the S p r e a d s h e e t s : It is recommended that the given spreadsheets be

maintained as they initially appear on the CD. To use them for solving other
problems, cali up the master workbook in Excel and use the "Save as" command to
ñame it something different. That versión can then be used for a variety of problems
ofyour o w n c h o i c e . Be careful that you do not modify the contents of critical cells
containing complex equations. However, you are encouraged to add additional
features to the spreadsheets to enhance their utility.

T h e principies involved in the s p r e a d s h e e t s c o m e f r o m C h a p t e r s 6 - 1 1 and you should

study t h e c o n c e p t s a n d the solution t e c h n i q u e s for e a c h type of p r o b l e m before using the
given s p r e a d s h e e t s . It is highly r e c o m m e n d e d that you w o r k s a m p l e p r o b l e m s by hand first.
T h e n e n t e r t h e a p p r o p r i a t e data into the s p r e a d s h e e t to verify the solution. In most
s p r e a d s h e e t s , t h e d a t a that n e e d to be entered are identified by g r a y - s h a d e d áreas and by
italic t y p e . Results are typically s h o w n in bold type.

v
/ Power SI: T h e objective of p r o b l e m s of this type is to c o m p u t e the a m o u n t of p o w e r
required to drive a p u m p to deliver a given a m o u n t of fluid t h r o u g h a given s y s t e m . E n e r g y
iosses a r e c o n s i d e r e d . All data m u s t be in the listed SI units. T h e solution p r o c e d u r e is for a
Class I series pipe line s y s t e m . T h e following is a s u m m a r y of the steps y o u m u s t c o m p l e t e .

1. Enter the p r o b l e m identification information first. T h e given d a t a in the s p r e a d s h e e t are

for e x a m p l e P r o b l e m 11.1 for the s y s t e m s h o w n in Figure 11.2.

2. D e s c r i b e t w o a p p r o p r i a t e reference points for c o m p l e t i n g the analysis of the g e n e r a l

energy equation.

3
3. Specify the required v o l u m e flow rate, Q, in m / s .

4. Enter the p r e s s u r e s (in k P a ) , velocities (in m/s), and elevations (in m ) at the reference
points in the System Data: at the top of the sheet. If the velocity at either reference point
is in a pipe, y o u m a y use a c o m p u t e d velocity f r o m v = Q/A that is included in the data
cells for the t w o pipes. In s u c h c a s e s , y o u enter the Excel c o m m a n d " = B 2 0 " for the
velocity in pipe 1 a n d " = E 2 0 " for the velocity in pipe 2.

3 2
5. Enter the fluid properties of specific w e i g h t (in k N / m ) a n d kinematic viscosity (in m / s ) .

6. Enter pipe d a t a , including flow d i a m e t e r D (in m ) , pipe wall r o u g h n e s s a (in m f r o m Table

8.2), a n d length L (in m ) . O t h e r pipe-related data are c o m p u t e d by the s p r e a d s h e e t .
E q u a t i o n 8-7 is u s e d to c o m p u t e the friction factor.

7. Enter e n e r g y loss coefficients, K, for all loss-producing e l e m e n t s in both pipes. S e e

C h a p t e r s 8, 10, a n d 11 for the proper f o r m for K for e a c h e l e m e n t a n d for n e c e s s a r y
data. T h e v a l u é for Kfor pipe friction is c o m p u t e d automatically f r o m k n o w n data in the
"Pipe" s e c t i o n . Specify the n u m b e r of like e l e m e n t s in the "Qty. " c o l u m n . Enter brief
descriptions of e a c h e l e m e n t s o your printout is keyed to the given p r o b l e m a n d s o you
can o b s e r v e the e n e r g y loss contribution of e a c h element. S p a c e is given for up to eight
different kinds of e n e r g y loss e l e m e n t s . Enter zero for the v a l u é of the K factor for those
not n e e d e d .

8. T h e Results: s e c t i o n at the b o t t o m of the s p r e a d s h e e t includes the total energy loss h<

the total h e a d o n the p u m p h¿, a n d the power a d d e d to the fluid by the p u m p P,. If y o u
enter a n efficiency for the p u m p , the power input to the p u m p P, is c o m p u t e d .

/ Power US: S a m e a s Power SI:, except U.S. C u s t o m a r y units are u s e d . T h e given solution
is for P r o b l e m 11.29 for the s y s t e m s h o w n in Figure 11.26. T h e first reference point is taken
just before the p u m p inlet. T h e r e f o r e there are no friction Iosses or mínor Iosses considered
in the suction pipe. T h e length is given ta be zero and all K f a c t o r s are z e r o for Pipe 1. In
Pipe 2, pipe friction, the loss in the elbow, and the loss in the nozzle are included.

/ Pressure SI: Most of the layout a n d data entry for this s p r e a d s h e e t are the s a m e as those
in the first t w o s p r e a d s h e e t s , / Power SI, and / Power US. T h e difference here is that the
analysis d e t e r m i n e s the p r e s s u r e at o n e point in the s y s t e m w h e n the pressure at s o m e
other point is k n o w n . Class I s y s t e m s with o n e or two pipe sizes including minor Iosses can
be a n a l y z e d . T h i s s p r e a d s h e e t uses the k n o w n pressure at s o m e starting point and
c o m p u t e s the p r e s s u r e at a d o w n s t r e a m point, considering c h a n g e s in elevation, velocity
h e a d , pipe friction a n d minor Iosses. T h e e x a m p l e is the solution of P r o b l e m 11.7 for the

vi
s y s t e m s h o w n in Figure 11.17. p 2 is a s s u m e d to be 100 k P a . p is c o m p u t e d to be 78.21
2

kPa. T h e n A p = - 2 1 . 7 9 k P a .

/ Pressure US: T h i s s p r e a d s h e e t is virtually identical to / Pressure SI: e x c e p t for the

different unit s y s t e m u s e d . T h e e x a m p l e is the solution for P r o b l e m 11.3 using the s y s t e m
s h o w n in Figure 11.13. A n important difference o c c u r s here b e c a u s e the objective of t h e
p r o b l e m is to c o m p u t e the u p s t r e a m p r e s s u r e at the outlet of a p u m p w h e n the d e s i r e d
d o w n s t r e a m p r e s s u r e at the inlet to the hydraulic cylinder is s p e c i f i e d . Y o u s h o u l d e x a m i n e
the c o n t e n t s of cells B7 a n d B8 w h e r e t h e pressures are listed a n d E43 a n d E 4 4 w h e r e the
actual calculations for p r e s s u r e c h a n g e are p e r f o r m e d . T h e c h a n g e s d e m o n s t r a t e d here
b e t w e e n / Pressure SI: a n d / Pressure US: s h o w h o w the s p r e a d s h e e t s c a n be a d a p t e d to
specific t y p e s of p r o b l e m s . K n o w l e d g e of the fluid m e c h a n i c s of the p r o b l e m s a n d familiarity
with t h e d e s i g n of the s p r e a d s h e e t are required to m a k e s u c h a d j u s t m e n t s accurately.

Il-A & ll-B SI: T h i s s p r e a d s h e e t solves Class II series pipe line p r o b l e m s using either
M e t h o d ll-A or M e t h o d ll-B as d e s c r i b e d in C h a p t e r 11 of the text. SI Metric units are u s e d .
E x a m p l e P r o b l e m 11.3 using the s y s t e m s h o w n in Figure 11.7 is solved in t h e given sheet.

Y o u s h o u l d review the details of t h e s e s h e e t s f r o m the discussions in the book. In s u m m a r y ,

M e t h o d ll-A is u s e d for finding the m á x i m u m velocity of flow a n d v o l u m e flow rate that a
given pipe c a n deliver w h i l e limiting the p r e s s u r e d r o p to a specified v a l u é , without a n y
minor Iosses. This is a c c o m p l i s h e d by t h e upper part of the s p r e a d s h e e t only. Enter the
p r e s s u r e s at t w o s y s t e m reference points in the System Data: near the top of the sheet.
Enter other d a t a called for in the gray s h a d e d cells. Refer to E x a m p l e P r o b l e m 11.2 in the
text for a n illustration of t h e use of just the upper part of this s h e e t to solve Class II problems
w i t h o u t minor Iosses.

T h e lower part of the s p r e a d s h e e t i m p l e m e n t s Method ll-B for w h i c h minor Iosses are

c o n s i d e r e d in addition to t h e friction Iosses in the pipe. T h e solution p r o c e d u r e is iterative,
requiring y o u to a s s u m e a v o l u m e flow rate in the upper part of the lower section of the
s p r e a d s h e e t that is s o m e w h a t lower t h a n the result of the M e t h o d ll-A solution directly
a b o v e . Enter t h e minor loss coefficients in the lower part of the s p r e a d s h e e t . A s e a c h
estímate for flow rate is e n t e r e d , the pressure at a target point, called p , is c o m p u t e d . Y o u
2

m u s t c o m p a r e this p r e s s u r e with the desired pressure. S u c c e s s i v e c h a n g e s in the estímate

c a n be m a d e very rapidly until the desired pressure is acceptable within a small tolerance
that y o u d e c i d e .

II-A & ll-B US: T h i s s p r e a d s h e e t is identical to ll-A & ll-B: except for using the U.S.
C u s t o m a r y unit s y s t e m . P r o b l e m 11.10 is solved in the e x a m p l e . T h e s y s t e m in this problem
has no m i n o r Iosses so the upper part of the s p r e a d s h e e t s h o w s the m o s t pertinent data a n d
results. T h e lower part has b e e n adjusted to use the s a m e v o l u m e flow rate a s the result f r o m
the u p p e r part a n d all m i n o r Iosses have been set to zero. T h e result is that the pressure at
the target point, p , is very near the desired pressure. T h e small difference is d u e to rounding
z

a n d a possible difference b e t w e e n the result f r o m Equation 11.3 used to solve for Q in

M e t h o d ll-A a n d the calculation of friction factor a n d other t e r m s in M e t h o d l l - B .

III-A & lll-B SI: C l a s s III series pipe line problems require the determination of the m í n i m u m
required size of pipe to carry a given v o l u m e flow rate of fluid with a limiting pressure drop.
Both M e t h o d Ill-A a n d M e t h o d lll-B as described in the text are s h o w n o n this spreadsheet.
If only pipe friction loss is c o n s i d e r e d , then only the upper part using M e t h o d Ill-A is
pertinent.

vi i
P r o b l e m 11.18 ¡s s o l v e d by the given s p r e a d s h e e t data. O n l y pipe friction Iosses are
included a n d the solution c o m p u t e s that the m í n i m u m a c c e p t a b l e pipe flow d i a m e t e r is
0.0908 m (90.8 m m ) . But the p r o b l e m s t a t e m e n t calis for the specification of the smallest
s t a n d a r d T y p e K c o p p e r t u b e . S o the lower part of the s p r e a d s h e e t s h o w s the application of
a 4-in T y p e K c o p p e r t u b e having a f l o w d i a m e t e r of 0.09797 m (97.97 m m ) . T h e
s p r e a d s h e e t t h e n c o m p u t e s the predicted pressure at the e n d of the s y s t e m for the given
v o l u m e f l o w rate, 0.06 m'/s. N o t e that the result predicts that the p r e s s u r e at the e n d of the
t u b e w o u l d be 4 8 . 1 3 k P a . In realíty, t h e pressure t h e r e is z e r o as the p r o b l e m states that the
f l o w exits into the a t m o s p h e r e f r o m the e n d of the tube. Actually, t h e n , the 4-in t u b e will
permit a higher f l o w rate for t h e s a m e pressure d r o p . Y o u c o u l d use t h e s p r e a d s h e e t ll-A 4
II- B SI: to c o m p u t e the actual e x p e c t e d v o l u m e flow rate w h e n using the 4-in T y p e K c o p p e r
tube.

Class III s y s t e m s with m i n o r Iosses are d e m o n s t r a t e d in the next s p r e a d s h e e t .

III-A & lll-B US: T h i s s p r e a d s h e e t is identical to lll-A & lll-B SI: described a b o v e e x c e p t for
the use of U.S. C u s t o m a r y units instead of SI Metric units. T h e solution to E x a m p l e P r o b l e m
11.6 f r o m the text is s h o w n a n d this s p r e a d s h e e t is included in the text with extensive
description of h o w it is u s e d . P l e a s e refer to the text.

T h e p r o b l e m includes s o m e minor Iosses s o that both the upper part ( M e t h o d lll-A) a n d the
lower part ( M e t h o d lll-B) are u s e d . T h e result f r o m M e t h o d lll-A predicts that the m í n i m u m
a c c e p t a b l e pipe f l o w d i a m e t e r is 0.3090 ft if no minor Iosses are c o n s i d e r e d . Using a
s t a n d a r d 4-in s c h e d u l e 4 0 steel pipe ( D = 0.3355 ft) with the minor Iosses included in
M e t h o d lll-B s h o w s that the p r e s s u r e at the target point, p , is greater t h a n the m í n i m u m
2

a c c e p t a b l e p r e s s u r e . T h e r e f o r e , that pipe size is satisfactory.

System Curve US: T h i s s p r e a d s h e e t is the s a m e as that s h o w n in Figure 13.41 in Chapter

13 of the text. It is u s e d to d e t e r m i n e the operating point of a p u m p selected for the s y s t e m
s h o w n in Figure 13.40 a n d d e s c r i b e d in E x a m p l e P r o b l e m 13.4. Refer to the extensive
d i s c u s s i o n of s y s t e m c u r v e s a n d this s p r e a d s h e e t in Sections 13.10 a n d 13.14.

T h e s p r e a d s h e e t includes t w o p a g e s . T h e first page is an analysis of the total h e a d o n the

3
p u m p w h e n the d e s i r e d v o l u m e flow rate, 0.5011 ft /s (225 gal/min), flows in the s y s t e m .
This s h e e t is basically t h e s a m e as that in the s p r e a d s h e e t called / Power US:, discussed
earlier. But the final calculation of the p o w e r delivered by the p u m p to the fluid has been
deleted.

After s e e i n g the required total h e a d o n the p u m p for the desired flow rate, the user has
selected a centrifugal p u m p , m o d e l 2 x 3 - 1 0 with a 9-in impeller, using the p u m p performance
curves f r o m Figure 13.27. This p u m p will actually deliver s o m e w h a t m o r e flow at this head.
T h e s p r e a d s h e e t w a s u s e d to c o m p u t e data for the s y s t e m curve that is a plot of the total
h e a d v e r s u s the v o l u m e flow rate (capacity) delivered. Several data points for the resulting
total h e a d for different flow rates f r o m zero to 2 7 5 gal/min w e r e c o m p u t e d . T h e s e w e r e
entered o n p a g e 2 of the s p r e a d s h e e t and the s y s t e m curve w a s plotted o n the graph s h o w n
there. S i m u l t a n e o u s l y , data f r o m the actual p e r f o r m a n c e curve for the selected p u m p w e r e
entered a n d plotted o n the s a m e g r a p h . W h e r e the t w o curves intersect is the operating
point, predicting that the p u m p will deliver approximately 2 4 0 gal/min. T h e n y o u must go
b a c k to Figure 13.27 to d e t e r m i n e the other p e r f o r m a n c e parameters at this operating point,
efficiency, p o w e r r e q u i r e d , and NPSH R (net positive suction h e a d required).

viii
N o t e that n o s p r e a d s h e e t s y s t e m using SI Metric units for operating point is included in this
set. It w o u l d b e g o o d practice for y o u to c o p y this given s p r e a d s h e e t a n d convert it to SI
Metric units. Y o u s h o u l d e x a m i n e the c o n t e n t s of e a c h cell to d e t e r m i n e if the e q u a t i o n s
m u s t b e modified with different c o n v e r s i ó n factors to achieve a n a c c u r a t e result.

Friction Factor: T h i s is a s i m p l e s p r e a d s h e e t w h o s e solé p u r p o s e is to c o m p u t e the friction

factor using E q u a t i o n 8-7 f r o m S e c t i o n 8.8 of the text. W e refer to this e q u a t i o n a s the
Swamee-Jain Equation for its d e v e l o p e r s . S e e R e f e r e n c e 3 in C h a p t e r 8.

T h e s p r e a d s h e e t s h o w s the c o m p u t a t i o n of the friction factor for t h e data f r o m P r o b l e m

8.28. Data entry is similar to that u s e d in the other s p r e a d s h e e t s d e s c r i b e d a b o v e . Either SI
Metric or U.S. C u s t o m a r y units c a n b e u s e d b e c a u s e only d i m e n s i o n l e s s quantities are used
in the e q u a t i o n . But units m u s t be consistent within a given p r o b l e m . Y o u might w a n t to use
this s p r e a d s h e e t to test y o u r ability to read accurately the M o o d y D i a g r a m , Figure 8.6.

íx
 HYDROFLO 2, HCALC, a n d PumpBase Software
by TAHOE DESIGN SOFTWARE
I n c l u d e d on the C D with t h i s b o o k

APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS

Sixth Edition
R o b e r t L. Mott

T h i s b o o k includes a C D that c o n t a i n s student v e r s i o n s of t h r e e p o w e r f u l software p r o g r a m s

for the solution of a variety of pipeline d e s i g n a n d analysis p r o b l e m s . C r e a t e d by T a h o e
D e s i g n S o f t w a r e of N e v a d a City, C A , HYDROFLO 2, HCALC, a n d PumpBase c a n be u s e d
f o r p r o b l e m solutions in C h a p t e r s 8 a n d 1 0 - 1 3 of the book. M o r e information a b o u t T a h o e
D e s i g n S o f t w a r e a n d t h e professional v e r s i o n s of t h e s e p r o g r a m s c a n be f o u n d o n their
website www.tahoesoft.com.

HYDROFLO 2 is a u n i q u e fluid c o n v e y a n c e s y s t e m d e s i g n tool f o r f u l l pipe i n c o m p r e s s i b l e

f l o w c o n d i t i o n s . It m a k e s it easy to m o d e l a n d analyze fluid transport s y s t e m s f o u n d in
industrial p r o c e s s , w a t e r supply, p e t r o l e u m transport, mining de-watering and H V A C
s y s t e m s . During t h e d e s i g n p r o c e s s , you v i e w a vertical elevation-scaled representation of
y o u r fluid c o n v e y a n c e s y s t e m in H Y D R O F L O ' s w o r k s p a c e . E l e m e n t s (such as pipes, valves,
etc.) c a n b e a d d e d to y o u r d e s i g n with d r a g - a n d - d r o p a n d c u t - a n d - p a s t e e a s e .
H Y D R O F L O ' s c l i p b o a r d e n a b l e s near instant creation of duplícate parallel lines. Element
d a t a a n d analysis results c a n be v i e w e d simply by placing the cursor over a n element.
H Y D R O F L O ' s G r o u p Editor elimínates repef.itive and tedious editing tasks.

T h e a c a d e m i c v e r s i ó n of H Y D R O F L O can m o d e l liquid c o n v e y a n c e s y s t e m s with single

s o u r c e s a n d single d i s c h a r g e s a n d up to 2 0 pipes, 2 0 fittings and valves, 3 p u m p s , and up
to nine parallels. G a u g e s c a n b e placed a n y w h e r e in a line to d e t e r m i n e the pressure h e a d
at a point of interest, to start or e n d parallels, or to depict elevation c h a n g e s or vertical
b e n d s in a line. M a n y c o n v e y a n c e s y s t e m s include p u m p s in series or parallel a n d
H Y D R O F L O c a n easily a n a l y z e t h e s e s y s t e m s . S e e Section 13.15 in the book.

M a n y t y p e s of fluid f l o w p r o b l e m s c a n be s o l v e d , s u c h as

• Validation/calibration of existing pipeline s y s t e m s .

M o d e l i n g a p r o p o s e d s y s t e m ' s operation.
D e t e r m i n a t i o n of line h e a d Iosses at a specific flow rate. (termed a f o r c e d - f l o w
system).
• A n a l y s i s of cavitation and net positive suction head ( N P S H ) p r o b l e m s .
C o m p a r i s o n of equivalent SI unit to English unit designs.
M o d e l i n g of recirculating a n d gravity ( n o n - p u m p e d ) f l o w s y s t e m s .

P i p e h e a d Iosses c a n b e calculated using t h e H a z e n - W i l l i a m s equation for w a t e r flow

(Section 8.9 in t h e book) or the D a r c y - W e i s b a c h equation for other types of incompressible
fluids. W e u s e the t e r m Darcy's equation in the book. S e e Section 8.5.

H Y D R O F L O ' s extensive liquid property d a t á b a s e c a n be a c c e s s e d to obtain hundreds of

liquid properties. A c c u r a t e a n a l y s e s of liquid transport s y s t e m s require use of precise liquid
property d a t a . Y o u r c u s t o m liquid property descriptions can be s a v e d in H Y D R O F L O ' s

x
d a t á b a s e for later u s e . S y s t e m d a t a c a n be e n t e r e d a n d d i s p l a y e d in s t a n d a r d English, SI or
a mix of units.
H Y D R O F L O a l s o p e r f o r m s NPSH A (net positive suction h e a d available) calculations t o
d e t e r m i n e possible cavitation situations. O n c e a p u m p ' s operating conditions are f o u n d ,
P u m p B a s e c a n b e used to find t h e best p u m p s for the application.

PumpBase provides a n e x t e n s i v e s e a r c h a b l e d a t á b a s e for c o m m e r c i a l l y available p u m p s

that m e e t the r e q u i r e m e n t s for a given s y s t e m . O n l y a f e w d a t a valúes m u s t be input for
basic o p e r a t i o n of the p r o g r a m ; the operating point for a d e s i r e d v o l u m e flow rate at the
c o r r e s p o n d i n g total d y n a m i c h e a d TDH and the total static h e a d h , as f o u n d f r o m E q . (13¬
0

11). T h e p r o g r a m fits a s e c o n d d e g r e e e q u a t i o n b e t w e e n t h o s e t w o points and plots that as

the s y s t e m c u r v e . S e e Section 13.10 in the book. T h e p r o g r a m will s e a r c h its d a t á b a s e ,
select s e v e r a l c a n d i d a t e p u m p s that m e e t the specifications, a n d report a list that is ordered
by p u m p efficiency. Y o u m a y select a n y c a n d i d a t e p u m p and cali for its p e r f o r m a n c e curve
to be d i s p l a y e d a l o n g with the s y s t e m c u r v e and listing of s u c h operating p a r a m e t e r s as the
¡mpeller d i a m e t e r , actual flow rate, p o w e r required efficiency, a n d NPSH . R Y o u are advised
to verify that the selected p u m p m e e t s all r e q u i r e m e n t s .

M o r e input d a t a a r e required if the fluid is not cool water, a limit for NPSH R is to be
s p e c i f i e d , or a certain type of p u m p is d e s i r e d .

HCALC is a h a n d y calculator tool that resides in the s y s t e m tray for e a s y a c c e s s . It

p e r f o r m s t h e calculations for a n y variable in the flow rate e q u a t i o n , Q = Av, or the Darcy-
2
W e i s b a c h e q u a t i o n , h = f ( L / D ) ( v / 2 g ) , w h e n sufficient data a r e entered for fluid properties,
L

pipe d i m e n s i o n s , r o u g h n e s s , a n d s o forth. Reynolds n u m b e r a n d friction factor are also

c a l c u l a t e d . Y o u m a y select either SI or U.S. C u s t o m a r y units.

S u g g e s t i o n s for u s e of t h e s e p r o g r a m s :

As with any software, it is essential that the user have a solid understanding of the
principies involved in the analyses performed by the s o f t w a r e a s well a s the details
ofdata entry and interpretation of results. It is advised that practice with hand
calculations for representative problems be completed before using the software,
Then use the results of known, accurately-solved problems with the software to
verify that it is being used correctly and to gain confidence in its capabilities.

T h e following t y p e s of p r o b l e m s a n d projects can be solved with t h e s e p r o g r a m s :

E n e r g y Iosses d u e to friction in straight pipes and t u b e s (Chapter 8)

E n e r g y Iosses d u e to valves a n d fittings (Chapter 10)
A n a l y s i s of series pipeline s y s t e m s (Chapter 11)
A n a l y s i s of parallel pipeline s y s t e m s (Chapter 12)
A n a l y s i s of p u m p e d pipeline s y s t e m s (Chapters 11-13)
Selection of a suitable p u m p for a given s y s t e m (Chapter 13)
D e s i g n aid for d e s i g n p r o b l e m s s u c h a s t h o s e outlined at the end of Chapter 13.
Extensive s y s t e m d e s i g n as a sénior d e s i g n project.

xi
In the a u t h o r ' s o w n t e a c h i n g of a first c o u r s e in fluid m e c h a n i c s , a d e s i g n project is a s s i g n e d
after class c o v e r a g e of C h a p t e r 11 o n Series Pipeline S y s t e m s . E a c h s t u d e n t is given a
project d e s c r i p t i o n a n d d a t a a d a p t e d f r o m the d e s i g n p r o b l e m s listed at the e n d of C h a p t e r
13 after the P r o b l e m s . T h e y are e x p e c t e d to p r o d u c e the d e s i g n of a p u m p e d fluid flow
system,

G i v e n the n e e d to p u m p a give v o l u m e flow rate of a specified fluid f r o m a particular s o u r c e

to a d e s t i n a t i o n , c o m p l e t e l y d e f i n e the configuration of the s y s t e m , including:

Pipe t y p e s a n d sizes
L e n g t h of pipe for all parts of the s y s t e m
L a y o u t of the piping s y s t e m
L o c a t i o n of the p u m p
• T y p e s a n d sizes of all valves a n d fittings a n d their p l a c e m e n t
List of materials required for the s y s t e m
• A n a l y s i s of the pressure at pertinent points
D e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e total d y n a m i c h e a d o n the p u m p
Specification of a suitable p u m p having g o o d efficiency a n d able to deliver the
required v o l u m e f l o w rate in the s y s t e m a s d e s i g n e d
• A s s u r a n c e that the specified p u m p has a satisfactory NPSH R to prevent
cavitation o v e r the entire range of e x p e c t e d s y s t e m o p e r a t i o n
• W r i t t e n report d o c u m e n t i n g the d e s i g n a n d a n a l y s e s p e r f o r m e d using g o o d
report writing practice

T h e use of the T a h o e D e s i g n Software p r o g r a m s after learning the f u n d a m e n t á i s of fluid

s y s t e m d e s i g n analysis allows m o r e c o m p r e h e n s i v e exploration of possible d e s i g n s a n d the
c o m p l e t i o n of a m o r e o p t i m u m d e s i g n . T h e e x p e r i e n c e is also useful for students as they
m o v e into c a r e e r positions w h e r e the use of s u c h software is frequently e x p e c t e d .

xii
CHAPTER O N E

THE NATURE OF FLUIDS AND THE

STUDY OF FLUID MECHANICS
Conversión factors

1.1 1250 m m ( l m / 1 0 m m ) = 1.25 m 3

3 z
1.2 1600 m m [ 1 m / ( 10 m m ) ] = 1.6 x 10~ m
2 2 3 2

6 3
1.3 3.65 x 10 m m [ l m / ( 1 0 m m ) ] = 3.65 x 10~ m
3 3 3 3 3

6 2
1.4 2.05 m [ ( 1 0 m m ) / m ] = 2.05 x 10 m m
2 3 2 2

6 3
1.5 0.391 m [ ( 1 0 m m ) / m ] = 391 x 10 m m
3 3 3 3

3
1.6 55.0 gal(0.00379 m /gal) = 0.208 m 3

3
80 k m 10 m 1h
1.7. -x x- 22.2 m/s
h km 3600 s

1.8 25.3 ft(0.3048 m/ft) = 7.71 m

1.9 1.86 m i ( 1.609 k m / m i ) ( 1 0 m / k m ) = 2993 m 3

1.10 8.65 i n ( 2 5 . 4 m m / i n ) = 220 m m

1.11 2580 ft(0.3048 m/ft) = 786 m

3
1.12 480 ft (0.0283 m / f t ) = 13.6 m
3 3 3

3 3
1.13 7390 c m [ l m /(100 c m ) ] = 7.39 x 10~ m
3 3 3

3 3
1.14 6.35 L ( l m /1000 L ) = 6.35 x 10 m
3

1.15 6.0 ft/s(0.3048 m/ft) = 1.83 m/s

3 3
2500 f t 0.0283 m 1 min „ , < 0 3

1.16 x x =1.18m7s
min ft 60 s

Consistent units in an equation

s 0.50 k m 10 m . „ . 3
m
1.17 u=- = x— = 47.2m/s
t 10.6 s km

T h e Nature of F l u i d s 1
 , 1 f l s l.50km 3600 s
1.18 u =- = x = 1038km/h
t 5.2 s h

s lOOOft lmi 3600 s .„

A O n

1.19 u =- = x x =48.7mi/h
t 14 s 5280 ft h

s 1.0 m i 3600 s ...

1.20 u= - = x = 632 m i / h
í 5.7 s h

, ~, 2í (2)(3.2km) 10 m3
1 min 2
„ „_ „„_, , 2
2 2
1.21 a = — = — r x x
r = 8.05 x 10 m/s
2 2 2
í (4.7 m i n ) km (60 s )

2, g 13m)
X

2
a V9.81m/s

2s (2)(3.2km) 10 m lft 1 min „ ft 3 2

1.23 a = —- = ^ - £ fx x x -=0.264 —
2
í 2
(4.7 m i n ) km 0.3048 m (60 s ) s 2 2

2í (2)(53in) lft
1.24 t= — = J —
t fx = 0.524s
2
a V32.2ft/s 12 i n

2 2
1.25 ^ = ^ a5kg)(1.2m/s)
= = i a 8 kg -m = 1 Q - 8 N . m

_mü _(3600kg) 2
v /l6kmY (lQ m) 3 2
1h 2
„ f ^ k g m *
i
1.26 = 35.6 x 10 J

2 2 km 2
(3600 s ) 2
s2
AT^ = 35.6 k N • m

mu 2
_ 75 k g J 6.85 m V _ , _ ^ , kg • m n 3
2

1.27 KE = l.76xl0 ° J
2 = 1.76kNm
2 2 V s ) s

2 2
198 _2(£ff)_(2)(38.6N-m) f h y lkg-m (3600s) 1 km
i 31.5 k m J S
2
-N h 2 3
(10 m) 2

(2)(38.6)(3600)
™~ Z T 3 7 ^ 2 3
= 1.008 k g
(31.5) (10 )

1 2 9 w = 2 ^ = ( 2 ) ( 9 4 . 6 m N - m ) x l ^ x l k g ^ > < 1 0 l g
2 2 2
ü (2.25 m / s ) mN s -N kg

,. 3 0 „. ] ? m . felSN^lkgj^
w V 12 k g N

2 Chapter 1
1.31 o=j3gg> 2 ( 2 1 2 m N . m ) i r £ ^ l ^
x x x l j ^ m
2
V m \ 175 g mN kg s -N

,. 3 2 ^^,(lBlug)(4fl/s)- lllvsVft x = 8 0 0 ] b . f t

2 2 slug

2 2 2 2 2
fflu _ w u _ (80001b)(10mi) 1h (5280ft)
1 .3 J JViS ~ "~ ~ ~X —X 2 2 2 2
2 2g (2)(32.2ft/s )(h) (3600 s ) mi
2
?000)(10) (5280;
8 0 0 0 5 2 8 0
^-< ><'°>'< >' b.ft 2
1 - M 7 M I . - *
(2)(32.2)(3600)

a 1
,.34 K E - ! ! * - « L - < - ™ * e * ?
2
2 2g (2)(32.2ft/s )

2(£E) 2(15 I b - f t ) , „ l b - s2
v A
1.35 m =— -= ,=6.20 = 6.20slugs
2
v (2.2ft/s ) ft 2 2

2 2 2
136 w _ 2 g ( X g ) _ 2(32.2ft)(38.6Ib-ft)(h ) x 1mi x (3600s)
2 2 2 2
s (19.5mi) (5280 f t ) h
2
^ 2)(32.2)(38.6)(3600)
( [ b

2 2
(19.5) (5280)

,. 3 7 „ , Iggga )2Q2.2^X10lb-a) ^. 6 3 f t / s

w V 30 Ib

2 2
1.38 o= /M^)^ (32-2ft/s ) 30oz. n ( 1 ) x i fl_
w V 6.0 oz 12 i n

1 cr>A 39runs 9innings

1.39 ERA = x — = 2.49 runs/game
141innings game

, 3.12runs lgame
1.40 x x 150 mnings = 52 runs
game 9 innings

, ^ lgame 9innings
1.41 40 runs x —s x — 2 - = 129 innings
2.79 runs game

, , 49 runs 9 innings
1.42 ERA = x 5_ = 3.59 runs/game
123 innings game

T h e Nature of F l u i d s 3
The definition ofpressure

2
1.43 p = FIA = 2500 lb/[?r(3.00 in) /4] = 354 l b / i n = 354 psi 2

1.44 p = FIA = 8700 VOI[K{ 1.50 in) /4] = 4923 psi 2

3 3 2
F 12.0kN 10 N (I0 mm) „ „„ N 6

1.45 p = - = —x ^- = 2 . 7 2 x l 0 — 6
= 2.72 M P a
2 2
A ;r(75mm) /4 kN m m

,46 p . L =
3 8
- * ', 8
< 1 0 N
x
1 0 , m m
> ^ 3 0 . 9 x l 0 ^ = 30.9MPa
2 2
A ;r(40mm) /4 m m

1.47 p= —
F
=z
60001b .
— = 1 1 9 psi
2
A ;r(8.0in) /4

F 180001b .
1.48 n=— = — = 3 6 6 7 psi
2
¿ 7r(2.50in) /4

6 2 2
, 20.5xl0 N í(50mm) 1 m
1.49 F= pA = x— '— x = 40.25 k N
2 3 2
m 4 (10 m m )

2
1.50 F = p ^ = ( 6 0 0 0 1 b / i n ) ( 4 2 . 0 0 i n ] / 4 ) = 18850 Ib
j
2

F F 4F 4F
1.51 n=i_ = _ L — = - ^ - r : Then£> = — 2
^ ;rZ)74 ;rD V^rp

Z> = 4(20000 Ib) = 2 2 6 . n

2
V ;r(5000 l b / i n )

1.5 2 z,= KF 4(30x10» N ) = ^ x ^ m = ^

6
Vtf/? VTT(15.0X10 N / m ) 2

4 Chapter 1
 _ [7tD }
P
2
_ 500 lb(7T)(D in)
1.53 F = pA 392.7 D Ib
l

2
4 in 4

D(in) D\in ) 2
F(lb) 30
25
1.00 1.00 393
20
2.00 4.00 1571 Forc» 15
(toxIOOO) 1 0
3.00 9.00 3534
5
4.00 16.00 6283 0
4 5
5.00 25.00 9817

6.00 36.00 14137

7.00 49.00 19242

8.00 64.00 25133

F F 4F 4(5000 Ib)
1.54 psi
P
~ A =
TT£> /4 2
7tD 2
TV(D i n ) 2

2 2
D(in) Z> (in ) p(psi)
6000
1.00 1.00 6366
Pressure 4000
2.00 4.00 1592 (psO
3.00 9.00 707 2000

4.00 16.00 398 O

0 1 2 3 4 5 8 7 8
5.00 25.00 255
Diametw (¡ri)
6.00 36.00 177

7.00 49.00 130

8.00 64.00 99

1.55 (Variable Answers) Example: w = 160 Ib (4.448 N / l b ) = 712 N

3 2
F 712N (10 m m )
= 2.77 x 10 Pa = 2 . 2 7 M P a
6

P 2
A 7r(20mm) /4 m
p = 2.27 x 10 Pa (1 psi/6895 Pa) = 329 psi
6

1.56 (Variable Answers) u s i n g p = 2.27 M P a

F=pA = (2.27 x 10 N / m ) W 0 . 2 5 0 m) /4) = 111 x 10 N = 111 k N
6 2 2 3

F= 111 k N (1 lb/4.448 N ) = 25050 Ib

T h e Nature o f F l u i d s 5
Bulk modulus

1.57 Ap = -E(AV/V) = -130000 psi(-O.Ol) = 1300 psi

Ap = - 8 9 6 MPa(-O.Ol) = 8.96 M P a

1.58 Ap = -E(AV/V) = -3.59 x 10 psi(-O.Ol) = 35900 psi

6

Ap = - 2 4 7 5 0 MPa(-O.Ol) = 247.5 M P a

1.59 Ap = -E(AV/V) = -189000 psi(-O.Ol) = 1890 psi

Ap = -1303 MPa(-O.Ol) = 13.03 M P a

1.60 AVIV = - 0 . 0 1 ; AV = 0.01 V= 0.01 A L

Assume área o f cylinder does not change.
A F = ,4(AZ,) = 0.01 A L
Then AL = 0.01 L = 0.01(12.00 in) = 0.120 i n

AV _~p _ - 3 0 0 0 psi
1.61 = -0.0159 = - 1 . 5 9 %
V ~ E ~~ 189000 psi

AV _ - 2 0 . 0 M P a
1.62 = -0.0153 =-1.53%
V ~ 1303 MPa

1.63 Stiffness = Force/Change i n Length = F/AL

P ~pV
B u l k Modulus = E = =

AVIV AV
B u t p = FIA; V=AL; AV = -A(AL)
-F AL FL
E =-
A -A(AL) A(AL)
2
EA 189000 Ib ^-(0.5 i n )
884 l b / i n
2
(AL) L " i n ( 4 2 in)4

2
F _EA _ 189000 Ib g(0.5 i n )
1.64 3711 l b / i n 4.2 times higher
_ _ _ _ _ 2 ( i o . O in)(4)
m

2
F EA 189000 Ib ^(2.00 i n )
1.65 14137 l b / i n 16 times higher
2
(AL) in (42.0in)(4)

1.66 Use large diameter cylinders and short strokes.

Forcé and mass

2
w 610N lkg-m/s . . . .
1.67 m= —= r-x—" =62.2kg
2
g 9.81 m / s N

6 Chapter 1
 3 2
w 1.35xl0 N lkg-m/s
1.68 w = —= —x—- = 138kg
2
g 9.81 m / s N

1.69 w = mg = 825 k g x 9.81 m/s = 8093 kg-m/s = 8093 N 2 2

1.70 w= = 450 g x - ü ^ - x 9.81 m / s 2

= 4.41kg-m/s 2
= 4.41 N
3
10 g

w 2
, -, 7.81b „-,-lb-s „ „ .„ ,
1.71 w = —= - = 0.242 = 0.242 slugs
2
g 32.2 ft/s ft

w 42.01b „ ,
1.72 w= — = = 1 . 3 0 4 slugs
2
g 32.2 f t / s

1 /fl-
1.73 w = mg = 1.58 slugs x 32.2 ft/s x 2
'• = 5 0 . 9 Ib
slug

1 l b s / f t
1.74 w= mg = 0.258 slugs x 32.2 ft/s 2
x " = 8 . 3 1 Ib
slug

, w 1601b . ,
1.75 w = —= ^ = 4 . 9 7 slugs
2
g 32.2 ft/s
w = 160 lb x 4.448 N / l b = 712 N
m = 4.97 slugs x 14.59 kg/slug = 72.5 k g

L Q Q l b
1.76 iw = — = = 0 . 0 3 1 1 slugs
2
g 32.2 ft/s
m = 0.0311 slugs x 14.59 kg/slug = 0.453 k g
w = 1.00 lb x 4.448 N / l b = 4.448 N

1.77 F = w = mg = 1000 k g x 9.81 m/s = 9810 kg-m/s = 9810 N 2 2

1.78 F = 9 8 1 0 N x 1 . 0 l b / 4 . 4 4 8 N = 22051b

1.79 (Variable Answers) See problem 1.75 for method.

Density, specific weight, and specific gravity

3
1.80 y = (sg) y
B B = (0.876)(9.81 k N / m ) = 8.59 k N / m
w
3

3
p = ( s g V w = (0.876)(1000 kg/m ) = 876 k g / m
B
3

2 2
, y 12.02N s 1 kg-m/s 3

1.81 P- —= x —x = 1.225 k g / m
3
g 9.81 m
m N

T h e Nature of F l u i d s 7
 3
1.82 7 = /?g = l - 9 6 4 k g / m
3
x9.81m/s x 2
= 19.27 N / m
1 k g • m/s

8.860kN/m
1.83 sg = ^ = = 0.903 a t 5 ° C
y @4°C
W 9.81kN/m

„ y = 8.483 k N / m 3
= 0 . 8 6 5 a t 50°C
3
y @4°C
W 9.81 k N / m

1.84 ^ = —;F = —=—2 25_kN_ I = 0 0 1 7 3 M 3

3
V y 130.4 k N / m

2 2 3 3
1.85 V= AL = KD LIA = w(0.150 m) (0.100 m)/4 = 1.767 x 10" m
m 1.56 kg „„„ , , 3
J
p =— = V~T 3
=883kg/m
^° F 1.767 x l O ^ m

y =M = 883 k g / m x 9.81 m / s 3 2
x í ü — - = 8.66x 1 5 _ = 8.66 ^
3 3
1 k g • m/s ni m

sg = />„//>„ @ 4 ° C = 883 kg/m /1000 k g / m = 0.883 3 3

3 3
1.86 y = (sg)(y @ 4 ° C ) = 1.258(9.81 k N / m ) = 12.34 k N / m = wlV
w

w = y F = (12.34 kN/m )(0.50 m ) = 6.17 k N 3 3

3 2
w
6.17kN 10 N 1 kg-m/s
?H = — = • x• x = 629 k g
2
g 9.81 m/s kN N

1.87 w = yV= (sg)(y )(V) w = (0.68)(9.81 kN/m )(0.095 m ) = 0.634 k N = 634 N 3 3

3 2
IN ^ 3
1.88 ^ = / ? g = (1200 k g / m ) ( 9 . 8 1 m / s ) 11.77 k N / m
k g • m/s2 2

J
, . 1200 k g / m 3 _
3
/? @4°C W 1000 k g / m

__ w 22.0N lkN ,„_ 3 3

3 3
1.89 F = —= r~x—;— =2.72xl0 m
3 3
y ( 0 . 8 2 6 ) ( 9 . 8 1 k N / m ) 10 N

, 1080kg 9.81m IN lkN 3

1.90 Y~Pg~ -x x -x—-— =10.59 k N / m
r F 3 2 2 3
* m s 1 kg-m/s 10 N
3
. 1080 k g / m
Sg = /?//? = r- = 1 . 0 8 2

S W 3
^ ^ 1000 k g / m

3
1.91 p = (sg)(p ) w = (0.789)(1000 k g / m ) = 789 k g / m 3

3
7 = (sg)Ov) = (0.789)(9.81 k N / m ) = 7.74 k N / m 3

8 Chapter 1
1.92 w = 35.4 N - 2.25 N = 33.15 N
0

2 2 3 3
V = Ad = (nD IA)(d) = «(.150 m) (.20 m)/4 = 3.53 x 10~ m
a

W = 33.15N = g x 1 Q 3 N / M 3 _ 9 < 3 g k N / m ^
3 3
'° V 3.53xlO" m
3
^ = 9.38 k N / m
C i-vr>-«i-vT/ 33
y 9.81 k N / m

2 3
1.93 K = A d = (nLflAXd) = «(10 m) (6.75 m)/4 = 530.1 m
w = yV= (0.68)(9.81 kN/m X530.1 m ) = 3.536 x 10 k N = 3.536 M N 3 3 3

m = pV= (0.68)(1000 kg/m X530.1 m ) = 360.5 x 10 kg = 360.5 M g 3 3 3

3 3
1.94 w castor o i ¡ =y •V
= (9.42 kN/m )(0.02 m ) = 0.1884 k N
co co

w 0.1884kN . .„ _ i n 3 3
y =— = — =1.42x10 m
3
y (13.54X9.81 k N / m )
m

1.95 W = yF=(2.32)(9.81 k N / m ) ( 1 . 4 2 x 10~ m ) = 3.23 x 1 0 ~ k N = 3 . 2 3 N 3 4 3 3

3
1.96 y = (sg)(y„) = 0.876(62.4 l b / ñ ) = 54.7 l b / f t 3

3
p = (sg)Oo ) = 0.876(1.94 slugs/ft ) = 1.70 slugs/ft
w
3

3
y 0.0765lb/ft lslug . _ i n 3 ,
1.97 p = ¿- = — x f— = 2.38 x 10 slugs/ft
2 2
g 32.2 ft/s l lb • s /ft

3
1.98 x = p g = 0.00381slug/ft (32.2ft/s ) 3 2 1 l b
" S ¡ ñ
= 0.1227 l b / f t
slug

1.99 sg = yj(y @ 4 ° C ) = 56.4 lb/ft /62.4 lb/ft = 0.904 at 40°F

w
3 3

sg = yJÍYw @ 4 ° C ) = 54.0 lb/ft /62.4 lb/ft = 0.865 at 120°F 3 3

3
1.100 V = wly = 500 lb/834 lb/ft = 0.600 f t 3

3
1.101 r ^ l ^ x I ^ =56.1 lb/ft
3
V lgal ft
3 2
y 56.1 l b / f t , _„ l b - s . , ,

y . ,5.611b/ft^ 0 W 9

3
y @4°C
W 62.4 l b / f t

1.102 w= ^ = ( 1 . 2 5 8^) ^( =5^ (05 g0 ag l a ) l i) ^^ ^l = 5251b 3

ft '7.48 gal

ñ
1 .103 w^yV =pgV= l 3 2 X h
' s 2
x==^x25.0galx ' = 142 lb 1

r 4 2
ft s 7.48 gal

T h e Nature of F l u i d s 9
1.104 S g=^ = ^ x - ^ x l ^ x í l ^ = 1 . 2 0
3 3 3
p w cm 1000 k g 1 0 g m
3
p = (sg)(p ) = 1.20(1.94 slugs/ft ) = 2.33 slugs/ft
w
3

3
7 = (sg)(7w) = (1.20)(62.4 lb/ft ) = 74.9 l b / f t 3

w 3 3 2 3
i i«_ r, 5.01b ft 0.0283 m (10 c m ) „_,_ 3
3
1.105 V =—
y = (0.826)62.4 lb x ft 3 x-i 3 '— = 2 7 4 5 c m
m

3
1.106 y = (sg)(y ) = (1.08X62.4 lb/ft ) = 67.4 l b / f t
w
3

3 3
1.107 p = (0.79)(1.94 slugs/ft ) = 1.53 slugs/ft ; p = 0.79 g / c m 3

U 0 8 _ (7.95-0.50)», y} inW_ . ^ ^
2
" V (;r(6.0in) /4)(8.0in) ft
sg = 7oly = 56.9 lb/ft /62.4 lb/ft = 0.912
w
3 3

s
1.109 V=A •d = •d = ñ )
x 22 ft = 15550 f t x 7.48 gal/ft = 1.16 x 1 0 gal 3 3

s
w^yV= (0.68)(62.4 lb/ft )( 15550 f t ) = 6.60 x 10 l b
3 3

1.110 w co = y V= c0 (59.69 lb/ft )(5 g a l ) ( l ft /7.48 gal) = 39.90 l b

3 3

3
w 39.90 lb f t 7.48 gal _ „_„ ,
V m =— = x r~ = 0 . 3 5 3 gal
y_ 13.54(62.4 lb) ft 3

ft3)
LUI w = y V = (2.32) ( 6 2
-4 1 b )
(8.64 in ) 3 0
, = 0.724 lb
3 3
ft 1728in

10 Chapter 1
CURVE FIT FOR THE PROPERTIES OF WATER VS. TEMPERATURE
TABLE A.1
Computed Computed
Specific Wt v s . Temperatura for Water
Temp. Sp Wt Density Sp Wt % Diff Density %Diff
0 9.81 1000 9.811 0.002 1000.2 0.020 1= - 1 E-09X j> 4E-07X - 7E-06X + 0.0003X <
4
3 2

5 9.81 1000 9.812 0.018 1000.2 0.017 ~ 9.8103

0.012 999.8 -0.015 R = 0.9996

2

10 9.81 1000 9.809

15 9.81 1000 9.803 -0.017 999.2 -0.075
« SERIES 1
20 9.79 998 9.794 0.045 998.4 0.039
POR/. (SERIES!)
25 9.78 997 9.783 0.028 997.3 0.029
30 9.77 996 9.769 -0.015 996.0 -0.002
35 9.75 994 9.752 0.022 994.5 0.047
40 9.73 992 9.734 0.037 992.8 0.077
45 9.71 990 9.713 0.032 990.9 0.090 20 40 60 80 100

50 9.69 988 9.691 0.007 988.9 0.088 TEMPERATURA C

55 9.67 986 9.667 -0.035 986.7 0.072
60 9.65 984 9.641 -0.096 984.4 0.042
65 9.62 981 9.613 -0.070 982.0 0.103
70 9.59 978 9.584 -0.061 979.5 0.154 Density vs. Temperature for Water
75 9.56 975 9.553 -0.069 976.9 0.195 Y = -6E-03X + 3E-Q5X - 0.0064X + 0.0259X + 1000.2
4 3 2

80 9.53 971 9.521 -0.097 974.2 0.331

85 9.50 968 9.486 -0.144 971.5 0.357
90 9.47 965 9.450 -0.211 968.6 0.376
95 9.44 962 9.411 -0.302 965.7 0.388
« SERIES 1
100 9.40 958 9.371 -0.312 962.8 0.500 — POLY. (SERIES!)

20 40 60 100
TEMPERATURE C

Computer Assignment 2: Sample Output - Equations for Specific Weight and Density versus Temperature
are shown within the plots o f the output.
CHAPTER T W O

VISCOSITY OF FLUIDS

2.1 Shearing stress is the forcé required to slide one unit área layer o f a substance over another.

2.2 Velocity gradient is a measure o f the velocity change w i t h position w i t h i n a fluid.

2.3 Dynamic viscosity = shearing stress/velocity gradient.

2.4 O i l . It pours very slowly compared w i t h water. It takes a greater forcé to stir the o i l ,
indicating a higher shearing stress for a given velocity gradient.

2
2.5 N-s/m or Pa-s

2
2.6 lb-s/ft

2
2.7 1 poise = 1 dyne-s/cm = 1 g/(cm-s)

2.8 It does not conform to the standard SI system. I t uses obsolete basic units o f dynes and cm.

2.9 Kinematic viscosity = dynamic viscosity/density o f the fluid.

2
2.10 m /s

2
2.11 ft /s

2
2.12 1 stoke = 1 cm /s

2.13 It does not conform to the standard SI system. I t uses obsolete basic unit o f cm.

2.14 A newtonian fluid is one for which the dynamic viscosity is independent o f the velocity
gradient.

2.15 A nonnewtonian fluid is one for which the dynamic viscosity is dependent on the velocity
gradient.

2.16 Water, o i l , gasoline, alcohol, kerosene, benzene, and others.

2.17 Blood plasma, molten plastics, catsup, paint, and others.

2.18 6.5 x 10"" Pa-s

4

2.19 1.5 x 10" Pa-s3

2.20 2.0 x 10" Pa-s5

12 Chapter 2
 5
2.21 1.1 x 10~ Pa-s

1
2.22 3.0 x 10"" Pa-s

2.23 1.90 Pa-s

5 2
2.24 3.2 x 10~ lb-s/ft

6 2
2.25 8.9 x 10" lb-s/ft

7 2
2.26 3.6 x 10" lb-s/ft

-7 2
2.27 1.9 x 1 0 lb-s/ft

2 2
2.28 5.0 x 10~ lb-s/ft

3 2
2.29 4.1 x 10~ lb-s/ft

-5 2
2.30 3.3 x 1 0 lb-s/ft

5 2
2.31 2.8 x 10~ lb-s/ft

3 2
2.32 2.1 x 10~ lb-s/ft

-5 2
2.33 9.5 x 1 0 lb-s/ft

2 2
2.34 1.3 x 10" lb-s/ft

4 2
2.35 2.2 x 10~ lb-s/ft

2.36 Viscosity index is a measure o f how greatly the viscosity o f a fluid changes w i t h temperature.

2.37 H i g h viscosity index ( V I ) .

2.38 Rotating drum viscometer.

2.39 The fluid occupies the small radial space between the stationary cup and the rotating drum.
Therefore, the fluid i n contact w i t h the cup has a zero velocity while that i n contact w i t h the
drum has a velocity equal to the surface speed o f the drum.

2.40 A meter measures the torque required to drive the rotating drum. The torque is a function o f
the drag forcé on the surface o f the drum w h i c h is a function o f the shear stress i n the fluid.
K n o w i n g the shear stress and the velocity gradient, Equation 2-2 is used to compute the
dynamic viscosity.

2.41 The inside diameter o f the capillary tube; the velocity o f fluid flow; the length between
pressure taps; the pressure difference between the two points a distance L apart.
See Eq. (2-4).

V i s c o s i t y of F l u i d s 13
2.42 Terminal velocity is that velocity achieved by the sphere when falling through the fluid when
the downward forcé due to gravity is exactly balanced by the buoyant forcé and the drag
forcé on the sphere. The drag forcé is a function o f the dynamic viscosity.

2.43 The diameter o f the ball; the terminal velocity (usually by noting distance traveled i n a given
time); the specific weight o f the fluid; the specific weight o f the ball.

2.44 The Saybolt viscometer employs a container i n which the fluid can be brought to a known,
controlled temperature, a small standard orífice i n the bottom o f the container and a calibrated
vessel for collecting a 60 m L sample o f the fluid. A stopwatch or timer is required to
measure the time required to collect the 60 m L sample.

2.45 N o . The time is reported as Saybolt Universal Seconds and is a relative measure o f viscosity.

2.46 Kinematic viscosity.

2.47 Standard calibrated glass capillary viscometer.

2.48 See Table 2.4. The kinematic viscosity o f SAE 20 o i l must be between 5.6 and 9.3 cSt at
100°C using A S T M D 445. Its dynamic viscosity must be over 2.6 cP at 150°C using A S T M
D 4683, D 4741, or D 5481. The kinematic viscosity o f S A E 2 0 W o i l must be over 5.6 cSt at
100°C using A S T M D 445. Its dynamic viscosity for cranking must be below 9500 cP at
- 1 5 ° C using A S T M D 5293. For pumping it must be below 60,000 cP at - 2 0 ° C using A S T M
D 4684.

2.49 SAE 0 W through S A E 250 depending on the operating environment. See Table 2.4.

2.50 SAE 70W through SAE 60 depending on the operating environment and loads. See Table 2.5.

2.51 100°C using A S T M D 445 testing method and at 150° C using A S T M D 4683, D 4741, or D
5481.

2.52 A t - 2 5 ° C using A S T M D 5293; at - 3 0 ° C using A S T M D 4684; at 100°C using A S T M D 445.

2.53 See Table 2.4. The kinematic viscosity o f SAE 5W-40 o i l must be between 12.5 and 16.3 cSt
at 100°C using A S T M D 445. Its dynamic viscosity must be over 2.9 cP at 150°C using
A S T M D 4683, D 4741, or D 5481. The kinematic viscosity must be over 3.8 cSt at 100°C
using A S T M D 445. Its dynamic viscosity for cranking must be below 6600 cP at - 3 0 ° C using
A S T M D 5293. For pumping it must be below 60 000 cP at - 3 5 ° C using A S T M D 4684.

2 6 2
2.54 v = SUS/4.632 = 500/4.632 = 107.9 mm /s = 107.9 x 10~ m /s
6 2 2 2 3 2
v = 107.9 x 10~ m /s [(10.764 ft /s)/(m /s)] = 1.162 x 10~ ft /s

2.55 S A E 10W-30 engine o i l :

L o w temperature cranking viscosity at - 2 5 ° C : 7000 cP = 7000 mPa s = 7.0 Pa-s m á x i m u m

L o w temperature pumping viscosity at - 3 0 ° C : 60 000 cP = 60 000 mPa s = 60 Pa-s m á x i m u m
6 2
L o w shear rate kinematic viscosity at 100°C: 9.3 cSt = 9.3 mm /s = 9.3 x 10~ m / 2 m í n i m u m
2

6 2
L o w shear rate kinematic viscosity at 100°C: 12.5 cSt = 12.5 mm /s = 12.5 x 10~ m / 2 m á x i m u m
2

H i g h shear rate dynamic viscosity at 150°C: 2.9 cP = 2.9 mPa s = 0.0029 Pa-s m í n i m u m

14 Chapter 2
2.56 r¡ = 4500 cP [(1 Pa-s)/(1000 cP)] = 4.50 Pa-s
2
TJ = 4.50 Pa-s [(1 lb-s/ft )/(47.88 Pa-s)] = 0.0940 lb-s/ft 2

2.57 v = 5.6 cSt [(1 m7s)/(10 cSt)] = 5.60 x 10"° m 7 s b

5
v = 5.60 x 10" m /s [(10.764 ft /s)/(m /s)] = 6.03 x 10~ ft /s
6 2 2 2 2

2 6 2
2.58 F r o m Figure 2.12: v = 15.5 mm /s = 15.5 x 10~~ m /s

- 4 2
2.59 // = 6 . 5 x 10" Pa-s [(1 lb-s/ft )/(47.88 Pa-s)] = 1.36 x 1 0 lb-s/ft
3 2

2.60 r¡ = 0.12 poise [(1 Pa-s)/(10 poise)] = 0.012 Pa-s = 1.2 x 10~ Pa-s. 2
S A E 10 o i l
2.61
3 3

(y-y )D f
2 y = 0.94(9.81 k N / m ) = 9.22 k N / m
f

r¡= —-¿ (Eq. 2-9) Z) = 1.6 m m = 1.6 x 1 0 ~ m 3

18u

2
v = slt = .250 m/10.4 s = 2.40 x 10" m/s
3 2 3
(77.0-9.22)kN(1.6xlO~ m) 10 N , .N-s A A n A M n

LI • • -—, x = 0.402 =0.402 P a - s

3 2
18 m ( 2 . 4 0 x 1 O m/s) kN m

2.62
3

2
Use y ercury = 1 3 2 . 8 k N / m (App. B )
M

r j J P ^ P ^ Eq.2-4) 3 3
(
y = 0.90(9.81 k N / m ) = 8.83 k N / m
32uX 0

Manometer Eq. using principies o f Chapter 3:

P\ + y y + y h - y h - y¿y =p
0 0 m 2

kN kN
Px -Pi = y h - y h = h(y
m 0 m - y ) = 0.177 m(132.8 - 8.83) — = 2 1 . 9 4 ^
0

m m
2 2
(21.94kN/ )(0.0025 m ) m = ^ y ^ kN^s y I g N = ^ x ^
2
32(1.58 m/s)(0.300m) m kN

3 3
2.63 See Prob. 2.61. y = 0.94(62.4 lb/ft ) = 58.7 lb/ft : D = (0.063 i n ) ( l ft/12 in) = 0.00525 ft
{

3 3 3 3
v= slt = (10.0 in/10.4 s ) ( l ft/12 in) = 0.0801 ft/s: / = (0.283 lb/in )(1728 i n / f t ) = 489 lb/ft s

, . <r.-r,V? = (489 - 5 8 . 7 ) ^ ( 0 . 0 0 5 2 5 <))• _ _

18v 32(4.82 ft/s)

3 3 3
2.64 See Problem 2.62. Use y = 844.9 lb/ft (App. B ) : y = (0.90)(62.4 lb/ft ) = 56.16 lb/ft
m 0

h = (7.00 i n ) ( l ft/12 in) = 0.5833 ft: D = (0.100 i n ) ( l ft/12 in) = 0.00833 ft

3 2
P\ -Pi = Ky m - y ) = (0.5833 ft)(844.9 - 56.16) lb/ft = 460.1 lb/ft
0

. ( r f = (460.1 l b / f t ' ) ( 0 . 0 0 8 3 3 f , ) ' _ =

32vX 32(4.82 ft/s)(1.0 ft)

2.65 From Fig. 2.12, kinematic viscosity = 78.0 SUS

V i s c o s i t y of F l u i d s 15
2.66 F r o m F i g 2.12, kinematic viscosity = 257 SUS

2.67 v = 4.632(188) = 871 SUS

2.68 v= 4.632(244) = 1130 SUS

2.69 F r o m Fig. 2.13, A = 0.996. A t 100°F, v= 4.632(153) = 708.7 SUS.

A t 4 0 ° F , v= 0.996(708.7) = 706 SUS

2.70 F r o m Fig. 2.13, A = 1.006. A t 100°F, v= 4.632(205) = 949.6 SUS.

A t 190°F, v= 1.006(949.6) = 955 SUS

2.71 v= 6250/4.632 = 1349 m m 7 s

2.72 v= 438/4.632 = 94.6 m m 7 s

2.73 F r o m Fig. 2.12, v= 12.5 mm7s

2
2.74 From F i g 2.12, v= 37.5 mm /s

2
2.75 / = 8 0 ° C = 176°F. From Fig. 2 . 1 3 , ^ = 1.005. A t l 0 0 ° F , v= 4690/4.632 = 1012.5 mm /s.
2
A t 176°F (80°C): v= 1.005(1012.5) = 1018 mm /s.

2
2.76 t = 4 0 ° C = 104°F. F r o m Fig. 2.13, A = 1.00. A t 100°F, v= 526/4.632 = 113.6 mm /s.
2
A t 1 7 6 ° F ( 8 0 ° C ) : v= 1.000(113.6) = 113.6 mm /s.

16 Chapter 2
 Kinematic Viscosity Conversions

Problem 2.77
SAE Viscosity Grades - Engine Oils
Kinematic Viscosity at 100 deg C
(mm7s) SUS
SAE No. Min Max Min Max
OW 3.8 — 38.9 —

5W 3.8 — 38.9 —

10W 4.1 —
39.8 —

15W 5.6 — 44.6 —

20W 5.6 — 44.6 —

25W 9.3 — 56.8 —

20 5.6 9.3 44.6 56.8

30 9.3 12.5 56.8 68.3
40 12.5 16.3 68.3 83.2
50 16.3 21.9 83.2 106.6
60 21.9 26.1 106.6 125.1

Conversión method for both Problem 2.77 and 2.78:

Used method from Section 2.7.5 in the text.
1: 100 deg C = 212 deg F.
S: From Fig. 2.13, A = 1 . 0 0 7
3: Read SUS for 100 deg F from Fig. 2.12.
4: Multiply A times SUS at 100 deg F to get SUS at 100 deg C (212 deg F)

2
Example: Given mínimum kinematic viscosity = 21.9 m m / s for SAE 60
Read SUS at 100 deg F = 105.9 from Fig. 2.12
SUS at 100 deg C (212 deg F) = 1.007(105.9) = 106.6 SUS

NOTE: Results reported here used tabular valúes from ASTM 2161.
Valúes read from Fig. 2.12 may vary because of precisión of graph
or reading of valúes from scale.

Problem 2.78 (See Problem 2.77 for method.)

SAE Viscosity Grades - Automotive Gear Lubricants
Kinematic Viscosity at 100 deg C
2
(mm /s) SUS
SAE No. Min Max Min Max
70W 4.1 —
39.8 —

75W 4.1 —
39.8 —

80W 7.0 —
49.1 —

85W 11.0 —
62.8 —

80 7.0 11.0 49.1 62.8

85 11.0 13.5 62.8 72.1
90 13.5 24.0 72.1 115.8
140 24.0 41.0 115.8 192.6
250 41.0 —
192.6 —

V i s c o s i t y of F l u i d s
 Kinematic Viscosity Conversions

Problem 2.79
ISO Viscosity Grades
Kinematic Viscosity at 40 deg C
2
(mm /s) SUS
ISO VG Min Nom Max Min Nom Max
2 1.98 2.2 2.40 32.5 33.3 34.0
3 2.88 3.2 3.52 35.6 36.6 37.6
5 4.14 4.6 5.06 39.6 41.1 42.6
7 6.12 6.8 7.48 46.0 48.1 50.3
10 9.00 10 11.0 55.4 58.8 62.4
15 13.5 15 16.5 71.6 77.4 83.4
22 19.8 22 24.2 97.0 106.3 115.9
32 28.8 32 35.2 136.2 150.5 164.9
46 41.4 46 50.6 193.1 214 235
68 61.2 68 74.8 284 315 347
100 90.0 100 110 417 463 510
150 135 150 165 625 695 764
220 198 220 242 917 1019 1121
320 288 320 352 1334 1482 1630
460 414 460 506 1918 2131 2344
680 612 680 748 2835 3150 3465
1000 900 1000 1100 4169 4632 5095
1500 1350 1500 1650 6253 6948 7643
2200 1980 2200 2420 9171 10190 11209
3200 2880 3200 3520 13340 14822 16305

Note: Method used is s a m e a s for Problem 2.77.

Temperature: f = 40 deg C = 104 deg F
From Fig. 2.13, A =1.000
Therefore, S U S valúes are read directly from Fig. 2.12.

18 Chapter 2
CHAPTER THREE

PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
Absolute and gage pressure

3.1 Pressure = force/area; p = FIA

3.2 Absolute pressure is measured relative to a perfect vacuum.

3.3 Gage pressure is measured relative to atmospheric pressure.

3.4 Atmospheric pressure is the absolute pressure i n the local área.

3.5 Pabs "/'gage Patín

3.6 True.

3.7 False. Atmospheric pressure varies w i t h altitude and w i t h weather conditions.

3.8 False. Absolute pressure cannot be negative because a perfect vacuum is the reference for
absolute pressure and a perfect vacuum is the lowest possible pressure.

3.9 True.

3.10 False. A gage pressure can be no lower than one atmosphere below the prevailing
atmospheric pressure. O n earth, the atmospheric pressure would never be as high as 150 kPa.

3.11 A t 4000 ft, p alm = 1 2 . 7 psia; from App. E b y interpolation.

3.12 A t l 3 , 5 0 0 f t , Pa =lm 8.84 psia; from A p p . E b y interpolation.

3.13 Zero gage pressure.

3.14 /> gage = 583 - 103 = 480 kPa(gage)

3.15 /? gage = 1 5 7 - 101 = 56kPa(gage)

3.16 /? gage = 30 - 100 = - 7 0 kPa(gage)

3-17 /? gage = 74 - 97 = - 2 3 kPa(gage)

3.18 /> gage = 101 - 104 = - 3 kPa(gage)

3.19 /> abs = 2 8 4 + 100 = 384kPa(abs)

3.20 /> abs = 128 + 98 = 226 kPa(abs)

Pressure Measurement 19
3.21 Pabs =
4.1 + 101.3 = 105.4 kPa(abs)

3.22 Pzbs ~ - 2 9 . 6 + 101.3 = 71.7 kPa(abs)

3.23 Pabs ~ - 8 6 + 99 = 13 kPa(abs)

3.24 Pgage =' 84.5 - 14.9 = 69.6 psig

3.25 Pgage =~ 22.8 - 14.7 = 8.1 psig

3.26 Pgage =~ 4.3 - 14.6 = -10.3 psig

3.27 Pgage =' 1 0 . 8 - 14.0 = -3.2 psig

3.28 Pgage =' 1 4 . 7 - 1 5 . 1 = -0.4 psig

3.29 Pabs - 4 1 . 2 + 1 4 . 5 = 55.7 psia

3.30 Pabs =
1 8 . 5 + 14.2 = 32.7 psia

3.31 Pabs ~ 0.6 + 14.7 = 15.3 psia

3.32 Pabs ~ -4.3 + 14.7 = 10.4 psia

3.33 Pabs —-12.5 + 14.4 = 1.9 psia

Pressure-Elevation Relationship

3 2
3.34 p = yh = 1.08(9.81 kN/m )(0.550 m ) = 5.83 k N / m = 5.83 kPa(gage)

3.35 p = yh = (sgyyji: sg = p/yjt)

3 2
1.8201b f t 144 i n
Sg = ; X ; =1.05
2 2
in (62.41b)(4.0ft) ft

3
p 52.75kNm _ ft

3.36 h = — = —; = 6.70 m
2
y m 7.87 k N

2
, 64.001b lft .
3.37 p = yh = x 12.50 ft x — = 5.56 psig
F 3 2 V S
' ft 144 i n

6 2 - 4 l b 1 f t
3.38 p = yh = x 50.0ftx 9 =21.67 psig
F 3 2
' ft 144 i n

3 2
3.39 p = yh = (10.79 kN/m )(3.0 m) = 32.37 k N / m = 32.37 kPa(gage)

3
3.40 p = yh = (10.79 kN/m )(12.0 m ) = 129.5 kPa(gage)

20 Chapter 3
3.41 p ir =PA-
a YO(64 in) = 180 psig - (0.9)(62.4 lb/ft )(64 i n ) ( l ft /1728 i n ) 3 3 3

p úx = 180 psig - 2.08 psi = 177.9 psig

3
3.42 p, = Y/z = (1.15)(9.81 kN/m )(0.375 m) = 4.23 kPa(gage)

3.43 p = 24.77 kPa(abs) B y interpolation - A p p . E: y = (13.54)9.81 k N / m

atm m

3
y = 132.8 k N / m
m

3
PB = Pam + yh = 24.77 kPa + (132.8 kN/m )(0.325 m) = 67.93 kPa(abs)

3 2 2
3.44 p = yh = (0.95X62.4 lb/ft )(28.5 ft)(l ft /144 i n ) = 11.73 psig

3.45 p = 50.0 psig + yh = 50.0 psig + 11.73 psi = 61.73 psig

(See 3.44 for yh = 11.73 psig)

( 6 2 4 l b ) l ñ
3.46 p = -10.8 psig + yh = -10.8 psig + (0.95) " x 6.25 ft x
3 2
ft 144 i n
p = -10.8 psig + 2.57 psi = - « . 2 3 psig

Pbot Ptop
3.47 p top + y ,h = p :
( bot h=
Yo
3 2
, ( 3 5 . 5 - 3 0 . 0 ) l b ft 144 i n
h=^ x — = 13.36 ft
2 2
in (0.95)(62.41b) ft

3.48 0 + yA + YA = Pbot
2 3
, _P**-rA _52.3kN/m -(9.81kN/m X2.80m) _ 2 9 1 m

3
y o (0.86)(9.81kN/m )

3.49 0 + yA + yh w w = p bot

2 3
__ Pbot-YoK _ 125.3 k N / m -(0.86)(9.81 k N / m ) ( 6 . 9 0 m ) = ^
3
y 9.81 k N / m

3.50 0 + yA + yh w 2 ^p ; bol but A, = 18.0 - h 2

y (\S-
0 h) +2 y h2=p t
w bQ

18y„ - y A + YvA ^j^bot = h (y 2 w - y ) + 1 8y0 0

2 3
¿ = Aot _ 158kN/m -(18m)(.86)(9.81kN/m ) = 4 4 ? m

2 3
r w - r o [9.81-(0.86)(9.81)]kN/m

3 2
3.51 p = yh- (1.80X9.81 kN/m )(4.0 m) = 70.6 k N / m = 70.6 kPa(gage)

3 2 2
3.52 p = yh = (0.89X62.4 lb/ft )(32.0 ft)(l ft /144 i n ) = 12.34 psig

3 3 3 2
3.53 p = yh = (10.0 k N / m ) ( l 1.0 x 1 0 m ) = H O x 10 k N / m = 110 M P a
o
3.54 M n + Y » ( . 4 5 7 m ) -y (\3U w m ) - y (0.50 m) G =p aw

3 3
^ = (13.54X9.81 kN/m )(.457 m ) - ( 9 . 8 1 kN/m )(1.381 m) - (.68)(9.81)(.50)
2
Pñ = (60.70 - 13.55 - 3.34) k N / m = 43.81 kPa(gage)

Pressure Measurement 21
3.55 pbot = - 3 4 . 0 kPa + y h + y h 0 0 w w

3 3
= - 3 4 . 0 kPa + (0.85)(9.81 kN/m )(0.50 m ) + (9.81 kN/m )(0.75 m )
p = - 3 4 . 0 kPa + 4.17 + 7.36 = -22.47 kPa(gage)
b o t

3.56 pbot = p + y h„ + y h air 0 w w

2
= 200 k P a + [(0.80X9.81)(1.5) + (9.81)(2.6)]kN/m
Pbot = 200 + 11.77 + 25.51 = 237.3 kPa(gage)

Manometers (See text for answers to 3.57 to 3.61.)

o
3.62 M n - Y m ( - 0 7 5 m)-y ,(0.10m)==p M A

3
p = -(13.54X9.81 kN/m )(0.075 m ) - (9.81X0.10) = -10.94 kPa(gage)
A

3.63 p + y„(13 in) + y (9 in) - y (32 in) = p

A w 0 B

3
62.4 lb lft (0.85X62.4X19)
Pe - P A = y¿9 m ) - y 1 9 m) = — x9 o( m x r _
PB~PA = 0.325 psi - 0.583 psi = -0.258 psi

3.64 p B - y (33 in) + y„(8 in) + y ( 13 in) = p

w w A

3
. (.85X62.4)lb . lft (62.4)(20)
p A -Pe = y (8 m ) - y„(20 m) =
0 x8mx -

PA~PB = 0.246 psi - 0.722 psi = -0.477 psi

3.65 p + y (. 15 m ) + y (.75 m ) - y (.50 m ) = p

B 0 m w A

PA - p = (-90X9.81 kN/m )(.15 m) + (13.54)(9.81)(.75) - (9.81)(0.50)

B
3

PA -PB = (1 -32 + 99.62 - 4.91 )kPa = 96.03 k P a

3.66 p + y (A5 m ) + y„,(0.75 m ) - y ( 0 . 6 0 m) = p

B w o A

PA -PB = (9.81 kN/m )(0.15 m ) + (13.54)(9.81)(0.75) -(0.86)(9.81)(0.60)

3

PA ~PB = (1.47 + 99.62 - 5.06)kPa = 96.03 k P a

o
3.67 pfh + Y,„(.475 m ) - y ( . 3 0 m ) + y (.25 m ) - y ( . 3 7 5 m ) = p
m w m 0 A

PA = y (-725 m ) ~y (30 m ) - y „ ( . 3 7 5 m)
m w

3
p = (13.54X9.81 kN/m )(.725 m) -(9.81)(.30) -(.90)(9.81)(.375)
A

p = (96.30 - 2 . 9 4 -3.31)kPa = 90.05 kPa(gage)

A

3.68 p + y (6 in) + y ( 6 in) - y ( 10 in) + y (8 in) - y (6 in) = p

B w m w m 0 A

PA - P B = Y»(14 in) -y (4 in) - y „ ( 6 in) w

6 2 4 1 b l ñ 3
,nc^ - „„• x (62.4X4) (.9X62.4X6)
P A - P B = (13.54) x —-x(14in)x --^
3 3
^ ft 1728 i n 1728 1728
PA -PB = (6.85 - 0 . 1 4 - 0 . 1 9 5 ) psi = 6.51 psi

22 Chapter 3
3.69 p B - y (2 ft) - y„(3 ft) + y ( 11 ft) = p
w w A

6 2 4 l b l f t 2
- oft (.90)(62.4)(3)
PA-pB = Yw(9ft)-Y (3ft)= 0 — x9ft x —
3
ft 144 in 144
PA ~PB ~ 3.90 psi - 1.17 psi = 2.73 psi

3.70 p a t m + Yw(6.8 in) = p = O + ^ ' *^ x 6.8 in x — — — - = 0.246 psi

A
2 4

3 3
ft 1728in
o
3.71 p^ + y h=p :h
m = Lsm 15° = 0.115 m sin 15° = 0.0298 m
GF A

3
p = (0.87)(9.81 kN/m )(0.0298 m) = 0.254 kPa(gage)
A

o
3.72 a. péU + Ym(-815 m ) - y ( . 6 0 m ) = p w A

3
p = (13.54)(9.81 kN/m )(0.815 m) - (9.81)(.60) = 102.4 kPa(gage)
A

b. patm = y h = (13.54)(9.81)(.737) = 97.89 kPa

m

pA = 102.4 + 97.89 = 200.3 kP(abs)

Baromeíers

3.73 A barometer measures atmospheric pressure.

3.74 See F i g . 3.14 and Section 3.7.

3.75 The height o f the mercury column is convenient.

1 4 ? l b ñ 1 4 4 m 2
3.76 h =^ = ; x = 33.92 ft very Iarge (10.34 m)
2
y w i n 62.41b ft

3.77 h = 29.29 in See Example Problem 3.13

3.78 h - 760 mm See Example Problem 3.11

3.79 The vapor pressure above the mercury column and the specific weight o f the mercury change.

„ A , - 1 . 0 in o f Mercury . , - .
3.80 Ah = x 1250 ft = -1.25 in
1000 ft

3.81 101.3 k P a - > 760 m m o f Mercury (See Ex. Prob. 3.11)

-85 mm
™ „ „ <. .3048 m ,.. „
Ah = x 5200 ft x — = -134.7 mm
1000m lft
h = 760 - 1 3 4 . 7 = 625.3 m m
kN
Patm = y h = 133.3 — x 0.6253 m = 83.35 k P a
m

Pressure Measurement 23
 3
, 848.71b lft _, _ .
A

3.82 » a t m = yh = m x 28.6 i n x = 14.05 psia

F 1 3 3
ft 1728 i n

3
, 848.71b , „ . A lñ i r . n r

3.83 » a t m = yh = m x 30.65 i n x = 15.05 psia

F 3 3
ft 1728in

3 3
, P„ m 14.21b ft 1728 i n
3.84 /; ••=•-• x—- x = 28.91 in
2 3
y m in 848.71b ft

kN
3.85 p atm = y h = 133.3 — x 0.745 m = 99.3 kPa(abs)
m

Expressing Pressures as the Height of a Column of Liquid

3.86 P = 5.37 i n H 0 (1.0 psi/27.68 i n H 0 ) = 0.194 psi

2 2

P = 5.37 i n H 0 (249.1 Pa/1.0 i n H 0 ) = 1338 P a = 134 k P a

2 2

3.87 P = -3.68 i n H 0 (1.0 psi/27.68 i n H 0 ) = -0.133 psi

2 2

P = -3.68 i n H 0 (249.1 Pa/1.0 i n H 0 ) = -917 P a

2 2

3.88 P =
3.24 m m H g (133.3 Pa/1.0 m m H g ) = 431.9 P a
P = 3.24 m m H g (1.0 psi/57.71 m m H g ) = 0.0627 psi

3.89 P = 21.6 m m H g (133.3 Pa/1.0 m m H g ) = 2879 P a = 2.88 k P a

P = 21.6 m m H g (1.0 psi/57.71 m m H g ) = 0.418 psi

3.90 P = -68.2 kPa (1000 Pa/kPa)(1.0 mmHg/133.3 Pa) = -512 mmHg

3.91 P = -12.6 psig (2.036 inHg/psi) = -25.7 inHg

3.92 P == 12.4 i n W C = 12.4 i n H 0 (1.0 psi/27.68 i n H 0 ) = 0.448 psi 2 2

P = 12.4 i n H 0 (249.1 Pa/1.0 i n H 0 ) = 3089 P a = 3.09 k P a

2 2

3.93 P = 115 i n W C = 1 1 5 i n H 0 (1.0 psi/27.68 i n H 0 ) = 4.15 psi 2 2

P = 115 i n H 0 (249.1 Pa/1.0 i n H 0 ) = 28 646 Pa = 28.6 k P a

2 2

Pressure Gages and Transducers (See text for answers to 3.94 to 3.97.)

24 Chapter 3
CHAPTER FOUR

FORCES DUE TO STATIC FLUIDS

Forces due to gas pressure

4.1 F = ApA; where Ap =p -pm a ; atm S e A = n

^ 2
^ = 113.1 i n
2

4
3
, 844.91b . . . . lft . 1 / 1 Q 1

p tm = y h=
a n —x30.5inx - = 14.91 psi
ft 1728 i n
2 2
F= (14.91 - 0 . 1 2 ) l b / i n x 113.1 i n = 16731b

2 2
4.2 F=p-A = (14.4 lb/in )(7t(30 in )/4) = 10180 lb

¿
4.3 F= Ap-A;A = 36 x 80 i n = 2880 in'
3
62.41b . . . . lft
A j —:
p =
x11.20
20 in
in xx
y l = = 0.0433 l b / i n
3
x
2

^ ft
~3 1
11728
T O O ;i„
n3
2 2
F= (0.0433 lb/in )(2880 i n ) = 125 lb

2
4.4 F = p-A; A = 0.9396 f t (App. F)
2 2 2 2
F = (325 lb/in )(0.9396 ft )(144 i n / f t ) = 43973 lb

2
„ . „ ;r(0.030m) _ ._ 2
2
4.5 F = p-A;A=— — = 7 . 0 7 x 1 0 ra
4
6 2 4 2 3
F = ( 3 . 5 0 x 1 0 N / m ) ( 7 . 0 7 x 10" m ) = 2.47 x 1 0 N = 2 . 4 7 k N

2 3 2
4.6 F = p-A;A = 7t(0.050 m ) / 4 = 1.963 x 10~ m
6 2 3 2 3
F= (20.5 x 10 N/m )(1.963 x 10~ m ) = 40.25 x 10 N = 40.25 k N

2 2
4.7 F=p-A;A = (0.800 m ) = 0.640 m
3 2 2 3
F = (34.4 x 10 N/m )(0.64 m ) = 22.0 x 10 N = 22.0 k N

Forces on horizontal fíat surfaces under liquids

2 2
4.8 F=p-A; A = 24 x 1 8 i n = 432 i n
2
. 56.781b , „ „ . lft , „ ..
n c 2
2
p = J h= A — x 12.3 ft x = 4.85 l b / i n
ft 144 i n
2 2
F= (4.85 lb/in )(432 i n ) = 2095 lb

2 2
4.9 F=p-A;A = 7t(0.75 in) /4 = 0.442 i n
3
, 844.91b „ .o n lft ,„ , r n n 2
2
p = y h= m x 28.0 i n x =13.69 lb/m
F 1 3 3
ft 1728in
2 2
F= (13.76 lb/in )(0.442 i n ) = 6.05 lb

F o r c e s D u e to S t a t i c F l u i d s 25
 2 3 2
4.10 Forcé on valve = p-A; A = 7t(0.095 m) /4 = 7.088 x 10~ m
9 - 8 1 k N 2
p = y h= w 3 x 1.80 m = 17.66 k N / m
m
3 2 3 2
F = (17.66 x 10 N/m )(7.088 x 10~ m ) = 125 N Acts at center
SM = 0 = (125 N)(47.5 m m ) - F (65 m m )
h i n g e 0

F = 5946 N-mm/65 m m = 91.5 N = Opening forcé

0

2 2
4.11 F B =p -A;A = 1.2 x 1.8 m = 2.16 m
B

PB =Pm + y (0.50 m ) + y (0.75 m )

o w

3
pB = 52 kPa + (0.85)(9.81 kN/m )(0.5 m) + (9.81)(0.75) = 63.5 kPa
3 2 2 3
F B = (63.5 x 10 N/m )(2.16 m ) = 137 x 10 N = 137 k N

2 2
4.12 F B =p -A; A = 2.0 x 1.2m = 2 . 4 m
B

pB = 200 kPa + y ( l .5 m ) + y (2.6 m ) 0 w

3
pB = 200 kPa + (0.80)(9.81 kN/m )(1.5 m ) + (9.81)(2.6) = 237.3 kPa
3 2 2 3
F B = (237.3 x 10 N / m ) ( 2 . 4 m ) = 569 x 10 N = 569 k N

2
4.13 F = Ap-A; A = < 0 . 6 0 m) /8 + (0.80 m)(0.60 m ) + ^ (.60 m)(0.30 m )
P

2
A = 0.711 m : Assume std. atmosphere above water.
3
p = / 7 + y h = 101.3 kPa + (10.10 kN/m )(175 m ) = 1869 kPa
w atm sw

Ap = 1869 kPa - 100 kPa = 1769 kPa

3 2 2 6
F = (1769 x 1 0 N / m ) ( 0 . 7 1 1 m ) = 1.257 x 10 N = 1.26 M N
P

Forces on rectangular walls

4.14 F = y (hl2)A
R w

3
= (62.4 lb/ft )(1.8 ft)(8.0 ft)(3.6 ft) = 3235 lb 3.8 ft , .
F acts J_ wall, 1.20 ft from bottom o f gate
R

Part (b)
SM = P„(1.2ft)- P„(4.0ft)
h i n g e J J

F T = ^ « ( 1 . 2 / 4 . 0 ) = 3235 lb(0.30) = 970.5 lb on two latches

L

On each latch: F = (970.5 lb)/2 = 485 lb L

4.15 Length o f sloped side = L = 15.5 ft/sin 60°

= 17.90 ft
2
A = (17.90 ft)(l 1.6 ft) = 207.6 ft
F ^y(h/2)(A)
R

78.501b 15.5 ft
-x 207.6 ft 1S.S ft
ft 3

F = 126300 lb
R

h = 2/3 h = (2/3)(15.5 ft) = 10.33 ft

p

L = 2/3 L = (2/3)(17.90 ft) = 11.93 ft

p

26 Chapter 4
 6 2 - 4 b
4.16 F = y(h/2)A =
R ' x 6 ft x (12 ft)(20 ft)
ft 3

F = 89850 lb
R

h = 2/3 h = 2/3(12 ft) = 8.0 ft

p

Moment = F -4 ft = 359400 lb-ft R

4.17 F = R y (h/2)A
0

9 81 k N
2
(0.86) " x0.7mx(1.98)(4.0)m
m
F = 46.8 k N
R

Aip = 2/3 h = (2/3)(1.4 m ) = 0.933 m

L = 2/3 Z = (2/3)(l .98 m ) = 1.32 m
p

Forces on submergedplañe áreas

4.18 Centroid is at midpoint o f A B

A =14in + 4in=l8in=1.50ft
c

AB = 10.0 in [3-4-5 triangle]

h. = í- L = h ' - = 22.5 in
d c 4 4
2 2
Area = l e • 3.5 ft = — • 3.5 = 2.92 f t (420 i n )
12
3 2
F = yh A = 0.93(62.4 lb/ft )(1.50 ft)(2.92 ft )
R c

F = 254lb
R

3 3 4
, J B/f _(42)(10) in 4
= 3500 i n
12 12

L -L - - ¡ c 3 5 0 0 i n 4 length - XA f l - 4 2 In
0.37 in
c _ _ 2
" Z ^ (22.5in)(420in )
c

L . = L . + 0.37 in = 22.5 i n + 0.37 in = 22.87 in

C C

4.19 h = 0.825 m = 825 m m

c

K 825 m m
= 953 m m
eos 30°eos 30°
,2
. ^-(450 m m ) , 2 5 2 r c n n
A = —i ¿- = 1.59 x 10 m m [.159 m ]
4
3 2
F = y M = (0.85)(9.81 kN/m )(.825 m)(0.159 m )
R

F = 1.09 k N
R

A 4
T nD ;r(450) „ ,„ n n 9
9
4
4
/.. = =— =2.013 x 1 0 m m
64 64
9
/. 2.013 x l O
L.. -L.= = 13.3 mm
p c 5
~ LA c (953)(1.59 x l 0 )
L =L+
P C 13.3 m m = 953 + 13.3 =966 mm

F o r c e s D u e to S t a t i c F l u i d s 27
 o
4.20 h = 3.0 m ; L = hjcos 3 0 = 3.464 m
c c

2 2
. TTD í(2.4m) . „ . 2

A= -— = — — = 4.524 m
4 4
4
/ = £gl ^(2.4m) = 4 = ] 6 2 9 m

64 64
3 2
F = yh A = (1.10)(9.81 kN/m )(3.0 m)(4.524 m )
f i c

FR = 146.5 k N
4
r r I 1.629 m c

¿ -L = — í - = — = 0.104m
c 2
' Z ¿ (3.464m)(4.524 m ) c

= 104 mm
L = L + 0.104 m = 3.464 + 0.104 = 3.568 m
p c

4.21 B-2sn S M App. J

z - H - y - 0 . 6 8 8 ft

0.813 ft

Z = a + 1 . 5 + z = 8.0/cos 45° + 1 . 5 + z
c

= 13.50 ft
h = Z eos 4 5 ° = 9.55 ft
c e

3 2
F = y / U = (62.4 lb/ft )(9.55 ft)(3.0 ft )
R

= 1787 lb
2
A = H(G + B)I2 = 1.5(4.0)/2 = 3.0 f t
2 2
_ H\G + 4GB + B ) _
/,= = 0.551 f t 4

36(G + B)
L - L = / A M = 0.551/(13.50)(3.0) = 0.0136 ft = 0.163 in
p c e

L = L + 0.0136 ft = 13.50 + 0.0136 = 13.51 ft

P C

4.22 L = a+ 1.0ft = 3 . 0 / c o s 3 0 ° + 1.0 = 4.464 ft

c

h c = L eos 3 0 ° = 3.866 ft
c

^ = TT(.5 ft) /4 = 0.196 ft 2 2

3 2
F R = yh A = (0.90)(62.4 lb/ft )(3.866 ft)(0.196 ft )
c

F R = 42.6 lb
4
¿= Z ^ i ^ = 0.00307 ft
64 64
I c 0.00307
Lp L c
0.00351 ft
LA e (4.46)(0.196)
L = L + 0.00351 =4.468 ft
n c

28 Chapter 4
4.23 L = V e o s 4 0 ° = 0.855/cos 4 0 °
c

= l.llóm

A = ( 3 0 0 f + ^ l =0.1607 m 2

F = yh A
R c

3
= (0.90X9.81 kN/m X0.855 m)(A) 1.2 m h
c

F = 1.213 k N
R

300 4 4
= (°- ) x(3W)
12 64
4
I = 0.001073 m
c

/ 0.001073
Lp L c

LA (1.116X0.1607) e

L p - L = .00598 m = 5.98 mm
c AC -_0.4S0 m
L p = 1.122 m y - i 4 C o o $ 4 0 * - 0.345 m
h - 1 . 2 0 m - y - 0.855 m
c

2 2 2
4.24 J = KD /4 = 7i(2.0) /4 = 3.142 ft
F = y M R

3 2
= 62.4 lb/ft x 6.536 ft x 3.142 ft
F =1281 lb R

4
7 = — C =0.785 f t
64
0.785
(9.243X3.142)
L -Lp = 0.027 ft = [0.325 in]
c

L = 9.270 ftp

a = 3.0/cos 4 5 ° = 4.243 ft
L = 5 + a = 9.243 ft
c

/z = Z eos 4 5 ° = 6.536 ft
e c

4.25 L = a + 0.50 m = 0.76 m/cos 2 0 ° + 0.50

c

Z c = 1.309 m
h c = L eos 2 0 ° = 1.230 m
c

2
J = (1.00)(0.60) = 0.60 m
3 2
F R = yh A = (0.80)(9.81 kN/m )(1.23 m)(0.60 m )
c

F R = 5.79 k N
3
/ = ,(0-60X1 - O O ) ^ o, 0 5 m 4
12 12
0.05
0.0637 m = 63.7 mm
Z ¿ c (1.309)(0.60)
Z = Z + 0.0637 = 1.372 m
p c

F o r c e s D u e to S t a t i c F l u i d s
4.26 a = - • 20 = 25 in
4
7 = a + 25 = 50.0 i n = 4.167 ft
c

hc= - • L = 40.0 in = 3.333 ft c

5
2 2 2
A = (8)(50) = 400 i n ( l ft /144 i n )
2
= 2.778 ft
F = yh A
R c

3 2
= (1.43X62.4 lb/ft )(3.333 ft)(2.778 ft )
F = 826 lb
R

I c = M i = (!X50Í = 8 3,333 i n 4

12 12
4
7 83333 i n
Lp L c
2
LA
C (50.0in)(400 i n )
4.167 in
L = L + 4.167 in = 54.167 in (4.514 ft)
p c

4.27

7-0.2120-0.31 *m

1
A- ^-OMAm
s
/ , - aja «io -*o*' OLOS47 m-*

a = 0.80 m/sin 70° = 0.851 m

7 = a + 0 . 5 + . y = 0.851 + 0.50 + 0.318 = 1.669 m
c

h = L sin 70° = 1.569 m

c c

= yh A c

3 2
= (0.88)(9.81 kN/m )(1.569 m)(0.884 m )
F = 11.97 k \
R

4
0.0347 m
7 C = 0.0235 m
2
7 ylc (1.669 m ) ( 0 . 8 8 4 m )
= 23.5 mm
L + 0.0235 m = 1.669 m + 0.0235 m = 1.693 m
c

30 Chapter 4
4.28

7-O2120-8.48bi

2
A-*-g-6ZUIn

3 3
lc = (6.86x10- )D< = (6.86x10" )(40)

a= 1 0 i n / c o s 3 0 ° = 11.55 i n
Z = a + 8 + y = 11.55 + 8.0 + 8.48 = 28.03 in
c

h = Z eos 3 0 ° = 24.27 i n [2.023 ft]

c c

F = yhj.
R

3 6 2 8 3 1 ft2
= (1.10)(62.4 lb/ft )(2.023 ft) ( - ^ X )
144 i n
F R = 605.8 lb
1 7 5 6 2 í 4
L P
L - *° - " - 0 997 2
' LA
c (28.03 inX628.3 i n )
= 7.135 in
L = L + 7.135 i n = 29.03 in
P C

4.29

A = -5// = (30X20) = 3 0 0 i n 2

36 36
a = 1 8 i n / c o s 5 0 ° = 28.0 i n
L = a + 6 + b = 28.0 + 6.0 + 13.33
c

L = 47.34 i n
c

h = L eos 50° = 30.43 i n

c c

F = y M
R

3 2
F „ = 62.4 lb/ft x 30.43 in x 300 i n

ft
1728 i n 3
-329.61b
6 6 6 7
T T h i"" A ACCl •
L - L = —— = •
p c — = 0.469 in
P 2
LA (47.34 in)(300 i n )
c

L = L + 0.469 i n = 47.34 + 0.469 = 47.81 in

p c

F o r c e s D u e to S t a t i c F l u i d s
4.30 /z = Z e e

= 0.375 + 0.150 = 0.525 m

^ = (0.60)(0.30) +7r(0.3 0) /4 2
&375m h -L
c e

A = 0.2507 m 2
.80 m

!X30 m
I
_t
FR= y M
3 2
F = (0.67)(9.81 kN/m )(0.525 m)(0.2507 m )
fí

F = 0.865 k N = 865 N
R

4
7 c = í ^ ° X ^ +^ ^ = 0.001748 m
12 64
4
0.001748 m
= 0.0133 m = 13.3 mm
2
LA
C (0.525 mXO.2507 m )
L = L + 13.3 m m = 525 + 13.3 = 538 mm
p c

4.31 (See Prob. 4.30) h = Z = 0.150 m c c

= y M = (0.67X9.81X0.150X0.2507) = 0.247 k N = 247 N

4
0.001748 m
L p L c
0.0465 m = 46.5 mm
2
LA
C (0.150 m ) ( 0 . 2 5 0 7 m )
L„ = L + 46.5 m m = 150 m m + 46.5 m m = 196.5 mm
c

3 3
y = X^_9.0xlQ~ m
4.32 .60 m
2
A, 0.1253 m
= 0.0718 m 35"
r
y
-fl-0.15m
L = h = Y = 0.0718 m = 71.8 m m
c c

A(m ) 2
y(m) 3
Ay(m )
4
I,(m ) h(m) Ah 2

1 Rect. 0.0900 0.075 6.750 x 10"" 3

1.688 x 10~ 4
0.00324 9.4 x 10" 7

2 Semicirc. 0.0353 0.0636 2.245 x 10"~ 3

5.557 x 10~ 5
0.00816 2.35 x 10~ 6

0.1253 9.000 x 10~ 3

2.243 x 10~ 4
3.30 x 10~ 6

4 4
L / = 2.276 x 1 0 " m
c

4 4
. . I 2.276xlQ- m c..... . . .
L„ - L = —— = c — = 0.0253 m = 25.3 mm
P 2
LA (0.0718m)(0.1253 m )
L = L + 25.3 m m = 97.1 mm
p c

3 2
F = yh A = (0.67)(9.81 kN/m )(0.0718 m)(0.1253 m ) = 0.059 k N = 59 N
R c

32 Chapter 4
4.33 Rectangular W a l l
F = y(hl2)AR

3
= 62.4 lb/ft x 4.0 ft x (8.0 ft)(15.0 ft)
= 29950 Ib

/., - | A = | ( 8 . 0 f t ) = 5.333 ft

4.34 G= 10.0 ft- 8.0 ft/tan 6 0 ° = 5.381 ft

H G + B 2
A= ^ "> = 61.52 ft
2
_ H(G + 2B) . ,
T y-h c
A A n r
W-8ft
v = — - = 4.40 ft = /z = L
3(G + B)
F = yh A R c

3 2
F = 62.4 lb/ft x 4.40 ft x 61.52 ft
R
fl-10ft
= 16894 lb
EndVIaw FrontVtow
2 2
HXG + 4GB + B )
L =
36(G + B)
3 2 2
8 [5.38 +4(5.38)(10) + 1 0 ] _ 4
318.3 ft
36(5.38 + 10)
/. 318.3
Lp L c 1.176 ft
LA
C (4.40)(61.52)
Lp L c
1.176 = 5.576 ft

4.35 Rectangular W a l l
2 f i = 8 . 0 f t / s i n 6 0 ° = 9.237 ft
A = AB x 15 ft = 138.6 f t 2

8ft
F = y(h/2)A
R

3 2
F R = 62.4 lb/ft x 4.0 ft x 138.6 ft = 34586 lb

L p = | ( Z B ) = | ( 9 . 2 3 7 f t ) = 6.158 ft

- H(G + 2B) 4.6(1.2 + 2(3.856)] S - 3.856 m h c

4.36 y = = = 2.703 m 1

3(G + B) 3(1.2 + 3.856)

4-1.887
h = H-
c y = 4 . 6 - 2 . 7 0 3 = 1.897 m = Z c

FR = yh A Acts J_ page c
W-4.8m
A = H(G + B) 4.6(1.2 + 3.856) 11.63 rri
2 2
2 2
y-2.703
F = (1.10X9.81 k N / m ) ( 1.897 mX 11.63 m )
R

= 238kN
2 2
H\G +4GB + B )
Ic = = 18.62 rri Vlowtowart
36(G + B) and wal

I. 18.62 m 4 B - 1.2 m + 4.6 m/tan 6 0 * - 3^56 m

L p L - c
0.844 m
2
LA c (1.897 m ) ( l 1.63 m )
L p = L + 0.844 m = 1.897 + 0.844 = 2.741 m
c

F o r c e s D u e to S t a t i c F l u i d s
4.37 Rectangular W a l l : FR = yh A c
3 2
F = (1.10X9.81 kN/m )(4.60/2)m(4.6)(3.0)m
R

= 343 k N
• 3.067 m
FR acts 1/3 from bottom or 2/3 from surface 4.6 m

L = | p (4.60 m ) = 3.067 m

BadcWal'

4.38
END W A L L
t ' (D
A Ay y = y-Y 0.8 m
y t

P- 1.067m
L

(i) 1.046 0.75 0.784 0.096

t
0.8 m Z * 4 0
/
1.5 m
© 0.151 0.15 0.023 -0.504
l A )
C
3
® 0.151 0.50 0.075 -0.154
0.3 m
)¿
Y

1
2 3
^A = 1.348 m = 0.882 m
0.5O3m -<— 0.897 m —»
y _ Zjy. 0.882-j , 0 6 5 4 m 1.2m •
2
TA 1.348 m
h = 1.5 m - Y
r = 0.846 m = L r

3 2
Fj, = y M = (0.90X9.81 kN/m )(0.846 m ) ( l .348 m ) = 10.07 k N
I = 7, +
c 4 + 7 +
2 4 y\ +7 + 3 4 j 2

3
(0.697X1.5) 3
(0.503X0.30) 2
7,= + (1.046X0.096) + 2
+ (0.151)(0.504)
12 12
3
(0.503)(0.60) + (0.151X0.154) 2

36
4
I = 0.1960 + 0.0096 + 0.0011 + 0.0384 + 0.0030 + 0.0036 = 0.2518 m
c

7, = 7 + A - = 0.846m
C +- °- 2 5 1 8
•ra = 0 . 8 4 6 + 0.221 = 1.067 m
LA (0.846X1.348) T 7 -7
P c

J
4.39 Vertical back w a l l is rectangular
F = Ryh A=y(h/2)(A) c

3 3
y = 0.90(9.81 k N / m ) = 8.829 k N / m
1J)m
hJ2 = 1.50 m/2 = 0.75 m 1.50m
2
¿ = (1.50 m)(1.20 m ) = 1.80 m
F == (8.829
(8.829 kN/m
R
klS 3
)(0.75 m)(1.80 m ) 2

11.92 k N

L =-xh
p = - x 1.50 m = 1.00 m /
' 3 3 BackWaH —

34 Chapter 4
 2
4.40 h = L = 4.00 ft; A = (4.00)(1.25) = 5.00 ft
c c

3 2
F = yhcA = (62.4 lb/ft )(4.00 ft)(5.00 ft )
R

= 1248 lb 2.00
3 4
I = BIT/12
c = (1.25)(4.00) /12 = 6.667 ft
mL
,h *
V
4
l _¿ 4 _ 6.667 ft c

2
4.00
' " LA
c (4.00ft)(5.00ft )
2J0O 1333
= 0.333 ft
IM S = 0 = F (\.667) R - F/X4.00)
_ (1248)(1.667)
520 lb í
0J33 1.687
4.00
YM H = 0 = F«(2.333) - F <4.00) s

(1248X2.333)
F = s
728 lb

4.41 W a t e r side: .300

^Í., =Jw(hJ2)A w O80
Water
2
X = (2.50)(0.60) = 1.50 m
1.967 w
-1.25
=(9.81)(1.25)(1.50) = 18.39 k N
1.667-í..
2 I 0i~" 2.133
dJ2 -1.00 1.333 - L
= - • 2 . 5 0 = 1.667 m zao
3 i

Oil side: T"

0J33 0667
F K =y (h„/2)A
0 0

2
A = (2.00)(0.60) = 1.20 ra
0

H
F R = (9.81)(0.9)(1.00)(1.20) = 10.59 k N

L = - - 2 . 0 0 = 1.333 m
p. 3

ZM S =0
= 7\ (1.967)- (2.133)-7^(2.80)

F / / = [(18.39X1.967) - (10.59)(2.133)]/2.80 = 4.85 k N •

SM = 0 = F ( 0 . 8 3 3 ) - F (0.667) - F {2.80)
H Kf K A

F s = [(18.39)(0.833) - (10.59)(0.667)]/2.80 = 2.95 k N <

F o r c e s D u e to S t a t i c F l u i d s 35
4.42 h c = 38 +y = 38 + 5 eos 3 0 ° = 42.33 in
L c = V e o s 3 0 ° = 48.88 i n
F R = yh A c

2 2
¿ = 7r(10) /4 = 78.54 i n
2
62.41b 42.33 in-78.54 i n
F R - 3
ft J
1728 i n 7 f t
F R = 120.1 lb

4
/ e = ^ = 490.9 i n
64

Lp L c

LA
4
490.9 i n
•L c = = 0.128 in
2
(48.88 i n ) ( 7 8 . 5 4 i n )

Sum moments about hinge at top o f gate.

HM H = 0 = F (5.128) R - F <5.00)c

(120.1 lb)(5.128 in) _

= 123.2 lb = cable forcé
5.00 in

Piezometric head

4.43 m = 1.655 m See Prob. 4.19

y o m - (0.85X9.81 k N ) for data.
h ce = h + h = 0.825 m + 1.655 m = 2.480 m
c a

L ^ = hjeos 3 0 ° = 2.480 m/cos 3 0 ° = 2.864 m

3 2
F R = jahceA = (0.85X9.81 kN/m )(2.480 m)(0.159 m ) = 3.29 k N
9 4
2.013 x l O m m
Lpe L c e
4.42 ni ni
5 2
LA
C (2.864mm)(l.59 x l O m m )

25.0 k N m
4.44 h = ^ = 2.317m See Prob. 4.20
2
y oD m (1.10)(9.81 k N ) for data.
h ce = h + h = 3.000 m + 2.317 m = 5.317 m
c a

Lee = hjcos 3 0 ° = 5.317/cos 3 0 ° = 6.140 m

3 2
F = y„ h A
R D CL = (1.10)(9.81 kN/m )(5.317 m)(4.524 m ) = 259.6 k N
4
1.629 m
Lpe L c
0.0586 m = 58.6 mm
2
LA
C (6.140 m)(4.524 m )

36 Chapter 4
 3 3
2.501b
1728 i n ft
. . D
4.45 h 2
•x — = 48.41 i n = 4.034 ft J See Prob. 4.26.
y cs in (1.43)(62.41b) 1 ft
h + h = 40.0 i n + 48.41 i n = 88.41 i n = 7.368 ft
c a

Lc h rP I— I= .41 i n - | = 110.5 in = 9.209 ft

4,

F R = ycshcA = (1.43)(62.4 lb/ft )(7.368 ft)(2.778 f t ) = 1826 lb 3 2

T - T
4
I 83333 i n
= 1.885 in
2
LA
c (110.5in)(400in )

Pa - 4 . 0 1 b , j

4.46 h a
2
ft
. lZ?8 Él
x T
3
= 100.7 m = 8.392 ft See Prob. 4.28.
Y EC i n (1.10)(62.4 lb) ft
h, h + h = 24.27 i n + 100.7 i n = 124.97 i n [See Prob. 4.28]
c
c a

Lc = hjcos 30° = 144.3 i n = 12.03 ft

2 2
F = jEchcJ = (1.10)(62.4 lb/ff)(124.97 i n ) ( l ft/12 in)(628.3 i n ) ( l ft7144 i n )
R

F« = 31191b
4
17 562 i n
0.194 in
2
LA (144.3 in)(628.3 i n )

Forces on curved surfaces

4.47 R = 0.75 m, w = 2.00 m;F =y-V=yAw

v
—• -375
2
?r(0.75)
F =9M
r kN/m x 3
(1.85)(0.75)- x 2.00 m 3

= 35.89 k N —- J3«i h—
J4J "4" %2
x =
4+4 í-0.73
2
A = (0.75)(1.85) = 1.388 m
x

2 2
A = TT(0.75) /4 = 0.442 m
2

•cdngon fluid.
__ (1.388)(.375)+ (0.442)(0.318)
x= 0.361 m
1.388 + 0.442
h = h + s!2 = 1.85 + 0.75/2 = 2.225 m
c t

F = yswK = 9.81 k N / m x (0.75)(2.00)(2.225)m

H
3 :

F„ = 32.74 k N
2 2
0.75
h = h
p
- = 2.225+ - = 2 . 2 2 5 + 0.021 = 2.246 m
12A 12(2.225)
C

2 2 2
FR = ^ F +F¿ = V 3 5 . 8 9 + 3 2 . 7 4 = 48.58 k N
F 35.89
}
- tan — = tan T T — - 47.6°
F H 32.74

F o r c e s D u e to S t a t i c F l u i d s 37
4.48 F = yV=yAw
V

F = (0.826X9.81 kN/m )(1.389 m )(2.50 ) = 28.1 k N

K
3 2
m

¿ = ¿ , + ¿ 2 = (0.62)(1.25) + 7t(1.25) /8 2

2
¿ = 1.389 m
F =0 H because horiz. forces are balanced
FK = F = 2 8 . 1 kN k

4.49 yx =Rsin 15° = 3.882 ft

5 = / ? - ^ ! = 1 5 . 0 0 - 3 . 8 8 2 = 11.118 ft
h = h + y\ + s/2
c

= 10.0 + 3.882 + 5.559

hc= 19.441 ft
F = jhcsw = (62.4X 19.441)( 11.118)(5.00)
H

F - 67,437 lb
H

2
h =h +
p c = 19.441 + 0.530 ft
12/2.,
h = 19.971 ft
p

Fy = yV= yAfw
2
Ai = (14.489X10.0) = 144.89 ft

Ai = 1 ( y i X ^ c o s 1 5 ° ) = ^ (3.882)(14.489)
2
= 28.12 ft
9 75 2
9 75 2
A, = nR - — =7t(15.0) — Forcos shown
360 360 acdngon fluid.
2
= 147.26 ft
2
¿ - = ¿ , + ¿ + ¿ = 320.27 ft
7 2 3

/ V = yAfw = (62.4)(320.27)(5.00)
= 99,925 lb
* i = 14.489/2 = 7.245 ft

X 2 = | (14.489) = 9.659 ft

5
*3 = /3 sin 37.5° where 6 = 38.197 ^ " P I " ^ = 9.301 ft (from Machinery's Handbook)
37.5°
^ = 9.301 sin 37.5° = 5.662 ft
3

x = M+A x +Ax 2 2 3 = 6 > ? 3 8 f t

= 2
FR = 4 F
H + F
V V67437 + 99925 = 120550 Ib 2

F 99925
,
^=tan-'^ = tan- ^£=56.0°
F„ 67437

38 Chapter 4
4.50 Fy=y V=yoAw 0
|« 7.50fl »j
2
A=A +A X = (7.50)(9.50) + TI(7.50) /8
2

2
A = 93.34 ft
/> = ycAw = (0.85)(62.4)(93.34)(3.50)
Fy= 17328 \h = F R

F =0H because horiz. forces are balanced

4.51 s = i ? - j = 6 . 0 0 - 5 . 1 9 6 = 0.804 m
h = h+y + sl2 = 5.20 + 5.196 + 0.402 ff sin 30* - 3.00 m
c

hc= 10.798 m
Fff = Yíw* = (0.72X9.81X0.804X4.00)0 0.798)
c —| \*=
F = 245.3 k N
H

2
0.804
h„ = h + c = 10.798 +
I2h 12(10.798)
A[p= 10.798 + 0 . 0 0 5 0 m
h = p 10.803 m
Fv~ yV= yAw
2
¿i = ( 5 . 2 0 X 3 . 0 0 ) = 15.60 m A-6.00 m
2
A = i
2 (3.00)(5.196) = 7.794 m

360 12
¿ r = ¿ + ¿ + ¿ = 32.819 m
1 2 3
2

Forcea shown
/ V = Y ¿ w = (0.72)(9.81)(32.819)(4.00) actlng on fluid.
= 927.2 k N
x, = 3 . 0 0 / 2 = 1.500 m
x = 2(3.00)/3 = 2 . 0 0 m
2

i? sin 15°
x = é s i n 15° where 6 = 38.197-
3 3.954 m (from Machinery's Handbook)
15
x = (3.954)sin 15° = 1.023 m
3

x = M+^Xi + ^x* = L 4 8 2 m

4
2 2
F R = y¡F¿+F¿ =V245.3 +927.2 = 959.1 k N

-1
F
y 927.2
</>= tan :
tan 75.2°
245.3

F o r c e s D u e to S t a t i c F l u i d s
4.52 Fy = yAw
2 2
A=Ai + ¿ 2 = (1.20)(2.80) + 7i(1.20) /4 = 4.491 m
3 2
F = (9.81 kN/m )(4.491 m )(1.50 m ) = 66.1 k N
v

xi = 0.5(1.20) = 0.60 m ; x = 0.424(1.20) = 0.509 m 2

(3.36)(.60) + (l.13)(0.S09)
x = —— =-=
/7„-3.435
4.491
= 0.577 m
h = h + s/2 = 2.80 + 1.20/2 = 3.40 m
c

F = yswh = (9.81)(1.20)(1.50)(3.40) = 60.0 k N

H c

( L 2 Q )
h = h + - A - = 3.40 +
p n = 3.435 m
12/2,. 12(3.40)
F F F 2 2
R = y¡ v+ H =V66.1 +60.0 =89.3 k N
ForcMjshown acting
on suriaos.
1
¿ = tan"' ^ = t a n " — =47.8°
F H 60.0

4.53 4=(1.20)(2.80) = 3 . 3 6 m 2
2 1.20
>¿ = 3 . 6 6 9 m
2 2 2
¿ = R - ^ / 4 = 0.309 m
2 J

h = 2.80 m
Fy = yAw = (9.81)(3.669)(1.50) = 54.0 k N
x, = 1.20/2 = 0.60 m
x - 0.22347? = 0.268 m [Machinery's
2 Handbook]
_ = A ¡X) +Ax 2 2 _ (3.36X0.60) + (0.309)(0.268) 1
X
A 3.669
x = 0.572 m
h = h + s/2 = 2.80 + 0.60 = 3.40 m
c

F = yswh = (9.81)(1.20)(1.50)(3.40) = 60.0 k N

H c

2
1.20 FOTOM srnwn
h =h + p c = 3.40 + 3.435 m tctfcig on surfaoa.
I2h e 12(3.40)
F F +F 2 2
R = 4V H =V54.0 +60.0 =80.7kN

= t a n ^ = 4 2 . 0 °
60.0

40 Chapter 4
 2 2 2 2
4.54 A = TT£> /8 = < 3 6 ) / 8 = 508.9 i n = 3.534 ft
/> = yAw = (0.79)(62.4)(3.534)(5.0) = 871 lb
x = 0.212D = 0.212(36 in) = 7.63 in
hc = h + s/2 = 48 + 36/2 = 66.0 in = 5.50 ft
h-48ln
F„ = yswhc = (0.79)(62.4)(3.0)(5.0)(5.50)
F„ = 40671b
2
36
h„ = h = c = 66 + 67.64 in
\2h„ 12(66)
2
F= R 4F¿ + F 2
H =V871 + 4067 = 41591b 2

8
, _ i - ' ^1
í¿ = tan tan 12.1°
F„ 4067
Foro» shown
actjng on fluid.
4.55 (See Prob. 4.47)
2
„ ^ , p
r 7.5 k N / m „, n r

Eq. Depth = h = — = = 0.765 m a

3
y 9.81 k N / m
h = hi + / * = 1.85 + 0.765 = 2.615 m; h = h + s/2 = 2.615 + 0.75/2 = 2.990 m
u a ce Xe

2 2 2
A = (0.75)(2.615) = 1.961 m ; A = 0.442 m ; A = 2.403 m
x 2 T

F = yAw = (9.81X2.403)(2.000) = 47.15 k N

v

_ ¿iX, + Ax (1.961X0.375) + (0.442)(0.318) 2 2 =

0.365 m
2.403
F H = yswhce = (9.81X0.75X2.00X2.99) = 44.00 k N
2
0.75
h'pe - h = = 0.016 m = 16 mm
\2h ce 12(2.99)
F F 2 2
F= R 4 V+ H = V47.15 + 44.00 = 64.49 k N
47.15
^=tan"'5 L
tan 47.0°
44.00
4.56 (See Prob. 4.48)
2
4.65 k N / m
Eq. Depth = h = — = = 0.574 m a
3
y (0.826)(9.81kN/m )
hu = hi + h = Q.62 m + 0.574 m = 1.194 m a

2 2
A = (1.194X1.25) + 7t(1.25) /8 = 2.106 m

3 2
F =yAw v = (0.826X9.81 kN/m )(2.106 m )(2.50 m ) = 42.66 k N = F R

4.57
Net horizontal forcé = 0
From Section 4.11, net vertical forcé equals the weight o f the displaced fluid acting upward
and the weight o f the cylinder acting downward.
3 3
= y V = (62A
W/
TTD lb/ft )(0.164
f
*(6.00 fti )n )= 10.2 lb
d
ft
2 2
3
3 3
V = A-L- d L = 10.0 in = 282.7 i n x 0.164 f t
3
4 4 1728 i n
3 3
w = JcV= (0.284 lb/in )(282.7 i n ) = 80.3 lb
c

Net forcé on bottom = w - Wj = 80.3 - 10.2 = 70.1 lb down c

4.58 See Prob. 4.57. w = 10.2 lb f

3 3
w = y V= (0.100 lb/in )(282.7 i n ) = 28.27 lb
c c

iV, = w- c w = 28.27 - 10.2 = 18.07 lb down

f

F o r c e s D u e to S t a t i c F l u i d s 41
4.59 See Prob. 4.57. w = 10.2 lb f

3 3
w = y V= (30.0 lb/ft )(0.164 f t ) = 4.92 Ib
c c

Fnet = w - w / = 4.92 - 10.2 = 5.28 Ib up

c

But this indicates that the cylinder would float, as expected. Then, the forcé exerted b y the
cylinder on the bottom o f the tank is zero.

4.60 The specific weight o f the cylinder must be less than or equal to that o f the fluid i f no forcé is
to be exerted on the tank bottom.

4.61 (See Prob. 4.57.) Because the depth o f the fluid does not affect the result, F = 70.1 Ib net

down. This is true as long as the fluid depth is greater than or equal to the diameter o f the
cylinder.

4.62 (See Prob. 4.57.) w = 80.3 lb c

Forcé (downward) on upper part o f cylinder =

wt. o f volume o f cross-hatched volume. F o r c é
(upward) on lower part o f cylinder = wt. o f
entire displaced volume plus that o f cross-
hatched volume. Then net forcé is wt. o f
displaced volume (upward).

e-$m-» (2.0/3.0)-41.8*
x- fleo» a - 3.0 co» a
x-2¿38ln
B - 1 8 0 * + 2 » -283.8*
w =y V
f f d = y4 L
d

A=
d — — + -(2x)(2.0)V A
=Ai+A
2

4 360 2 '
2
= g(6.0in) 263.6 2
+ (2.236)(2.0) = 25.18 i n
' 4 360
3

3 2
lft
w=
f y4 L d = 62.4 lb/ft • 25.18 i n • 10.0 i n • = 9.09 lb
3
1728 i n
Fnet = w - c w / = 80.3 - 9.09 = 71.21 Ib down

42 Chapter 4
4.63 (See Prob. 4.57) For any depth > 6.00 i n , F n c t = 70.1 lb down
M e t h o d o f Prob. 4.62 used for h < 6.00 i n and > 3.00 i n . For any depth < 3.00 i n , use figure
below.

3 4 5 6 7 8
Ruti Depth,/>0n)

4.64 Centroid: y = 0.212 D = 0.212(36 in) = (7.63 i n ) ( l ft/12 in) = 0.636 ft

x = (20 in)/sin 2 5 ° = 47.32 i n
L = 60 i n + x - y = 60 + 47.32 - 7.632 = (99.69 i n ) ( l ft/12 in) = 8.308 ft
c

h = L sin 2 5 ° = (8.308 ft)(sin 25°) = 3.511 ft

c c

2 2 2
A = TTD /8 = 7i(3.0 ft) /8 = 3.534 f t
3 2
F — yhcA = (1.06)(62.4 lb/ft )(3.511 ft)(3.534 f t ) = 820 lb = F
R R

_ 3 4 3 4 4
1= 6.86 x 1 0 D = 6.86 x 10~ (3.00 f t ) = 0.556 ft
4 2
L -L
p = I/[LcA] = (0.556 ft )/[(8.308 ft)(3.534 ft )] = 0.0189 ft
c

L = L + 0.0189 ft = 8.308 ft + 0.0189 ft = 8.327 ft = L

P C p

F o r c e s D u e to S t a t i c F l u i d s 43
CHAPTER FIVE

BUOYANCY A N D STABILITY
Buoyancy

5.1 XF =0 =w + T-F v b

3 3
F = y V= (10.05 kN/m X0.45)(0.60X0.30)m = 0.814 k N = 814 N
h f

T = F -w = 814 - 2 5 8 = 556 N b

5.2 I f both concrete block and sphere are submerged:

Upward forces = F = V F b + F h = y V + y V = y ( V + V)
w s w c w s c

3 3 3
F = ; z - . D / 6 = ;z-(1.0m) /6 = 0.5236 m
(

H^ = 4.10 k N M 3 = F tot =0.6973 m

c 3
y c 23.6 k N / m

3 3
Fu = ^^tot = (9.81 kN/m )(0.6973 m ) = 6.84 k N
•F >F
U D Itwillfloat.
Downward forces = F = w + w>s = 4.1 + 0.20 = 4.30 k N D c

3 2
5.3 I f pipe is submerged, F = y V= (1.26X9.81 kN/m )(7t(0.168 m) /4)(1.00 m ) b f

F = 0.2740 k N = 274 N ; because w = 277 N > F —lt w i l l sink.

b b

5.4 w - F = 0; w = F ; y V = y V = y 0.9 F
c b c h c c f d f c

3 3
Then, y = 0 . 9 y = (0.90)(1.10)(62.4 lb/ft ) = 61.78 lb/ft
c 7

5.5 W c - F b = 0;y V - Vc c yf d I * — * | O30 día.

V ^V d c

7f
2
_ ;r(.30 m ) 7 9 0 3
•1.2 m = 0.0683 m = ^ . X 1.2
9.81 4
3
4(0.0683) m
X= 0.9664 m = 966 mm
¿
*(0.30 m )

Y= 1 2 0 0 - 9 6 6 = 234 mm

5.6 w-F„ =0= y V -y V

c c f d

3 3
y= c yf YJL = (0.90)(9.81 kN/m )(75/100) = 6.62 k N / m

5.7 w - F - T = 0 = y F - yV é c c f c - T = F (y c c -y )-T f

2.67 k N
0.217 m
(y -7f) c [23.6-(1.15)(9.81)] k N / m 3

ñ>

44 Chapter 5
5.8 w - F - F b SP = O = W-y V 0 d - F¡SP
3

3 3
1 ft
FSP = w- yV 0 d = 14.6 lb - (0.90)(62.4 lb/ft )(40 i n )
3
1728 i n
F= SP 13.3 lb

5.9 ~LF V = O= w + w - F F s b¡ - F bs

F bs =yV w s = 9.81 k N / m x (0.100 m ) 3 3

9.81 N

0 = y J^+80N-y F F w / ? -9.81 N
0 = Vp(y - y ) + 70.19 N F w

y = -70-19 N _ -70.19N
F 3
r ~r F w (470-9810)N/m
3 3
= 7.515 x 1(T m

.3
5.10 w + w =F
c A b =yV w c = 62A l b / f t 3 tf = 588.1 lb

w = F -w
A b c = 588.1 - 3 0 = 558.1 lb = y F /í /<

3 3
w, 558.1 l b i n lft 3
3.23 ft
0.100 lb 1728 i n 3

5.11 w + w-
c A F. O

w - FA bA = F Jc - w = 588.1 - 30 = 558.1 lb (See Prob 5.10)

c

Y ^ - y ^ = 558.1 lb w

3 3 3 3
y = (0.100 lb/in )(1728 i n / f t ) = 172.8 lb/ft
A

558.11b 558.1 lb 3
5.055 ft 3
y -y A w (172.8-62.4)lb/ft

5.12 w -F c b = 0 = yV- c c yV
f d = y S? - c y^X
1
x= ycS = ys c

2
rs
f Y t

5.13 w H +w - F =0 s b

• 3
A- 3

3 m it
F„ = y (V w t + V ) = 62A lb/ft 2
1728 i n 3

= 0.04485 lb
w = F - w = 0.04485 - 0.020 = 0.02485 lb
s b f f

B u o y a n c y a n d Stability
5.14 From Prob. 5.13: w + w = 0.02 + 0.02485 = 0.04485 lb = w = F H s b

• 3 rv3
w =F =yV b F d = y / F , + V ) = Y/ -(>•")". 2 I X + Ü®X£.. 2.30 m ft
4 4 1728 i n 3

- i - 4 A.3\
= Y/7.47 x l O ^ f f )

Y / = 2*1 = ° - Q 4 4 8 5
4
l b
3 = 60.03 lb/ft ; sg = 3
= 60.03/62.40 = 0.962
4 3
U
V 7.47 x1o- d ft y
w

• 3 /y3

5.15 ^ = ^ + ^2 =
m ft 6.903 x 10~ f t 4 3

3
1728 i n

w 0.04485 lb 3
Y/= — = . 64.97 lb/ft ; sg = = 64.97/62.4 = 1.041
-4
K 6.903 x 1 o ft rf

5.16 I V Í + W C - - F bc =0 Water 1.50 ft

Surfao»
= F b¡¡ + /\. - Wí Saa
2 3 Watsr 2.00 ft
""TT(I.OO) TT(I.OO)
3 • 3.0 + ft 3
T-64.0ÍÜ?
w =y- B B V = 8.00 lb/ft
B

= 23.041b
2
;r(2.0) (3.0) i \ 3.00 ft
F
b c = Y / * c = 64.0 lb/ft 3

12 = 201.061b

L 3
3 i t í .2.00+^ °> ft 3

F„ b = yV f d = 64.0 lb/ft 12

= 117.291b
w = 117.29 + 201.06 - 23.04 = 295.31 lb
c

5.17 S = 18.00 i n ( l ft/12 in) = 1.50 ft

w - F - F = 0 b e

F = w-F
e = y V - J V = F C Í Y Í - Yw)b s c W C

3 3 3
F = (1.50) ft (491 - 62.4) lb/ft = 1447 lb T
e

5.18 Ym = 844.9 lb/ft > y - cube w o u l d tend to float. w

w-F b +F =0 e

3 3 3
F = F -w
e b = y V -y Vc=
m c s Vdy m - y ) = (1.50) ft (844.9 - 491)lb/ft = 1194 lb i
s

5.19 w - F = 0 = w - yswVd b

6
w 292xl0 gm 9.81 m kg IN
lkN „ ,
j/- = = x
s
x - x - — =283.6 m m 3 3

3 2 3
y S I F 10.10kN/m s 10 g m kgm/s 10 N

46 Chapter 5
5.20 w = F ; y¡V¡ = b yV sw d

J 8 J 2 k N / m
V = Vj •^ — = Vj •
d = y, • 0.863; 86.3% submerged; 13.7% above
r™ 10.10 k N / n r

5.21 w = F ;y V b wood T = yV w d

v d
110
Ywood Yw /
115 / V j 9
X
9 *\
450
V =^-.L T =^ l . 6.750 = 1.074m 3

4 4
Z7-225

F = rf ^1.^_ + I 2X)(.115)
(

4 360 2
8-«)n-'^-30.74*
2
TV(A5) 241.5 3 /J-180*20-241.5*
VA + (.1934)(.l 15) 6.75 m
X - ROCA, 8 - ¿25 co» 30.74*
4 " 360 X- 0.1934 m
3
= 0.8703 m
3 3
Ywood = (9.81 kN/m )(.8703/1.074) = 7.95 k N / m

5.22 w- F = 0=
b y V -yKV
c c d

V¿ 3 O ^ - , , ^ T , ^-600mm 3
JC = JK — = 8 . 0 7 k N / m 3
6.46 k N / m
^4 • 750 m m

5.23 w-F i = 0 = y F -y F c c w r f = y ¿í-Z-y ¿l-X c H

3 Súrtaos
y A-L
c 6.46 k N / m
X= 3
750 m m = 513 m m f
^ 9.44 k N / m Y»8t l ,

l
95*C- _ i
h=L-X= 7 5 0 - 5 1 3 = 237 m m 9.44 kN/m 3

5.24 w - p c br + w - B = 0
Yc^-Y»^ + Yfl^-Y»<^ = 0 c

ycA-L - y^A-L + yaA-t - y ^ - / = 0

KJB - Y*) = L(y w - Y ) C

3
r K-/r / w / c
nc* (9.44-6.46)kN/m
t= L =750mm - - = 30.0 m m 3

YB Y W
( 8 4.0-9.44)kN/m

3
5.25 y at 15°C = 9.81 k N / m — i t w o u l d float.
w

.45 m
w - F. +w -
c F, 0 B
oís.
Súrtaos

*r045)' 3
w = JcK = 6.46 k N / m x x .75 n f
3 n e
c
4 .75 m
= 0.771 k N
2
;r(.45) 3 v v
w = yV B B B = 84.0 k N / m x " " x .030 m '
I Brasa
= 0.4008 k N .030 m

B u o y a n c y a n d Stability 47
 F b¡¡ = yV w B = 9.81 k N / m x 3
fídrlL x .03 m 3

= 0.0468 k N

F hc =yV w d =w +w- c B F b¡¡ = 0.771 + 0.4008 - 0.0468 = 1.125 k N

F„ c =y V w d = y AXw

X= = 1.125 k N r- = 0.721 m submerged = 721 m m

3 2
YA W (9.81kN/m )(^-(.45)m /4j

29 m m above surface

3
5.26 Y C T = 15.60 k N / m
w - F c K +w - B F bi¡ =0

w = yV c c c = 6.50 k N / m x 3
x .75 M
3
= Q.7753 k N

F K = ycxV = 1 5 . 6 0 k N / m x d
3
fiiSL x .70
3
m = 1.737 k N

- F bg = yV B B - ycjV B = V (y B B - Y C T ) = F^ - w = 1.737 - 0.7753 c

= 0.9614 k N
i r 0.9614 k N 0.9614 k N „ * 3A A 1 A t

V= B = r = 0.01406 m =At
3
Ya-Yci (84.0-15.60) k N / m
3
V, 0.01406 m n n o o A

t= S -=— — = 0.0884 m = 88.4 m m

2 2
A ;r(0.45) /4m

3 3
5.27 w = F = y V = (1.16)(9.81 kN/m )(0.8836 m ) = 10.05 k N
b f d

V = 7iD /12 = TE(1.50 m ) / 1 2 = 0.8836 m

d
3 3 3

Entire hemisphere is submerged.

5.28 w = F = yjV = y -A-X

b d w

Q 5 4 3
X= ^ = - ° ^ x JÍL = 0.965 x l O- m = 0.965 m m
3 2 3
YA W ( 9 . 8 1 k N / m ) ( « - ( 0 . 0 8 2 m ) ) 10 N

2
7tD
5.29 W t . o f steel bar = w = y V s L s s = ysAL = y s

4
2 3
„ , O I M 2 «-(.038m) 10 N n n o

w = 76.8 k N / m
s •— '— • 0.08 m • — = 6.97 N
4 kN
w + w s c = 6.97 + 0.05 = 7.02 N = F b = Y„V4Z
, t w 7.02 N
r lkN 4
X= —2- = -• — - — = 0.135 m = 135 m m
3 2 3
yA
w (9.81kN/m ) «-(0.082 m ) 10 N

48 Chapter 5
5.30 From Prob. 5.29, w = 7.02 N T

7 r ( M S m ) 2 5 3
V = ^ L . L =
s • 0.080 m = 9.073 x 10" m
4 4
3 5 3 3
F = J»V = 9.81 k N / m x 9.073 x 10" m x 10 N / k N = 0.890 N
b% S

WT- F hs -F bc =0
F bc =w -F T bs = 7.02 N - 0.890 N = 6.13 N = y AXw

v 6.13N 4 lkN
X= -x -x—-— = 0.118 m = 118 m m
3 2 3
9.81 k N / m «-(0.082 m ) 10 N

2
(«-(21 i n ) ) ( 3 6 i n )
3 3
5.31 w = F„ = 4y V
T w dmm = 4(62.4 lb/ft ) ft = 1801 lb
3
4 1728 i n
Drums W e i g h 4(30 lb) = 120 lb
W t . o f platform and load = 1801 — 120 = 1681 lb

2 2 3
5.32 V o l . o f W o o d : 2(6.0 ft)(1.50 in)(5.50 i n ) ( l ft /144 i n ) = 0.6875 ft ends
4(96 - 3)in(1.50 in)(5.50 in)( i n ) ( l ft /1728 i n ) = 1.776 f t main boards 3 3 3

(0.50 in)(6 ft)(8 f t ) ( l ft/12 in) 2.000 f t p l y w o o d 3

3
4.464 f t total
3 3
w = y V = (40.0 lb/ft )(4.464 f t ) = 178.5 lb
w w

5.33 w + w =F = yV
D P b w d

1 2 0
V = d = + 178.5 Ib = ft3 t Q t a l

3
y w 62.4 l b / f t
3
V = 4.78/4 = 1.196 ft sub. each drum
D

V = D A -LS

3 2
V n 144 i n 1.196 f t 2 2
= 0.399 f t x = 57.4 i n
2
L 3.0 ft ft
2
B y trial: X = 4.67 in when A = 57.4 i n s

See Prob. 4.63 for method

o f computing A .
s

5.34 Wdrums + Wwood + >^load - F^ - F^ - 0

w d r u m s = 4(30 lb) = 120 lb (Prob. 5.31)
w w 0 0 d = 178.5 lb (Prob. 5.32)
F bn = 1 8 0 1 lb (Prob. 5.31)
3 3
F K =yV w w = 62.4 lb/ft x 4.464 ft = 278.6 lb (Prob. 5.32)

Wioad= F h + F b -w -w = D w 1801 + 2 7 8 . 6 - 1 2 0 - 178.5 = 1781 1b

B u o y a n c y a n d Stability 49
 3 3
5.35 Given: y = 12.00 lb/ft , y = 150 lb/ft , w = 600 lb
F c c
Hoat 14 In |
Find: T e n s i ó n i n cable
Sea Water" 48
Float only: Z f > = 0 = w + T - F F bp

Ib 34 in
T= F br ~w F
T -64.0p
3 3
But w = y V F F F = 12.0 lb/ft x 9.0 f t = 108 lb
2
(18.0in) (48in) 3
V = F
= 9.00 ft
3 3
1728 i n / f t
F bp = yV w d = (64.0 lb/ft )(6.375 f t ) = 408 lb 3 3
ti
Concrete
(18.0,n)'(34,n)^ , Block
3 7 5 f t

3 3
1728 i n / f t
SeaFIoor T
T= 4 0 8 - 108 = 3001b
Check concrete block: F n c t = w - c F b< T

_6001b 3
w = 6001b; V =
c — c
= 4.00 f t
3

Yc 150 l b / f t
3 3
F b<; = yV w c = (64.0 lb/ft )(4.00 f t ) = 256 lb
F net = 600 - 256 - 300 = 44 lb d o w n — O K — b l o c k sits on bottom.

5.36 Rise o f water level by 18.00 i n would tend to submerge

/ Y
entire float. B u t additional buoyant forcé on float is
sufficient to lift concrete block o f f sea floor.
W i t h block suspended: T = w - F c bc

X 48
T= 600 - 256 = 344 lb (see Problem 5.35)
Float: w + T- F^ = 0 F

F bF = w + T= 108 lb + 344 lb = 452 lb = y V

F w d Ti
3
F, 4521b „ , 1728 i n 3
V = d 7.063 f t x
3
Y w 64.0 l b / f t ft 3

3
12204 i n
V = d (\S.0mf(X)
3
12204 i n
X= = 37.67 i n submerged
2 2
(18.0 i n ) 324 i n
7 = 48 -X= 10.33 i n above surface
W i t h concrete block suspended, float is unrestrained and i t would drift w i t h the currents.

5.37 ZF =0 r = w- A F b

Surfacs
T= w - A F, - F,

0.101b
w = yV
Á Á T = x (6.0 i n ) = 21.6 lb 3
3.00
in Water
3., ( 6 i n ) ( 3 . 0 i n ) 2

F K =y y w d = 6 2 . 4 lb/ft* x 3.90 lb
3 3
1728 i n / f t
F K =y ^ 0 =0.&5F bw = 3.315 1b

Then: T= 21.6 - 3.90 - 3.315 = 14.39 lb

50 Chapter 5
5.38 F = w - F
s c h = yV c c - yV f c = V (y - y )
c c f

2 2
nD r _«-(6.0in) ft 3

xlO.Oinx-
3
4 1728 i n
3
= 0.1636 f t
3
0.2841b 1728 i n 62.41b
F = 0.1636 f t 3
x 1
s
v m fV ñ

= 70.1 lb
F s acts up on cylinder; down on tank bottom

Stability

5.39 w - F = 0 b
.1.0 m día
y V = yV =
c c f d y AX
f

3
yV c c _y A(\.0m)
c _ 8.00kN/m /(1.0m)
Ji — — 3
9.81 k N / m
.me
= 0.8155 m r cb- X1.0m
>> = 1.00 m/2 = 0.500 m
cg
y-
y = X/2 = 0.8155 m/2 = 0.4077 m
ch

4 4
/ _ nD /64 _ «-(1.0m) /64
MB
2 2
V d (xD /4)(X) [«•(1.0m) /4](0.8155m)
4
0.04909 m n n n r r

•• = 0.0766 m
3
0.6405 m
= j ; + M B = 0.4077 + 0.0766 = 0.4844 m < j — u n s t a b l e
c b cg

5.40 w =F =yV b w d = y AXw

2 2
w _ 2501b(144in /ft ) me 22 in
X= = 0.4808 ft
3
yA w (62.41b/ft )(30in)(40in) «o-fr-iao 15^<
10.50
X= 5.77 i n ; y =X/2 = 2.88 i n c b

3 4
ob-+-
/ = (40 in)(30 in) /12 = 90000 i n
3
V = AX= (30 in)(40 in)(5.77 in) = 6923 i n
d

4 3
M B = I/V = 90000 in /6923 i n = 13.0 i n d

y =y + M B = 2.88 i n + 13.0 i n
mc ch

= 15.88 in > j g—stable C

Croas socoon atfluidsurteca.

B u o y a n c y a n d Stability 51
5.41 w :
F = jswVd =
b y AX
sw

w 450000 lb
X=
3
yA m (64.0 lb/ f t )(20 ft)(50 ft)
MB
= 7.031 ft me. 20 x 50 ft
y = XI2 = 3.516 ft
ch

3 4 4
1 '
7 = (50)(20) /12 = 3.333 x 10 f t
3 3
_ 8 . !56
V = AX= (20)(50)(7.031)ft = 7031 f t
d
Sea Water X 8.00
Platfbrm ¡16
MB=I/V = 4.741 ñ d
L _ L
^ c = J c b + M B = 3 . 5 1 6 + 4.741
m

= 8.256 f t > j — s t a b l e cg

5.42 F r o m Prob. 5.4; X= 0.9 H= 0.9(12) = 10.8 i n 10.0 Inda

jc b= X/2 = 5.40 i n
_y = H/2 = 6.00 i n
I
cg
1 2
4 4 4
7 = 7tD /64 = 7t(10.0 in) /64 = 490.9 i n H

2 2 3 2 ^ m c 10.8
V = (%D /4)(X) = [ < 1 0 . 0 in) /4](10.80 in) = 848.2 i n
d

M B = I/V = 490.9/848.2 = 0.579 i n d

Jmc = Jcb + M B = 5.40 + 0.579 = 5.98 in <y —unstable cg

5.43 From Prob. 5.5: X= 966 m m 300 mm i

_ y = X / 2 = 483 m m
cb

y = H/2 = 1200/2 = 600 m m

cg

4
/ = 7iD /64 = 7t(300 m m ) / 6 4 = 3.976 x 10 m m 4 8 4
1200
2 2 7 3
£ 4 I
V = (TÍD /4)(X) = [5i(300 mm) /4](966 m m ) = 6.828 x 10 m m
D

M B = / / F = 5.82 m m 600 4w83

d

Jmc =ycb + M B = 483 + 5.8 = 488.8 m m <y —unstable c

1

5.44 From Prob. 5.6: X= 75 m m

.lOOmmtquara
y = XI2 = 37.5 m m
cb

y = H/2 = 100/2 = 50.0 m m

cs

4 4 6 4
7 = / i / 1 2 = ( 1 0 0 m m ) / 1 2 = 8.333 x 1 0 m m
2 2 5 3
V = (H )(X) = (100 mm) (75 m m ) = 7.50 x 10 m m
d

M B = / / F ¿ = 11.11 m m
Jmc=ycb + M B = 3 7 . 5 + 11.11
= 48.61 m m <y —unstable
cg

5.45 w :
F = yV
b w d = ywAX
w 70.01b
X=
YA W
3
(62.41b/ft )(«-(2.0ft) /4) 2

= 0.357 ft(12in/ft) = 4.28 i n W-48

j = X / 2 = 2.14in
c b ,mc
y = H/2 = 48/2 = 24.0 i n
cs
24.0
4 4 4
I = 7t£> /64 = 7t(24 in) /64 = 16286 i n
V = AX= (KD /4)(X)
D = [ < 2 4 in) /4](4.28 in) 2 2
•10.55
3
=1936in
MB=I/V = $Al i n D

ymc=y b + M B = 2.14 + 8.41 = 10.55

C in<j —unstable cg

52 Chapter 5
5.46 X= 8.00 ft; y = X/2 = 4.00 ft; y = 1 2 . 0 0 ft ch cg

yrac=^cb + M B
>
Scow is stable i f y >'cg m c

M B mm - J^mc -^cb =^cg ~^cb = 12.0 - 4.0 = 8.0 ft

3 /

LWX \2X

2
= Vl2W(MB m i n ) = Vl2(8)(8)ft = 27.71 ft Y
W
5.47 X= 16.0 f t ; y c b = X / 2 = 8.00 ft;^ = 13.50 ft
MB m i n =j/ m c -y cb = y -y = cg ch 13.50 f t - 8.00 ft = 5.50 ft
2
= Vl2(X)(MB m i n ) = Vl2(16.0)(5.50)ft = 32.50 ft

5.48 y cg = 0.70 m from bottom

3D 1.50 m
For hemisphere— submerged- from dia. día.
y
16
_ _ D 3D 5D 5(1.50 m)
Vcb R - y =
.60 •me
* 2 16 16 16 7 5 0
/mo-- -469
= 0.469 m
4 4 4
/ = 7rZ> /64 = 7r(1.50 m) /64 = 0.2485 m
V = TTD /12 = Tt(1.50 m) /12 = 0.8836 m
d
3 3 3

M B = / / F ¿ = 0.281 m
Jmc =^cb + M B = 0.469 + 0.281 = 0.750 m > j — s t a b l e cg

5.49 F r o m Prob. 5.28: X= 0.965 m m ; D = 82 mm; me

/ / = 150 m m T

T
4
TtD /64 82 2

MB
F rf (TVD /4)(X) 2
\6X 16(0.965) T
H MB
= 435 m m
Jmc =^cb + M B = X/2 + M B = .965/2 + 435 = 436 m m
me is w e l l above cup; cg is w i t h i n cup
.'. I t is stable
182 día.

5.50 F r o m Prob. 5.29, X= 135 m m 82 mm día.

y ch =XI2 = 67.5 mm
/ nZ> 164 4
D 82
MB = 3.11 m m
(TTD /4)(X) 2
16X 16(135)
Jmc=^cb + M B = 6 7 . 5 + 3.11 = 7 0 . 6 1 m m me
Because w t . o f bar is » wt. o f cup, 135
T
y * L Bar/2 = 80/2 = 40 m m
cg
67.5 60
Jmc>Jc —stable g

40

Cup Bar

B u o y a n c y a n d Stability 53
5.51 From Prob. 5.30, X = 118 m m
4 3
V = V o l . o f steel bar = 9.073 x 10 m m
s

=
Ves Sub. v o l . o f cup
2
«-(82) 5 3
V CS = (118) = 6.232 x 1 0 m m
5 3
V D = V S + V CS = 7.139 x 10 m m

y - cb o f steel bar =
s = 19 m m

yes ~ cb o f sub. v o l . o f cup

X 118
ycs =
=DD++ — ^ ==3538 + — = 97 m m S
38 mm día. bar
s
2
+ V
_ J^S y S CS
C
ycb

4 5
_ (19)(9.073xl0 ) + (97)(6.232xl0 ) _
5
87.1 m m
7.139xl0
4;
«-(82)764
MB m m = 3.11 m m
5
7.139xl0
y™ =y b + M B = 90.2 m m c

y cg is very l o w because w t . o f bar is » wt. o f cup—stable

5.52 From Prob. 5.22, Fig. 5.23: X= 600 m m

_y =X/2 = 300mm
cb

y = H/2 = 750/2 = 375 m m

cs

/ _ «-/y/64 D 2
(450) 2
1
MB = 21.1 m m 00
2
V D (TID IA)(X) \6X 16(600) 800 750
Jmc=.y b + M B = 300 + 21.1 378 I

1
c l 321
300
= 321.1 m m < j — u n s t a b l e cg
I T

54 Chapter 5
5.53 F r o m Prob. 5.26, F i g . 5.25; t = 88.4 m m
X= 700 + t = 788.4 m m 450 mi ola.
y =X/2
cb = 394.2 m m 50"
7TDV64 ¿
D
MB
2
V D [TTD /4](X) 16 X Jf- 788.4
700
:
450' 338.4
MB 16.1 m m
16(788.4)
y ==ycb
mc
.y + +M
MBB= = 394.2 + 16.1 = 410.3 m m
cb

.VcgWtot = y w + y M> composite c y l . c c B B

w = y V = 0.7753 k N
c c c cgof brees
y = 750/2 + 1 = 375 + 88.4 = 463.4 m m
c

2
840.0 k N «-(.45 m )
(0.0884 m )
m
= 1.181 k N
^5 = til = 44.2 m m
. y w +y M> . c c B B (463.4)(0.7753) + (44.2)(1.181)
ycg 210.3 m m <y —stable
mc

(0.7753 + 1.181)

5.54 w =F = b y AX
sw

w 3840 lb
X= = 7.50 ft
3
y sw A (64.0 Vol f t )(2 ft)(4 ft)
. y = X / 2 = 3.75ft
c b
X-7S0 8.0
3 4
7 = 4 ( 2 ) / 1 2 = 2.667 f t
3
V = AX= (2)(4)(7.5) = 60 f t
d

M B = I/V = 2.667/60 = 0.0444 ft /«g

d

J>mc = ycb + M B = 3.75 + 0.0444 = 3.794 ft

y = H/2 = 8.00/2 = 4.00 ft > j ^ — u n s t a b l e _ L
cg 7"
2ft x4ftrectanc>
5.55 w =F = b y AX
sw

v _ w 130 lb(12 m/ft)

3
Y A SW (64.01b/ft )(3ft)(4ft)
me
= 2.03 i n
y =X/2
ch = 1.016 i n
í
t
y = 1 2 i n + 34 i n = 4 6 . 0 i n
cs 54.1B
3 4 5 4
34
/ = (48)(36) in /12 = 1.866 x 10 i n 46
3 3
V = (48)(36)(2.03)in = 3510 i n
i
d

MB=I/V = 53.17 i n d

j - „ c = ^ c b + M B = 1.016+ 53.17
In x 48 In rectangle
= 54.18 in >y —stable cg

B u o y a n c y a n d Stability 55
5.56 w -F =0 =yV b w tot -y V 0 d = y AH-
w yo AX Rwaangfc»6irix12ln
y AH _ yH (32 lb/ft )(6 in) 3 /
w w =

3
y 0 0.90(62.4 l b / f t )
= 3.419 i n 6.00
I t
y = XI2= 1.709 i n X - 3 - 4 1 9 3.00
I * n cc--551 r
c b
m —
y = H/2 = 6.00/2 = 3.00 i n
c g _i I1 cb/ 1-708 ZS80
3 4
/ = 12(6) /12 = 2 1 6 i n
V = (12)(6)(3.419) = 246.2 i n
d
3
r
MB=I/V = 0.877 i nd

Jmc = y b + M B = 1.709 + 0.877 = 2.586 in < j — u n s t a b l e

C cg

5.57 w-F b =yV w d = y^AY

w 2100001b
= 2.804 ft
yA (62.4 lb/ft )(60 ft)(20 ft) 3 —r~
w
1&29
y c b = JÜ72 = 1.402 ft; y c g = 1.50 ft given ' S I
/ (60)(20) /12 3 "cb
MB = = 11.888 ft
(60)(20)(2.804)
Jme = y* + M B = 1.402 + 11.888 ft = 13.290 ft > j — s t a b l e cg

5.58 Wtotai = 210000 + 240000 = 450000 lb

w 4500001b
= 6.010 ft (See Prob. 5.57)
yA w (62.4)(60)(20)
y
cb = X/2 = 3.005 ft
7 6 2 0 3 / 1 2
MB- ( °)( ) = 5.547 ft -
V (60)(20)(6.010) d

Jmc = ya> + M B = 3.005 + 5.547 = 8.552 ft—above barge

cg is within barge—stable
M o r e complete solution:
w 240000lb
Depth o f coal = d c = 4.444 ft c
3

7A (45 lb/ft )(60ft)(20ft)

y = dJ2 = 2.222 ft from bottom to cg o f coal
c

w
c y c + w
B y B _ (240000)(2.222) + (210000X1.50)
1.885 f t < j — s t a b l e
mc

450000

56 Chapter 5
5.59 w = F = y Vd = y A L
b r r d

w = yA L c tot

1 407
= - (.600)(.300)(1.20)(2.36)kN

= 0.255 k N

A d = GX+2 vovo
2 0 - 0 0 0 mm
(B-2X)(X) + X (fl-OJSOm)

2 2 2 2
A =BX-2X
d +X =BX-X =600X-X

w 0.255 k N
Equate A = d 3
yL T (0.87)(9.81kN/m )(1.20m)

2 ( 1 ) 4 2
A d = 0.02489 m x ° °^" = 2.489 x 1 0 m m
m

2 4
6 0 0 X - X = 2.489 x 10
2 4
X - 6 0 0 X + 2.489 x 10 = 0; X= 44.8 m m by Quadratic Eq.
G = B- 2X= 600 - 2 ( 4 4 . 8 ) = 510 m m
3 3 1 0 4
7 = G Z , / 1 2 = (510) (1200)/12 = 1.329 x 1 0 m m
2 7 3
V = AdL = [600(44.8) - 44.8 ](1200) = 2.985 x 1 0 m m
d

M B = / / K = 445 m m r f

X(G + 2B) v 44.8(510 + 1200) _ A A O

y =Xcb ^ - =44.8 - =21.8mm
3(G + B) 3(510 + 600)
-•y + M B = 21.8 + 445 = 467 mm
cb

>> = - ( 3 0 0 ) = 100
cg
1 mm<y„ -stable

5.60 a) Cube is stable ify mc >ycg = SI2

x i x Squan»
yc
m =^ + MB= —+ — = — +- Sx S
2
c b
12(5 )(X)
X 2
+ J L = ^ o r X + ^ -sx=o
2 \2X 2 6
2 2
X - SX+ S ^ = 0
2 2
S±y/S -4S /6 S S r rTr
x= — _ — = — ±—Vl-2/3
2 2

= S -±-(0.5774) = 0.7885' or 0.21 \S

2 2

X> 0.7885" orX< 0.2115" w i l l result in stable cube.

b) For S = 75 m m
X> 0.7885"= 59.2 m m , I < 0.2115"= 15.8 mm

B u o y a n c y a n d Stability 57
5.61 Entirehull:
£4?S3Ím

¿i™

= (.72)(.40) +(2.88)(1.2)
3.60
y = 1.040 m
cg

Submerged V o l u m e :
_ (.72)(0.4) + (2.16)(1.05)
yb
C
2.88
= 0.8875 m
3
F¿ = ( 2 . 8 8 ) ( 5 . 5 ) = 15.84 m
3 4
7 = 5 . 5 ( 2 . 4 ) / 1 2 = 6.336 m
y™ =ycb + I/V = 0.8875 + 0.40 = 1.2875 m
d >y —stable
cg

5.62 a) w = F ;y Vc
c b c = yV w d

2
_301b ;r(.5ft) (1.0ft)
w -- c
1.963 lb
ft 3
12
1.9631b 3
V d ^ = 0.03147 f t
3
y w 62.4 lb/ft
3\/1 TOO ,„3 l ,

_ (0.03147 ft')(1728 in') _ 3

3
ft
2 3
_ 7v(D f(X) x _ 7V(X/2) X _TCX

12 12 48
4SV D _ 48(54.37) _
X= 3 9.40 i n
K 71
3X
• 0.75(9.40) = 7.05 i n Figure for part (a) only.

_ nD\ _ «-(9.40/2) 4
_ 4
= 23.95 i n
64 64
M B = I/V = 23.95/54.37 = 0.441 i n
d

y™ = ycb + M B = 7.05 + 0.441 = 7.491 in

3H
y<g ~~7~ = 0.75(12) = 9.00 in

y™ <yc —unstable
g

3
b) Yc = 55.0 lb/ft
w=
c 1.963(55/30) = 3.600 lb
w„ 3.6001b 0.0577 O'(1778 m » )
3
62.4 l b / f t

7t

58 Chapter 5
 4
nD x _ « - ( ! ! .51/2)
4
/= 64 ~ 64 = 53.77 i n

/ 53 77
M B = — = r ± l l = 0.539 i n
V 99.69 A

y = 0 . 7 5 X = 0.75(11.51) = 8.633 i n
c b

y =y b + M B = 8.633 + 0.539 = 9.172 in

m c C

y = 9.00 in
cs <y —stable YX

5.63 (a) £ F v =0 = F é - ^ c - ^ v

W — Weight o f contents; W = Weight o f vessel; Find W +

c Y c

W +W = F ; But F = y V
c v b b f d

Vd ~ V + VcyU, Where V = V o l . o f hemisphere; V i„ = V o l . o f cyl. below surface

hs hs cy d

3 3 3
V hs = «£> /12 = «(1.50 m) /12 = 0.8836 m
2 3
^cyi-d = n&hJA = «(1.50 m) (0.35 m)/4 = 0.6185 m
3
Then V = V + V „ = 0.8836 + 0.6185 = 1.502 m
d hs cyl d

3 3
Fb = y V = (1.16)(9.81 kN/m )(1.502 m ) = 17.09 k N = W + W (Answer)
f d c v

(b) Find y = Specific weight o f vessel material = WJV ', Given W = 5.0 k N
v vT c

From part (a), 17.09 k N = W + W ; Then W = 17.09 -W = c v v v 17.09 - 5.0 = 12.09 k N

V T — Total volume o f vessel = V + V i.
V hs cy T

2 2 2 3
Vcyi-T= (Di-D )(Q.6Q m)/4 = «[(1.50 m ) - (1.40 m) ](0.60 m)/4 = 0.1367 m
3 3 3
V= vT V + V^ = 0.8836 m + 0.1367 m = 1.020 m
hs

3
y = Specific weight o f vessel material = WJV f,
v v = (12.09 kN)/( 1.020 m )
3
= 11.85 k N / m = / v

1500
1400

350
Fluid Surface

Fb

B u o y a n c y a n d Stability 59
 (c) E v a l ú a t e stability. Find metacenter, y . See figure for key dimensions. mc

Given: y = 0.75 + 0.60 - 0.40 = 0.950 m from bottom o f vessel.

cg

W e must find: y =y + MB = y + II V mc cb cb d

4 4 4
1= 7tD /64 = «(1.50 m) /64 = 0.2485 m For circular cross section at fluid surface.
3
V = 1.502 m From part (a).
d

4 3
MB = (0.2548 m )/(1.502 m ) = 0.1654 m
The center o f buoyancy is at the centroid o f the displaced volume. The displaced
volume is a composite o f a cylinder and a hemisphere. The position o f its centroid must
be computed from the principie o f composite volumes. Measure all y valúes from
bottom of vessel.

(ycbWd) = (y )(V ) hs hs + (ycyuWcyi-d)

yc = í(y„ )(V ) + s hs (y .d)(V ,d)]/Vd
cyl cy

3 3 3
W e k n o w from part (a): V = 1.502 m ; V = 0.8836 m ; V = 0.6185 md hs cyU

y = D/2 -y = D/2 - 3D/16 = (1.50 m)/2 - 3(1.50 m)/16 = 0.4688 m

hs

ycyt-d = D/2 + (0.35 m)/2 = (1.50 m)/2 + 0.175 m = 0.925 m

3 3 3
Then y = [(0.4688 m)(0.8836 m ) + (0.925 m)(0.6185 m ) ] / ( l .502 m ) = 0.657 m
cb

Now, y = y + MB = 0.657 m + 0.1654 m = 0.822 m From bottom o f vessel.

mc cb

Because y < y , vessel is unstable.

mc cg

5.64 Let F be the supporting forcé acting vertically upward

s

when the club head is suspended i n the water.

£¿7 = 0 = F + F - W; T h e n F , =
S b W-F b

F = y V i, W= y iV ¡;
b w a a a

Where V ¡ = Volume o f aluminum club head

a

3 3
Vai = Wly = (0.500 lb)/(0.100 lb/in ) = 5.00 i n
al

3 3 3 3
F =W-F
s = 5.00 lb - (62.4 lb/ft )(5.00 i n ) ( l ft )/(1728 i n )
b

F = 0.319 lb
s

60 Chapter 5
CHAPTER SIX

F L O W OF FLUIDS
Conversión factors

5 3 4 3
6.1 0 = 3.0 gal/min x 6.309 x 10~ m /s/1.0 gal/min = 1.89 x 10" m /s

5 3 2 3
6.2 0 = 459 gal/min x 6.309 x 10" m /s/1.0 gal/min = 2.90 x 10~ m /s

5 3 3
6.3 0 = 8720 gal/min x 6.309 x 10" m /s/1.0 gal/min = 0.550 m /s

5 3 3 3
6.4 0 = 84.3 gal/min x 6.309 x 10~ m /s/1.0 gal/min = 5.32 x 10 m /s

3 3 3
6.5 0 = 125 L / m i n x 1.0 m /s/60000 L / m i n = 2.08 x 10~ m /s

3 2 3
6.6 0 = 4500 L / m i n x 1.0 m /s/60000 L / m i n = 7.50 x 10~ m /s

3 3
6.7 0 = 15000 L / m i n x 1.0 m /s/60000 L / m i n = 0.250 m /s

6.8 0 = 459 gal/min x 3.785 L/min/1.0 gal/min = 1737 L / m i n

4
6.9 0 = 8720 gal/min x 3.785 L/min/1.0 gal/min = 3.30 x 10 L / m i n

3 3 3 5 3
6.10 0 = 23.5 cm /s x m /(100 c m ) = 2.35 x 10~ m /s

3 3 3 7 3
6.11 0 = 0.296 cm /s x 1 m /(100 c m ) = 2.96 x 10~ m /s

3 3
6.12 Q = 0.105 m /s x 60000 L/min/1.0 m /s = 6300 L / m i n

3 3 3
6.13 0 = 3.58 x 10~ m /s x 60000 L/min/1.0 m /s = 215 L / m i n

6 3 3
6.14 0 = 5.26 x 10~ m /s x 60000 L/min/1.0 m /s = 0.316 L / m i n

3 3
6.15 0 = 459 gal/min x 1.0 ft /s/449 gal/min = 1.02 ft /s

3 2 3
6.16 0 = 20 gal/min x 1.0 ft /s/449 gal/min = 4.45 x 10~ ft /s

3 3
6.17 Q = 2500 gal/min x 1.0 ft /s/449 gal/min = 5.57 ft /s

6.18 2
0 = 2.50 gal/min x 1.0 ft /s/449 gal/min = 5.57 x 10~ ft /s
3 3

3 3
6.19 0 = 1.25 ft /s x 449 gal/min/1.0 ft /s = 561 gal/min

3 3
6.20 0 = 0.06 ft /s x 449 gal/min/1.0 ft /s = 26.9 gal/min

3 3
6.21 0 = 7.50 ft /s x 449 gal/min/1.0 ft /s = 3368 gal/min

F l o w of F l u i d s 61
 3 3
6.22 Q = 0.008 ft /s x 449 gal/min/1.0 ft /s = 3.59 gal/min

3 3
6.23 Q = 500 gal/min x 1.0 ft /s/449 gal/min = 1.11 ft /s
3
Q = 2500/449 = 5.57 ft /s
5 3 2 3
Q = 500 gal/min x 6.309 x 10~ m /s/1.0 gal/min = 3.15 x 10~ m /s
5 3
Q = 2500(6.309 x 10~ ) = 0.158 m /s

3 3 3
6.24 Q = 3.0 gal/min x 1.0 ft /s/449 gal/min = 6.68 x 10 ft /s
2 3
Q = 30.0/449 = 6.68 x 10" ft /s
5 3 4 3
Q = 3.0 gal/min x 6.309 x 10~ m /s/1.0 gal/min = 1.89 x 10" m /s
5 3 3
Q = 30(6.309 x 10~ ) = 1.89 x 10" m /s

0 f t V s
6.25 g - - U ^ x' = 2.77*»)-»%
h 60 m i n 449 gal/min

0.85 gal l h l.OftVs _ i n 5 f t 3 /

6.26 Q= x x = 3.16 x 10 ft /s
h 60 m i n 449 gal/min

6 . 27 e .l!M,JL,JÍ!^ = 1J6 « ». lrJ í!

24 h 60 m i n 449 gal/min

_ 19.5 m L 1.0L l.OmVs „„ - 3 #

7 3
6.28 0 = x — x = 3.25 x 10 m / s
3
min 1 0 m L 60000 L / m i n

Fluid flow rates

3 3 3
6.29 W= yQ = (9.81 kN/m )(0.075 m /s) = 0.736 kN/s(10 N / k N ) = 736 N/s
3 3
M = pQ = (1000 kg/m )(0.075 m /s) = 75.0 kg/s

3 3 3 2
6.30 PT= yQ = (0.90)(9.81 kN/m )(2.35 x 10~ m /s) = 2.07 x 10~ kN/s = 20.7 N/s
3 3 3
M = pQ = (0.90)(1000 kg/m )(2.35 x 10~ m /s) = 2.115 kg/s

3
_ W 28.5 N m 1.0kN l.Oh _ „ _ i n 7 3 /

6.31 0 = — = x x—-—x =7.47x10 m / s

3
Y h 1.08(9.81 k N ) 1 0 N 3600 s
3 7 3 4
M = p g = (1.08)(1000 kg/m )(7.47 x 10" m /s) = 8.07 x 10" kg/s

3
_ ^ 28.5N m l h _4 in 3 /

6.32 O= — = x x = 6.33 x 10 m /s
h
Y 12.50 N 3600 s

3 3
_ 1.20 k g 640 f t 1.0 slug l m i n 0.0283 m
6.33 M = pQ= —x
3
•— x —x x-
m m i n 14.59 kg 60 s ft
2
= 2.48 x 10~ slug/s
M=pQ = yQ/g=W/g
2 2
„. 3 2 . 2 ñ 2 . 4 8 x l O " slug 1 l b - s / ñ 3600s
W=gM= —x ^x x =28781b/hr
s s slug hr

62 Chapter 6
 3 3
6.34 W= yQ = (0.075 lb/ft )(45700 ft /min) = 3428 lb/min
2
_ rQ _ W _ 3428 lb/min _ 106 lb • s /ft _
M = pQ- 106 slugs/min
2
g g 32.2 ft/s mm

^ W 12001b ft 1 hr
6.35 0=—- = x x = 5.38 ft /s 3

y hr 0.0621b 3600 s

3
62.41b 1.65 gal 1.0 f t
6.36 W=yQ = = 13.76 lb/min = —
3
ft min 7.48 gal t
w __ 7425 lb m i n lhr
8.99 h r
X
W 13.761b 60 m i n

Continuity equation

2
6.37 Q = A v:A=e = ™£!* =7.50 ft = ^
o 10.0 ft/s 4
D= yj4A/ic = ^ 4 ( 7 . 5 0 ) / n = 3.09 ft

1.65 ft ' 1 2 ^
6.38 A]V = A v ; X 2 2 v =v2 x 26.4 ft/s
vAy J
v y
3
1.0m /s 3
6.39 0 = 2000 L / m i n x = 0.0333 m /s
60000 L / m i n
3
0 _ 0.0333 m /s
Di = 2
0.472 m/s
A, 7r(.30m) /4
3
Q 0.0333 m /s , . o n

u.= — = — = 1.89 m/s

2 2
A «-(.15m) /4 2

2
6.40 A,v = A u ; t 2 2 v = u, — = L>,
2 = 1.20 m/s í °l 15
0.300 m/s
4 UooJ
6.41 Qi =A xV] =A v +A v
2 2 3 3 = Q + Qi 2

Q =^ 2 2 = ^(0-050 m ) 2
x 12.0 m/s = 0.0236 m /s 3

3
03 = S i - 02 = 0.072 - 0.0236 = 0.0484 m /s
3
03 _ 0.0484 m /s
v • 3 2
6.17 m/s
A } 7r(.100m) /4

lft /s 3
1
6.42 Amin = — = 10 gal/min x 2
• 0.02227 f t : 2-in Sch. 40 pipe
v 449 gal/min 1.0 ft/s

F l o w of F l u i d s 63
 xx, ^ 60.61b „ ,- 4.50 ft 3600s
t _ „_ , „ , rt rt 2 í l S
x 2 5
6.43 0^= y g = y,4u = 5— 0.2006 f t x x = 1.97 x 10 lb/h
ft s hr

6.44 v = — = 19.7 L / m i n x í-™-^ x — — = 0.856 m/s

4 2
A 60000 L / m i n 3.835 x l 0 ~ m

3 3
6.45 g = 30 gal/min x 1.0 ft /s/449 gal/min = 0.0668 ft /s
3
g 0.0668 ft /s - 3 „ 2 1 r t

= —= = 8.35 x 10 f t max. 3 2

v 8.0 ft/s {
3 2
1 1/4 x 0.065 tube - > ^ , = 6.842 x 10" f t
3 3 2
Actual Dj = g / ^ = (0.0668 ft /s)/(6.842 x 10" f t ) = 9.77 ft/s

3
g 0.0668 ft /s „ _ . •
^ = = = 2.67 x 10 ft m i n . 1 r t 3 2

u 2 25.0 ft/s
3 2
7/8 x 0.065 tube - > ¿ = 3.027 x 10~ f t 2

3 3 2
Actual D = Q/A = (0.0668 ft /s)/(3.027 x 10~ f t ) = 22.07 ft/s
2 2

3
g 0.0668 ft /s „„„ „ - 2 ^ 2 n

6.46 A X = — = = 3.34 x 10 ft max.

ü, 2.0 ft/s
2 2
2-in x 0.065 is largest tube listed - > ¿l, = 1.907 x 10~ f t
3 2 2
Actual i)! = QIA = (0.0668 ft /s)/(1.907 x 10~ f t ) = 3.50 ft/s
X

3
g 0.0668 ft /s . . . _ - 2 .
= -S- = =
1 A 3

A 2 9.54 x 10 ft m i n .
v
2 7.0 ft/s
3 2
1 1/2-in x 0.083 tube - > ¿ = 9.706 x 10~ f t 2

3 -3 2
Actual D = g / ^ j = (0.0668 ft /s)/(9.706 x 1 0 f t ) = 6.88 ft/s
2

3
6.47 g L = 1800 L / m i n x = 0.030 m /s
60000 L / m i n

A QL 0-030 m /s o.015 m m i n i m u m ; 6-in Sch 40; A = 1.864 x 10" m

= =
2 2 2

' o 2.0m/s
3
Q = 9500/60000 = 0.1583 m /s
H

O 0 1583
2 2 2 2
^ = — = H = 7.916 x 10~ m ; 14-in Sch 40; A = 8.729 x 10~ m
o 2.0
6.48 For A = 0.015 m min; 6-in Sch 80; A = 1.682 x 10~ m
L
2 2 2

For A H = 7.916 x 10~ m min; 14-in Sch 80; A = 7.916 x 10~ m

2 2 2 2

r *c Q 400L/min l m /s „ , , - „ . „ , „ „ . - ,
6.49 D = —= — - x = 3.075 m/s [2-in Sch 40 pipe]
3 2
A 2.168x10 m 60000 L / m i n

6.50 2-in Sch 80: v = - = = 3.500 m/s

A (1.905x10 )(60000)

64 Chapter 6
, .
r Q 400gal/min 1 ft /s , ^ , VA - O t. 3
N N O
&
6.51 v = —= x = 10.08 ft/s [4-in Sch 40]
2
^ 0.0884 ft 449 gal/min

6.52 i) = ^ = — = 11.16 ft/s [4-in Sch 80]

A (0.07986)(449)

3
, r-, . Q 2.80 L / m i n lm /s , ^ , , . r r 2
4 2
6.53 A=±- = —x = 1.556 x 10 m m i n .
u 0.30 m/s 60000 L / m i n
4 2
3/4 x 0.065 steel tube, A = 1.948 x 10~ m

3
Q 6 95 gal/min lft /s « « « ^
6.54 D _ 6 I N = = —e x = 1.055 ft/s
2
4¡ 0.2006 ft 449 gal/min
„ 1 A = a , Q j a = (Q.5X95)
4 4 (0.05132)(449)

3 3
6.55 0 = 800 g a l / m i n ( l ft /s/449 gal/min) = 1.782 ft /s
2
Suction pipe: 5 i n Sch 40; A = 0.1390 f t ; v = QIA = 12.82 ft/s s s

2
6 i n Sch 40; A = 0.2006 ft ; v, = = 8.88 ft/s s

2
Discharge pipe: 3 1/2 i n Sch 40; A = 0.06868 f t ; v¿ = QIA = 25.94 ft/s d

2
4 i n Sch 40; ¿ ¿ = 0.08840 f t ; v¿ = QIA = 20.15 ft/s

3 3
6.56 Q = 2000 gal/min(l ft /s/449 gal/min) = 4.454 ft /s
2
Suction pipe: 6 i n Sch 40; A, = 0.2006 ft ; = QIA = 22.21 ft/s
2
8 i n Sch 40; A = 0.3472 f t ; v, = QIA = 12.83 ft/s s

2
Discharge pipe: 5 i n Sch 40; A = 0.1390 ft ; v¿ = QIA = 32.05 ft/s d

2
6 i n Sch 40; ^ ¿ = 0.2006 f t ; v = QIA = 22.21 ft/s d

3 3
6.57 Q = 60 m / h ( l h/3600 s) = 0.01667 m /s
3 2
Suction pipe: 3 i n Sch 40; A = 4.768 x 10~ m ; v, = QIA = 3.73 m/s s

3 2
3 1/2 i n Sch 40; A = 6.381 x 10~ m ; v = QIA = 2.61 m/s s s

3 2
Discharge pipe: 2 i n Sch 40; ^ = 2.168 x 10~ m ; v = QIA = 7.69 m/s d

3 2
2 1/2 i n Sch 40; A = 3.090 x 10~ m ; v = 0Á4 = 5.39 m/s d d

J 3\ 2
6.58 Q = Av = (7.538 x 10~ m')(3.0 m/s) = 2.261 x 10"" m7s
3
A=Q = - 2 2 6 1 x i r 2 m V s
= 1.508 x lo" m = 2
*ti>/A
Ü 15.0m/s
3 2 2 1 0
A = V 4 ^ / « - = ^ 4 ( 1 . 5 0 8 x l 0 ^ m ) / « - =4.38 x 1 0 " m x ^ =43.8 m m
m

7 - 5 0 ñ V
6.59 ^ = 7.98 ft/s in pipe
P 2
A f 0.9396 ft
3
Q 7.50ft /s
D = — =
N ; = 65.0 ft/s in nozzle
2 2
4, «-(4.60 i n ) lft
X 2
4 144in

F l o w of F l u i d s
Bernoulli's equation

6.60 + z + 2

YG 2
8 YG 2g

O.llmVs 6.22 m 24.90 m

4 ÍT(0.15 m ) / 4 vAy
2 2
2 2 2
r Q = 415 kPa + [6-22 -24.90 ] mVs x 0.67(9.81 k N )
P2 = />, + 2
2g 2(9.81m/s ) m
220 k P a

2 2 3

P +zA
0.37 m /s 5.23 m
6.61 + i ^ - = ^a- + z +¥s--u
2

2g Yw 2g A A «"(0.3 m ) / 4

1.31m

vAy
2 2

( A- B) +
Z Z

2g

9.81 k N 22/„2
(5.23 -1.31 )m7 s 2

= 66.2 kPa + -4.5 +

2
m 2(9.81 m / s )
p B = 66.2 kPa - 31.3 kPa = 34.9 k P a

66 Chapter 6
 2 2
A A
6.62 Pt. A at gage; Pt. B outsidenozzle: £ - + Z A + ^ - = ^fi- + z B +^- ; p
B =0
7 2g y 2g
2 2
U
A ~ B U
/ _ X £ A 565 k N
= Z = 3 6 5 M
=-53.94 m
B A 2 3
2g y " m (9.81 k N / m )
2 2 2
D B = v (A /A )
A A B = v (D ID f A A B = D (70/35) = 4u ; u = 16u ;
a A

^ A - ^ B = - 1 ^ 5

2
45u = 2g(-53.94m)
2
2g(53.94m) 2(9.81 m/s )(53.94 m )
u A = 8.40 m/s
15 15
2
«-(.070 m ) 2 3
Q =Av A A = x 8.40 m/s = 0.0323 m7s = 3.23 x 10~ m /s

o.
6.63 Pt. A before nozzle; Pt. B outside nozzle: £*- + z +^- =^ - +z A B + ^3 ,- ; p = 0, z = z
B A B

y 2g y 2g
2 2 2

oí-oí 60.61b (75 2

-42.19 )ft /s 2 2 2
lft
PA = y 3 2 2
25.1 psig
2g ft 2(32.2 f t / s ) 144 i n

D
= 75 21
p

u B = 75 ft/s; u = u A B
•75 42.19 ft/s
Vl.0y

3
1 ft /s 0.0223 f t 3
Q 0.0223 ft /s 3
3.71 ft
6.64 Q= 10 gal/min x
449 gal/min 0.0060 f t 2

2
g _ 0.0223 _ 0.955 "1 _/> + ft./> . u„ . A + B 7 7

D + +— , z — Z+ ZA +
A B

4, 0.02333 s y 2g y K 2g' K

2 2 2 2 2
Un -O. 501b (0.955 - 3 . 7 1 ) f t lft
PA-PB = JK -0.0694 psi
2 2
2g ft 2(32.2 ft/s )
3
144 i n

6.65 Pt. 1 at water surface; Pt. 2 outside nozzle.

Pi °\ V.
+ z + 2 ; P l = 0,v l = 0,p 2 =0
y 2g y 2g
2
u =j2g(z
2 } -z ) 2 = ^ 2 ( 9 . 8 1 m/s )(6.0 m ) = 10.85 m/s

7 r ( Q Q 5 Q m ) 2 2 3
g =^ 2 l ) 2 = - x 10.85 m/s = 2.13 x 1 0 m /s

2 2 2 2
Q _ 0.0213 m /s 3
u _ 1.1206 m / s
U = A
= 1.206 m/s; = 0.0741 m
2
A A 7r(.15m) /4 2g 2(9.81 m / s ) 2

P x
+ z + ^ - - — + z +~-
x A ; P i = 0,v¡=0
y 2g y 2g
9.81 k N
PA = y K ( * . - * A ) - £
[6.0 m - 0.0741 m ] =58.1 k P a
2g m

F l o w of F l u i d s 67
6.66 Pt. 1 at o i l surface; Pt. 2 outside nozzle.
J
+ z . + - - = — + z + - 2 - ; ^ , = 0,^1 = 0 , ^ 2 = 0 2

Yo 2g Yo 2g
x> = ^J2g(z - z ) =72(9.81 m / s ) ( 3 . 0 m ) = 7 . 6 7 m/s
2 l 2
2

2 3 3
^ , «(.035 m ) 7.67 m 7.38 x 10~ m
Q = A x> = 2 —x •
2
4 s s
Q _ 7 . 3 8 x 1^-3
0 - „m37i s _ 0.940m o _ o i
A B _ 0.94 m / s 2 2 2

0.0450 m
2
¿ A «(0.10m) /4 2g 2g 2(9.81 m / s ) 2

r„ 2g x 0 2g
y* 9.81 m
(z,-z )--^ =(0.85) [4.0-0.045]m =33.0kPa
2g
A

v s y

+ z. + ^h - = ^ - + z + - B
B
J L
; pt = 0, u , = 0
2g r D
2g

• (0.85)(9.81)[3.0 - 0.045] = 24.6 k P a

2g

o,
6.67 — + z. + — = — + z + — : Pt. 1 at water surface; Pt. 2 outside nozzle; v = 0 , p = 0
2 x 2

r 2g ^ 2g
3 2
32.2 ft 201b f t 144 i n
u = ¡2g(p /r
2 y í + ^ - z ) = 12 2
+ 8.0 ft 59.06 ft/s
2 2
i n 62.4 lb f t
v s y
2 2
^ , «(3in) 59.06 ft ft
{? = A v 2 2 = x x :
2.90 ft7s
2
144in

6.68 - + z, + - + z + — : Pt. 1 at water surface; Pt. 2 outside nozzle; v¡ = 0, p = 0

2 2

2g Y 2g
2 2 2
62.41b (20) ft /s lft 2

(z -z )
2 l + -10ft + -1.64 psig
2
2g ft 3
2(32.2 ft/s ) 144 i n 2

o:
6.69 + z. + — = — + z + — : Pt. 1 at water surface; Pt. 2 outside nozzle;
2

2g Y 2g
P\ =Pi=0, u, = 0
2
u = j2g(z
2 y ] - z ) = ^ 2 ( 9 . 8 1 m/s (4.6 m) = 9 . 5 0 m/s
2

3
(2 = ^ u = 2 2
? r (
'' Q 2 5 m )
x 9.50 m/s = 4.66 x 10~ m / s 3

68 Chapter 6
 U
P\ —\ _ £ A + Z A + ^ A
_ : ^ , = 0, = 0,ZI = Z A

— + z, + —
2g r 2g

4 = v /4 = 2.375 m/s 2

2 2 2
9.81kN (2.375) m /s
2.82 k P a
2
2g m 2(9.81m/s )

z , + - ^ - = - ^ + z + - S - ; />, = 0,i), = 0 B

r 2g r 2g
2
(2.375)
PB= y (*1 - Z B ) - = 9.81 -0.90- -11.65 k P a
2g 2(9.81)

7 l x l m / s
6.70 (SeeProb. 6.69) v 2 =—= - ° = 14.46m/s
2
A, «"(.025 m ) / 4
2 2 2 2
„ , - r - ^ _(14.46) m /s
10.66 m
2
2g [2(9.81 m / s ) ]

5 6 x 1 Q 3 m V s
6.71 (See Prob. 6.69) v = B = - ~ = . 8 5 m/s 2
2
4, ;r(.05m) /4
M í n i m u m pressure exists at B , highest point i n system.
A + Z I + ^ £ B _ + Z B + Í ¿ ; / , I = 0 J 1 ) ]= 0

y 2g y 2g

Z - Z _ Y — ~Pn »l _ -(-18kN) 2
(2.85) m /s 2 2
_
1.42 m
Z ZX 2 3 2
° y 2g m (9.81 k N / m ) 2(9.81 m / s )

6.72 Analysis for u , 2 Q,PA,PB same as Prob. 6.69.

= 72(9.81)00) = 14.01 m/s

Ü = l ü = U = l 4
u = ^2g(z -z )
2 x 2
A ^ = C b V
Ü = 3 . 5 0 2 m/s
A

; r ( 2 5 > 3 3
£ = ¿ «2 = 2 '° ^ x 14.01 = 6.88 x 10"" m /s
4

2
-(3.502)
/»A = r 0
= (0.86)(9.81)
2(9.81)
= (8.437)[-0.625] = -5.27 k P a
2g

(z,-*,)--*- (8.437)[-3.0 - 0.625] = -30.58 k P a

2g

/>C=/>A = - 5 . 2 7 kPa

F l o w of F l u i d s 69
Yo 2g Yo 2g

PD= YO = (8.437)[10.0 - 0.625] = 79.1 kPa

2g

— +z +— - — +z +— ,z A B A ZB
r 2g / 2g
3 2
^ - » l _ /> - / \ _ ( 4 2 - 5 0 ) l b f t ( 1 4 4 i n )
B

2 2
=-18.46 ft
2g TV in (62.41b)ft

A n
2
- | = 0.25u ; v{ = 0.0625 u B

2
0.0625u -ul = 2 g ( - 1 8 . 4 6 ft)
2
-0.9375u =2g(-18.46ft)
2(32.2 ft)(-l 8.46 ft)
35.6 ft/s
2
' s (-0.9375)

PA ,r Z 4-
, —»l— _ P* ,r _Z +, -B— ., _Z _— Zg
v
U
7
A B A

Yo 2g Yo 2g
3 2
»\ _ PB -PA _ ( 2 8 . 2 - 2 5 . 6 ) lb f t (144 i n )
= 6.667 ft
2 2
2g i n (0.90)(62.4 lb)ft

v A =v ^- = o B B = 2.56v ; u = 6.55Ug B A

A vD y A
A

2 2
6.55u -u =2g(6.667ft)
2
5.55u = 2g(6.667 ft)

2(32.2)(6.667) ^ = , J 9 m

5.55
2 2
^ , «-(8in) 8.79ft ft „„„,3,
Q = A x> = - i
B - x xB =3.07ft /s 3

4 s 144 i n
 2g K 2g

2g 2g 2g
16u -u _15u A A A

2g 2g
Manometer: p + y y + yji - y h - y y =p A w m w B [cancel terms w i t h y]
PA ~PB = y h ~yji m = Ky - y ) = A(13.54y , - y ) = A(12.54y )
m w H w w

PA -PB 15u¿
= 12.54/; =
2g
2gq2.54) W 2(9.81 m 1 2 5 4 X 0 2 5 0 m )
X = ^ ^
s 2 1 5
15 V ( )

Q = v í T ) = [TT(.050 m) /4](2.025 m/s) = 3.98 x 10"

A A
2 3
m /s 3

N 2
A
B D,
6.76 (See Prob. 6.75) u = u A B = 0.25u = 0.25(10) = 2.50 m/s
B

A
\ AJ
2 2 2
_ 15u _ 1 5 ( 2 . 5 0 ) m / s
A _
12.54/2 ; 4.778 m
2g 2(9.81 m / s2^i) 2

/i = 4.778 m/12.54 = 0.381 m

2
6.77
^ + z A + ^ =^
yo
+ z B + ^ - A
A
~ O,
(DA] =
^A Í l l00

7 D 2g 2g A
B A KDB) A
L 50 J
2 2
PB-PA Z Z
2
u =16u A
( B~ A)
2g 7o
2 2 2 2
ol - u = u -16u 4 = -15u

Manometer: p + y„(0.35 m ) - y„,(0.20 m ) - y (0.75 m ) = p

A o B

PB-PA = -yw(0.20 m ) - y„(0.40)m

( Q 2 Q m )
^ ^ = ^ - - 0 . 4 0 = -9-81(0.20m)_ a 4 Q m _ a 6 2 7 m

7o 7 0
8.64

z - z = 0.60
B A

2
-\5u A = 2g[-0.627 m + 0.60 m ] = 2g(-0.027 m )
2
u A = / 2 ( 9 . 8 1 m / s ) ( - 0 . 0 2 7 m ) / - 1 5 = 0.188 m/s
A

Q = A x> = ^ A A
a i
^ m
) x 0.188 m/s = 1.48 x 10~ m /s 3 3

Flow of Fluids
6.78 ( 200 :
+ Z
( B~ A) Z
7.11u 4

2g K V^y v 75 y
z - z = 0.25 m
B A 2
vi = 50.6u

2 2 2 2
u -u =ü -50.6^=-49.6u

Manometer: /? + y >> + y (0.60 m ) - y (0.60 m ) - y y - y (0.25 m ) =p

A 0 o G a o B

PB-PA = y (0.35 m ) - y (0.60 m )

o G

3
PB-PA -Q35 (l-40)(9.81kN/m )(0.60m) = _ 0 5 8 3

3
m
y 0 ' (0.90)(9.81 k N / m )

2
-49.6/J = 2g[-0.583 m + 0.25 m] = 2g(-0.333 m )
2
v A = ^2(9.81 m / s ) ( - 0 . 3 3 3 m ) / ( - 4 9 . 6 ) = 0.363 m/s
Q = A x> A A = [;r(.20 m)74](0.363 m/s) = 1.14 x 10~ m /s 2 3

6.79 Let z - z X A B
=

^ +z = ^ B + Z B + Í ¿
Let y = Distance from B to
Yo 2g r 0 2g
surface o f Mercury.
© A
2
4
2 2
A
^A Í Y „
PA -PB _ _^B-^A ^ B ^ A - T ^ A = U
A
+ *A B - B
Yo 2g

Manometer: p B + yoy +
ymh-yoh-y y-y<X-pA 0 [cancel terms w i t h y]
PA_P ]L = YA
Yj_ _ h _ x = 13^54^ _ h _ h _ x = _ x

Yo Yo 0.90^

l 6 l 5 u
In®: I 4 . 0 4 h - X + X = ^ ^ = ^
2g 2g
2
2g(14.04)(/7) _ ^2(32.2 ft/s )(14.04)(28 in)
v A
:
= 11.86 ft/s
15 15(12 in/ft)
2 2
^ , ;r(4in) 11.86ft ft
{? = / l D A A =• " -X X- 1.035 ffVs
2
144in

6.80 (See also Prob. 6.79) v = u / 4 = 10.0 ft/s/4 = 2.50 ft/s A B

2
14.04/z= 1 5 u / 2 g
15(2.50 f t / s ) 2
1 O ín
h = 0.1037 f t x = 1.24 ¡n
2(32.2 ft/s )(14.04) 2
ft

72 Chapter 6
6.81
•+z A + u. = — = ; — = 20.37 ft/s
2g y 2g A
A ;r(6in) /4 A
2
ft 2

/ \ 2

PB^PA+Y = 4 u =81.49 ft/s

A

2g

2 2 2 2 2
62.4 lb (20.37 -81.49 )ft /s lft
¿?B = 60.0 psig + (0.67) 2 2
31.94 psig
ft 3
2(32.2 ft/s ) 144 i n

6.82 A A 0.08840 2
ft n n o n
^ +z ^B = »A • — =u A - = 3.789u A
Z
A 2g r„ 2g A 2 A
A B 0.02333 ft
®
2 2 2 2
PA ~PB Z - U
B - ^ A = (3.789u ) -u =13.36u A A

B -
Z
+ A-
Y„ -Z == - 2 4 in
2g B

Manometer: p B + y„(24 in) + y ( 6 in) + y (8 in) - y (8 in) - y ( 6 in) =p

0 w 0 c A

PA-PB = y (16
0 in) + y (8 w in)

P a p 6 2 A l b , ñ
~ » = 16in + ^ ( 8 i n ) = 16in + ( g j ) = 25.08 in n
3
r 0 r„ 55.0 i b / f t

2
i n ® 25.08 in - 24.0 in = 1 3 . 3 6 u / 2 g
2
^ = ^|2 (1.08in)g = ^|2(32.2ft/s ) 1.08in) ( = ^ ^
13.36 13.36(12 in/ft)

e = ^ w = 0.08840 ft x — A A
2 9 ñ
=- »0.0582
« « > - ft7s
~ 3

F l o w of F l u i d s
6.83 Plot shown below. Data computed as follows.
Pt. 1: Tank surface - Pt. 2: Outside nozzle - Ref. level at D .
2

Pt. 1: z, = 10.0 m ; - ¡ ' - = 0

" ; EL = 0 See Problem 6.72 for data.
2g ' r
z 2 2 2
vi (3.502 m/s )
Pt. A : z = 10.0 m ;
A
+0.625 m :
VE _ Uc
2
2g 2(9.81 m / s ) 2g 2g 2g
2
-5.27 k N / m
= -0.625 m =
3

7 8.437 k N / m 7

Pt. B : z = 13.0 m ;
B = 0.625 m
2g
-30.58
=-3.625 m
7 8.437
Pt. C: Same as Pt. A

P t . D : z = 0; ^ = 0.625 m ; ^ =
D = 9.375 m
2g x 8.437

Pt.2:z 2 = 0;i¿ = ^ ° i ¿ m = 1 0 . 0 m ; ^ = 0
2g 2(9.81) r

Tota head T - Y

10.0 m - z ,

2g

Reference
2ff
R1 C O Pt2

74 Chapter 6
6.84 See Prob. 6.73 for data. Let z = z = 0 A B

2 3
„ . p 50.01b 144 i n
A ft „ . c t a

Pt.A: = — x —x = 115.4ft
2 2
y in ft 62.41b
-Total head = 116.6 ft
2 2
v\ _ ( 0 . 2 5 u ) _ [(0.25)(35.6ft/s)] _
B

2
1.23ft
2g 2g 2(32.2 f t / s )

P , . B : f i L = ( ^ X 1 4 4 ) = 9 ^ f t

Y 62.4
- T o t a l head = 116.6 ft
2
o¡ _ (35.6)
= 19.7 ft
2g 2(32.2)

Total Head
" 2
_ -la-

Y Y

(
1 Reference levei (Ptoe centerlne)

F l o w of F l u i d s
 2 2

6.85 — + z A +— =~ +z G +— (Neglecting energy Iosses); p A =p G = 0, t» = 0A

Y Y
2
2g S
2
i> = pg(z G A - z ) = ^2(32.2 ft/s )(30 ft) = 43.95 ft/s
G

2
^(1.25Ín) ft 2
i n - 3 f t 2
y4 = — G—x = 8.522 x 10 ft
2
4 144 i n
8 5 2 2 x l Q
Velocity i n 2-in Sch 40 pipe: v = v 2 a x ^ = (43.95) - = i 6 0 6 ft/s
A¿ 0.02333

8 5 2 2 x l Q
Velocity i n 6-in Sch 40 pipe: U = ' Ü X ^ = (43.95) - 6 G = 1.867 ft/s
v
A 0.2006 6

2 2
u I2g = (43.95 ft/s)72(32.2 ft/s ) = 30.0 ft
2 2 2
u / 2 g = (16.06)764.4 = 4.00 ft = v\l2g = v /2g
2 = u / 2 g = u£/2g
2 2
v J2g =(1.867)764.4 = 0.054 f t = v l2g c

PointB: ^ +z A + ^ =^= +z +^-; B P a = 0,D = 0

A

r 2 gx 2 g

vi
( A~ B)
Z Z
0
[15.0 f t - 4.0 ft]-f^T= 4-77 psig
2g ft 144 m

^ = = ( z - z ) - ^- = 15 ft - 4.0 f t = 11.0 ft
A B

r 2g

Same v alú es at point D .

,2

Point C: ^ = (z - z ) -
A c = 15.0 ft - 0.054 ft = 14.95 ft
Y 2g
3 2 2
p c = y(14.95 ft) = (62.4 lb/ft )(14.95 f t ) ( l ft /144 i n ) = 6.48 psig

Point E: — = ( z - z ) - v\l2g
A E = 9 ft - 4.0 ft = 5.0 ft
Y
p
B = y(5.0 ft) = (62.4)(5.0)/144 = 2.17 psig

Point F: ^ = ( z - z ) - ^ - = 30.0 ft - 4.0 ft = 26.0 ft

A F

r 2g
/>F = Y(26.0 ft) = (62.4)(26.0)/144 = 11.27 psig

76 Chapter 6
6.86 W i t h Mercury at w a l l o f throat, h/2 = 0.30 m; h = 0.60 m
.2 .,2
r 2

™- + z, + = +z D ^ f
2
t L
u, -v.-~ = u. 11
s rw
2g 25.
A

2 2 2 2
P í -p t _u, -u _(9o ) -ü
í l 80Ü¡
K 2g 2g 2g
Manometer: p + y (DJ2) l w + y (0.60 m ) - y (0.60 m ) - y (D¿2)
w ffl w = p t

P\-Pt _r (0.60m)
m
- - 0.60 m = 13.54(0.60) - 0.60 = 7.52 m

_ feOS^n) 2(9.81 W . 5 2 m ) _
2
V 80 \ s (80)
2 3 3
Q = Aix> = 7i(0.075 m ) / 4 x 1.36 m/s = 6.00 x 10" m /s
t

F l o w of F l u i d s
6.87 ü + Z i + i ^ =£l + Z 2 +Ü- : 0 = J2g(z l -z ) 2 = Jígh = Velocity o f jet
2
Y 2g Y g

¿(ft) u(ft/s) 25

10 25.4 20

8 22.7
o<ftfs) 15
6 19.7 /
/
10
4 16.1
5
2 11.4
0 / 4 6 8 10 /i(ft)
1.5 9.83

1.0 8.02

0.5 5.67

0 0

3
lft /s
0 = 200 gal/min x = 0.445 ft7s
449 gal/min
3 2
Q 0.445 f t / s 144 i n _ 9.07 ft
2 2
72g/í (See Prob 6.87)
^•(3.00 i n ) / 4 ( f t )
2

=lL.
h = (9.07
l * - » ' "f "t /»s )) 2
= 1 , 2 8 f t
2
2g 2(32.2 ft/s )

Torricelli's theorem

6.89
r ig y 2g
Ref. Fig. 6.37; Pt. 1 at tank surface; Pt. 2 in jet outside orífice

2 2 2
,^^(9-07) ft /s) = L 2 8 f t
6.90 2
2g 2(32.2 f t / s )

6.91 To the level o f the fluid surface in the tank.

1.675 m above the outlet nozzle.

6.92 h = 3.50 ft - 1.0 ft = 2.50 ft = Depth o f fluid above nozzle.

3 2
, P ^r^„ 12-0 lb ft 144 i n
¿total = ¿ + — = 2.50 ft + 2 2
2 . 5 0 + 27.69 = 30.19 ft
Y in 62.4 lb ft

6.93 28.0 ñ = h+p/y = 4.50 ñ+pi/y

l
=y[28-4.50]= ^ 4 ^ x 2 3 . 5 ftx ^ 10.18 psig
J 2
ft 144in

78 Chapter 6
6.94 9.50 m = h + p/y = 1.50 m + pdy
9 81 k N
Pt = y[9.50 - 1.50] = " x 8.0 m = 78.48 kPa 3

Flow due to a falling head

6 .95 t -t = 2 i
2 i A ,
r l^ j )
(hl l 2
-hl )= n 2 ( 4 Q Q )
(2.68 1/2
- 0 ) = 296 s [4 m i n , 56 s]

A, = 7r(3.00 m) /4 = 7.07 m ; Aj = TT(.15 m) /4 = 0.0177 m 2 2 2 2

AJAj = 7.07/0.0177 = 4 0 0

2
6.96 AJAj = (D/Djf = (300/20) = 225

h _ t = 2 ( 2 2 5 )
(,Q55 1/2
- 0 ) = 23.8 s
V
^2(9ll) '

2
6.97 ¿¿4,- = (DJDjf = (12/0.50) = 576

t - h=
2 , (15.0 ft - 0 ) = 556 s (9 m i n , 16 s)
2 ( 5 7 6 ) ,/2

2 V 7
^2(32.2 ft/s )

2
6.98 ^//4 - = (PJDjf 7 = (22.0/0.50) = 1936
2 2
g = (32.2 ft/s )(12 in/ft) = 386 in/s
_ 2(4-^), , 2(1936) , = 1 8 5 , / 2 . n v = ^ s ^ 5 9

fe - fi =
V2g V
7
7 (386in/s )
2 2 V

2
6.99 4A4 - = ( A / A ) = (2-25 m/0.05 m ) = 2025
7
2

2(2025) , „ m U1 / 22
t -t = 2
( 2 . 6 8 - 1 . 1 8 " ) = 504 s (8 min, 24 s)
x
2

^2(9.81)

2
6.100 AJAj = ( A / A ) = (1 -25 m/0.025 m ) = 2500 2

t 2 _ f l = 2
( 2 5 Q Q
> (l.38 1 / 2
-1.155 1 / 2
) = 113 s (1 min, 53 s)
72(9.81) V ;

2
6.101 See Prob. 6.98: g= 386 in/s
2
\2
=,4400
7 7
l 0.625in i
2(14400)
í - r, = (38 , / 2
-25.5 1 / 2
) = 1155 s (19 min, 15 s)
72(386)
2

r
46.5 ft V
6.102 A /Aj = (D /Dj) 2
= = 4067
t t

8.75 i n ( l ft/12 in) J

Í 2 _ = 2
( 4 Q 6 7
> (23.0 -2.0 ) = 3 4 2 7 s (57 min, 7 s)
172 172

72(32.2 ft/s ) 2

F l o w of F l u i d s 79
6.103 See Prob. 6.97.

£ 5.01bft
= 144 m = U 5 4 f t h = 15.0 ft + 11.54 ft = 26.54 ft
2 2
y i n 62.41b f t

h = 11.54 f t = £-
2

Y
2 ( 5 7 6 ) 1/2 1 / 2
(26.54 -11.54 ) = 252 s (4 m i n , 12 s)
72(32.2) v
'

6.104 See Prob. 6.101.

3 2
p 2.81b f t 144 i n . .
£ 12 i n __ . .
£
±_ = = 6.46 ft x = 77.5 i n
2 2
Y i n 62.4 lb f t ft
A, = 38 i n + 77.5 i n = 115.5 i n ; h = 25.5 i n + 77.5 i n = 100 i n 2

2(14400) ( l l 5 . 5 1 / 2
-100 1 / 2
) = 774 s (12 m i n , 54 s)
t -U2 =
72(386)

6.105 See Prob. 6.96.

p 20 k N m.2 2

—= = 2.039 m
2
Y m 9.81kN
h = 0.055 m + 2.039 m = 2.094 m; h = 2.039 m
x 2

í -f, = ^SL(2.094
2
l / 2
- 2 . 0 3 9 ) = 1 .94
. s l / 2

72(9.81) V
'

6.106 See Prob. 6.100.

3
/?_35kN m
= 3.57m
2
Y m 9.81 k N
A, = 1.38 + 3.57 = 4.95 m ; h = 1.155 m + 3.57 m = 4.722 m 2

/ 2
h - u = jg^l( .95^-4.722' 4 ) =57.8s

80 Chapter 6
CHAPTER SEVEN

GENERAL ENERGY EQUATION

7.1 • + z, ; Zj = z and v = Oj
2 x

Yo 2g Yo 2g
2
P l -p 2 ( 7 4 . 6 - 6 2 . 2 ) lb ft 3
144 i n
34.5 l b • ft/lb
2

Yo m (0.83)(62.4 lb) ft
7.2 2
^ z i ¿ - / ^ ' v
+ A +
= o
7 2
g 7„, 2g A

2 2
U A ~O n

PB=PA+Y, o B = 1 0 ft/s = 40 ft/s

2g
2
62.4 lb 3 0 f t + ( l ^ C ^ _ 2 5 f t 1 ft
pB = 60 psig 2 2
52.1 psig
ft 3
2(32.2 ft/s ) 144 i n

7.3 Pt. 1 at surface o f water. 0\ = 0

z ] + ^ - h L ^ Pt. 2 i n stream outside nozzle. p = 0 2
Y w
2g 2g

3
2(9.81 m ) 140 k N m
o=
2 ¡2g (z, -z )-h
2 L
+ 2.4 m - 2.0 m
2

Y» m 9.81 k N

= 17.0 m/s
\2//1 .. 1-7 A _ / -»-»-».. 1 ( 1 - 1¿ _3/
g = Au 2 2 = 40.05 m ) 7 4 x 17.0 m/s = 3.33 x 10 m/s

v Pt. 1 at water surface.

7.4 Pt f r Pl °2
z+ — i L Pt. 2 i n stream outside pipe.
Y w g -h = - 7, + z + —
x z
L 2

2g ' y w 2g
P\=p 2 = 0 and Oi = 0
3
Q 0.085 m /s
h = (z! - z ) - r -
L 2
2

2 2
2g A 2 1.864xl0^ m

(4.56 m / s ) 2
8.94 N m 02 = 4.56 m/s
h=
L 10 m = 8.94 m =
1
2(9.81 m / s ) N

7.5 Q _ 0.20 flVs

EA J4L = 8.57 ft/s
o. 2
2g 2g A. 0.02333 f t
2 2
e ^2o_
o„ -o v
L = = 2 2 6 ñ / s

2g 4, 0.0884

General Energy Equation 81

 Manometer: p A + y ( 1 0 in) - y ( 1 4 in) - y ( 4 4 in) =p
w m w B

PA-PB _7 (14in) +^(34in)_13.54^(14in) +^(34in)

m = 2 2 3 6 i n x J j L

= 18.6 ft

8 5 7 2 2 6 / s
„ - 1 M ft
L + (-4.0 ft) + < - '- - 'f ' - 15.7 f,
2
2(32.2 f t / s )

7.6 A + £ L Z . ! ¿ z , = z and 1 4 = ^ : ^ = ^ £ l
z = + 2 + : 2

2 2
K g K g Y w

Manometer: p + yJJC) + y (6.4 in) - y T(6.4 in) - y^X) =p x w C 2

Pi ~p _ r ( 6 . 4 i n ) - x ( 6 . 4 i n ) _ 1.60^(6.4 i n ) - y ( 6 . 4 in) _ 3.84 i n

2 C T w w

r w r w r w i2in/ft
= 0 . 3 2 f t = A¿
K = K ± : ^,2^^2(32.2ft/s-X032ft) = 5 4 3 =

2 2
2g u (1.95 ft/s)
g O.lOftVs i n c „ .
i>2 = —= r = 1.95 ft/s
2
4 0.05132 f t

7.7 ^ + z + ^ - - \ = ^ + z + - ¿ : ÜÍ = UÍ: A¿ = ^ Z ^ l + ( _ ^ )
1
2
2 Z )

2 2
Yo g Yo g Yo
Manometer: p + y (X) + y (0.38 m ) - y (0.38 m) - y (X) - y ( l .0 m) = p
x 0 o m 0 0 2

p,-p, y (0.38 m ) r ( 0 . 6 2 m ) 13.54r (0.38 m )

' 1
^ - ' » '. + L& ¿ v
= LÜ^ ¿ + o.62 m = 6.337 m
90
Yo Yo Yo °- Y„

h = 6.337 m + (-1.0 m ) = 5.337 m = K

L

2
\ gj
2
2gh L _ 2(9.81 m/s )(6.337 m )
2 2
u (1.20 m / s )

,2 „ .,2

7.8 — + z, + — + h -h A L =~ +z +— 2 Ref. pts. at tank surfaces. Assume h = 0. L

2 2
Y wg K g
px = 0, Z] = z , and v - 2 x =0

3
500 k N m 2 2 5 0 L M n ( l m y s U o 3 7 5 m i / s

y m 2
9.81 k N 60000 L / m i n
/ W
3 3
^ = ^ y ^ S = 50.97 m(9.81 kN/m )(0.0375 m /s) = 18.75 kN-m/s = 18.75 k W

7.9 ^ = ElZA. = (500 - 68)kN = ^ 6 g ^

2 3 F
X w m 9.81kN/m '
PA = h y Q A w = (44.04)(9.81)(0.0375) = 16.20 k W

82 Chapter 7
 u;
7.10 ^L + z, +^- + h -h, á = ^ - + z, + •
2g
Pi=p 2 = 0; v = 0 x

2 1 1/4 Sch 40,

(10 ft/s) 20.0 ft
^ = ( z - z , ) + ^ - = 20ft +
2 =21.55 ft piP«
2
2g 2(32.2 ft/s )

2800gal^ x IftVs = Q 1 Q 3 9 F T 3 / S — s
—

f | Assume A -
60 min/hr 449 gal/min L

3
g 0.1039 ft /s
(^=: _S- = = 10.0 ft/S
2
4 0.01039 f t

3 3
lhp
a) P = h y Q = (21.55 ft)(62.4 lb/ft )(0.1039 ft /s) = 139.8 lb-ft/s x
A A w

550 lb-ft/s
0.254 h p

b) e , = ^ = ° - =0.508 = 50.8% 2 5 4 h p

P, 0.50 hp

o, Pt. 1 at well surface. p = 0 and L>, = 0 x

7.11 ^- + z l + ^ - + h -h =^- A L + z +^-

2

Pt. 2 at tank surface. u = 0 2

3
p, , , , 401bft 144in
^ = £ 1 + 0 - Z ) + ft = , 2 / e > / 1 1 1 ~ 2
• +120 ft +10.5 ft = 222.8 lb-ñ/lb

r w i n 62.4 lb ft
^_ 745gal/h lft /s = 0.0277 ftVs 3

60 min/h 449 gal/min

3
x „ , „ 222.8 l b - f t 62.41b 0.0277 ft 348 lb • ft lhp
a) P = h y Q=
A A w x — x 3
=
lb ft lb 550 l b - f t / l b
0.700 h p

P 0.700 hp A

b) e « = - f =- 0.700 = 7 0 . 0 %
P¡ 1.0 hp

7.12 PL + z, + ü
— — + ^ - / ¡ = — + z +^-:u = u
¿ 2 1 2

2g • 2g 0.75 m
[520-(-30)]kN
^ = ^aZ^i + ( Z 2 - Z l ) =- + 0.75 m
2
2
y m 9.81 kN/m
= 56.82 m
Assume / » - O L
3
lm /s 3 3
Q = 75 L / m i n x = 1.25 x 10~ m /s
60000 L / m i n
3 3 3
= ^ Y w g = (56.82 m)(9.81 k N / m ) ( l .25 x 10~ m /s) = 0.697 kN-m/s = 0.697 k W

General Energy Equation 83

7.13 Q = 75 L / m i n = 1.25 x 10" m /s 3 3

B
T zA + ^
Z h -h, = - •z +
• "
A + i B
(Prob. 7.12)
r 0
2g 2g
3
P B
B ^ _ - B -A Q 1.25 x l O ~ „ „ n
A =^ + ( Z B Z A ) +

o. = — = - = 0.577 m/s
7o 2g ¿ 2.168 x l 0 ~ A
3

/ 7 \ 3
Q _ 1.25x10
A¿ = 2.5 = 2.243 m/s
\ Sj 2 A 5.574 x l 0 ~ B

2 2 2 2 2
[275-(-20)]kN , „ A (2.243 - 0 . 5 7 7 ) m / s „ (2.243 m / s )
c
/;., • • - — . ,, + 1.20 m + i 2.5 '
2 j 2
m (.85)(9.81 k N / m ) 2(9.81 m / s ) 2(9.81 m / s ) 2

/z, = 35.38 m + 1.20 m + 0.24 m + 0.64 m = 37.46 m

J J
PA = h y Q A 0 + (37.46 m)(0.85)(9.81 kN/m )(1.25 x 10" m7s) = 0.39 kN-m/s
= 0.390 k W

Pt. A at lower tank surface. p A - 0

Ü B
7.14 a) P±- + z . + ^ - h r = ^ + z n + -
K 2
S Yo 2g Pt. B at pump inlet. u = 0
A

3
. .2 Q 2.0ft /s ,
PB = K, ( A Z
- Z
B ) - ^ - K U B
A B 0.2006 ft
= 9.97 ft/s
2g
2 2
62.41b (9.97 ft/s) lft
-10 f t - 6ft -7.60 psig
PB =• ft 3
2(32.2 ft/s ) 2
144 i n 2

Pt. C at pump outlet. p

D = 0
b) ^ + z c + ^ - h = ^ - L + z D + ^
2 ¿
K § " , r v 2g Pt. D at upper tank surface. u = 0 D

u = o = 9.97 ft/s
c B

Pe = rw ( . D - c ) - 7 r K Z z + PD = 0
2g
OD = 0
2
lft
P c = ^ P - [ 4 0 f t - 1 . 5 4 f t + 12ft] r = 21.9 psig
144 in

C) £± + z +-±. + h -h -h =£L + Z +^L : pA =p =;0 D ; U A = U D = 0

2 2
rw g Y g
h A = z -z + D A h,+h L = 50 ft + 6 ft + 12 ft = 68.0 ft

3 3
8486 l b - f t hp
d) P = hJQ
A A w = (68.0 ft)(62.4 lb/ft )(2.0 ñ / s ) 15.4 hp
lb 550 l b - f t /lb

7.15 (See Prob. 7.14)

a) PB = K \¿A A
B> ~ n
i ^ | + 10ft-1.54ft-6ft]-lA
3

2g ft 144 i n 2

84 Chapter 7
 b) p — 21.8 psig (same as Prob. 7.14)
c

c) h = ( z - Z A ) + h +h
A = 30 ft + 6 ft + 12 ft = 48 ft
D h Lo

3 3
d) P ¿ = ^ Y w 2 = (48 ft)(62.4 lb/ft )(20.0 ft /s)/550 = 10.9 hp

Pt. 1 at lower tank surface. />, = 0

7.16 a) • + Z.+-
Yo 2g Yo ' 2
S Pt. 2 at upper tank surface. o, = o 2

825 k N m
h^ A ^ + {z -z,) 2 +h = L + 14.5 m + 4 . 2 m = 117.6 m
2

Yo m (0.85)(9.81kN)
9.81kN 3
840 L / m i n ( l m /s) _ 13.73 k N • m
^ = A ^ e = (117.6m)(0.85)
o

m 60000 L / m i n
= 13.73 k W
•y v

P l - i r Pi i
b) • + z, + - Pt. 3 at pump inlet.
7 " 2g
0 7 0
2g
2

P3= 7 0

2
_ (0.85)(9.81 k N ) (4.53 m / s ) 1.4 N - m
-3.0 m - 2
= -45.4 k P a
m 2(9.81m/s ) N
3
= 6 _840L/min(lm /s) 1 :

0 3 3 2
4.53 m/s
4 60000 L / m i n 3.090 x 10~ m

Pt. 1 at lower pump surface. />, = 0

2
7.17 - ^ + z, + A -A, = ^ •+
—z •+ ~ 2
Pt. 2 outside pipe at cutter. v = 0
x

>7 2g >7 2g

2 9 1 m / s
A¿ = ( z - z i ) + — + A = 1 . 2 5 m + ( -
2 ) + 3 . 0 m = 4.68m L
2
2g 2(9.81 m / s )
= 6 _ 60L/min(lm7s) 1
2.91 m/s
X 4 2
^ ^ 60000 L / m i n 3.437 x l 0 ~ m
/ 3 A
9 . 8 1 k N V 60 m
PA ~ h jjQ — (4.68m)(0.95)
A

m 60000s
3
0.0436kN-m 10 N 43.6N-m
x——•— = = 43.6W
s kN s

7.18 Tub V o l u m e = (xD /4)(d) = [TI(0.525 m) /4](0.25 m) = 0.0541 m

2 2 3

4 3
Q=V/t = 0.0541 m790 s = 6.013 x 10~ m /s
4 3
n , Q 6.013xl0" m /s „ „. .
Outlet Ü2 = — = ; — = 2.36 m/s Pt. 1 at tub surface.
2
4, ;r(.018m) /4 Pt. 2 in outlet stream.
2 1
U , , p 1
v 2 P\ = Pz = 0; T>, = 0
- + z, + - - + A, - A, = — + z, + •
2g 7 2g

2 3 6 m / s 2
A„ = ( z - z , ) + ^ 2 + A = (1.00-0.375)m +
£ ( - ) + 0.22m = 1 . 1 3 m
W U 2
2g 2(9.81 m/s )

General Energy Equation

7.19 Weight F l o w Rate = W= w/t = 556 lb/10 s = 55.6 lb/s
3
_ W 55.61b/s Q 0.891 ft /s n 8 Q 1 f t 3 / 1 f t 0 1 f t /

Q=— = - = 0 . 8 9 1 ft/s: u = - = ^ = ; = 10.21 ft/s A

3 2 2
X, 62.4 lb/ft ¿ ;r(4/12) /4ft A

/4V
= 10.21 ft/s = 18.15 ft/s at outlet o f upper pipe (Pt. B )
v3y

^ • +z A A +A r A l = ^ . +z B A ; A ¿ = 0and^ = 0

2 2 2 2 3 2
^ = ( z B _ Z A ) + ^ZÍ¿_^ = 2 0 f t + O8.15 -10.21 )ft /s -2.01bft 144m
2 2
2g y w 2(32.2 ft/s ) in (62.41b) ft
^ = 20 ft + 3.50 ft + 4.62 ft = 28.11 ft
P = h W= 28.11 ft(55.6 lb/s) = l * > 3 f M b / s ( l h p )
A A = 1 M ^
550 f t - l b / s

9 1 a l / m i n ( l f t 3 / s 3
7.20 g= - g > = 0.0203 ft /s
449 gal/min
3 3
PA = h y Q A 0 = (257 ft)(0.90)(62.4 lb/ft )(0.0203 ft /s) = 292.5 ft-lb/s/550 = 0.532 hp

e M = ^ ^ * L = 0 . 6 2 6 = 62.6%
P¡ 0.850 hp

K 1.0 L lm 5 3
7.21 0 = - = ^ ^ x - ^ - = 2 . 5 0 x 10" m /s s~\ -
3
r 40s 10 L i ' C > ' '

Pi = YmA = h3 — xA (-0.15 m) = -20.0

-U.UIII;
V
kPa
¿v.visjra 0 , - 0 .2
m

1 r\ >í Z, 2 ~
r s 2« Y, 2g

3
X g 6.67 k N / m
3 5 3 3
^ = hAjgQ = (7.50 m)(6.67 kN/m )(2.50 x 10~ m /s)(10 N / k N ) = 1.25 N-m/s
P 1 25W
P ¡ = £ L = 1±£!L = 2 . 0 8 ^
e„ 0.60

„„„ x x . . stroke «-(5.0 i n ) ( l f t ) 20 i n ft 2 2

n ,
3
7.22 a) Q = ,Í | x — = - i - -±±- CV 'x — = 2 0.01515 ft /s
time 4(144in ) 15 s 12 i n

1 1 Q Q Q l b 2 2 2 2
b) Poyi = — = , = (560 l b / i n ) ( 144 in /ft ) = 80672 lb/ft
2 2
A cyi ;r(5.0) /(4)in

86 Chapter 7
 3 ) A + £b+ + i ¿ Pt. A at tank surface.
Yo 2g Yo 2g
Pt. B at pump outlet.
2 2

+ (z -z ) + P t . C i n cylinder.
PB=PC YO c B
T _ "¿D
2g
20 i n ft n,,,,ft Q 0.01515 ft /s 3

o = • x = 0.1111—: u = - ^ - = — = 15.52 ft/s n :

c 2
15s 12in s A 0.000976 f t B

2
(62.41b) lft
/> = 560 psig + 0.90-
B
ioft+(°nil'-15-523>+35.oft 2
ft 2(32.2)
3
144in
= 576.1 psig

o* Pt. D at pump inlet.

d) EA + z + ^ - h , = ^ - + z D + ^ ¡
7. 2g y 0 2g /> =0,u =0 A A

/>D = YO
2g
Vo = ÜB = 15.52 ft/s
2 2
(0.90)(62.41b) (15.52 ft/s) lft
PD -5.0 ft- -11.5 ft
2
ft 3
2(32.2 ft/s ) 144 i n 2

P D = -4.98 psig

2 2

e) £ A + Z a + ^ + A a - A -A = £ c + Z c + i ^ : ^ = 0,^ = 0
X 0
2g
3 2
806721b-ft + 1 5 f t + (.Hll)
A = — + (z - z )+ — + /! +A
A A h ¿ 0 2
X 0 2g ft (0.9)(62.41b) 2g
+ 11.5 ft + 35 ft

h = 1498 ft
Á

1 2 7 5 l b / s
PA = h y Q A A == (1498 ft)(0.90)(62.4 1 ^ X 0 . 0 1 5 1 5 ftVs) = ^ = . 3 2 hp 2

550
3 2
4, , c 1.772 x l 0 ~ m
7.23 -+ z + B
U = U B - - - = 1.5 b
— -
a

2g 2g A 3.835 x l 0 ~ m 4 2

u = 6.93 m/s; assume h = 0

A L

^ ^ » - . ( z A - z l > ) + ^ - ^
2g

„„. ffj.-34)0tf)lft.- (6.93'-l.Stf>.W = 3 9 ( ) m

3 2
0.90(9810 N / m ) 2(9.81 m / s )

3 3 2
•P« = h y„Q =
R /IHYOABOB = (390 m)(0.90)(9.81 kN/m )(1.772 x 10~ m )(1.5 m/s)

= 9.15 k W

General Energy Equation 87

 3
7.57 ft /s
7.24 (A = 9.74 ft/s
2
0.7771 f t
_ 6 _ 7.57 _
H R = FAZPR. + (z A -z )- B
í
¿ ^ ¿ *• o, = - £ - = — — = 2.71 ft/s
Yw 2g 4 2.792
g = 3400gal/mm(lft /s) 3
_ o n ^ A _2.0(9.74) _ 2

= ? 5 ? ft3/s
h, = 2 . 0 = 2.95 ft
449 gal/min 2g 2(32.2)
3 2 2 2
[21.4-(-5)]lb-ft (144in )^ (9.74 - 2 . 7 4 ) o a ¡

• + 3ft f t - 2 . 9 5 ft = 62.3ft
in (62.41b)lft 2
2(32.2) 2

3 3
29454 f t - l b / s
PR = h J Q R w = (62.3 ft)(62.4 lb/ft )(7.57 ft /s) = 53.6 hp
(550 f t - l b / s ) / h p

Pt. 1 at o i l surface. p = 0 and v = 0 x x

7.25 ^ +z x + ^ - h R - h L = ^ + z +^-
2

Yo 2g y o 2g Pt. 2 i n outlet stream. p =0

2

h = (z -z )-
R x 2 — -h = L 10 m - 0.638 m - 1.40 m = 7 . 9 6 m
2g
3 2 2 2

_ e 0.25 m /s , ol 3.54 m / s
0.638 m = 3.54 m/s: ~~
4
>r(0.30m)74 2g 2(9.8 l ) m / s 2

3 3
P« = = (7.96 m)(0.86)(9.81 kN/m )(0.25 m /3) = 16.79 kN-m/s = 16.79 k W
P„ = P -e = 16.79 k W x 0.75 = 12.60 k W
R M

3
Q=40 gal/min/449 = 0.0891 ft /s
7.26 ñ 1
• = ^ 3

2g 2g Q 0.0891 ft /s
Yf Yf = 1.74 ft/s
2
2 2 4 0.05132 f t
Pi -Pi + (z - z , ) - U - ü , 2

h = + h 2
A

2g
L
Q _ 0.0891
Yf = 3.82 ft/s
4 0.02333
3 2 2 2 2
Í50.0-(-2.30)llb-ft 144 in (3.82 - 1 . 7 4 ) f t
h= A i ±- ü + 25ft + - ^ . \ + 3.4ft = 154.1 ft
2 2 2 2
in (60.01b)ft 2(32.2 ft/s )s
3 3
PA = h yjQ = (154.1 ft)(60.0 lb/ft )(0.0891 ft /s)(l hp/550 lb-ft/s) = 1.50 hp
A

7.27 P, = P /e = A M 1.50 hp/0.75 = 2.00 hp

P\ °i i Pt. 1 at water surface. p ~0,u =0

l l

/.¿8 ^ Pt. 2 i n outlet stream. p =0

2 g
7 2g 2

2 2
/¡i = (z, - z 2 ) - ^ = 4 . 0 m - (5.14 m/s) /2(9.81 m/s ) = 2.65 m
2g
3
Q 600L/min(lm /s)
02 = 5.14 m/s
4 60000 L / m i n 1.945 x 10~ m 3 2

88 Chapter 7
 Pt. 1 at tank surface. />, = O, u, = O
7.29
77 2g x K 2g _ Q _ 0.060 m /s 3

3 2
12.58 m/s
A
B 4.768 x l 0 ~ m
Z hL
PB= 7K ( I~^)—r-~
2g

3
(12.58m/s)
/> = (0.823)(9.81 k N / m ) 17.0 m
B - -4.60m 35.0 k N / m = 35.0 k P a 2

2
2(9.81 m / s )

Pt. 1 at reservoir surface. p = 0, u = 0 x x

7.30
1
+ Z l + . nü _ _ A - A = £ - + z + ~
R L 2
2

2g 2g Pt. 2 i n outlet stream. p =0

2

2
h L = (Z] - z ) 2 - -r - - A*
2g
3
O 1000 gal/min lft /s
5
t>2 = — = — x = 6.41 ft/s
2
A 0.3472 f t
2 449 gal/min
2
(6.41 f t / s )
h, = 165 ft 146.4 ft = 17.9 ft = 17.9 ftlb/lb
2
2(32.2 ft/s )

P
37.0 hp(550ft- lb/s)
h ~ " - = 146.4 ft
3 3
n r g
R w 1 hp(62.4 lb/ft )(2.227 ft /s)

=
7.31 ^ +z,+^-A, = ^ +z 1 + Pt. 1 at reservoir surface. p = 0, m 0
rw 2g
¿g a
r w
2g

h = (z -z ) } A = P± + ^ + h L

r w 2 g

3 3
Q = 1500 gal/min x 1 ft /s/449 gal/min = 3.341 ft /s
3
Q _ 3.341 ft /s =_ 6.10 ft/s
o = A 2
A 0.5479 f t
K

3 2
A = 5.01b(ft X144m ) + (6-lOft/s) + ^ ft = ^
2 2 2
in (62.41b)(ft ) 2(32.2 ft/s )

3
Q _ 3.341 ft /s
7.32 ^ + z A. +' ^ - +' '"A
A „ - A" X
, = ^ - + zB„ + ^ - B D
= 9.62 ft/s
N 2
4 0.3472 f t
2g rw 2g
3 2
EAZJIA. + ( )+ f¡ (85-5)lb(ft )144m
A,, = z z + = +
25 ft
¿ 2 2
r w 2g ° in (62.41b)ft
2 2 2 2
+ (9.62 - 6 . 1 0 ) f t / s + 2 8 f t = m 5 f t

2
2(32.2 ft/s )
3 3
^ = = (238.5 ft)(62.4 lb/ft )(3.341 ft /s)/550 = 90.4 hp

General Energy Equation

 Pt. 1 at tank surface. ui = 0
7.33 • + z, +
YK 2g YK 2
S Pt. 2 i n outlet stream. p = 0 2

2
2 2
(4.28 m/s)
= A + ( z , - * ) - u _ 103.4 k N / m 2
2
5.0 m - 6.88 m
2
2g 8.07 k N / m 3
2(9.81 m / s )
L_
L = 0.936 m
3
500 L / m i n lm /s
• = 4.28 m/s
3 2
4 1.945 x l O " m 60000 L / m i n
5 2 3 2
/>, = 15.0 psi x 6895 Pa/psi = 1.034 x 10 N / m x 1 k N / 1 0 N = 103.4 k N / m

7.34 (See Prob. 7.33) Uj = 2(4.28 m/s) = 8.56 m/s

2 2
u (8.56 m / s ) _ _. ryr. , 3.74m
_2_ = _^ ' - 3 74 m : Then h = 6.88 m x
L
C Q O
= 27.52 m
2g 2(9.81 m / s ) 2
0.936 m

8.07 k N
P\ = fie ( * 2 - * i ) + :r- + [5.0 + 3.74 + 27.52]m = 292.6 kPa
2g m
Pi = 292.6 kPa x 1.0 psi/6.895 kPa = 42.4 psig

General data for Problems 7.35 through 7.40:

3 3
lo = s g y = 0.93(62.4 lb/ft ) = 58.03 lb/ft
c w

3 3
Q = 175 gal/min x 1 ft /s/449 gal/min = 0.390 ft /s

PA = P „ x e M = 28.4 hp(0.80) = 22.7 hp x 550 ft-lb/s/hp = 12496 ft-lb/s

2 2

7.35 P± + +ñ—h Zl +h -h =&- A R + z +%-.

6 p.=p 6 = 0,ut = 0
Y 2
S Y 2g
2
u
h = (z -z )-
R x 6 -^--h +h A
H 6
2g ~
z -z 1 6 = -1.0ft
3
Q 0.390 ft /s ,, „ ..

j £ . £ i Z 2 Í - z , 3 f t

2j 2(32.2)
*, = 2.80 + 28.50 + 3.50 - 34.8 ft
P A _ 12496ft-lb/s
PA = h yQ: h = A A = _ _ „ „.,...••••,. = 552.5 ft 3 3
N
~ (58.03 lb/ft )(0.390 ft /s)
h = - 1 . 0 - 2.13 - 34.8 + 552.5 = 514.5 ft
R

, h t y g . (514.5ft)(58.031b/ft')(0.390ft'/s)
550ft-lb/s/hp

90 Chapter 7
 A o,
7.36 — + Z, + - = - Pi = O, o, = O
r 2
8 y 2
g

P2 = y
2g
3
Q 0.390 ft /s
Ub = — = r- = 7.59 it/s
2
4 0.05132 f t
ÍJ _ (7.59)
2
2
2

= 0.896 ft
2g 2(32.2)
2
lft
p = 5 8 . 0 3 — [ - 4 . 0 f t - 0 . 8 9 6 ft-2.80 ft]
2
-3.10 psig
2
ft 3
144 i n

o:.3 .
7.37 : p =
l 0,o =0
i

y 2
g y 2
g
lb, ñ f t
P3= y ( Z
l - Z ) - ^ + k
A
= 5 8 . 0 3 - ^ - [ - 4 . 0 - 2.13 - 2.80 + 552.51 '
3 L
. J 2
3

2g ft 144in

Pi = 219.1 psig

7.38 z 3 + ^ - h L = A
y 2g y 2
g

p
4 = j P 3 _ i = 2 1 9 . 1 psig - 58.03 ^ (28.5 ft) 207.6 psig

7.39 A + + A o:6_.
Z 5

y g 2
y
2
lb, lft
/> = [(z -z )
5 r 6 5 + h^J = 58.03—[-1.0 ft + 3.50 ft] 2
1.01 psig
144in

7.40 For Q = 175 gal/min, Fig. 6.2 suggests using either a 2 Vi-in or 3-in Schedule 40 steel pipe for
the suction line. The given 3-in pipe is satisfactory. However, noting that the pressure at the
inlet to the pump is -3.10 psig, a larger pipe may be warranted to decrease the energy Iosses
in the suction line and increase the pump inlet pressure. See Chapters 9-13, especially
Section 13.12 on net positive suction head (NPSH).

Fig. 6.2 suggests either a 2-in or 2 Vi-in pipe for the discharge line. The given 2 Vi-in pipe size
is satisfactory.

General Energy Equation 91

7.41 P± + Z i + ^ „ h L = £ l . + Z 2 + ^ ^ =o
:

y 2g y 2g
2 2

PÍ = 7
2g

3 3
Y = 0.76(62.4 lb/ft ) = 47.42 lb/ft
z - zi = -22 i n ( l ft/12 in) = -1.833 ft
2

3
ft 3
• = 0.668 ft /s
8s 7.48 gal
3 2

_ Q 0.668 ft /s 144 i n
Oí x — = 30.64 ft/s
2 : 2
4 ^(2.0 i n ) / 4 ft
3 2
0.668 f t / s 144 i n _ „ 0 A /
x = 0.378 ft/s
2
A, 7z-(18.0in) /4
2 2 2 2 2
Jb (30.64 - 0 . 3 7 8 ) f t / s lft
Pi = 47.42 -1.833 ft + — —r + 4.75 ft 2
ft :

2(32.2 ft/s ) 144 i n 2

/>, = 5.76 psig

1 2
v\ Pt. 1 at creek surface. p = 0, L>, = 0
x

7.42 + z, + - •h, +h A = ^ - + z, +
r 2g r 2g Pt. 2 at tank surface. u, = 0
3 2
301b ft 144 i n
h = ^
A + (z -z )
2 í + h -- L
+ 220 ft +15.5 ft = 304.7 ft
2 2
in 62.41b ft
r
3
„ r „ 62.41b 40 gal/min (lft /s)hp
P< = h yQ = 304.7 ft x
A — x s ^ LJL = 3.08 hp
3
' ft 449gal/min 5 5 0 f t - l b / s

7.43 P / = ^ = ^ = 4 . 2 8 h p
e„ 0.72

92 Chapter 7
 .2 „ ..2
7.44 Ü + Z i + A _ ^ = A + Z 2 + A . : Z l = Z 2

2 2
Yo S Y g

ñ R +
2
Yo S
Manometer: p + y y + y (38.5 in) - y (38.5 in) -
x 0 Q m =p 2

Pi -Pi = y (38.5 in) - y (38.5 in)

m e

U M y
Px-Pi =j^L(38,5in)-38.5in = » (38.5 in) - 38.5 i n
9
Yo Yo °- Y„

• 540.7 i n x - ^ _ = 45.06 ft
1 2 i n
Yo
3
Q 135 gal/min lftVs 0.3007 f t / s
u = ü = e = - = 24.50 ft/s x
2 2
4 0.01227 f t 449gal/min 0.01227ft
3
Q 0.3007 ft /s
^ = JL=: = 10.21 fiVs r

4 0.02944 ft 2

2 2 2 2
(24.5 - 1 0 . 2 1 ) f t / s
v = 5 2 J 6 f t
h = 45.06 ft +
R n, 2
2
2(32.2 f t / s )
3 3
PR = A«yg = (52.76 ft)(0.90)(62.4 lb/ft )(0.3007 ft /s) = 891.0 ft-lb/s

P R = 891.0 ft-lb/s x ^ = 1.62 hp

550 f t - l b / s

7.45 P = P xe =\
0 R M .62 hp x 0.78 = 1.26 h p

General Energy Equation 93

CHAPTER EIGHT

REYNOLDS NUMBER, LAMINAR FLOW,

T U R B U L E N T FLOW, AND ENERGY LOSSES
DUE TO FRICTION

4
U v = Q =J ^ í ^ x l ! ^ ! = 2 . 2 9 ft/s; D = 4.0 i n ( l ft/12 in) = 0.333 ft
A TT(4.0 i n ) / 4 2
ft 2

oDp. (2.29)(0.333)(1.26)(1.94) _
3
// 7.5 x l O "
L from A p p . D

5.2 Let N = 4000 = ZJ£>/V: v = 4.38 x 10~ ft /s—App. A;D = (2/12)ft

R
6 2

ü = = j V = 4000(4.38x10^) = ( U Q s ft x 0.3048 m = Q ^ m
D 2/12 s ft s

5.3 Let = 2000 = vDplp

j V , = 2000(4.0x10 - )
(0.10)(0.895)(1000)

0 1 0 1 3 3
Q = ¿i> = ^ C - " ), x 0.894 m/s = 7.02 x 10~ m /s

0 , 2 5 ñ / S
.4 u= Q/A = 9 = 10.72 ft/s; D = 0.1723 ft
2
0.02333 f t

a) N R = = < ! ° ^ » ^ > = ,. 5 3 x ,0* (v from A p p . A )

v 1.21x10

b ) A ^ u=D ^/ ^ ^(10.72X0.1723)(1.53)
^ — ^ , „ „ „ „
= 4 2 8 x l o 5
t n 5
(p^fromApp.B)
// 6.60 x l O "
, A r uZV (10.72)(0.1723)(1.86) , . . „,
c) N = R ^ = i -J- '- = 253 (/>, // from A p p . B )
// 1.36 x 10
„ XT vDp (10.72X0.1723)(0.87)(1.94) „ „„ , „ , , 4
4
d) Afo = ^ =^ '—.—^ '- = 3.28 x 10 (// from A p p . D )
v 9.5x10

_ oDp_QD _ P QDp 4Qp 4Qp _ 4Q

1\ R ; — Dmm ~~
—• . ~
jU AjU 71D TTjLlD ftMN R TZN V R

5 3
Q = 4.0 L / m i n x = 6.667 x 10~ m /s: Let N = 2000 R

60000 L / m i n

94 Chapter 8
 5 8 8
, _ 4(6.667 x l O " ) L
4.244x10" 4.244 x l O " =
a) -D min = — = T~ 7
0.0647 m = 64.7 m m
;r(2000)(v) v 6.56x10~
3-in Type K copper tube—D - 73.8 m m

4 2 4 4 1 Q 8 ( 8 0 )
b ) £> min = * " f = 0.101 m ; 5-in tube, D = 122 m m
4
2.87 x 10~

c) = 4,244
* 1 0 8(
J 3
9Q)
= 0.0186 m ; - - i n tube, D = 18.9 m m
1.8 x 10~ 4

4 - 2 4 4 1 0 8 6 ) 4
d) = * f ° = 3.59 x 10~ m ; - - i n tube, D = 4.57 m m
1.07x10"' 8
Smallest listed

( 2 9 7 ) ( Q 7 7 9 ) ( 8 9 0 )
8.6 N = R M = = - -° 4 - 4.12 x 1 0 - Pa-s
4
fi N R 5xl0
3
Q 8.50 L / m i n _„ . lm /s
v - —= —rx =2.97 m/s
3 2
A 4.768 x l 0 " m 60000 L / m i n
From A p p . D , o i l must be heated to 100°C for SAE 10 o i l .

8.7 Auto. Hydraulic O i l M é d i u m Hydraulic O i l

i ,r oD (10X0.4011) „ „ 10(0.4011) „ < e 1 f t 4 i u r
4 4
At 2 1 2 ° F N R = = — - = 5.11 x 10 turb. N = — ~ = 5.11 x 10 turb. R

A t l 0 4 . K y OOX0.40U) = 9 3 2 8 t | i r b 10(0.4011) = 5 5 6 3 t u r b

R - 4
4.30 x 1 o 7.21x10^

8 . 8 006X00475)
-6
v 1.30 x 1 o
O 325 L / m i n 1 m /s 3

t>= — = —-x = 3 . 0 6 m/s

A 1.772 x 10~ m 3 2
60000 L / m i n

g 9 u ^ = (0.899)(0.0243)(860)
3.95x10
3
O 25 L / m i n 1 m /s . __ _ ,
u= — = x — — — — — = 0 . 8 9 9 m/s
A 4.636xlO^m 60000 L / m i n 2

( 1 7 8 ) ( Q 1 3 4 ) 4
8.10 Afr = ^ = - °- 7
7
= 6.62 x 10 Turbulent
v 3.60 x l 0 '
3
Q 15.0 L / m i n 1 m /s , „ .
ü= — = x = 1.78 m/s
A 1.407 x 10" 4
m 60000 L / m i n

R E Y N O L D S NUMBER, LAMINAR F L O W , T U R B U L E N T F L O W ,
AND E N E R G Y L O S S E S DUE T O FRICTION 95
 ^8.59X^563) = 9 5 9 > ¡ l o 5

- 5
v 1.40 x l O
3
Q 16.5 ft /s . 0 c n A

u= — = = 8.59 ft/s
2
A 1.920 f t

^ G = 0 ^ x _ ^ x J h r _ x L _ = o.732 ft/s
- 5 2
^ hr 7.48 gal 3600 s 2.029 x l O ft
• j O g _ (0.732)(0.00508)(0.88)(1.94) _
- 3
// 6.2xl0

A r (0.732)(0.00508)(0.88)(1.94) __ . _ .
3. 13 N = — - = R —— = 33.4 L a m i n a r A
- 4
H 1.90 x l O
Note: sg o f o i l may be slightly lower at 160°F.

U 4 N r = ȣP : 1 ) = ^ (4000)(4.0
= 1 X 1 0 -)
H Dp (0.2423)(1.56)

2 2 2 3
Q = A v = 4.609 x 10~ f t x 0.424 ft/s = 1.96 x 10~ ft /s

3
, ,. <2 45 L / m i n 1 m /s . ,„ .
3.15 u= —= —-x = 2 . 6 7 m/s
-4 2
A 2.812x1o m 60000 L / m i n
A ruDp (2.67)(0.01892)(0.89)(1000) _ i n 3 „ . , ^
A'/, = — - = - ~ - - = 5.61 x 10 Turbulent
- 3
H 8xl0
Note: | i from A p p . D .

, _ uZ>/> (2.67)(0.01892)(890) . . .
3.16 N= R ——= — — = 15.0 very l o w — L a m i n a r
H 3.0

3
, Q 45 L / m i n lm /s „ «„- ,
U7 L>= — = :—-x =0.423m/s
-3 2
A 1.772 x 1 0 m 60000 L / m i n
uDp
A r (0.423)(0.0475)(890) _ _ , _
iV» = — — = T-^ = 2237 Critical Zone
- 3
H 8xl0

, , D A r uDp (0.423X0.0475X890) „„ , . c T

3.18 N = ——=
R = 5.97 very l o w — L a m i n a r
p. 3.0

3
Q 1-65 gal/min 1 ft /s
3.19 u = ^ = —-x = 14.65 ft/s
- 4 2
A 2.509 x 1 o ft 449 gal/min
^^14.65)(0.01788) ^ 1 1 0 5 L a m . n a r

v 2.37x10^
o_D = (14.65X0.01788) _
-5
v 4.20x10

96 Chapter 8
 Changing from laminar flow, through critical zone, into turbulent flow could cause erratic
performance. A l s o , L> = 14.65 ft/s is quite high, causing large pressure drops through the
system.

3
n ~, > Q 500gal/min lft /s ,.. . . n • , • 2 r CT
5 2
8.21 A = —= x = 0.1114 f t => 5-in Sch. 40 pipe
o 10.0 ft/s 449 gal/min
2
A = 0.1390 ft ,£> = 0.4026 ft
3
g (500/499)f /s t O A i r .
Actual L > = — = - — — = 8.01 ft/s n
2
A 0.1390 f t
^ (8.01)(0.4026)(2.13)
= = 2 1 2 > < 1 0 4
4
¡j. 3.38x1o-

8.22 ^ . j ^ . 2000(1.21x10^^).
D 0.0621 ft
For N = 4000,
R = 2(0.3897 ft/s) = 0.7794 ft/s
3 2
QI=AUY = (3.027 x 10" ft )(0.3897 ft/s)

-3 A3/„ 449 gal/min

= 1.180 x H T ftVsx
3
1 ft /s
Qi = 0.530 gal/min—Lower L i m i t
Qi = 2Q = 1.060 gal/min—Upper L i m i t
t

8.23 (See Prob. 8.22)

_ AV^(2000X3.84x -) _ 1 0 _
Z> 0.0621
3 2 4 4 9 m 1
g, = = (3.027 x 10" ft )(0.1237 ft/s) x ^ " = 0.1681 gal/min

g 2 = 2 g i = 0.3362 gal/min

8.24 1.30 es x l ^ x l Q - f t V s = ^ x ^ 5 ft2/g

1 es
3
Q = 45 gal/min x — — = 0.1002 ft /s
449 gal/min
3
Q 0.1002 ft /s
v—— — — - = 14.65 ft/s
3 2
A 6.842 x l O " f t
^ 1 4 . 6 5 X 0 . 0 9 3 3 ) ^ 3 ^
5
v 1.40x1o-

1 0 6 m / S 5 2
8.25 v = 17.0 es x = 1.7 x 10" m /s
1 es
3
Q 215 L / m i n 1 m /s „ , ,
u= — = —-x = 7 . 1 4 2 m/s
4 2
A 5.017 x l O " m 60000 L / m i n
« g _ p . l 4 2 X W » 3 ) _ , l i 0 6 x l a

-5
1.70x10

R E Y N O L D S NUMBER, LAMINAR F L O W , T U R B U L E N T FLOW,

AND E N E R G Y L O S S E S DUE T O FRICTION 97
 1 0 m / S 6 2
8.26 v = 1.20 es x = 1.20 x 10" m /s
les
3
Q 200 L / m i n lm /s .
v = = — = 8.69 m/s x

2
^ 3.835 x l O ^ m 60000 L / m i n
^ (8.69)(0.0221),
- 6
v 1.20 x 1 o

8.27 £i + z = £ i +z +-i¿: 2 0, = ^
r D 2g 7 D 2g

/?i - ^ 2 = To[z - z , + A ] 2 ¿

i r vDp (0.64)(0.0243)(0.86)(1000) „_ _ . . . 64
J y A
AT = — £ - = ^ ^ , ¿ = 787 ( L a m i n a r ) ; / = —
ju 1.70 x l O TV, - 2

W £ i L = 0 . 0 8 1 3 x ^ x < ^ = 4 . 1 9 m
£>2g 0.0243 2(9.81)
3 2
Pi ~Pi = (0.86)(9.82 k N / m ) [ - 6 0 m + 4.19 m ] = - 4 7 1 k N / m = - 4 7 1 k P a

2 2

8.28 A + Z ] + ¥¡--h = L — + z + -?-: 2 ot = u¿zi=z : 2 p\-pi = yJi

L

3
Q 12.9 L / m i n 1 m /s , ^ , c a
u = -=^ = —-x = 1.528 m/s
4 2
A 1.407 x l 0 " m 60000 L / m i n
N r = ^uD =
=
(1.528)(0.0134)
V
" ^ " ; " ^ ^ =_ 5.35
1 ^ ^ x^ 10 (turbulent)
v 4
1 f t 4

v 3.83x10
6
D/e = 0.0134/1.50 x 10~ = 8933; T h e n / = 0.0205

A i = / ^ ^ = ( 0 . 0 2 0 5 ) . - ^ . ( ^ = 8 . 1 9 m
D2g 0.0134 2(9.81)
3 2
Pi -Pi = JJIL = 9.56 k N / m x 8.19 m = 78.3 k N / m = 78.3 k P a

8.29 Let N = 2 0 0 0 ; / = 64/N

K g = 0.032; N = R

4
t j _/V j ; ^ (2000X8.3X10- ) _ 2 £ 5 f t J s

Dp (0.3355)(0.895)(1.94)

h = /
L - — = (0.032) • • &*?L ft = i .20 ft = 1.20 f t l b / l b
^ D2g 0.3355 2(32.2)

98 Chapter 8
 .30 EA + Z + ^ , - H = £ A + Z + ^ . : U a =UB
2 2
Yo S Yo S
PB=PA + JO[Z A - Z B - h L ]
4
J V ^ (800)(4xl0~ ) = Q 7 1 7 f t / s

(0.2557X0.90X1.94)

£> 2 g 800 0.2557 2(32.2)

3 l ñ
p B = 50 psig + (0.90)(62.4 l b / f t ) [ - 2 0 ft - 12.5 ft] , = 37.3 psig
144in

2 1 2
P, o , P-> v i L v
.31 — + z, +-~-h L = — + z +- -: 2
2
zi = z : L>I = v^. p -p
2 x 2 =yh = yf
b L b
2
Y b2g Y S b D2g
3
Q 20 L / m i n 1 m /s
u = —= ;—rx = 0 . 7 1 9 m/s
4 2
¿ 4.636 x l 0 ~ m 60000 L / m i n
2 3 2
y 8.62kN s 1 0 N 1 kg-m/s 3

p = —= — x x x = 879 k g / m
3
g m 9.81m kN N
(0.719X0.0243X879) = 3 8 9 x l Q 4

H 3.95 x l O 4

5
D/e = 0.0243/4.6 x 10~ = 528; T h e n / = 0.027
2
100 (Ü 719"> 3 2
Pi-p = 8.62 k N / m x 0.027 x
2 xi-^ >-m = 25.2 k N / m = 25.2 k P a
0.0243 2(9.81)

=
.32 F r o m Prob. S.3\,p x -p 2 yJiL, h¿-pi -p ly 2 w

2 2
(1035-669)kN/m „„ „ . L v
h = — L — = 37.3 m = /
3
9.81 k N / m D2g
f ^^2g = (37.3)(0.03388)(2)(9.81) = = Q 0 4 8

2 2
Lo (30)(4.16)
3
Q 225 L / m i n 1 m /s , , A r

o= — = — - x — — — = 4 . 1 6 m/s
2
A 9.017 x l O ^ m 60000 L / m i n
vD (4.16)(0.03388) . ! . = 0 8 x : Then ^ = 55 fo = r/ 0.048
v 1.30x10^ ¿?
- 4
e = £>/55 = 0.03388/55 = 6.16 x 1 0 m

R E Y N O L D S N U M B E R , LAMINAR F L O W , T U R B U L E N T F L O W ,
AND E N E R G Y L O S S E S D U E T O FRICTION
8.33 Pt. 1 at tank surface. p = 0, v = 0
A + z, + • 1 Pl V
2
x x

=
• ¿ = — + z, + - — Pt. 2 i n outlet stream. p 0 2
2g r
2g
D = 0.5054 ft
2
r 7
u
l A = 0.2006 f t
n = z, - z 2 —n L +
2
3
S
Q 2.50 ft /s .-
v = M. = = 12.46 ft/s A e : A I

2
A 0.2006 f t

oD = (12.46X0.5054) _ B = ,05054^ . 3 3 6 9 : ^
v 9.15x10- e 1.5xHT*
2 2 2 2
, , L o o n m „ 550 (12.46) (12.46)
h= f + — = 0.0165x x- — +- — =45.7ft
D 2g 2g 0.5054 2(32.2) 2(32.2)

8.34 F r o m Prob. 8.31, p x -p 2 ~ JJIL = J W f — —

D 2g

= Q = 15.0 ftVs _
= 8.49 f.t ./
v s

2
A «-(1.50ft) /4
uD = (8.49X1.50) _ 9 M x t f : D _ J J ^ m

- 4
v 1.40x10- e 4x1o
2 2 2 2 2
, L v 62.41b 5280 ft A A 1 c o (8.49) f t / s lft „ A. r

P\-Pi= Y f = r—x0.0158x - — x — = 3 0 . 5 psi

2 2 P
yi F2 rJ w D 2 g ft3 1 5 0 f t 2(32.2 ft/s ) 144in

1 -fi-^ /o
3
8.35 Q = 1500 gal/min x = 3.34 ft /s
449 gal/min

Q_ _ 3.34ft'/s _ , ¿ _ ( 6 ^ 9 7 / . . 5 7 7 f« 0

2
AA 0.5479 f t 2g 2(32.2)

.2 _ 2

a) A + Z + i ¿ _ _ /, - A + Z + ^A. Pt. 1 at t a n k surface. /7j = 0, w, = 0

2 s 2
y w s r w s
2

z, - z A = A = — + — + ¿,

^ g . (6:097X0.835) _ x ^ D _0835^
= „ „ - , ; 1 M , ; 5 ,
-4
v 1.21x10- e 1.5x1o

A = /£ — — = (0.0155) x - ^ - x 0.577 ft = 0.482 ft

£>2g 0.835
3 2
^ 5 . 0 lb-ft 144 i n + 0 5 7 7 + Q - 4 8 2 ^ 1 2 . 6 0 f t

2 2
i n 62.41b ft

100 Chapter 8
 7 2g 7 2g
3
Q 3.34 ft /s „ .
n e
= = = 9.62 ft/s
2
4, 0.3472 ft

*„_ £ ^ + ( z > _ Z i ) + »A=A + < k , ( 8 5 - 5 ) I b l f (144 , „ • )

r. 2g ¡n'(62.41b)ft>
+ (^2'-6.097')ft'/s' + _
2
2(32.2 ft/s )
^(9.62X0.665!) tf

u
* v 1.21x10-
m = 0-6651 = 4 4 3 4 . Q 1 6

-4
1.5 x 1 0

A i = / ^ = ( 0 . 0 1 6 ) x ^ ° l x < ^ = 8 9 . 9 f t
i j
D2g 0.6651 2(32.2)

= hyQ A w - 300.4 ft x ™*L x * L = m ¿ h p

ft s 550 ft-lb/s

2
8.36 „ n Pt. 1 at well surface (pi = 0 psig).
— + z. + — + h. -h, - —+z + —
0
Pt. 2 at tank surface.
y 2 g r 2 g
Oí = 02 = 0

h=
A — + (z - i) 2
z + H
L
r w

1 ft3/s 3
Q = ™ & x - l A - x = 0.0277 ft /s
h 60 m i n 449 gal/min
3
Q 0.0277 ft /s , . . ft/

u = —= , = 4.61 ft/s i n pipe

2
A 0.0060 f t
^,(4.60(0.0874) _ D,_O08M = 5 8 3 : / , 0 0 2 7 5

-4
\21xl0- s 1.5X10

A, . f L !L = („. 0 2 7 5 ) - ! ^ x < « 2 l ft - 14.54 ft

D2g 0.0874 2(32.2)

(401b)ft»(144in') + 1 2 0 + 1 4 . 5 4 = 226.8 ft
2 2
in (62.41b)ft
2 2 3 3
PA = ^ 7 2 = ( 6 . 8 ft)(62.4 lb/ft )(0.0277 ft /s)/550 ft-lb/s/hp = 0.713 h p

R E Y N O L D S NUMBER, LAMINAR FLOW, T U R B U L E N T FLOW,

AND E N E R G Y L O S S E S D U E TO FRICTION
8.37 Pt. 1 at tank surface. v = O
>1 °l 7 Pl °2 x

'• + z, + — - h = — + z + - - 1
Pt. 2 i n outlet stream. p = 0 2
2g 2g r 2

2
Pi = y (z -z )
2 l +- - + h L

2g
2 2
Q 75 gal/min 1 ft /s 3
v (11.8)
L>2 11.8 ft/s: = 2.167 ft
2 X
A, ~ 0.01414 ft 449 gal/min 2g 2(32.2)

^^(11.8)(0.1342) = 1 3 1 > < 1 Q 5 : D _0A3^

= = 8 9 5 : / = 0.0225
4
v 1.21x10- s \.5x\0~
3 0 0
h = f
L — — = (0.0225) (2.167 ft) = 109.0 ft
D 2g 0.1342

6 2 A l b

Pl f - 3 ft + 2.167 ft+ 109.0 f t l - l f t 2

46.9 psi
J 2
ft 'I44in

8.38 o. Pt. 1 at tank surface. = 0; v = 0 x

• + z, + — + h, -h, = — + z, + Pt. 2 i n hose at nozzle.

y 2g y 2g
Pt. 3 i n hose at pump outlet.
o% = Oí

a) h = — + ( z - z ^ + ^ + h,
A 2

y 2g
3
95 L / m i n lm /s 2
(3.23) _
= 3.23 m/s: = 0.530 m
2
¿ ^-(0.025 m ) / 4 60000 L / m i n 2g 2(9.81)
(3.23)(0.025)(1100) 4
/V« = = 4 . 4 4 x l 0 : / = 0.021 (smooth)
M 2.0x10"

hi= f — — = ( 0 . 0 2 1 ) - ^ - ( 0 . 5 3 0 ) m = 37.86 m
D2g 0.025
2
140 k N / m
• + 7.3 m + 0.530 + 37.86 m = 58.67 m
3
(1.10)(9.81kN/m )
3 3
PA = h yQ = (58.67 m)(1.10)(9.81 kN/m )(95/60000)m /s = 1.00 kN-m/s = 1.00 k W
A

3
b) — + z +• h = — + z + - - : ^ = ^ + [ ( z - z ) + /z¿]y
3 L 2
2
3 2 2 3

y 2g y 2g
3
p = 140 kPa + (1.10)(9.81 kN/m )[8.5 m + 37.86 m ] = 640 kPa
3

102 Chapter 8
 3 3
8.39 Q = 1200 L / m i n x 1 m /s/60000 L / m i n = 0.02 m /s ^ 2 3 _
3
Q 0.02 m / s , 1 0 n , M g t -
u = — = r — - = 1.189 m/s
2 2
Laminar Pump
¿ 1.682xl0" m

a) />2 ~P3 = Y A =
YO/

D2g
_ ^ = 1.189(0.1463)(930) _
// 0.15
3/ 3
64 Y 3200 V l - 1 8 9 ) 2
m = 8 5 3 k p a

/>2 - / > = Y A = (0.93)(9.81 k N / m )

3
1079 0.1463; 2(9.81)

,2 „ .,2
L
b) — + z, + - - + / ^ - / z ¿ =—'- + z + -^-: 3 Pi =P3, ui = Oi,Zi = z 3

y 2g y 2g
2
853 k N / m
hj - h L r - = 93.5 m 3
(0.93)(9.81 k N / m )
3 3
^ = h yQ = (93.5 m)(0.93)(9.81 kN/m )(0.02 m /s) = 17.1 kN-m/s = 17.1 k W
A

3
.40 A t 100°C, n = 7 . 9 x 10^ Pa-s

a) W i t h pumping stations 3.2 k m apart:

A r vDp (1.189)(0.1463)(930) „ , , n r i n 4
v A 4
N = —-~ = R - = 2 . 0 5 x 10 turbulent
3
ju 7.9 x l O"
3
Z>/e = 0.1463 m/4.6 x 10" m = 3 1 8 0 ; / = 0.026

fc- W i ^ = ( 0.026)^°-<ü!?)! m . 40.98 m

Z> 2 g 0.1463 2(9.81)
PA = ^ Y 2 = (40.98)(0.93)(9.81)(0.02) = 7.48 k W

2
/ i)
b) Let h = 93.5 m (from Prob. 9.13): h = f
L L

D 2g
L , K D ^ _ (93.5 )(0. 463 )(2)(9. m 1 m 8 1 m /s-)
2 2
/u (0.026)(1.189m/s)

R E Y N O L D S NUMBER, LAMINAR F L O W , T U R B U L E N T F L O W ,
AND E N E R G Y L O S S E S D U E T O FRICTION 103
8
- 4 1
P x o 2
, p B u¡ Pt. 1 at tank surface. p = 0, v = 0 x x

3
2 2 900 L / m i n 1 m /s
7 8 7 g 0.015 m /s 3
W W
Q
60000 L / m i n
3
Q_ 0.015 m /s
PB = 7 w
2
8 3 2
= 1.99 m/s
7 ~ 7.538xlO" m
uD (1.99)(0.098) 5 0 - 0 9 8
= 1.50xl0 : — = . = 6 5 3 3 3 : / = 0.0165
N = R 1.30x10" e 1.5x10"
2
L v 80.5 2
(1.99)
h= L f — — = (0.0165) = 2.735 m
D2g 0.098 2(9.8 )

/? = 9.81 k N / m 3
" _<LÜ)1_ . 3
12 2 7 5 m
= 89.9 kPa
B
2(9.81)

1 ft3/s 3 1 1 1 4 f t 3 / s
8.42 Q = 50 gal/min x = 0.1114 ft /s: o = ^ = ° - = 18.56 ft/s
2
449 gal/min ¿1 0.0060 f t
V
P\ \ 1 J Pl V
2 A A
2 2
7 W 8 7 W 8

h= A y^ + (z -z ) 2 x + h L

¿ = < 1 8 .56X0.0874) = 1 3 4 x l 0 ! : D 0MT4_ = = ^

4
v 1.21 x 10 £ 1.5x1o"

fc. / £ ^ = ( 0 . 0 2 4 3 ) ^ , f l ^ ft=335ft
£>2g 0.0874 2(32.2)
3
(401b)ft 1 4 4 m l x + 2 2 0 f t + 3 3 S f t s s 6 4 7 f t

2 2
i n 62.4 lb ft
3 3
PA = h J Q = (647 ft)(62.4 lb/ft )(0.1114 ft /s)/550 = 8.18 hp
A W

4
(b) Increase the pipe size to 1 1/2-in Schedule 40. Results: o = 7.88 ft/s; N = 8.74 x 10 ; R

D/e = 8 9 5 ; / = 0.0232; Then, h = 37.5 ft; h = 349.8 ft; Power = P = 4.42 hp. L A A

8.43 ^ + Z I + ^ - A [ = ^ + Z 2 + Í í , - Í 2 = Y A
2 2
7o 8 7 0 8
3
Q 60 gal/min 1 ft /s
v- x —-—: = 9.45 ft/s
2
A 0.01414 f t 449 gal/min
^ , ( 9 . 4 5 X 0 . 1 3 4 2 X 0 94X1.94) , 2 7 2 L a m l M r

H 8.5 x l O " 3

2 2
, f L o (9.45) 64 40 ft

h= L f = x x — ft = 97.23 ft
D 2g 212 0.1342 2(32.2)
6
Px - ^ 2 = YA = ( 0 . 9 4 ) í ^ ^ ( 9 7 . 2 3 f t ) - ^ T =39.6psi
ft 144 m

104 Chapter 8
 P_
8.44
Y 2g Y 2g

Y 2g
3
Q 0.50 ft /s Q 0.50
u = — =
A - = 7 . 2 8 ft/s: U B = — = = 15.03 ft/s
2
A 0.06868 f t A 0.03326
u Dp _ (15.03)(0.2058)(1.026)(1.94) _
B 5
1.54 x 10
M 4.0x10"
D 0.2058
= 1372: / = 0.020
e 1.5x10"

A = /£ A ^ = ( 0 . 0 2 0 ) - ^ ° - x í ^ l ft = 27.28 ft
D2g 0.2058 2(32.2)
3 2 2 2 2 2
Í25.0-(-3.50)llbft 144in (15.03) - ( 7 . 2 8 ) f t / s
h = i ^ . + 80 ft + i - — i — } }
+ 27.28 ft = 174.1 ft
2 2 2
in (1.026)(62.41b) f t 2(32.2 f t / s )
3 3
PA = h yQ = (174.1 ft)(1.026)(62.4 lb/ft )(0.50 ft /s)/550 = 10.13 hp
A

vDp = QDp = QDp = AQp 4gp

8.45 N • R
1
Ar
¡i Ap. nD nDfi nN p R

4(0.90ff/s)(1.24)(l 9 4 l b . - / f t - ) , S o m ( t

2 2
7r(300)(5.0xl0" l b - s / f t )

2
2 1/2-in Type K Copper Tube: D = 0.2029 ft: A = 0.03234 f t
9 Q f t 3 / s
u = g = °- , 2
= 2 7 . 8 ft/s
iá 0.03234 ft
v D p
= - (27.8)(0.2029)(1.24)(1.94)
= 272
2
u ~ 5.0 x l O "
L 1 ) 2 6 4 5 5 2 2
/ s m „ ^ o , n (27.8) lb lft v
P\-Pi = Y A = y / — — = (1.24)(62.4)- x x- 2 2
D2g 272 0.2029 2(32.2) f t 144 i n
411 psi

Pt. 1 at pump outlet i n pipe.

8.46 • + z,+-
Y w
2g 2g Pt. 2 at reservoir surface. p = 0, u = 0 2 2

3
_ Q _ 4.00 ft /s
2
= 11.52 ft/s
2g A 0.3472 ft

^(11.52X0.665!) ^ fl
=

5 4
v 1.21 x l O " £ 1.5 x 1 o -

w A i ¿ = ( 0 . 0 1 S 5 ) . ^ . < I i ^ £ f t = 1 2 0 . , ft

D 2g 0.6651 2(32.2)
2
62.41b ft-lft
2 1 0 - m ^ : i 2 o . i +
142.1 psi
2
ft 3

2(32.2) 144in

R E Y N O L D S NUMBER, LAMINAR FLOW, T U R B U L E N T FLOW,

AND E N E R G Y L O S S E S D U E T O FRICTION 105
 Pt.Oat pump inlet.
8.47 E± + z + ^ + h =

r w 2g P t . l a t pump outlet.
[ 1 4 2 . 1 - ( - 2 . 3 6 ) ] lb Assume z = z ,v 0 í 0 —u
x

3 2 2 2
^ y w (62.4 l b / f t ) ( i n ) ( 1 f t / 1 4 4 i n )
h = 333.5 ft-lb/lb
A

3
333.5 f t - l b 62.41b 4.00ft lhp
P = h yQ =
A A
3
151 h p
lb ft 550 ft-lb/s

3
PK °l y PB °l Q 4.25ft /s
8.48 — + Z, + — - / ! , = — + Z „ + — 2
i4 0.5479 f t
r g ¿g 7 ¿g
Assume sg = 0.68
PA=PB + Jg[(z B - z) A + h] L
//From App. D .
N = vDp (7.76)(0.8350)(1.32) 6
R
1.19 x 10
6

M 7.2x10"
D 0.8350
5567: / = 0 . 0 1 4 5
e 1.5x10"

Z) 2 g 0.8350 2(32.2)

^ A = 40.0 p s i g + ^ ^ [ 8 5 + 5 1 . 9 ] ^ ^ - = 8 0 . 3 psig
3 2
ft '144in

A 7 7 Pl u
l Pt. 1 at tank surface. /?, = O, u x =0
8.49
7 0 2g 7o 2
g Pt. 2 i n outlet stream from 3-in pipe.

3 0 0 g a l / m m 4 f t 3 / s 3
= (Z 2 - Zj) + + /¡ g = = 0.668 ft /s
2g 449 gal/min
> 0.668 ft /s 3
oil-App. C
ü 4
:

2
= 7.56 ft/s
0.08840 ft
4.3/
J
Q 0.668 ft /s ,„„„.,
Ü3= — = - = 13.02 ft/s = i>,
2 2
4 0.05132 f t
U vi L ul A

N _u Z? 3 3 = (13.02X0.2557) 64
3 3
= 1548 ( L a m i n a r ) : / = = 0.0413
* v 2.15 x l O "
^ = ^ A _ (7.56)(0.3355) :
64
3
= 1180 ( L a m i n a r ) : / 4 = 0.0543
2.15 x l O "
2
75 (13.02) 25 (7.56) 2

h = 0.0413
L + 0.0543- 35.5 ft
0.2557 2(32.2) 0.3355 2(32.2)
2
(13.02)
1.0 ft + ft + 35.5 ft = 3 9 . 1 ft
2(32.2)
3
(62.41b) (0.668ft ) lhp
^ = ^ y e = (39.1ft)(0.890)
o 2.64 hp
3
ft 550 ft-lb/s

106 Chapter 8
8.50 El + z + v\ j P
- ~ - h = ^ + z +- -:
í
v\ [
L
2
2
1
o = o
1 2

Yo 2
¿Sg Yo
Yo 2g
+
P\-P2 = lo[{Z2-Z\) h¿\
vDp (3.65)(0.0189)(930) 64
= 1938 ( L a m i n a r ) : / = — = 0.0330
3.31x10"

^ r A i ^ o x j a S O ) ^ - ^ =20.760,
D 2g 0.0189 2(9.81)
3
P ] -p 2 = 9.12 k N / m [ - 1 . 8 8 m + 20.76 m ] = 172 k P a

8.51 pi-p 2 = J [(z - z,) + h ] (From 9.24)

g 2 L n 180L/mm-lm /s 3
rt „„„
3
vDp (0.701)(0.0738)(1258) Q = = 0.003 m /s
N R = 60000 L / m i n
0.960 Q 0.003
t> = - - • 0.701 m/s
64 i4 4.282x10"
N R = 67.8 ( L a m i n a r ) : / = • 0.944

fe./£^.(0.944).^L.ÍS^m.JJ,»
D2g 0.0738 2(9.81)
3
p, -p 2 = 12.34 k N / m [ 0 . 6 8 m + 8.27 m] = 110 k P a

N O T E : For problems 8.52 through 8.62 the objective is to compute the valué o f the friction
f a c t o r , / from the Swamee-Jain equation (8-7) from Section 8.8, shown below:
(8-7)
0 2 5
/ = , '
1 5.1 A
log
L
3.1(D/E) N R

For each problem, the calculation o f the Reynolds number and the relative roughness are
shown followed by the result o f the calculation f o r /

7 2
8.52 Water at 7 5 ° C ; v = 3.83 x 10" m /s
3
Q 12.9 L / m i n lm /s
u = —= • = 1.528 m/s
4 2
A 60000 L / m i n 1.407 x l O" m

o_D__ 0.528X0.0134)^3^^
7
fi 3.83 x l O "
6
Diz = 0.0134/1.5 x 10" = 8 9 3 3 ; / = 0.0209

3 4
8.53 Benzene at 6 0 ° C : p = 0.88(1000) = 880 kg/m ; u = 3.95 x 10" Pa-s
3
_Q 20 L / m i n lm /s
= 0.719 m/s
4 2
A 60000 L / m i n 4.636 x l 0 ~ m
vDp (0.719)(0.0243)(880)
N R = = 3.89x W
ft 3.95x10"
-55 .
D/e = 0.0243/4.6 x 10" = 5 2 8 ; / = 0.0273

R E Y N O L D S NUMBER, LAMINAR FLOW, T U R B U L E N T FLOW,

AND E N E R G Y L O S S E S D U E T O FRICTION 107
 6 2
8.54 Water at 80°F: v = 9.15 x 1(T ft /s

2
£> = 0.512 ñ;A = 0.2056 f t
3
Q 2.50ft /s
v= — = = 12.16 ft/s
2
¿ 0.2056 f t
, ^,(12.16X0.5^2) , x 1 0 ¡ ; _ M U ,
4
v 9.15x10^ 4X10"
/ = 0.0191

-5 2
8.55 Water at 50°F: v = 1.40 x 1 0 ft /s
2
7rD
2
D = 18 i n ( l ft/12 in) = 1.50 ft; A = = 1.767 f t
3
Q 15.0ft /s . n A n J ¡ L

o= — = = 8.49 ft/s
2
¿ 1.767 f t
<g = (8.49X1.50) 1 0 ¡ : , 3 7 S 0

5 4
v 1.40 x l O " 4X10"
/ = 0.0155

5 2
8.56 Water at 6 0 ° F : v = 1.21 x 10~ ft /s
3
v ^ 1500gal/min x 1 ft /s ^ ^
2
A 0.5479 f t 449 gal/min

r j t = »D = (6.097)(0.835) ^ x ^ m = ^835^ = ^
-5 -4
1.21x1o 1.5x1o
/ = 0.0156

8.57 A = 7tD /4 = JT(0.025) /4 = 4.909 x 10~ m

2 2 4 2

3
_ Q _ 95 L / m i n 1 m /s ;
3.23 m/s
2 4 2
A 4.909 f t x 10" m 60000 L / m i n
A r vDp (3.23)(0.025)(1.10)(1000) „. A A
A A A i n 4
4
p

/V« = — - = , = 4.44 x 10 : D/e = Smooth [Large D/e]

/i 2.0x10
/ = 0.0213

8.58 Crude o i l (sg = 0.93) at 100°C

3 3 3
p = (0.93)(1000 k g / m ) = 930 k g / m ; \i = 7.8 x 10~ Pa-s
3
Q 1200L/min 1 m /s , ,
(-> - — = ;—-x • = 1.19 m/s
2 2
1.682 x 10~ m 60000 L / m i n
^J1.19)(0.1463)(9.30 ) = 2 0 7 x l ( ) 4

3
ju 7.8x10"
D/e = 0
, = 3 1 8 0 ; / = 0.0264
- 1 4 6 3

5
4.6 x 10"

108 Chapter 8
 7 2
8.59 Water at 6 5 ° C ; v = 4.39 x 1(T m /s
D = 0.0409 m
^^(10X0.0409) ^ 9 3 2 x l Q 5

7
v
4.39 x l O "
O 0409
£>/ = ^ 1 L ^ = 8 8 9 ; / = 0.0206
e
5
4.6 x l O "
3
8.60 Propyl alcohol at 2 5 ° C ; p = 802 k g / m
3
H = 1.92 x 10" Pa-s
3
Q 0.026 m /s
u = —= — - = 6.07 m/s
3 2
A 4.282 x l O " m
^^(6.07X0-0738X802) = { g ? x 1 ( ) 5

3
// 1.92 x l 0 ~
D / e = (Q-Q738) = 4 9 2 0 0 / = 0 - 0 1 5 9

1.5x10-"

5 2
8.61 Water at 7 0 ° F ; v = 1.05 x 10" ft /s
3
Q 3.0 ft /s 0 0

u = —= = 3.82 ft/s
2
^ 0.7854 ft
« D (3.82X1.00)= tf

5
v 1.05 x l O -
1 0 0
£Ve= , = 2 5 0 0 ; / = 0.0175
4
4.0 x l O '

3
8.62 Heavy fuel o i l at 77°F; p = 1.76 slugs/ft
3 2
H = 2 . 2 4 x 10- lb-s/ft
u = 12 ft/s; D = 0.5054 ft
uDp = (12.0X0.5054X1.76) = 4 7 7 x 1 q 3

H 2.24 x l O " 3

Q 5 0 5 4
Diz = - = 3 3 6 9 ; / = 0.0388
4
1.5 x l O "

Hazen-Williams Formula

3 2
8.63 2 = 1 . 5 ft /s, Z, = 550 ft, D = 0.5/2 ft, A = 0.2056 f t
/? = D / 4 = 0.128 ft, C = 140 A

-11.852

e
h= L L 0.63
\32AC R h

1.50
A¿= 550 = 15.22 ft
u
(1.32)(0.2056)(140)(0.128)

R E Y N O L D S NUMBER, LAMINAR F L O W , T U R B U L E N T F L O W ,
AND E N E R G Y L O S S E S D U E T O FRICTION 109
 3
1 m /s 3
.64 Q= 1000 L / m i n x — = 0.0167 m /s;Z, = 45 m
60000 L / m i n
-3 2
4-in type K copper tube; D = 97.97 m m = 0.09797 m , A = 7.538 x 1 0 m
i? = ,0/4 = 0.0245 m , Q = 130
nl.852

Q
h=
L L
u
O.S5AC R h

0.0167
= 45 3
0.85(7.538 x l 0 - ) ( 1 3 0 ) ( 0 . 0 2 4 5 ) °

h = 2.436 m
L

3 2
.65 Q = 7.50 ft /s; L = 5280 ft, D = 18 i n = 1.50 ft, A = 1.767 f t
Z? = £>/4 = 0.375 ft; C = 100 h

7.50
A , = 5280 28.51 ft
(1.32)(1.767)(100)(0.375) 0.63

3
1 ft /s
.66 Q= 1500 gal/min x = 3.341 f t 7 s ; Z = 1500 ft
449 gal/min
2
D = 10.02 i n = 0.835 ft; A = 0.5479 f t
C = 100; R = DIA = 0.2088
h

Tl.852
3.341
/¡¿= 1500
(1.32)(0.5479)(100)(0.2088)°

h = 31.38 ft
L

3
.67 Q = 900 L / m i n x =0.015 m /s; L = 80 m
60000 L / m i n
3 2
D = 97.97 m m = 0.09797 m ; A = 7.538 x 10~ m
i? = DIA = 0.0245 m ; C = 130 h
11.852
0.015
/¡¿= 80 3.56 m
3
(0.85)(7.538xl0- )(130)(0.0245)°

3 2
.68 Q = 0.20 ft /s; D = 2.469 i n = 0.2058 ft; A = 0.03326 f t
C = 100;Z? = £>/4 = 0.0515 ft
A

u = g A 4 = 6.01 ft/s ( O K )
-11.852
0.20
h = 80
L = 8.35 ft
(1.32)(0.03326)(100)(0.0515)°

110 Chapter 8
 3
.69 Q = 2.0 ft /s; L = 2500 ft

2
a) 8-in Schedule 40 steel pipe; D = 0.6651 ft; A = 0.3472 f t
R = D/4 = 0.1663 ft; C = 100 A

-11.852
2.0
hr = 2500 61.4 ft
(1.32)(0.3472)(100)(0.1663)°

b) Cement lined 8-in ductile iron pipe

2
D = 8.23 i n = 0.686 ft; A = 0.3694 f t ; C = 140 h

R = D/4 = 0.1715 ft
Ti.852
2.0
h = 2500
L 28.3 ft
(1.32)(0.3694)(140)(0.1715)°

.70 Specify a new Schedule 40 steel pipe size. Use C = 130 h

Q = 300 gal/min x — i ?— = 0.668 ft /s 3

449 gal/min
s = 10 ft/1200 ft = 0.00833 ft/ft
10.380
2.31(0.668)
D = = 0.495 ft
(130)(0.00833)°

6-in Schedule 40 steel pipe; D = 0.5054 ft

Actual h for 6-in pipe

L

D = 0.5054 ft; i? = DIA = 0.1264 ft

2
iá = 0.2006 f t
-11-852

Q
h, = L
l.32AC,R°
1.852
0.668
h = 1200
L = 9.05 ft
ü
(1.32)(0.2006)(130)(0.1264)

.71 F r o m 8.70
3
Q = 0.668 ft /s
2
D = 0.5054 ft = 6.065 in; A = 0.2006 f t
R=D/4 = 0.1264 ft; C = 100 h

0.668
A = 1200
£

1.32(0.2006)(100)(0.1264)°

A, = 14.72 ft

R E Y N O L D S NUMBER, LAMINAR F L O W , T U R B U L E N T F L O W ,
AND E N E R G Y L O S S E S D U E T O FRICTION
 3 3
8.72 Q = 100 gal/min x 1 ft /s/449 gal/min = 0.2227 ft /s
L = 1000 ft; C = 130 (New steel)
h

2
a) 2-in pipe: D = 2.067 i n = 0.1723 ft; A = 0.02333 f t
R = D/4 = 0.0431 ft
-jl.852
0.2227
h = lOOOft
(1.32)(0.02333)(130)(0.0431) 0.63
L

h = 186 f t
L

2
b) 3-in pipe; D = 3.068 i n = 0.2557 ft; ^ = 0.05132 f t
R =DI4 = 0.0639 ft
Hl.852
0.2227
h = 1000
(1.32)(0.05132)(130)(0.0639) 0.63
r

h = 27.27 f t
L

112 Chapter 8
CHAPTER NINE

VELOCITY PROFILES FOR CIRCULAR SECTIONS

A N D F L O W IN NONCIRCULAR SECTIONS
2
9.1 Local velocity: U = 2 v [ l - (r/r ) ] for laminar flow
0

2
2-in Sch 40 steel pipe; D = 2.067 i n = 0.1723 ft; r = DI2 = 1.034 in; A = 0.02333 ft
0

3 2
v = QIA = 0.25 ft /s/0.02333 f t = 10.72 ft/s
3
N = yDplrj = vD/v = (10.72)(0.1723)/7.31 x 10~ = 253 Laminar
R

See spreadsheet listing for results for U as a function o f radius.

2 3
9.2 Local velocity: U= 2 v [ l - ( r / r ) ] ; Q = 0.50 gal/min = 0.001113 ft /s
0

3/4-in Type K copper tube; D = 0.745 i n = 0.0621 ft; r = D/2 = 0.373 i n ; 0

2 3 2
A = 0.02333 f t ; v = Q/A = 0.001113 ft /s/0.003027 f t = 0.3679 ft/s
5
N = vDplri = vD/v = (0.3679)(0.0621)/1.21 x 10~ = 1888 Laminar
R

See spreadsheet listing for results for U as a function o f radius.

Problem 9.1 Problem 9.2

Average velocity 10.72 ft/s Average velocity 0.3679 ft/s
F u l l radius 1.0338 i n Full radius 0.3725 i n
Radius (in) Velocity, U Radius (in) Velocity, U
0.00 21.44 ft/s 0.00 0.7358 ft/s
0.20 20.64 ft/s 0.05 0.7225 ft/s
0.40 18.23 ft/s 0.10 0.6828 ft/s
0.60 14.22 ft/s 0.15 0.6165 ft/s
0.80 8.60 ft/s 0.20 0.5237 ft/s
1.00 1.38 ft/s 0.25 0.4044 ft/s
1.0338 0.00 ft/s 0.30 0.2585 ft/s
0.35 0.0862 ft/s
0.3725 0.0000 ft/s

2 5 3
9.3 Local velocity: U= 2 v [ l - ( r / r ) ] ; g = 3.0 L / m i n = 5.0 x 10~ m /s
0

4-in Type K copper tube; D = 97.97 m m = 0.09797 m ; r = D/2 = 48.99 m m 0

3 2 5 3 3 2 3
A = 7.538 x 10~ m ; v = QIA = 5.0 x 10~ m /s/7.538 x 10~ m = 6.633 x 10" m/s
3 7
A^e = vDp/Tj = vZVv = (6.663 x 10" )(0.09797)/4.22 x 10~ = 1540 Laminar
See spreadsheet listing for results for U as a function o f radius.

2 4 3
9.4 Local velocity: U= 2 v [ l - ( r / r ) ] ; g = 25.0 L / m i n = 4.167 x 10~ m /s
0

2-in drawn steel tube; D = 47.50 m m = 0.00475 m ; r = D/2 = 23.75 m m 0

3 2 4 3 3 2
A = 1.772 x 10~ m ; v = QIA = 4.167 x 10" m /s/1.772 x 10"" m = 0.2352 m/s
-3
= vDplTj = vD/v = (0.2352)(0.0475)/7.9 x 1 0 = 1258 Laminar
See spreadsheet listing for results for U as a function o f radius.

V E L O C I T Y P R O F I L E S F O R C I R C U L A R S E C T I O N S AND F L O W
IN N O N C I R C U L A R S E C T I O N S 113
 Problem 9.3 Problem 9.4
Average velocity 6.63E-03 m/s Average velocity 0.2352 m/s
F u l l radius 48.985 m m F u l l radius 23.75 m m
Radius (in) Velocity, U Radius (mm) Velocity, U
0.00 0.01327 m/s 0.000 0.470 m/s
8.00 0.01291 m/s 4.00 0.457 m/s
16.00 0.01185 m/s 8.00 0.417 m/s
24.00 0.01008 m/s 12.00 0.350 m/s
32.00 0.00760 m/s 16.00 0.257 m/s
40.00 0.00442 m/s 20.00 0.137 m/s
48.00 0.00053 m/s 23.75 0.000 m/s
48.99 0.00000 m/s

9.5 (See Section 9.4) U = Local Velocity

rf- ImwHond

I f U = v = average velocity
u= 2u[l-(r/r f]
o
168.3

f-10.97 mm
(rlr f =0.5
o
r - Cf2 - 73.15 mm
0

r = VbT5 r = 0.707 r = 0.707(73.15 m m )

o 0 S-tnSchedutoeOpJp»
= 51.72 m m
d = (r -r)0 + t = (73.15 - 51.72) + 10.97 = 32.40 m m

9.6 I f p r o b é is ínserted 5.0 m m too far:

r = 51.72 m m - 5.0 m m = 46.72 m m
r / r = 46.72/73.15 = 0.6387
0

U= 2u[l - (0.6387) ] = 1.184 D 2

18.4% high
I f p r o b é is inserted 5.0 m m too little:
r = 51.72 m m + 5.0 m m = 56.72 m m
r / r = 56.72/73.15 = 0.7754
0

U= 2u[l - (0.7754) ] = 0.798 D 2

20.2% low

9.7 Center o f pipe is DJ2 from outside surface

D„ 168.3 m m „„ , . .. „ r r „
-y = = 84.15 m m ; at this position, r - 0, U=2o

W i t h r = 5.0 m m , r/r = 5.0/73.15 = 0.06835

0

2 2
U= 2 u [ l - ( r / r J ] = 2u[\ - (0.06835) ] = 1.9907 u

I f o is expected to be UI2,

2 2

114 Chapter 9
9.8 U= 2.48 m/s; d = 60.0 m m (See Prob. 8.27)
d r„ r • i: r - r„ - i d =•-• 73.15 + 10.97 - 60.0 = 24.12 m m
r/r = 24.12/73.15 = 0.3297
0

2 2
U= 2 u [ l - ( r / r ) ] = 2 u [ l - (0.3297) ] = 1.783 u

£/ 2.48m/s , . . . .
u = = = 1.39 m/s average velocity
1.783 1.783
6 2 4 2
v = 850 es x 1.0 x 10" m /s/cs = 8.50 x 10" m /s
A r vD (1.39)(0.1463) „ . n
1
= =- - - r = 239 L a m i n a r O K
1
v 8.50x1o"
Velocity profile for turbulent flow

QQ g 12.9 L / m i n lmVs
9.9 u= —= — r x : = 1 . 5 3 m/s
4 2
A 1.407 x 10~ m 60000 L / m i n
7
v 3.83 x l O "

£ = _ M l ^ t = 8 9 3 3 ; / = 0.0205
Í
- 6
1.5 x 1 o
^•™x = " ( l + 1 . 4 3 7 7 ) = 1.53(l + 1.43^.0205) = 1 . 8 4 m/s

3
9.10 SAE 10 o i l : sg = 0.87; p = 0.87(1000) = 870 k g / m
2
(i = 2.20 x 10" Pa-s (App. D ) at 4 0 ° C
2
o= = (3-60X10-X2-20xlO- ) = ^ ^
Dp (1.20X870)

L 2 m ) 3
Q-Ao = ^ ° - x 0.759 m/s = 0.858 m /s
* 4
1 2 0
^ =— , = 2 6 0 0 0 ; / = 0.0222
5
4.6 x l O "

U m¡¡x = u ( l + 1 . 4 3 7 7 ) = 0.759(l + 1.4370.0222) = 0 . 9 2 0 m/s

A t other points: t / = o l + l A3y[f+ 2.\5y[f\og (y/r ) w o

U= 0.759 m/s 1 +1.43^0.0222 + 2.15^0.0222 l o g ( y r ) 10 0

t / = 0.759[1.213 + 0 . 3 2 0 l o g ( y r ) ] m/s 1 0 o

r„ = D / 2 = 1200 mm/2 = 600 m m

V E L O C I T Y P R O F I L E S FOR C I R C U L A R S E C T I O N S AND F L O W
IN N O N C I R C U L A R S E C T I O N S 115
 Prob 9./o

]r
y(mm) yin C/(m/s) 600
0 0 0 0
10 0.0167 0.488 0.530 500
20 0.0333 0.561 0.592 3

I
í
30 0.050 0.604 0.628 400
Ir
40 0.0667 0.634 0.654 a.
50 0.0833 0.658 0.674 300
I I
100
300
0.1667
0.50
0.731 0.735
0.847 0.833
8
200 /
500
600
0.833
1.00
0.901 0.879
0.920 0.895 100 Á
Prob. Prob.
/
9.10 9.11
¿0 .40 .80 .80 1.0
Veíodty. U (m/s)
3
9.11 O i l at 100°C: n = 4 . 2 x 10" Pa-s
vDp (0.759)(1.20)(870) _ 5
N R 1.89 x 1 0 ; / = °-0158
4.20x10"

1 + 1.43^7' : 0.759 1 + 1.43V0.0158 = 0.895 m/s

U = 0.759 [ l +1.43^0.0158 + 2.15V0.0158 l o g , (ylr ) 0 0

U= 0.759 [1.180 + 0.270 l o g 10 (y/r )]0

Results included w i t h Prob. 9.10.

The lower friction factor for the hot oil results i n a 3% lower m á x i m u m velocity.
But the velocity i n the boundary layer (y < 100 m m ) is slightly higher.

9.12 U= o[\ +1.4377 + 2.1577log (yr 7 1 0 o

Let U- o, divide both sides by v

1 = 1+1.4377 +2.1577 log (yr ) 1 0 o

Subtract 1.0 from both sides

0 = 1.4377+2.1577 log (yr ) 1 0 o

Divide by 77
0 = 1 . 4 3 + 2.151og (j//r ) 10 o

10810(^0)= 2.15 L 3 -0.665

v 0 6 6 5
y/r o = 10 - 0.216 orj> = 0.216 r 0

116 Chapter 9
9.13 y = 0.216 r = 0.216(£>/2) = 0.216(22.626 in/2) = 2.44 i n
0

= Q = 16-75 ñ/s = 6 0 Q = 2 4 4 . n

s 2
A 2.792 ft
^ At = 2.44 i n + 0.50 i n = 2.94 in; y/r = 2.94/11.313 = 0.260 0

Aty = 2.44 i n - 0.50 i n = 1.94 in; y/r = 1.94/11.313 = 0.172

2 0

^ ( 6 . 0 0 ) ( l .886) D 1.886 = 8 0 8 x l Q i
12570;
v 1.40xl0" £ 1.5x10" 5

/=0.0137
t/, = 6.00 ft/s 1 + 1.43^0.0137 + 2.15V0.0137 log (0.260) 10

U = 6.12 ft/s (2.0% higher than u

x avg )
t / = 6 . 0 0 [ l +1.43V0.0137 + 2.15>/0.0137 log (0.172)
2 10

' t / = 5.85 ft/s (2.50% lower than u

2 avg )

9.14 C/max = ü ( l + 1 . 4 3 7 7 ) : olU mm = l / ( l +1.43^7)

Smooth pipes

N R / o/U m3x

4 x 10 3
0.040 0.778
1 x 10 4
0.031 0.799
1 x 10 5
0.0175 0.841
1 x 10 6
0.0118 0.866

9.15 C/max = u(l + 1 . 4 3 7 7 ) : olU max = l / ( l +1.4377)

4
Concrete pipe: D = (8/12) ft = 0.667 ft; Diz = 0^667/4 x 10" 1670

/
4 x 10 3
0.041 0.775
1 x 10 4
0.032 0.796
1 x 10 5
0.021 0.828
1 x 10 6
0.0185 0.837

3
Q 400 gal/min lft /s .
9.16 10.08 ft/s
2
A 0.0884 ft 449 gal/min
o_D^ (10.08X0.3355) ^ £ = _0 3355^ _;

5 4
v 1.40xl0" ^ 1.5xl0"
U= ü ( l + 1.43V0.0182 + 2 . 1 5 V 0 . 0 1 8 2 1 o g ( y r ) ] 10 o

U= 10.08 [1.193 + 0.290 l o g I0 (y¡r )] 0

r = D/2 = 4.026 in/2 = 2.013 i n

n

V E L O C I T Y P R O F I L E S F O R C I R C U L A R S E C T I O N S AND F L O W
IN N O N C I R C U L A R S E C T I O N S 117
 y(in) ylr í/(ft/s) í 7 ( P r o b . 9.17) 2.0
a
9 ^ ¡ "

/
0 0 0 0
0.05 0.025 7.33 5.83 1.5

0.10 0.050 8.21 7.19

0.15 0.075 8.72 7.98 *1.0 //
3
0.20
0.50
0.099
0.248
9.09
10.25
8.55
10.35
9./7
I
1.00 0.497 11.13 11.71 -9.A
11.65 12.51 1—
1.50 0.745
4 8 12
2.013 1.000 12.02 13.09 (¿Veloáty(fl/3)

D O 3355
5
9.17 _ = = 67.1; A ^ = 2.42 x 1 0 ; / = 0-0436
3
£ 5.0 x l O "
U= 10.08 [ l +1.43^0.0436 + 2.15>/0.04361og 10 (y/r ) o

U= 10.08[1.299 + 0.449 l o g 10 ( j V r ) ] (See results for 9.16)

D

9.18 Ap = yh L

Prob.9.!6 : i l , / ^ = M B « = J , , ) ,
D2g (0.3355)(2)(32.2)
3 2 2
Ap = (62.4 lb/ft )(21.39 f t ) ( l ft /144 i n ) = 9.27 psi
(0.0436X250X10.08)'
(0.3355)(2)(32.2)
Ap = yh = (62.4)(51.24)/144 = 22.2 psi
L

9.19 Q = A v ; Q = A v ; But v = o specified

s s s t t t s t

a M 4 = =

2 t M A
5 2
A, = 8.189 x 1 0 " m
4 2 4 2
^ = 3.059 x 10" m - 7t(0.0127m)74 = 1.792 x 10~ m
s

g „ 4 „ 1.792X10 - _ 2 1 9

5
Q ^ 8.189 x l O "

4 5 0 3
« ™ 2 L/min 1 m /s , , A J f t

9.20 Upipe = — = ;—-x = 0.402 m/s

2 2
A 1.864xl0~ m 60000 L / m i n
gduct = ^ D ^ D = (0.0355 m )(0.402 m/s) = 0.0143 m /s x 2 3 6 0 0 0 0 L / m i
"
lm/s
2 2
¿ D = (0.40 m)(0.20 m) - 2(JI)(0.1683 m) /4 = 0.0355 m
fíduct = 857 L / m i n

118 Chapter 9
 2 3
9.21 0 T = A u = (0.01414 ft )(25 ft/s) = 0.3535 ft /s
r

2 3
Q = A v = (0.0799 ft )(25 ft/s) = 1.998 ft /s
s s

2 3 ( 1 9 0 l n ) 2 2
A s = 0.1390 f t - " - ° x - j L _ = 0.0799 f t
2
4 144in

Noncircular cross sections

9.22 A = (0.05 m ) + (0.5)(0.05 m ) - TT(0.025 m) /4 = 3.259 x 10" m

2 2 2 3 2

WP = 0.05 + 0.05 + 0.10 + V.05 + .05 2 2

+ TT(0.025) = 0.3493 m
3 2
A 3.259xl0~ m „ , _ n 3
3
R= = = 9.33 x 1 0 m
WP 0.3493 m
3
Q 150 m lhr 1 _ 1 0 7

o - —= x x — - = 12.78 m/s
3 2
A hr 3600 s 3.259x10" m
2 2
y 12.5 N - s 1 kg-m/s 3
= x =
P " 3 : 1-274 k g / m O 0 1

g m 9.81 m m
3
N _ v{4R)p (12.78)(4)(9.33xl0- )(1.274) _ ^ = g Q < | l p 4

5
* // 2.0 x l O "

2 2 2 2 2
9.23 A = (12 in)(6 in) - 2TC(4.0 in) /4 = 46.87 i n ( l ft /144 i n ) = 0.3255 f t
WP = 2(6 in) + 2(12 in) + 2TT(4.0 in) = 61.13 i n ( l ft/12 in) = 5.094 ft
2
R s s j L ¡ ¡ ¡ 0.3255 f t = Q Q 6 3 9 f t

WP 5.094 ft
3
Q 200 f t lmin 1
u= — = x -x = 10.24 ft/s
2
^ min 60 s 0.3255 ft
2
y 0.1141b-s lslug ~ . , ,r-j n n n c
p = Z_ = _ ^ f— = 0.00354 slugs/ft x

3 2
g ft (32.2ft) llb-s /ft

N v(4R)p = (10.24)(4)(0.0639)(0.00354) = 2 7 7 x l ( ) 4
7
* n 3.34 x l 0 ~

9.24 A = (10 i n ) - TT(6.625 in) /4 = 65.53 i n ( l ft /144 i n ) = 0.455 f t

2 2 2 2 2 2

WP = 4(10 in) + 7t(6.625 in) = 60.81 i n ( l ft/12 in) = 5.067 ft

2
R = A/WP = 0.455 ft /5.067 ft = 0.0898 ft

4 ñ 3
.= g = - ° ° ^ 8.79 ft/s
2
A 0.455 ft
„ , _ ! > * * _ (8.79X4X0.0898) . tf

v 8.29x10^

5 2
9.25 Tube: D = 10.21 m m = 0.01021 m M = 8.189 x 1 0 " m
5 3
^ y.™ i/ • 6.309xlQ- m /s ^ 3

£> = 4.75 gal/min x = 3.00 x 10 m /s

1 gal/min
4 3
Q 3.00xl0" m /s . .
— - = 3.66 m/s
2
A 8.189x10^ m
^^3.66X0.0102!)^^^,,,
7
3.04 x l 0 ~

V E L O C I T Y P R O F I L E S F O R C I R C U L A R S E C T I O N S AND F L O W
IN N O N C I R C U L A R S E C T I O N S 119
 Shell: A = 3.059 x 10" m - TC(0.0127 m ) / 4 = 1.792 x 10" m 4 2 2 4 2

WP = 7r(0.01974 m ) + TC(0.0127 m) = 0.1019 m

3
R = A/WP = 0.00176 m = 1.76 x 10~ m
5
Q = 30.0 gal/min x 6-309x 10" mVs = ^ x ^ m 3 / s

1 gal/min
3 3
Q 1.89xl0~ m /s .
u = —= — - = 10.56 m/s
4 2
A 1.792 x l O ~ m
. ( ^ J l O ^ W d ^ x ^ - X H O O ) 1 0 '= 5 0 49Turbule„ t

2
// 1.62 x l 0 ~

3
«„^ ^ 450 L / m i n x 1 m /s 3/ n n n n c n

9.26 Pipe: Q = = 0.00750 m /s

60000 L / m i n
3
g 0.00750 m /s ,
. — _ = 0 . 4 0 2 m/s
A
= M. =
v

2 2
A 1.864xl0~ m
^(0.402X0.154!)
6
* v 1.02 x l O "

L - Water at 2 0 ° C

3
D u c t : Benzene at 7 0 ° C : p = sg(p ) = 0.862(1000) = 862 k g / m w

4
H = 3.5 x 10" Pa-s (App. D )
2 2
A = (0.40 m)(0.20 m ) - 2(TU)(0.1683 m ) / 4 = 0.0355 m
WP = 2(0.40) + 2(0.20) + 2(TT)(0.1683) = 2.257 m
2
_ A 0.0355 m
R- —-= =0.0157m
WP 2.257 m
» , ^ « ; „ . AV; = (6.08xl0-)(3.5x -) _ 1 0

H 4Rp 4(0.0157)(862)
2 2 3
Q = A v = (0.0355 m )(0.392 m/s) = 1.39 x 10" m /s

2 6
9.27 lasidePipes: N = R ^ J ^ ^ = 1.00 x 10
v 3.35x10

2 2 2
Shell: A = 0.1390 f t - 3(TC)(0.1583 ft) /4 = 0.0799 f t

D = 1.900 i n ( l ft/12 in) = 0.1583 ft = Outside dia. o f 1 i 1 i n pipe.

0

= 71(0.4206 ft) + 37r(0.1583 ft) = 2.813 ft

2
R = j L = 0.0799 ft = Q Q 2 8 4 f t

WP 2.813 ft
o m = (25X4X0.0284)
5
v 1.21 x l O "

120 Chapter 9
 3
lm /s 3
9.28 Q = 850 L / m i n x 0.01417 m /s
60000 L / m i n
v 33 „ 2
2 3 2
A=A „ she - 34 u b e . D o = 1.945 x 10" m - 3TC(0.0127 m ) 7 4 = 1.565 x 10~ m
WP = u(0.04976 m ) + 3T[(0.0127 m) = 0.2760 m
3 2
D _ A 1.565xl0~ m 3
= 5.670 x 1 0 ~ m
WP 0.2760 m
3
_ Q_ 0.01417 m / s
= 9.05 m/s
3 2
° A 1.565xl0" m
3
^_(9.05)(4)(5.670xl0" ) =
5
1.58 x 10
6
v 1.30 x l O "

2 2 2 2
9.29 A = (0.25 in)(1.75 in) + 4(0.25 in)(0.50 in) = 0.9375 i n ( l ft /144 i n ) = 0.0065 1 f t
WP = (1.75 i n ) + 7(0.25 in) + 2(0.75 in) + 6(0.50 in)
WP = 8.00 i n ( l ft/12 in) = 0.667 ft
2 3
R=AIWP = 0.00651 ft /0.667 ft = 9.77 x 10" ft
N = vARp _N p:
v R _ (1500X3.38x10^)
^ 6.09 ft/s
3
M 4Rp 4(9.77 x l 0 ~ ) ( 2 . 1 3 )
2
Q = A v = (0.00651 ft )(6.09 ft/s) = 3.97 x 10~ ft /s 2 3

9.30 A i r flows i n cross-hatched área. 18 12

A = [4(5.30) + 2(5.65)](50) = 1625 m m 2
—h*+— -
WP = 12(50) + 4(5.65) + 8(5.30) = 665 m m
2
A 1625 m m :
R = 2.444 m m 1
50
WP 665 m m

A
3
50 m 1 10 mm 6 2
lh •5 J O
2
H - -
h 1625 m m m 3600 s Obnsnsians in mm
u= 8.55 m/s
_ L>(4/?)( O)_(8.55)(4)(0.00244)(1.15) _
/ 3
5.90 x 10
1.63x10"

2 2 2
9.31 A = (0.45)(0.30) + 7t(0.30) /4 - 2(0.15) = 0.1607 m
WP = 2(0.45) + 7[(0.30) + 8(0.15) = 3.042 m
2
R=A/WP = 0.1607 m /3.042 m = 0.0528 m
3 2
u= Q/A = 0.10 m /s/0.1607 m = 0.622 m/s
v{AR)p (0.622)(4)(0.0528)(1260)
= 552
0.30
(App. D )

V E L O C I T Y P R O F I L E S F O R C I R C U L A R S E C T I O N S AND F L O W
IN N O N C I R C U L A R S E C T I O N S 121
 2 2
9.32 ^ = (0.14446) = 0.02087 m
2.77 mm
WP = 4(0.14446) = 0.5778 m I
A 0.02087 m 2 r
R 0.0361 m l I
WP 0.5778m
144.48
ü(4R) (35.9)(4)(0.0361) 7
1.61 x 10
7
v 3.22 x l 0 ~ U-150 — j
3
0.75 m / s
« = 2 = 35.9 m/s
2

A 0.02087 m

2
;r(1.50) _ z 2 2 z
9.33 A = (0.75)(0.75) + = 1.446 i n ( l ft /144 i n ) = 0.01004 f t

WP = 0.75 + 2.25 + 7t(1.50)/2 = 5.356 i n ( l ft/12 in) = 0.4463 ft

2
R = A/WP = 0.01004 ft /0.4463 ft = 0.02250 ft
Q 78.0 gal/min 1 ftVs
v = —= -x 17.30 ft/s
2
A 0.01004 f t 449 gal/min
o(4R)
= (17.30)(4)(0.02250)
= = 5
1.112 x 10
R 5
v 1.40 xlO~

2 2
(2(;r)(0.50) 2
;r(0.75) ;r(0.25)
9.34 A= + 2(0.50)(0.50) +

2 2 2 2
A = 1.089 i n ( l ft /144 i n ) = 0.00756 f t

WP - „(0.50) + 4(0.50) + MÍ5(2) + WIO^p)

WP = 5.142 i n ( l ft/12 in) = 0.428 ft

2
R = A/WP = 0.00756 ft /0.428 ft = 0.0177 ft

o _ N¿^_ (1^10')(1.40xlO-') .
47? 4(0.0177)
2
Q = ¿ u = (0.00756 ft )(29.66 ft/s) = 0.224 ft7s

122 Chapter 9
9.35 a = 1.50 S m 4 5
° = 1.098 i n
sin 105°
B y L a w o f Sines
S m 3 Q
b = 1.50 ° = 0.7765 i n
sin 105°

PART A WP
1 0.2209 i n 2
1.178 i n
2 0.0552 0.2945
3 0.0736 0.3927
4 0.0920 0.4909
5 0.5625 1.500
6 2.250 2.000
7 0.4118 0
8 0.4118 1.0981 = a
9 0.2912 0.7765 = b
A= 4.3690 i n 2
1.1301 = WP

R=A/WP = 0.5651 i n ( l ft/12 in) = 0.04710 ft

4 6
Np R _ (2.6 x 10 )(6.60 x 10~ )
o= = 0.595 ft/s
ARp (4)(0.0471)(1.53)
(4.369.n-)(0.S95 /s) a

2 2
(144in /ft )

2 2 6 2 5 2
9.36 A = (2)(8) = 16 m m ( l m / 1 0 m m ) = 1.60 x 1 0 m
WP = 2(8) + 2(2) = 20 m m = 0.020 m
5 2
A 1.60xl0" m 4
R = = 8.00 x 10" m
WP 0.020 m
5 2 4 3
Q = Av = (1.60 x 10" m )(25.0 m/s) = 4.00 x 1 0 m /s each
3 3 3
fiot = (4.00 x 10^ m /s)6 = 2.40 x 10 m /s
4
o(4R)(p) (25)(4)(8.00 x 10"" )(1.20) 3
= 6.40 x 10
- 5
p 1.50 x l O

5
9.37 From Prob. 9.24, R = 0.0898 ft; N = 3.808 x 10 ; v = 8.79 ft/s; Water at 90°F R

4 Í ? 4 ( 8 9
- ° - ° 5 = 4226; t h e n / = 0 . 0 1 6 5
s 8.5x10"
2 2
L v _ (0.0165)(30)(8.79)
h= L f 1.65 ft
4 R 2g (4)(0.0898)(2)(32.2)

3 2 2
= h Jw L = (62.1 lb/ft )(1.65 ft)(l ft /144 in ) = 0.713 psi

V E L O C I T Y P R O F I L E S F O R C I R C U L A R S E C T I O N S AND F L O W
IN N O N C I R C U L A R S E C T I O N S 123
9.38 Some data from Prob. 9.25 and Fig. 9.10.
3 5
Tube: Water at 95°C; y = 9.44 k N / m : N R = 1.23 x 10
0 1 0 2 1
g (°- ) = = 222; t h e n / = 0 . 0 3 0
5
e 4.6xl0~
A j / (0.030)(5.25)(3.66)'
= _
D2g (0.01021)(2)(9.81)
3
Ap = yJi L = (9.44 kN/m )(10.53 m) = 99.4 kPa
3
Shell: Ethylene glycol at 25°C; y = 10.79 k N / m :
-3 3
v = 10.56 m/s: R = 1.76 x 1 0 ; N = 5049 = 5.049 x 10 R

3 -5
ARIe = (4)(1.76 x 10~ m)/(4.6 x 1 0 m ) = 153; T h e n / = 0.044
L v 5 2 5 1 0 5 6 2
, r ' n n A A ' 10* c
h =fL = 0.044 = 186.5 m
ARlg 4(0.00176)2(9.81)
3 2
Ap = yh = (10.79 kN/m )(186.5 m) = 2018 k N / m = 2018 kPa [Very high]
L

9.39 Some data from Prob. 9.26 and Fig. 9.11.

3 4
E a c h Pipe: Water at 2 0 ° C ; y = 9.79 k N / m ; N = 6.08 x 10 R

( 1 5 4 1 )
^= °- 5 = 3350; t h e n / = 0.021
s 4.6x10

h -/ L — — = ( 0
- O 2
" °- 1
' X 3 0 X 4 Q 2 )
- 0.00427 m
D 2g (0.1541)(2)(9.81)
3
4 p = yJiL = (9.79 kN/m )(0.00427 m ) = 0.00418 kPa = 41.8 P a
3 3
Duct: Benzene at 7 0 ° C ; y = (0.862)(9.81 k N / m ) = 8.46 k N / m B

4
N = 6.08 x 10 ; R = 0.0157 m ; 1*
R J4X0.0157) = 1 3 6 5

5
£ 4.6xl0~
0.023; K-f±.!L- (0 0 ^ X 3 . 8 0 X 0 . 3 9 2 ) ' _
4 R 2g (4X0.0157)(2)(9.81)
3
Ap = y h B L = (8.46 kN/m )(0.0109 m ) = 0.0920 kPa = 92.0 P a

9.40 Some data from Prob. 9.27 and Fig. 9.12.

3 6
E a c h Pipe: Water at 2 0 0 ° F ; y = 60.1 lb/ft ; N = 1.00 x 10 w R

D 0 1342
- = , = 895: t h e n / = 0.021
4
£ 1.5 x l O "
2
L S_ (0.021)(50)(25) =

£>2g (0.1342)(2)(32.2)
3 2 2
Ap = yJi L = (60.1 lb/ft )(75.9 f t ) ( l ft /144 i n ) = 31.7 psi
3 5
Shell:: Water at 6 0 ° F ; y == 62.4 lb/ft ; Afo = 2.35 x 10 ; R = 0.0284 ft
4 i? (4)(0.0284)
= 758; t h e n / = 0.0225
£ 1.5x10

W - L . ° l . (0-02«X50X25)'
4 # 2g (4)(0.0284)(2)(32.2)
3 2 2
Ap = = (62.4 lb/ft )(96.1 f t ) ( l ft /144 i n ) = 41.6 psi

124 Chapter 9
9.41 Data from Prob. 9.28 and Fig. 9.15. Copper tubes.
3 5 3
Water at 10°C; y = 9.81 k N / m ; N = 1.58 x 10 : R = 5.670 x 10" m
w R

3
4 Z J 4)(5.670xl0- ) = 1 5 1 2 0 1 ?

6
e 1.5 x l O
W — ~ ^ (0-017X3.60X9.05)' m

3
4 i? 2 g (4)(5.670 ^10- )(2)(9.81)
3
Ap = = (9.81 k N / m ) ( l 1.26 m ) = 111 k P a

9.42 Data from Prob. 9.29 and Fig. 9.16. N = 1500 Laminar R

64 _ 6 4 _ = = Q 0 4 2 7 . R = x 1 Q .3 f t . L = _57in_ = 4 y 5 ft

N R 1500 12m/ft
L 2 2
¿ = f ° = (0-0427)(4.75)(6.09) = 2 9 9 ft

¿ 3
4 i? 2 g (4)(9.77xl0~ )(2)(32.2)
3
Ethylene glycol at 7 7 ° F - y = 68.47 lb/ft
3 2 2
Ap = y/¡¿ = (68.47 lb/ft )(2.99 ft)(l ft /144 i n ) = 1.42 psi

9.43 Data from Prob. 9.31 and Fig. 9.18. N = 552 Laminar s

64 64
/ = —— = — - = 0 . 1 1 6 : R = 0.0528 m
N 552 R

4 R 2g (4)(0.0528)(2)(9.81)
3
A/? = y h G L = (1.26)(9.81 kN/m )(0.244 m) = 3.02 k P a

7
9.44 Data from Prob. 9.32: R = 0.0361 m : TV* = 1.61 x 10
fj» = (4X0.0361)
-6
e 1.5 x 1 o
^ ^ ^ ( 0 ^ x ^ x ^ = 8 2 2 m

4 R 2g (4)(0.0361)(2)(9.81)
3
Ap = yh = (9.47 kN/m )(82.2 m ) = 779 k P a
L

I — Water at 90°C

5
9.45 Data from Prob. 9.33 and Fig. 9.19. = 1.112 x 10
R = 0.0225 f t : 1^(4X0-0225) = g

- 5
s 2.5 x l O
L = (105 i n ) ( l ft/12 in) = 8.75 ft
2
^ul (0.019)(8.75)(17.30)
= = 8 5 8 f t

4 R 2g (4)(0.0225)(2)(32.2)
3 2 2
Ap = yh = (62.4 lb/ft )(8.58 f t ) ( l ft /144 i n ) = 3.72 psi
L

V E L O C I T Y P R O F I L E S F O R C I R C U L A R S E C T I O N S AND F L O W
IN N O N C I R C U L A R S E C T I O N S 125
 5
9.46 Data from Prob. 9.34 and Fig. 9.20. N = 1.5 x 10 : R = 0.0177 ft; o = 29.66 ft/s R

4 R (4)(0.0177)
= 472: / = 0.025 [Steel]
e 1.5x10"
L = (45 i n ) ( l ft/12 in) = 3.75 ft
L 2 2
h = f ° = (0-025)(3.75)(29.66) _ l g { ft

¿
4 i? 2 g (4)(0.0177)(2)(32.2)
3 2 2
A/7 = yA = (62.4 lb/ft )(18.1 f t ) ( l ft /144 i n ) = 7.84 psi
£

2 2 2 2 2
9.47 A = (2.25)(1.50) - 7(7t(0.375) /4) = 2.602 i n ( l ft /144 i n ) = 0.01807 ft
WP = 2(2.25) + 2(1.50) + 7(7t)(0.375) = 15.75 i n ( l ft/12 in) = 1.312 ft
2
A _ 0.01807 f t
R = 0.0138 ft
WP 1.312 ft

AT, = ^ : Ü = J V = « 3 8 ^ = 2 3 , 5 ^
// 4 R p 4(0.0138)(2.13)
/ = 0.0325
4 i? 4(0.0138)
¿ = 128 i n ( l ft/12 in) = 10.67 ft: : 11000
£ 5x10"
10.67 (23.05)\ 2 2

h~ f = (0.0325) 51.9 f t
4 R 2g 4(0.0138) 2(32.2)

1 1
Q = Au= 2
(0.01807 ft )(23.05 ft/s) = 0.417 ft /s x 3 4 4 9
g^ "" = 1 8 7 g a i/ im n

2 2 2
9.48 ^ = (0.100 m ) - 4(0.02)(0.03)m = 0.0076 m
R = = 0.0119wz
WP = 4(0.10) + 8(0.03) = 0.64 m WP
3
_ Q _ 3000 L / m i n 1 m /s
u= — = = 6.58 m/s
2
0.0076 m 60000 L / m i n
_ u(4 R)p _ (6.58)(4)(0.0119)(789) _
= 4.40 x W;f= 0.0135
4
H 5.60 x l O "
2 2
L o (0.0135)(2.25)(6.58)
h= L f 1.41 m
4 R 2g 4(0.0119)(2)(9.81)

9.49 A = (28)(14) - 3[(8)(2) + TT(2) /4] = 334.6 i n ( l ft /144 i n ) = 2.32 f t 2 2 2 2 2

WP = 2(28) + 2(14) + 3[2(8) + 7t(2)] = 150.8 i n ( l ft/12 in) = 12.57 ft

R ^AIWP = 0.1848 ft
3
^ = o(4 R)p = (20)(4)(0.1848)(2.06x 10" ) = 7 > 3 6 x 1 q 4

4.14x10"

3
9.50 Each T u b e : Ethyl A l c o h o l at 0°F; assume p = 1.53 slugs/ft
5 2
p = 5 x 10" lb-s/ft (App. D ) ; N = R

M
4
u = A ^ 3 . 5 x l 0
J ) ( 5 . 0 x l O - ) = 2 6 0 2 f t / s

Dp (0.044)(1.53)
D = 13.4 mm(1.0 in/25.4 mm) = 0.5276 i n x 1 ft/12 i n = 0.044 ft

126 Chapter 9
 *(0.044ft)' x 2 6 . 0 2 f t = 0 , 0 3 9 5 f t 3 / s

^ 4
3
Total F l o w for 3 Tubes: Q = 3(0.0395) = 0.118 ft /s R

2
¿,/ 0.0232) 10.5) 26.02)
= ( ( ( = 5 8 > 2 f t

D 2g (0.044)(2)(32.2)

^ = ^l=8793;/=0.0232
e 5x10^
3 2 2
Ap = yh = (49.01 lb/ft )(58.2 f t ) ( l ft /144 i n ) = 19.8 psi
L

Shell: M e t h y l A l c o h o l at 7 7 ° F ( A p p . B )
2 2 2 2 2
A = (2.00X1.00) + 7t(1.00) /4 - 3TC(0.625) /4 = 1.865 i n ( l ft /144 i n )
2
A = 0.01295 f t
WP = 2(2.0) + T I ( I . O ) + 3TI(0.625) = 13.03 i n ( l ft/12 in) = 1.086 ft
R = A/WP = 0.0\\9ñ
4
A ^ J 3 . 5 x l 0 ) ( U 7 x l 0 - ) = 5 6 1 f t / s

4 Rp 4(0.0119)(1.53)
2 3
Q = Au = (0.01295 ft )(5.61 ft/s) = 0.0727 ft /s
±A = 4(0.0119) =

£ 5x10^
2
^_ / 0.0232) 10.5)(5.61)
i = ( ( = ^ ft

A R2g 4(0.0119)(2)(32.2)
3 2 2
Ap = yh = (49.1 lb/ft ) x 2.50 ft x (1 ft /144 i n ) = 0.851 psi
L

4
9 51 Given: Water at 40°F; N = 3.5 x 10 ; Figure 9.27; Section is semicircular.
R

Find: V o l u m e fiow rate o f water.

N = v(4R)/v; Then, v = N v/(4R) = Average velocity o f flow
R R

-5 2
v = 1.67 T 1 0 ft /s = Kinematic viscosity
-2 2 3 2
A = (1.431 x 1 0 ft )/2 = 7.155 x 10~ f t
ID = 0.1350 ft; WP = ID+ n{ID)l2 = ID(1 + 1Ü2) = 0.347 ft
3 2
R = A/WP = (7.155 x 10~ ft )/(0.347 ft) = 0.0206 ft
4 5
Then, v = N v/(4R) R = (3.5 x 10 )(1.67 x 10~ )/(4)(0.0206) = 7.09 ft/s
Q = Av = (7.155 x 10~ ft )(7.09 ft/s) = 0.0507 ft /s = Q 3 2 3

Energy Loss for 92 i n (7.667 ft) o f drawn steel: h =f(L/4R)(v/2g) L

-6
4Rl£= 4(0.0206 ft)/(5.0 x 1 0 ft) = 16 480 T h e n / = 0.023
2
h = (0.023) [7.667/(4)(0.0206)][(7.09) /(2)(32.2)] = 1.67 ft
L

9.52 G i v e n : Figure 9.28. Three semicircular sections. Velocity = v = 15 ft/s i n each.

3 4 2
Ethylene glycol at 77°F; p = 2.13 slugs/ft ; p = 3.38 x 10" lb s/ft (App. B )
Find: Reynolds number i n each passage. N R = v(4R)p/p
2 2
Top channel: 2-in Type K.copper tube (Halí). ID = 0.1632 ft; A tot = 2.093 x 10~ f t
-2 2 -2 2
A = AJ2 = (2.093 x 1 0 ft )/2 = 1.0465 x 1 0 ft
WP = ID+ JÍID)I2 = ID(1 + 7d2) = 0.4196 ft
2 2
R = A/WP = (1.0465 x 10" ft )/(0.4196 ft) = 0.0249 ft
4 3
NR = v(4R)p/p= (15)(4)(0.0249)(2.13)/(3.38 x 10" ) = 9.43 x 10 = 9430 = N R Turbulent

V E L O C I T Y P R O F I L E S F O R C I R C U L A R S E C T I O N S AND F L O W
IN N O N C I R C U L A R S E C T I O N S 127
 2 2
Both Side Channels: VA-in Type K copper tube (Half). ID = 0.1234 ft; A tol = 1.196 x 10" f t
2 2 -3 2
A = AJI = (1.196 x 10~ ñ ) / 2 = 5.98 x 1 0 f t
WP = ID + 7ÍID)I2 = ¿ D ( l + TZ/2) = 0.3172 ft
3 2
R = A/WP = (5.98 x 10"" ft )/(0.3172 ft) = 0.01885 ft
-4 3
N = v(4R)p/ju = (15)(4)(0.01885)(2.13)/(3.38 x 1 0 ) = 7.127 x 10 = 7127 = N
R g Turbulent

2
Energy Loss for 54 i n (4.50 ft) o f drawn copper: h =J(L/4R)(v /2g) L

6
Top: 4Rle= 4(0.0249 ft)/(5.0 x 10" ft) = 19 920 T h e n / = 0.0315
2
h = (0.0315)[4.50/(4)(0.0249)][(15.0) /(2)(32.2)] = 4.97 ft
L

6
Each side: Rle= 4(0.01885 ft)/(5.0 x 10" ft) = 15 080 T h e n / = 0.0340
2
h = (0.0340)[4.50/(4)(0.01S85)][(15.0) /(2)(32.2)] = 7.09 ft (each of two sides)
L

Total loss for all three channels: h = 4.97 +2(7.09) = 19.15 ft

LT

9.53 Given: Figure 9.29. Rectangular channel w i t h three fins. Q = 225 L / m i n

3 3
Brine (20% N a C l ) , sg =1.10 at 0 ° C ; p = 1.10(1000 k g / m ) = 1100 k g / m
1 0 - 3 2
p = 2.5 x N s/m ( A p p . D )
Find: Reynolds number for the flow. N = v(4R) p/p R

2 2 3 2 -4 2
A = (20)(50) - 3(5)(10) = (850 m m [(1 m ) / ( 1 0 m m ) ] = 8.5 x 1 0 m
WP = 2(20) + 2(50) + 6(10) = 200 m m
2 2
R = A/WP = (850 mm )/(200 m m ) = (4.25 m m ) ( l m /1000 m m ) = 0.00425 m
3 -4 2
v = QIA = (0.00375 m /s)/(8.5 x 1 0 m ) = 4.41 m/s
3 4
N = v(4R) plp = (4.41)(4)(0.00425)(1100)/(2.5 x 10~ ) = 3.30 x 10 = N
R Turbulent R
2
Energy Loss for 1.80 m o f commercial steel: h =J(L/4R)(v /2g) L

5
4R/s= 4(0.00425 m)/(4.6 x 10~ ) = 370 T h e n / = 0.030
2
h = (0.030)[1.80/(4)(0.00425)][(4.41) /(2)(9.81)] = 3.149 m
L

128 Chapter 9
CHAPTER TEN

MINOR LOSSES
10.1 D ID 2 X = 100/50 = 2.00; K= 0.52 (Table 10.1)
2 2
h = Kvl I2g = 0.52(3.0m/s) /(2)(9.81 m / s ) = 0.239 m
L

3 3
Q 3.0xl0" m /s , ,„ , D, 85.4 m m
10.2 Ui= — = — - = 6.47 m/s: — = =3.51
4 2
4 4.636xl0~ m £>, 24.3 m m
7 3 6 4 7
i í = 0 . 7 3 (Table 10.1): h = K ü , ^ ° - ( - ) L m = 1 > 5 6 m

2g 2(9.81)

6 O.lOftVs A 0.2803ft , n ^ r r w m n
10.3 u = — = - = 20.0ft/s: — = 1 = 3.51 K = 0.73 (Table 10.1)
t
2
4 0.00499 f t D. 0.07975 ft
ü 2
h - K " (0-73X20.0ft/s)
=
4.55 f t
¿ 2
2g 2(32.2 ft/s )

10.4 P\> . - . " «°\ _ A , = ^ - + z, + - ut D, 6.0

^ - : ^ - = - ^ = 3 . 0 - > / : = 0.78 (Table 10.1) 2

— + z, + — - 2g £>, 2.0

r 2g
; assume z\ = z 2

2g
^i -^2 = r
A¿ = ^ , / 2 g = (0.78)(4.0ft/s) /2(32.2ft/s ) = 0.194 ft
2 2 2

ÍA] = 4.0 ft/s Í

2
-°T = 0.444 ft/s
vAy U.oJ
2 2
62.4 lb p.,444 - 4 . 0 lft 2

Pi -Pi + 0.194 f t x -0.0224 psi

ft 3
2(32.2) 144in 2

10.5 j * - = 3.0; K= 0.16 (Table 10.2) for 6> = 15°

2
h = ATuf / 2 g = 0.16(4.0) /2(32.2) = 0.0398 ft
L

2 2
Q.44 - 4 . 0 0 lft 2

PÍ-PI^ 62.4 + 0.0398 ft x -0.0891 psi

2(32.2) 144in 2

10.6 5 L = — = 3 . o A: = 0 . 3 1 (Table 10.2) for 9 = 2 0 °

;

D, 25
2 2 2
h = ^ u , / 2 g = 0.31(3.00 m/s) /2(9.81 m / s ) = 0.142 m
L

10.7 K= 0.71; A¿ = 0.71(3.00) /2(9.81) = 0.326 m 2

MINOR L O S S E S 129
10.8 U ) = g = 85gal/ n m i x IftVs = g . l l ft/s: A gjQ _f =
5

2
4 0.02333 f t 449 gal/min Z>, 0.1723
2 2
h = ^ o , / 2 g = ^ ( 8 . 1 1 ) / 2 ( 3 2 . 2 ) = £ ( 1 . 0 2 2 ft)
L

9 2° 10° 15° 20° 30° 40° 60°

K 0.03 0.08 0.16 0.31 0.48 0.59 0.71

h 0.031 0.082 0.164 0.317 0.491 0.603 0.726 ft

10.9 Graph shown after Problem 10.11.

10.10 and 10.11

• ^ = ( A - A V 2
sin
Í2j L

( A - A V 2 Di-KiA7231t D - 0.5054
2
L=
sin(6>/2)
(0.5054 - 0 . 1 7 2 3 ) / 2 _ 0.1666 ft
L=
sin(é>/2) ~sin(6>/2)

Prob. 10.10 Prob. 10.8 Prob. 10.11

0 9/2 sin(6>/2) ¿(ft) h Lf (ft) K (ft)

2° 1° 0.01745 9.54 0.0414 0.031 0.0724

10° 5° 0.08716 1.910 0.0083 0.082 0.0903

15° 7.5° 0.1305 1.276 0.0055 0.164 0.1695

20° 10° 0.1736 0.959 0.0042 0.317 0.3212

30° 15° 0.2588 0.643 0.0028 0.491 0.4938

40° 20° 0.342 0.487 0.0021 0.603 0.6051

60° 30° 0.500 0.333 0.0014 0.726 0.7274

¿^(0.0215) W ( 2.099)' . 0 0 0 4 3 4 ( ¿ )

Lf
D2g (0.3389)(2)(32.2)
D= (D +D )/2
2 ¡ (0.5054+ 0.1723)/2 = 0.3389 ft
2 2
A = 7 T A / 4 = TT(0.3389) /4 = 0.0902 ft

u = g = 85gal/min x 1 ftVs = ^ ^
2
A 0.0902 f t 449 gal/min
«P = ( 2 j » 9 X 0 J 3 W ) _ M | | x l 0 . g ; = M 3 » = 2 2 5 9 ; 0 2 ] 5

5
v 1.21xl0~ s 1.5x10"*

130 C h a p t e r 10
 .8

Energy Losa, Rrob. 10.Ó

(ft) ' Prob. 1D.11
7

a: Min mum loa s oc cun at

^ = 3
8
O 10" 20' 30* 40* 50° 60'
Corte Angle

10.12 Ideal diffuser - No energy loss

o,
1
+ z. + — - h = — + z, + — : : h =
L L 0,z =z
l 2
7 S r 2
2g
2 2 2
9.79 k N 4.98 -0.584
p =Pi
2 + y 500 kPa + m = 512.2 k P a
2g m 2(9.81)
12.2 kPa Recovery
3
Q 150 L / m i n 1 m /s :
Vi = — = r X 4.98 m/s
4
4 5.017xlO" 60000 L / m i n
150
= 0.584 m/s
J
4 (4.282 xlO~ )(60000)

2 2
503.7 kPa
2
4.98 -0.584
10.13 p=i
2 P + y = 500 + 9.79 -0.873 3.7 kPa recov.
2g 2(9.81)
30% o f ideal
2

o, (4.98)
h = K-^ = 0.69
L = 0.873 m
2g 2(9.81)
DJD, = 73.8mm/25.3 m m = 2.92; K= 0.69

10.14 Same analysis as 10.13

a. 6> = 6 0 ° ; K= 0.71; A¿ = 0.899 m ; p = 503.6 kPa; 29% o f ideal 1

b. 0 = 3 0 ° ; K = 0.48; A¿ = 0.607 m ; p = 506.4 kPa; 53% o f ideal t

c. e=\0°;K= 0.08; h = 0.101 m ; p = 511.2 kPa; 92% o f ideal

L 1

2 2
10.15 E x i t loss: h = 1.0 u / 2 g =1.0(2.146) /2(9.81) = 0.235 m
L

Q_ 0.04 mVs
= 2.146 m/s
2 2
° A 1.864xl0~ m

MINOR L O S S E S
10.16 E x i t loss: h = L 1.0 v /2g 2
= 1.0(7.48)72(32.2) = 0.868 ft
3
Q 1.50ft /s n A O A I
o = —= = 7 . 4 8 ft/s
2
A 0.2006 ft

10.17 Sudden contraction: h = L Ko 12g2

02=01 Í A l = 4.00 ft/s í

(A) l = 16.00 ft/s 4 0

1
KA.) I a J U.oJ
For Z V A 2 = 2.0, £ = 0.34 (Table 10.3)
A = (0.34)(16.0 ft/s) /2(32.2 ft/s ) = 1.35 ft
£
2 2

2 2

10.18 p2=pi+r A
2g
2
62.41b 4.00 -16.00 2 2
lft
80 p s i g + (0.87) 3
-1.35 ftx 2
ft 2(32.2) 144 i n

p2 = 80 psig - 1.91 psi = 78.09 psig

SeeProbs. 10.12, 10.13 for analysis.

10.19 False: £ decreases, but h = K(o\ L I2g)

The velocity head increases faster than K decreases.
Examples: 02 = 1.2 m/s; K= 0.44; h = 0.0323 m L

02 = 6.0 m/s; £ = 0 . 3 9 ; h = 0.716 m L

02 = 12.0 m/s; K= 0.33; /z¿ = 2.42 m

10.20 Sudden contraction: h = L K(o¡/2g)

A _ 122.3 m m = 2 4 g

£> 2 49.3 m m
3
O 500 L / m i n 1 m /s :
Ü2 = — = :
3 2
~ X - 4.37 m/s; £ = 0.38 (Table 10.3)
A 2 1.905 x l 0 " m 60000 L / m i n
/z¿ = (0.38)(4.37) /2(9.81) = 0.371 m 2

10.21 G r a d u a l contraction: F r o m Prob. 10.20: i>, = 4.37 m/s; =2.48

A
£ = 0 . 2 3 ; / z = (0.23)(4.37) /2(9.81) = 0 . 2 2 4 m (Fig. 1 0 . 1 0 ) 0 = 1 0 5 °
¿
2

10.22 Sudden contraction: DJD 2 =0.3188ft/0.125ft =2.55

t J
O 250gal/min 1 ft /s „,.„„,., „ « ^ ,, x
3

2= — = „ „ / t , — — ~ — : — =45.38 f t / s ; £ = 0.31 (Table 10.3)

2
A 0.01227 f t
2 449 gal/min
A = £u¿ 2
2
/ 2 g = (0.31)(45.38) /2(32.2) = 9 . 9 1 ft 2

132 C h a p t e r 10
10.23 G r a d u a l contraction: Data from Prob. 10.22: £ = 0 . 1 3 5 (Fig. 10.10) 6 = 7 6 °
2
h = (0.135)(45.38) /2(32.2) = 4.32 ft
L

10.24 G r a d u a l contraction: Data from Prob. 10.22: D ID

X 2
:
2.55
h =
L Ku¡/2g = £ ( 4 5 . 3 8 ) / 2 ( 3 2 . 2 ) = £ ( 3 1 . 9 8 ft)
2

6 £ h (ft)
L

150° 0.36 11.51

120° 0.28 8.95
105° 0.23 7.35
90° 0.19 6.08 m /
76°
50-60°
0.135
0.075
4.32
2.40
3
/
15-40° 0.045 1.44
10° 0.048 1.53
5° 0.084 2.69 0 3 5 10 15-40 50-6078 90 105 120 150
3° 0.109 3.49 Cone Angl* (Degreas)

10.25 Sketches o f selected contractions:

6 - 90* 8 -120* 6 - 1 8 0 * - sudden

MINOR L O S S E S 133
10.27 Gradual contraction, 6 = 120°
D\ = 6.14 in, D = 3.32 i n Ductile iron pipe
2

Z V A > = 1-85; K= 0.255

3
1 0 .28 u.= ^ = 50gaVmin_ _ 1 ft /s x
5.84 ft/s
2 2
A 2 1.907 x 10~ f t 449 gal/min
^ ..2 \ 2
(5.84 ft/s)
h = K
L = 0.50 0.265 ft
2
2(32.2 f t / s )

( 3 Q m / s ) 2
10.29 Entrance loss: h. K ^ K - = £(0.459m) 2
2
2g 2(9.81 m / s )
a. £ = 1.0; h = 0.459 m L b. £ = 0.50; h = 0.229 m
L

c. £ = 0 . 2 5 ; h = 0.115 m L d. £ = 0.04;/j¿ = 0.018 m

10.30 10 i n Sch. 40 pipe: D = 0.2545 m

Globevalve: LJD = 340
£ = (LJD) x £> = 340(0.2545 m ) = 86.53 m
e

10.31 Gate valve, fully open: LJD = 8

L = ( ¿ , / i ) ) x D = 8(0.2545 m ) = 2.04 m
e

10.32 Ball-type check valve:

Let K=fj(L /D) =/T<150) = 0.019(150) = 2.85
e

For 2-in Schedule 40 pipe, f = 0.019 (Table 10.5) T

62.4 lb (10.4) 2

LE.
2
(ft)(l f t )
10.33 &p=y h =/ fr = (0.90) (0.016)(150) 1.58 psi
D2g ft 3
2(32.2) 144 i n 2

Q 650 gal/min lft 3

/s
Angle = 10.4 ft/s
2
valve 0.1390 f t 449 gal/min
f=
T 0.016 (Table 10.5)

3
Q 750 L / m i n 1 m /2 v 2
(4.045) 2

10.34 u= = 4.045 m/s: 0.834 m

3 2
A 3.09 x 10" m 60000 L / m i n 2g 2(9.81)
Elbow / r = 0.018 (Table 10.5)
9.81kN
Ap = yh L =/ [0.018(30)(0.834m)] =4.42 k P a
D2g m

10.35 Street elbow: LJD = 50 (See Prob. 10.34)

= yh L = (9.81)[(0.018)(50)(0.834)] = 7.36 k P a

10.36 L o n g radius elbow: LJD = 20 (See Prob. 10.34, 10.35)

Ap = rh = 9.81 [(0.018)(20)(0.834)] = 2.95 k P a Lowest
Ap is proportional to LJD.

134 C h a p t e r 10
10.37 Pt. 1 at inlet; Pt. 2 at outlet
2
n
- + zx -h, - E L
V] = Di, assume zx = z2
r 2
§ Y 2g

A>en

C i ó s e r e t u r n b e n d : LJD = 50, f = T 0.027 (Table 10.5)

3
O 12.5 gal/min 1 ft /s
= 13.19 ft/s
2
A 0.0021 l f t 449 gal/min
^ = a g p = (13.19)(0.0518)(2.13) = 4 J l x l 0 3

M 3.38x10"
4
D/e = 0.0518/1.5 x 10" = 345: / = 0.041
( 1 3 1 9 )
h, i b
=f L — = (0.027)(50) " ft = 3.65 ft
- D 2g 2(32.2)
2
.00 (13.19)
A, = (0.041) = 17.12 ft
T
D2g 0.0518 2(32.2)
p -px 2 = (68.47)[17.12 + 3.65]/144 = 9.87 psi

10.38 3/4-in Steel tube, 0.065 i n wall thickness

3 2
D = 0.620 i n = 0.05167 ft; A = 2.097 x 10~ f t
u . g . (12.5/449) ft'/s^
3 2 8 f t / s

3 2
A 2.097 x l O " f t
N g = u ^ (13.28)(0.05167)(2.13
= )

M 3.38 x l O "
0.05167
£>/fi = = 3 4 4 ; / = 0.041
1
(1.5x1o" )
U s e / = 0.027 because ZVe is the same as for the 1/2-in steel pipe in Problem 10.37.
r

90° Bend: r = R - DJ2 = 3.50 i n - 2.00/2 = 2.50 i n 0

rID = 2.50 in/0.620 i n = 4.03

Use LJD = 14 from Fig. 10.23
( 1 3 - 2 8 )
h, = 2f T ^ — = (2)(0.027)(14) = 2.07 ft (2 Bends)
D2g 2(32.2)
8.50 (13.28) 2

A, = / — — = (0.041) = 18.46 ft
A* D2g 0.05167 J
2(32.2)

See Problem 10.37:

Pi~P2= r[h Liabc +\ ¡ n d ] = (68.47) [18.46 + 2.07]/144
=
P\-Pi 9.76 psi (Virtually equal to Prob. 10.37)

MINOR L O S S E S 135
 „= g 0-40 f t / s
= = 7 7 9 f t / s : Tee-flow through run: L
2
A 0.05132 ñ £>
/ = 0.018 (Table 10.5)
r

/ * £ = / r ^ — = ( 0 . 0 1 8 ) ( 2 0 ) ^ ? ^ - = 0.340 ft
D2g 2(32.2)

10.40 Tee-flow through branch: LJD = 60

3
_ g _ 0.08 m /s
= 4.76 m/s
2
4 0.01365 m

/ r = 0.018 (Table 10.5)

( 4 J 6 )
h=
L fr——T
= (0.018)(60)
K
=1.25m
D2g 2(9.81)

10.41 Pipe bend: i? = 300 m m ; r = R - DJ2 = 300

0 0 j - = 285.7 m m

rID = 0.2857 m/0.0253 m = 11.3 - > Z / D = 32 from Fig. 10.23. e

3
Q 250 L / m i n 1 m /s „, , n

u = —= ——r-x——— = 8 . 3 1 m/s
4 5.017 x l O - W 60000 L / m i n

7
v 3.60 x l O " e 1.5x10"*
/ r = 0.0115 i n zone o f complete turbulence

( 8 - 3 1 ) 2
h=
L f T ^ — = (0.0115)(32) =1.29m
T
D2g 2(9.81)

10.42 Pipe bend: See Prob. 10.41 for some data.

For m i n i m u m energy loss, rID = 3, LJD = 1 1 . 8 (Fig. 10.23)
í \r

D = (3)(25.3 m m ) = 76 m m

2
¿ ^ ^ n n ^ , en (8-3 D v
h=
L f - ¿ - — = (0.0115)(11.8) " '
T =0.477m
T
D2g 2(9.81)

136 C h a p t e r 10
10.43 Proposal 1 - Pipe bend: — = =15.1; ^ = 4 0 . 5 (Fig. 10.23) 7 5 0 m

D 49.8 m m D
3
750 L / m i n 1 m /s
u = 2 =. = 6.43 m/s
3 2
A 1.945 x 10~ m 60000 L / m i n
ugp = (6.43X0.0498X802)^ 3 ^ ^ ^ ^ 4 9 8 ^
3
¡j. 1.92xl0" s 1.5x10^
/ ' = 0 . 0 1 7 ; / = 0.010 in zone o f complete turbulence
r

h¡= f r ^ — = (0.010)(40.5) =0.85m ( 6 - 4 3 )

r
D 2 g 2(9.81)

1 5 Q m m
P r o p o s a l 2 - Bend + tube: — = = 3 . 0 1 : ^ = 11.8
D 49.8 m m 13

A ¿ = / 7 ^ = ( 0 . 0 1 0 ) ( 1 1 . 8 ) ^ = 0.248 m
¿
" ' D2g 2(9.81)
/z, =l.llm
L 2
/, =/*^U(0.017) ° ^ = 0.862 m
'0.0498 2(9.81)
D 2 g

750 L / m i n 1 m /s 3

10.44 o==^=- = 6.56m/s: íL = ^ t = 2.194m

3 2
^ 1.905 x 10" m 60000 L / m i n 2g 2(9.81)
^^^6.560(0.0493X802) =

i" 1.92x10"
5
Z3/e = 0.0493/4.6 x 10" = 1072: / = 0.0215: / = 0.019 r

/i £ =f T L i L = (0.019)(3 0)(2.194 m ) = 1.25 m

Z)2g
th r = 2.59 m
A £ = (0.0215)f °L
(2.194) = 1.340 m
4

0.0493
2.59 m
= 3.05 times proposal 1.
0.85 m
2.59 m
= 2.33 times proposal 2.
1.11 m

10.45 Bend in tube: ^ = - ^ ^ = 9 . 5 2 : ^ = 2 9 ( F . 10.23) l g

D 15.75 m m D
40 L / m i n 1 m /s 3

= 3.42 m/s
4 2
A 1.948 x l 0 " m 60000 L / m i n
D 0.01575
— = - = 342: f = 0.025 in zone o f complete turbulence T
5
s 4.6 x l O "
2 2
/ ¡y n 4D
v ;
h = f ^—
L = (0.025)(29) "
T = 0.432 m
j T V A
D 2 g ' 2(9.81)

MINOR L O S S E S 137
10.46 o,
• + z, +- -h, =^ + 7 ' i"£ 2
,= ^ =^ ^ = 0.001963 m 2

Yw
2g rw 2g 4 4
^2 _/TV 1 A „ \ 2
vi - vi ( 1 0 m ) 2
- + z¡ -z 2 + A -= ^ = "
2
° - =0.007854 m
2g

=
Z\ — z 2 -1.20 m

3 3 2
Q 6 . 0 x l 0 " m /s , _,A . vi (3.056)
= 0.476 m
Ui = —= — = 3.056 m/s: — - = — ¡

2
4 0.001963 m 2g 2(9.81)
e . M ^ í l . 0.764 m / « L í » ^ ! . 0.0297 n . s :

A 0.007854 2 2g 2(9.81)

Manometer: p + y «,(0.25 m) - y (0.35 m) - y ( 1.10 m) =p

x m w 2

Px-Pi = y (0.35 m) + ,(1.10 - 0.25)m

m Yl(

Px -P 2 Y (0.35 m ) _ ( 0 . 8 5 m ) _ 132.8(0.35 m )
m r w
• + - + 0.85 m
y. 9.69

P l P l
= 4.80 m + 0.85 m = 5.65 m
y w

Then h = 5.65 - 1.20 + 0.476 - 0.0297 = 4.90 m

L

LetA = £

2g
v h L 4.90m
Then£= —-—= =10.3
2
u /2g 0.476 m
10.47 90° Bend. Steel tube; Vi i n O D x 0.065 i n w a l l thickness.
r = 2.00 i n . D = 0.370 i n = 0.03083 ft.
4 4 2
D/s = 0.030S3/1.5 x 10" = 206. T h e n / = 0.0295 i n fully turbulent zone. A = 7.467 x 10" f t . r

3 3 2 2
Q = 3.5 gal/min = 0.00780 ft /s. v = Q/A = (0.00780 ft /s)/(0.00780 f t ) = 10.44 ft .
2 2 2
(v /2g) = (10.44 ft/s) /[2(32.2 ft/s )] = 1.692 ft. rID = 2.00 in/0.370 i n = 5.41.
LJD = 17 (Fig. 10.27). K =fjJ(LJD) = 0.0295(17) = 0.5015.
2
h = £ ( v / 2 g ) = 0.5015(1.692 ft) = 0.849 ft = h
L L

10.48 90° Bend. Steel tube; 1 1/4 i n O D x 0.083 i n w a l l thickness.

r = 3.25 i n . D = 1.084 i n = 0.09033 ft.
4 3 2
D/s = 0.09033/1.5 x 10~ = 602. T h e n / = 0.023 i n fully turbulent zone. A = 6.409 x 10~ f t . r

3 3 2
Q = 27.5 gal/min = 0.0612 ft /s. v = QIA = (0.0612 ft /s)/(0.006409 f t ) = 9.556 ft/s
2 2 2
(v /2g) = (9.556 ft/s) /[2(32.2 ft/s )] = 1.418 ft. rID = 3.25 in/1.084 i n = 3.00.
LJD = 12.5 (Fig.I0.27), K =fjl{LjD) = 0.023(12.5) = 0.288.
2
h = £ ( v / 2 g ) = 0.288(1.418 ft) = 0.408 ft = h
L L

10.49 Data from Problem 10.47. Coil w i t h 6.0 revolutions. K = 0.5015 for one 90° bend.
2
n = 6.0 rev(4 9 0 ° bends)/rev = 24 9 0 ° bends. v / 2 g = 1.692 ft. rID = 5.41. f = 0.0295. T

K = {n- 1) [0.25 rf-ArlD) + 0.5K] + K [Equation 10-10]

B

K = (24 - l)[0.25a(0.0295)(5.41) + 0.5(0.5015)] + 0.5015 = 9.15 = K

B B

2
h = K (v l2g)
L = (9.15)(1.692 ft) = 15.5 ft = h
B L

138 C h a p t e r 10
10.50 Data from Problem 10.48. Coil w i t h 8.5 revolutions. K = 0.288 for one 9 0 ° bend.
2
n = 8.5 rev(4 9 0 ° bends)/rev = 34 9 0 ° bends. v /2g = 1.418 ft. rID = 3 . 0 0 . / = 0.023. r

K = (n- \)(0.257fj(r/D)
B + 0.5K] + K [Equation 10-10]
K = (34 - l)[0.25m(0.023)(3.00) + 0.5(0.288)] + 0.288 = 6.83 = K
B B

2
h = K (v /2g)
L B = (6.83)(1.418) = 9.68 ft = h L

10.51 Data from Problem 10.47. 145 degree bend. K = 0.5015 for one 90° bend.
2
n = 145°/90° = 1.61 9 0 ° bends. v /2g = 1.692 ft. rID = 5.41. f T = 0.0295.
K = {n- 1)[0.257tfj(rID)) + 0.5K\ + K [Equation 10-10]
B

K = (1.61 - 1) [0.25^0.0295)(5.41) + 0.5(0.5015)] + 0.5015 - 0.731 = K

B B

2
h = K (v /2g)
L B = (0.731)(1.692 ft) = 1.25 ft = h L

10.52 Data from Problem 10.48. 60 degree bend. K = 0.288 for one 9 0 ° bend.
2
n = 6 0 7 9 0 ° = 0.667 9 0 ° bends. v /2g = 1.418 ft. rID = 3 . 0 0 . / = 0.023. r

K = (n - \)[(0.257fj(rlD)+
B 0.5K] +K [Equation 10-10]
K = (0.667 - 1) [0.25m(0.023)(3.00) + 0.5(0.288)] + 0.288 = 0.222 =K
B B

2
h = K (v /2g)
L B = (0.222)(1.418) = 0.315 ft = h L

10.53 Directional control valve. Figure 10.29. For Q = 5 gal/min, Ap = 60 psi.

10.54 Directional control valve. Figure 10.29. For Q = 7.5 gal/min, Ap = 104 psi.
For Q = 10 gal/min, Ap = 175 psi.

2 2
10.55 Find K \íAp = yh = yK(v /2g). Then, K = (Ap)/[tfy l2g)]
L Dimensionless.
2
From Prob. 10.53: For Q = 5 gal/min, Ap = 60 psi = 8640 lb/ft .
3 2 3 3
5/8 O D tube w i t h t = 0.065 in. A = 1.336 x 10~ f t . 0.90(62.4 lb/ft ) = 56.16 l b / f t .
3 3 2
v = QIA = [(5 g p m ) / ( l ft /s/449 gpm)]/(1.336 x 10~ f t ) = 8.34 ft/s
2 2 2
(v /2g) = (8.34 ft/s) /[2(32.2ft/s )] = 1.079 ft
2 2 3
K= (Ap)/[Xv /2g)] = (8640 lb/ft )/[(56.16 lb/ft )(1.079 ft)] = 143 =K

10.56 Procedure like Prob. 10.55: For Q = 7.5 gal/min, Ap = 104 psi. v = 12.5 ft/s. K= 110
For Q = 10 gal/min, Ap = 175 psi. v = 16.67 fUs. K = 104.

10.57 Use Eq. 10-10. Solving for C =QI^Ap/sg v .

From Problem 10.53, Q = 5.0 gal/min, Ap = 60.0 psi, and sg = 0.90. Then,
C = Q/yjAp/sg
v = 5 . 0 / V 6 0 / 0 . 9 0 = 0.612 = C v

10.58 See Problem 10.57 for procedure and data from Problem 10.54.
For Q = 7.5 gal/min: C = Q/^Ap/sg v = 7.5/^104/0.90 = 0.698 = C v

For Q = 10.0 gal/min: C = Q/^Ap/sg v = 10.0/V175/0.90 = 0.717 = C v

For Problems 10.59 to 10.70, valúes o f C, are found from Table 10.6.
2 2
10.59 Ap = sg(QIC ) = 0.981(150/170) = 0.764 psi
v

3 3
sg = 61.2 lb/ft /62.4 lb/ft = 0.981

MINOR L O S S E S 139
 2
10.60 Ap = sg(QIC f
v = 0.989(600/640) = 0.869 psi
3 3
sg = 61.7 lb/ft /62.4 lb/ft = 0.989

2
10.61 Ap = sg(QIC f
v = 0.997(15/25) = 0.359 psi
3 3
sg = 62.2 lb/ft /62.4 lb/ft = 0.997

For Problems 10.62 to 10.70, valúes o f sg are found from Appendix B .

2
10.62 Ap = sg(Q/C f
v = 1.590Í60/90) = 0.707 psi

2
10.63 Ap = sg(QIC f
v = 0.68(300/330) = 0.562 psi

2
10.64 Ap = sg(QIC f
v = 0.495(5000/4230) = 0.692 psi

2
10.65 Ap = sg(QIC f
v = 1.590(60/34) = 4.952 psi

2
10.66 Ap = sg(QIC f
v = 0.68(300/160) = 2.391 psi

2
10.67 Ap = sg{QIC f
v = 0.495(1500/700) = 2.273 psi

2
10.68 Ap = sg(QIC f
v = 1.030(18/25) = 0.534 psi

2
10.69 Ap = sg(QIC f
v = 0.823(300/330) = 0.680 psi

2
10.70 Ap = sg(QIC f
v = 1.258(3500/2300) = 2.913 psi

140 C h a p t e r 10
CHAPTER ELEVEN

SERIES PIPE LINE SYSTEMS

Class I systems

P u , , , -B . ,
11.1 Class I ; Pt. A at tank surface: — + z + - ~ •h = Pn • +
A z +
A
L B
/ A = 0 J Ü A = 0

7 S 2g
2

L_
-A, 12m-^-1.0^-O/ (30)^-/-^ r

PB 2g D

Entr. 3 Elbows Friction

2
¿ 1 ^Q V
(1.99 m/s)
/r 0 = Velocity head i n pipe = - = 0.202 m
2
2g 2g 2(9.81 m / s )
6 5
N = uD/v = (1.99)(0.098)/(1.30 x 10" ) = 1.50 x 10
R

6
Z3/e = 0.098/1.5 x 10" = 65300 - > / ' = 0.0165;
/ • « 0.010 i n zone o f complete turbulence
9.81 k N 80.5
PB :
12 m - 0.202 - 0.202 - (3)(0.010)(30)(0.202) - (0.0165) (0.202)
m (L098
2
p n = 85.1 k N / m = 85.1 k P a

2
ul K
, p„ u,
11.2 Class I ; ^ + z. + " A =^- +z +-^-:
i B u =Lfe = 0 ; ^ = 0
A B

y 2g r 2g
p A = y [ z - z + Ai] = y[4.5 m + h ];f =
B A L r 0.019
38
A¿= 1.0A„+ 100/TA„+ 150/TAU+ 30/7*,, + l.OAü+Z- K = //.J7.32 + 724/1
0.0525
Ent. Chk. valve A n g . V . Elbow Exit Friction
Q 435 L / m i n 1 m /s 3

A„ = (inpipe): u = 3.344 m/s

3 2
2g A 2.168xl0" m 60000 L / m i n
h= ü (3.344)7(2)(9.81) = 0.570 m
uZ)p _ (3.344)(0.0525)(820) 4 £> _ 0.0525
N R 1 1 4 1 ; / = 0.0222
^ 1.70x10" S 4.6x10"
/?A = y[4.5 m + h \ = (0.82)(9.81 kN/m )[4.5 m + 0.570 m(7.32 + 724(0.0222)]
L
3

= 143.5 k P a

S E R I E S PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S 141

 o:
11.3 Class I ; ^ - h L = ^ +z B + ^ : p =pB+r[(z -z )
A B A + h] L

y 2g y 2g
2
Q 60 gal/min 1 ft /s 3
o (5.73)
= 5.73 ñ / s : h = = 0.509 ft
—
A =0.02333 f t
v
2
v= 2
-x-449 gal/min 2g 2(32.2)
50
A = 6.5A + 2 ( 3 0 y A + / -
i ü
h = (6.5 + 60f + 290J)h : f = 0.019
7 ü o T o T

0.1723
vDp _ (5.73)(0.1723)(0.90)(1.94) D 0.1723 = i n 4
2.87 x 10 : — = - 5
1150
T] ~ 6.0 x l O " s 1.5x10"
/ = 0.0260: Then A¿ = [6.5 + 60(0.019) + 290(0.0260)](0.509 ft) = 7.73 ft
l ñ 2
p A = 2 0 0 p s 1 g + ^ ^ M [ 2 5 f t + 7.73ft] ;
2
212.8 psig
ft J
144 i n

11.4 Class I
3

PB 1 ft /s
Z
+ A + ir- Q = 750 gal/min x 3
• = 1.67ft /s
y 2 y 2g 449 gal/min
g

2 2 3
Q 1.67 ñ / s
PA=PB + Z
( B- A)-Z
VA = 2
= 20.9 ft/s
2g A A 0.07986 f t

i ¿ =í ^ f t = 6 . 7 9 f t ; ^ = 1.32ft 2
2g 2(32.2) 2g A B 0.181 f t
f= T 0.017

4 0 ñ
h = 2(30)/ i¿ + f
L i ¿ + 0 . 2 8 Í ¿ - = (1.30 + 1 2 5 f ) ^
r

2g 0.3188 f t 2 g 2g " 2 g
Elbows Friction Enlarge
Where D ID = 0.4801/0.3188 = 1.51 - > £ = 0.28 (Table 10.1)
2 X

3
A t l 0 0 ° F , v = 7.21 x 1 0 - t f / s ; ^
0 = ^ =í ^ ^ = 9 . 2 5 xlO
R
" v 7.21x10^
4
£>/e = 0.3188/1.5 x 10" = 2125 - > / = 0.032
h = [1.30 + 125(0.032)](6.79 ft) = 36.0 ft
L

p .500p A S l g + (0-89S)(62.41b) [40 + (1 32 6 7 9 )+ 3 6 0 ] ^g

5 4
Similarly: A t 2 1 0 ° F , v = 7.85 x 10" ; N = 8.49 x 10 - > / = 0.0205 R

h = 26.2 ft; p = 509.6 psig

L A

142 C h a p t e r 11
 2 2

11.5 Classl; £ * + z A + ^ - h = ^ +z L B + ^
r 2g ' y 2g
2 2

T h e n p =p A B + 7 0

2g
2 2
g 0.015 mVs A O n „ . v A 0.892 A A / 1 A C

L> = A — - = 0.892 m/s; — =

= m = 0.0405 m
A 1.682x10 m A 2g 2(9.81)
2
Q 0.015 ___ . u¡ (7.87)
J
IM = — - = = 7.87 m/s; - § - = ^ — m = 3.16 m
3
4 1.905x10 2g 2(9.81)
^^(0.892X0.1463) , _
A 5 5
* v 2.12xl0~ 4.6 x l O "
= (7.87X0.0493) = t g 3 y ^ = J M 9 ^ = = 0.028
B 5 5
* v 2.12 x l O " 4.6 x l 0 ~
fm = 0.019
8
^ = / 7 ^ r (0.0405) + 0.37(3.16)+ 2 ( 2 0 ) ( / ) ( 3 . 1 6 ) + / — — (3.16)
A 7 B B

0.1463 0.0493
Friction 6-in Contr. Elbows Friction 2-in
Where D ID = 0.1463/0.0493 = 2.97; £ = 0 . 3 7 , Table 10.3
X 2

h = 19.68 m
L

8 , 8 0 k N
p A = 12.5 M P a + 7 [4.5 + 3.16 - 0.0405 + 19.68]m = 12.5 M P a + 240 kPa
m
p A = 12.74 M P a

11.6 Classl
Pts. 1 and 2 at reservoir surfaces: p =p x 2 = 0; Ü\ = 02 = 0

— + z , + — — h, - — + z , + — : Zi - z = h = sum o f 8 Iosses 2 L

7 2g 7 2g
6 2
Water at 10°C; v = 1.30 x 10" m /s

5
3-in pipe: = Q- = 5.37 m/s: ^ - = 1.47 m : yV = ^ - - = 3 . 4 8 x l 0 fl

4 2g v
4
A / £ = 0.0843/1.2 x 10" = 7 0 3 ; / = 0.022; F „ = 0.0215 3

5
6-in pipe: o = 6 = 1.57 m/s: ^ - = 0.126 m ; N = K = 1.88 x 10
4 2g " v
4
DJa = 0.1560/1.2 x 10" = 1300;/ = 0 . 0 2 0 5 ; / 6 re = 0.0185

h = 1.0^-
L + f
3 + 2(30)^3 i ¿ + 160/ n ^ + 0.43^ + / 6
3 7 6
2g 0.0843 2 g "2g " 2g 2g 0.1560 2 g
Entr. Friction 3-in Elbows 3-in Gate valve Enl. Friction 6-in

+ 2(30)/ r 6 ^ - + 1.0^-
2g 2g
Elbows 6-in Exit
z , - z = £X 2 = 1.47 + 3 8 . 4 + 1.90 + 5.06 + 0.63 + 4.97 + 0.140 + 0.126
Zj —z 2 = 52.7 n i

S E R I E S PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S 143

11.7 Classl

E
^ +z A + ^ - h L = ^ - +z Y ¡ + ^ : p -p +y[(z -z )
A B B A + hi]; O =VB
A

Q 1.70L/min lm'/s . . . . . o ^ , ,«-3 2

n

o= A UB= — = —-x ; = 0.346 m/s: — = 6 . 1 0 x 1 0 m

A 8.189x10 m 60000L/min 2g
n _ ^gP (0.346X0.01021X1250) _
= D _ Q [ 3

3.0x10 £

3 0
= / Í L + 150/_ — + 3 4 0 / — + 8 ( 5 0 ) / — = 0.577 m
r r

0.010212g 2g 2g 2g

Friction Ball chk. Globe v . 8 Ret. bends

3
PA-PB = (1.25)(9.81 kN/m )[1.2 m + 0.577 m] = 21.79 kPa

(See Computer solution on next page)

144 C h a p t e r 11
APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS 1 Pressure SI: CLASS 1 SERIES SYSTEMS
O b j e c t i v e : Pressure: Point 2 Reference points for the energy equation:
Problem 11.7-Mott-Modified Pt. 1:ln pipe at Point A
Fig. 11.17 Pt. 2:ln pipe at Point B
System Data: SI Metric U n i t s
3
Volurne flow rate: Q = 2.83E-05m /s Elevation at point 1= 0 m
Pressure at point 1= 100 kPa Elevation at point 2 = 1.2 m
"Pressure at point 2 = 78.4 kPa If Ref pt. is in pipe: Set v, "= B20" OR Set v "= E20" 2

Velocity at point 1= 0.346 m/s-> Vei head at point 1 = 0.006104 m

Velocity at point 2 = 0.346 m/s-> Vel head at point 2 = 0.006104 m
Fluid Properties: May need to compute : v = n/p
Specific weight = 12.2625 kN/nr' Kinematic viscosity - 2.40E-07 nf/s
Pipe 1: 1/2-in x 0.049 steel tube Pipe 2: None
Diameter: D = 0.01021 m Diameter: D = 0.09797 m
Wall roughness: i: = 1.50E-06 m Wall roughness: ¡: - 1.50E-06 m See Table 8.2
Length: L = 30 m Length: L= 0 m
Area: A = 8.19E-05 m 2
Area: A = 7.54E-03 m [A = T I D / 4 ]
2 2

D/E = 6807 D/s = 65313 Relative roughness

LID = 2938 LID = 0
Flow Velocity = 0.346 m/s Flow Velocity = 0.0038 m/s [v = Q/A]
Velocity head = 0.006104 m Velocity head = 0.0000 m
Reynolds No. = 1.47E+04 Reynolds No. = 1.53E+03 [ N = vD/v] R

Friction factor: f = 0.0282 Friction factor: f = 0.0563 Using Eq. 8-7

Energy losses-Pipe 1: K Qty.
Pipe: = f(UD) = 82.96 1 Energy loss h L1 = 0.5064 m Friction
Check Valve: K = 2 1.95 1 Energy loss h L2 = 0.0119 m (f = 0.013)
T

Globe Valve: K = 3 4.420 1 Energy loss h L3 = 0.0270 m (f = 0.013)

T

Return Bends: K = 4 0.65 Energy loss h L4 = 0.0317 m (f = 0.013)

T

Element 5: K = 5 0.00 1 Energy loss h L5 = 0.00 m

Element 6: K = 6 0.00 1 Energy loss h L6 = 0.00 m
Element 7: K 7 - 0.00 1 Energy loss h L7 = 0.00 m
Element 8: K = 8 0.00 1 Energy loss h La = 0.00 m
Energy losses-Pipe 2: K Qty.
Pipe: K = f(UD) =
1 0.00 1 Energy loss h L1 = 0.00 m Friction
Element 2: K = 2 0 00 1 Energy loss h L2 = 0.00 m
Element 3: K = 3 0.00 1 Energy loss h L3 = 0.00 m
Element 4: K = 4 0.00 1 Energy loss h L4 = 0.00 m
Element 5: K = 5 0.00 1 Energy loss h L5 = 0.00 m
Element 6: K = 6 0.00 1 Energy loss h L6 = 0.00 m
Element 7: K =
7 0.00 1 Energy loss h L7 = 0.00 m
Element 8: K = 8 0.00 1 Energy loss h L8 = 0.00 m
Total energy loss h Uot = 0.5770 m
Results:
Change in pressure A to B: -21.79 k P a
*NOTE: Pressure at point 1 set arbitraríly to 100 kPa.
Pressure at point 2 is computed for illustration of effect of pressure drop.

S E R I E S PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S 145

Class II systems

11.8 Class I I A¿ = 3 0 . 0 f t = / -LeL Method I I C Iteratíon

D2g

\2g\D 2(32.2)(30)(0.3188) 24.64

Then v -
/(25) V /
vD _ u(0.3188)
4.33 * 1 0 V ) : ^ ~ ^ - 8
2120
v 7.37xl0" b
s 1.5x10"
T r y / = 0.02; then u= ^ 2 4 . 6 4 / / = 35.1 ft/s
iV« = 4.33 x 10 (35.1) = 1.52 x 10 ; N e w / = 0.0165
4 6

o = V24.64/0.0165 = 38.6 ft/s; N = 1.67 x 10 ;f = 0.0165 O K R

6

Q = Au= (0.07986 ft )(38.6 ft/s) = 3.08 ft /s

2 3

Class I I [Repeated using computational approach - See. 11.5]

h , = 30.0 ft; Z)/e = 2120;lJse Eq. 11-3.
r

1 1.784v
, J ^ M o
Q = -2.22Dy 2

3.7 D/s
L
g

DyJgDhJL

6
2 ; (32.2X0.3188)(30) (1.784)(7.37xl O" )
Q = -2.22(0.3188) 25 3.7(2120) (0.3188)Vl2.32

I
3
g = 3.05 ft /s

11.9 Class I I T El + Z, +^--h,

ü =&- + 7 • " 2

30 m r 2g 2g
Method I I C Iteratíon
2
68 k N / m
^ ™ rL o 2gh,D 2

s ¿
, - = 7.70m = / ;u =
7 ((0.90)(9.81kN/m ) D2g V 3

2(9.81)(7.70)(0.04658) 0.235 £> 0.04658

u= = 31053
. /(30) V / * 1-5x10-
T r y . / = 0 . 0 3 ; u = V0.235/0.03 = 2.80 m/s
u(0.04658)(900) 4 4
N R
= 1.40 x 10 (u) = 3.92x 10
3
17 3.0 x l O "
N e w / = 0.022; v = 3.27 m/s; N = 4.58 x 10 ; / = 0.0210 R
4

u = 3.345 m/s; TV* = 4.69 x 1 0 ; / = 0.0210 No change 4

Spreadsheet solutions to Problems 11.8,11.9, and 11.10 are on nextpage.

146 C h a p t e r 11
APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS ll-A & ll-B US: C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
O b j e c t i v e : V o l u m e f l o w rate M e t h o d ll-A: No m i n o r I o s s e s
Problem 11.8 Uses Equation 11-3 to find máximum allowable volume flow rate
to maintaín desired pressure at point 2 for a given pressure at point 1
System Data: U S C u s t o m a r y Units
Pressure at point 1= 112.917 psig Elevation at point 1= 0 ft
Pressure at point 2 = 100 psig Elevation at point 2= 0 ft
Energy loss: h = L 30.00 ft
Fluid Properties: Water at 100F May need to compute: v - n'p
3
Specific weight = 62.00 lb/ft Kinematic viscosity = 7.37E-06 fí'Vs
Pipe data: 4-in Sch 40 steel pipe
Diameter: D - 0.3188 ft
Wall roughness: s = 1.50E-04 ft
Length: L = 25 ft Results: Máximum valúes
Area: A = 0.07982 ft 2
Volume flow rate: Q = 3.0546ft /s 3
Using Eq. 11-3
D/s = 2125.33 Velocity: v = 38.27ft/s

APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS ll-A & ll-B US: C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S

O b j e c t i v e : V o l u m e f l o w rate M e t h o d ll-A: No m i n o r I o s s e s
Problem 11.9 Uses Equation 11-3 to find máximum allowable volume flow rate
to maintain desired pressure at point 2 for a given pressure at point 1
System Data: S I Metric U n i t s
Pressure at point 1- 168 kPa Elevation at point 1= Om
Pressure at point 2- WOWPa Elevation at point 2- 0m
Energy ioss: h = L 7.70 m
Fluid Properties: May need to compute: v = n/p
1 2
Specific weight - 8.83kN/m' Kinematic viscosity = 3.33E-06 m /s
Pipe data: 2-in steel tube, t = 0.083
Diameter: D = 0.04658ft
Wall roughness: r. = 1.50E-06 ft
Length: L = 30 ft Results: Máximum valúes
Area: A = 0.001704 m 2
Volume flow rate: Q = 0.0056m /s 3
Using Eq. 11-3
D/s = 31053.33 Velocity: v = 3.31 m/s

APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS ll-A & ll-B US: C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S

O b j e c t i v e : V o l u m e f l o w rate M e t h o d ll-A: No m i n o r I o s s e s
Probiem 11.10 Uses Equation 11-3 to find máximum allowable volume flow rate
to maintain desired pressure at point 2 for a given pressure at point 1
System Data: U S C u s t o m a r y L Inits
Pressure at point 1= 250 psig Elevation at point 1= 55 ft
Pressure at point 2 = 180 psig Elevation at point 2= 0 ft
Energy loss: h = L 202.22 ft
Fluid Properties: Ethyl glycol at 77F May need to compute: v = n/p
3 2
Specific weight = 68.47 lb/ft Kinematic viscosity = 1.59E-06 ft /s
Pipe data: 6-in coated ductile iron pipe
Diameter: D= 0.512 ft
Wall roughness: s= 4.00E-04 ft
Length: L = 5000 ft Results: Máximum valúes
3
Area: A = 0.20589 ft 2
Volume flow rate: Q = 1.4500ft /s Using Eq. 11 -3
D/s = 1280 Velocity: v = 7.04ft/s

S E R I E S PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S 147

APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS ll-A & ll-B SI: C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
O b j e c t i v e : V o l u m e f l o w rate M e t h o d ll-A: No m i n o r I o s s e s
Problem 11.11 Uses Equation 11-3 to find m á x i m u m allowable volume flow rate
to maintain desired pressure at point 2 for a given pressure at point 1
System Data: S I Metric U n i t s
Pressure at point 1= 550 kPa Elevation at point 1= 7.5 m
Pressure at point 2- 585 kPa Elevation at point 2= Om

Energy loss: h = L 3.93m

Fluid Properties: Water at 15C May need to compute: v = n/p
3
Specific weight = 9.81 kN/m Kinematic viscosity = 1.15E-06 m"/s
Pipe data:1-1/4x0.083 drawn steel pipe
Diameter: D= 0.02753m
Wall roughness: c- 1.50E-06m
Length: L= 7.5 m Results: Máximum valúes
2
Area: A = 0.000595m Volume flow rate: Q = 0.0023 m /s 3
Using Eq. 11-3
D/s = 18353.33 Velocity: v = 3.91 m/s

C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S Volume flow rate: Q = 0.001793 rn/s

Method ll-B: Use results of Method IIA: Given: Pressure p , = 550 kPa
Include minor Iosses: Pressure p = 2 585.01 k P a
then pressure at Point 2 is computed NOTE: Should be > 585 k P a
Additional Pipe Data: Adjust estímate for Q until p 2

LID = 272 is equal or greater than desired.

Flow Velocity = 3.01 m/s Velocity at point 1 = 3.01 m/s | - > If velocity is in pipe:
Velocity head = 0.462 m Velocity at point 2 = 3.01 m/s | - > Enter "=B24"
Reynolds No. = 7.21 E+04 Vel. head at point 1 = 0.462 m
Friction factor: f = 0.0194 Vel. head at point 2 = 0.462 m
Energy Iosses in Pipe: K Qty.
Pipe: K = f(UD) =
1 5.29 1 Energy loss h L1 = 2.45 m Friction
Ball check valué: K =2 1.605 2 Energy loss h L2 = 1.48 m f = T 0.0107
Element 3: K =3 0.00 1 Energy loss h L3 = 0.00 m
Element 4: Kj = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L4 = 0.00 m
Element 5: K-, = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L5 = 0.00 m
Element 6: K =0 0.00 1 Energy loss h L6 = 0.00 m
Element 7: K.- = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L7 = 0.00 m

Element 8: K =;! 0.00 1 Energy loss h L8 = 0.00 m

Total energy loss h Uot = 3.93 m

148 C h a p t e r 11
APPLIED FLUID MECHAMOS ll-A & ll-B US: C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
O b j e c t i v e : V o l u m e f l o w rate M e t h o d ll-A: No m i n o r I o s s e s
Problem 11.12 Uses Equation 11-3 to find máximum allowable volume flow rate
to maintain desired pressure at point 2 for a given pressure at point 1
System Data: U S C u s t o m a r y Uií i t s
Pressure at point 1= 120 psig Elevation at point 1 = 0 ft
Pressure at point 2 = 105 psig Elevation at point 2- 20 ft

Energy loss: h = L 19.85 ft

Fluid Properties: Turpentine at 77F May need to compute: v = n/p
3
Specific weight = 54.20 lb/ft Kinematic viscosity = 1.70E-05iT/s
Pipe data: 3-in coated ductile iron pipe
Diameter: D= 0.277 ft
Wall roughness: i: = 4.00E-04 ft
Length: L= 60 ft Results: Máximum valúes
Area: A = 0.06026 ft 2
Volume flow rate: Q = 0.9782 ft /s 3
Using Eq. 11-3
D/s = 692.5 Velocity: v = 16.23 ft/s

C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S Volume flow rate: Q = 0.89850 ff'/s

Method ll-B: Use results of Method IIA: Given: Pressure p = 1 120 psig
Include minor Iosses: Pressure p 2 = 105.00 p s i g
then pressure at Point 2 is computed NOTE: Should be > 105 p s i g
Additional Pipe Data: Adjust estímate for Q until p2

LID = 217 is equal or greater than desired.

Flow Velocity = 14.91 ft/s Velocity at point 1 = 14.91 ft/s |- -> If velocity is in pipe:
Velocity head = 3.452 ft Velocity at point 2 = 14.91 ft/s |- -> Enter =B24" ,,

Reynolds No. = 2.43E+05 Vel. head at point 1 = 3.45 ft

Friction factor: f = 0.0226 Vel. head at point 2 = 3.45 ft
Energy Iosses in Pipe: K Qty.
Pipe: K, = f(UD) = 4.89 1 Energy loss h L1 = 16.90 ft Friction
Long rad elbow: K- = 0.43 2 Energy loss h L2 = 2.97 ft f -=
T 0.0215
Element 3: K , = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L3 = 2.45 ft
Element 4: K. = t 0.00 1 Energy loss h L4 = 0.00 ft
Element 5: K . -
r 0.00 1 Energy loss h L5 = 0.00 ft
Element 6: K tí = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L6 = 0.00 ft
Element 7: K ; = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L7 = 0.00 ft
Element 8: K , = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L8 = 0.00 ft
Total energy loss h Ltot = 19.86 ft

S E R I E S PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S 149

APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS ll-A & ll-B US: C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
O b j e c t i v e : V o l u m e f l o w rate M e t h o d ll-A: No m i n o r I o s s e s
Problem 11.13 (a) Uses Equation 11-3 to find m á x i m u m allowable volume flow rate
Figure 11.18 to maintain desired pressure at point 2 for a given pressure at point 1
System Data: U S C u s t o m a r y Uríits
Pressure at point 1= 20 psig Elevation at point 1= 0 ft
Pressure at point 2- 0 psig Elevation at point 2= 18 ft

Energy loss: h = L 28.45 Ft

Fluid Properties: Turpentine at 77F May need to compute: v = n/p
? 2
Specific weight = 62.00 lb/ft Kinematic viscosity = 7.37E-06 fí /s
Pipe data: Smooth aluminum tube
Diameter: D = 0.417 ft
Wall roughness: i: = 1.00E-08 ft
Length: L - 20 ft Results: Máximum valúes
2
Area:/\= 0.00137 ft Volume flow rate: Q = 0.0194 ft /s 3
Using Eq. 11 -3
D/e= 4170000 Velocity: v = 14.23 ft/s

C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S Volume flow rate: Q= 0.01107 ff/s

Method ll-B: Use results of Method IIA: Given: Pressure p = 1 20 psig

Include minor Iosses: Pressure p = 2 0.00 p s i g
then pressure at Point 2 is computed NOTE: Should be > 0 psig
Additional Pipe Data: Adjust estímate for Q until p2

LID = 480 is equal or greater than desired.

Flow Velocity = 8.11 ft/s Velocity at point 1 = 8.11 ft/s | - > If velocity is in pipe:
Velocity head = 1.020 ft Velocity at point 2 = 32.42 ft/s | ~ > Enter "=B24"
Reynolds No. = 4.59E+04 Vel. head at point 1 = 1.02 ft
Friction factor: f = 0.0212 Vel. head at point 2 = 16.32 ft
Energy Iosses in Pipe: K Qty.
Pipe: K , = f(UD) = 10.15 1 Energy loss h L1 = 10.36 ft Friction
Bend: K -
2 0.34 1 Energy loss h L2 = 0.35 ft f = 0.01
T Assumed
*Nozzle: K =
3 2.40 1 Energy loss h L3 = 2.45 ft
Element 4: K = 4 0.00 1 Energy loss h L4 = 0.00 ft
Element 5: K = 5 0.00 1 Energy loss h L5 = 0.00 ft
Element 6: K = 6 0.00 1 Energy loss h L6 = 0.00 ft
Element 7: K = 7 0.00 1 Energy loss h L7 = 0.00 ft

Element 8: K = 8 0.00 1 Energy loss h L8 = 0.00 ft

Total energy loss h Uot = 13.15 ft

*Nozzle K restated
3 in terms of velocity head in pipe rather than outlet velocity head.
2
*K = OASlvi/vtf
3 = 0.15(4) = 2.40

2
Nozzle Velocity: v = v (Ap/A )
N p N = v (Dp/D )
p N = 4.0v p = 4.0(8.11 ft/s) = 32.44 ft/s

150 C h a p t e r 11
APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS ll-A & ll-B US: C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
O b j e c t i v e : V o l u m e f l o w rate M e t h o d ll-A: No m i n o r I o s s e s
Problem 11.13 (b) Uses Equation 11-3 to find m á x i m u m allowable volume flow rate
Figure 11.18 to maintain desired pressure at point 2 for a given pressure at point 1
System Data: U S C u s t o m a r y Url i t s
Pressure at point 1= 80 psig Elevation at point 1= 0 ft
Pressure at point 2= 0 psig Elevation at point 2= 18 ft

Energy loss: h = L 167.81 ft

Fluid Properties: Turpentine at 77F May need to compute: v = r|/p
?
Specific weight = 62.00 Ib/tí Kinematic viscosity = 7.37E-06 ft /s
Pipe data: Smooth aluminum tube
Diameter: D= 0.417 ft
Wall roughness: r:= 1.00E-08 ft
Length: L= 20 ft Results: Máximum valúes
2
Area: A = 0.00137 ft Volume flow rate: Q = 0.0522 ft /s 3
Using Eq. 11-3
D/z = 4170000 Velocity: v = 38.20 ft/s

C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S Volume flow rate: Q = 0.02781 ff/s

Method ll-B: Use results of Method HA; Given: Pressure pi = 80 psig

Include minor Iosses; Pressure p = 2 0.01 p s i g
then pressure at Point 2 is computed NOTE: Should be > 0 psig
Additional Pipe Data: Adjust estímate for Q until p2

UD = 480 is equal or greater than desired.

Flow Velocity = 20.36 ft/s Velocity at point 1 = 20.36 ft/s | - > If velocity is in pipe:
Velocity head = 6.439 ft Velocity at point 2 = 81.45 ft/s | - > Enter "=B24"
Reynolds No. = 1.15E+05 Vel. head at point 1 = 6.44 ft
Friction factor: f = 0.0173 Vel. head at point 2 = 103.02 ft
Energy Iosses in Pipe: K Qty.
Pipe: K = f(UD) =
f 8.32 1 Energy loss h L1 = 53.57 ft Friction
Bend: K =
2
0.34 1 Energy loss h L2 = 2.19 ft f = 0.01 T Assumed
*Nozzle: K =
3 2.40 1 Energy loss h L3 = 15.45 ft
Element 4: K = 4 0.00 1 Energy loss h L4 = 0.00 ft
Element 5: K = 5
0.00 1 Energy loss h L5 = 0.00 ft
Element 6: K = 6 0.00 1 Energy loss h L6 = 0.00 ft
Element 7: K = 7 0.00 1 Energy loss h L7 = 0.00 ft

Element 8: K = a 0.00 1 Energy loss h L8 = 0.00 ft

Total energy loss h t ~ Uo 71.21 ft

*Nozzle K restated
3 in terms of velocity head in pipe rather than outlet velocity head.
2 2
*K3 = 0.1'5(v¿vi) = 0.15(4) = 2.40

2
Nozzle Velocity: v = v (Ap/A )
N p N = v (Dp/D )
p N = 4.0v p = 4.0(20.36 ft/s) = 32.44 ft/s

S E R I E S PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S 151

APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS ll-A & ll-B SI: C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
O b j e c t i v e : V o l u m e f l o w rate M e t h o d ll-A: No m i n o r I o s s e s
Problem 11.14 Uses Equation 11-3 to find máximum allowable volume flow rate
Figure 11.19 to maintain desired pressure at point 2 for a given pressure at point 1
System Data: SI Metric U n i t s
Pressure at point 1= 150 kPa Elevation at point 1= Om
Pressure at point 2 = 0 kPa Elevation at point 2= 5m

Energy loss: h = L 13.59 m

Fluid Properties: Kerosene at 25C May need to compute: v = n/p
?
Specific weight = 8.07 kN/m' Kinematic. viscosity - 1.99E-06 m /s
Pipe data:2-in Type K Copper tube
Diameter: D= 0.0498 m
Wall roughness: c - 1.50E-06 m
Length: L = 30 m Results: Máximum valúes
Area: A = 0.001948 m 2
Volume flow rate: Q = 0.0098 m /s 3
Using Eq. 11-3
D/e = 33200 Velocity: v = 5.05 m/s

C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S Volume flow rate: Q = 0.008485 rrí/s

Method ll-B: Use results of Method IIA; Given: Pressure p = 1 150 kPa
Include minor Iosses: Pressure p 2 = 0.01 k P a
then pressure at Point 2 is computed NOTE: Should be > 0 kPa
Additional Pipe Data: Adjust estímate for Q until p2

UD = 602 is equal or greater than desired.

Flow Velocity = 4.36 m/s Velocity at point 1 = 0.00 ft/s |- -> If velocity is in pipe:
Velocity head = 0.967 m Velocity at point 2 = 4.36 ft/s |- -> Enter "=B24"
Reynolds No. = 109E+05 Vel. head at point 1 = 0.000 ft
Friction factor: f = 0.0177 Vel. head at point 2 = 0.967 ft
Energy Iosses in Pipe: K Qty.
Pipe: Ki = f(UD) = 10.69 1 Energy loss h L1 = 10.33 m Friction
1/2 op. gate valve: K = ? 152 1 Energy loss h L2 = 1.47 m f =
T 0.0095
Element 3: K . = 0.50 1 Energy loss h L3 = 0.48 m
Element 4: K : - 0.17 Energy loss h L4 = 0.33 m
Element 5: K -, -
: 0.00 1 Energy loss h L5 = 0.00 m
Element 6: K =
ñ 0.00 1 Energy loss h L6 = 0.00 m
Element 7: K,- = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L7 = 0.00 m
Element 8: K s = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L8 = 0.00 m
Total energy loss h Ltot = 12.62 m

152 C h a p t e r 11
11.14 C l a s s I I Pt. 1 at surface o f tank A ; Pt. 2 in stream outside pipe. U\ = 0, p = 0 2

o, 2
r Pl °2 Pl t \ 1 , 2

+ z, + 2- + h,
r g 2g y 2g
2
150 k N / m
- 5 m = 13.59 m =^ - + h 0 Method I I C
3
8.07 k N / m 2g

- 0 . 5 o f +160/,. f + 2(18)/, f + f ^ - f - - (2.46 + 602/)f

2g 2g 2g 0.0498 m 2 g 2g
Entrance Valve Bends Friction
300 m m L.
U/Z) = = 6.02 ^ - ^ = 18 (Fig. 10.23)
49.8 mm D
0.0498 m
D/s = 33200
6
Y.5 x l O " m
f=
r 0.010 (Approx.)

In Eq. I :
2 2 2
13.59 m = + (2.46 + 6 0 2 / ) - ^ = (3.46 + 6 0 2 f ) E -
2g 2g 2g

2g(13.59m) 2(9.81)(13.59) 266.6

u =
3.46 + 6 0 2 / 3.46 + 6 0 2 / \ 3.46+ 6 0 2 /

T r y / = 0.02
266.6 A 1 C . A r vDp (4.15)(0.0498)(823) , ,
A , <
o ./ 3.46 + 602(0.02) = 4 . 1 5 m / s ; N =
: R —M - = - : - - - r . x—l O- 4"
1.64
1
= 1-04 x 10
5
N e w / = 0.018; o = 4.32 m/s; = 1.08 x 10 ; N e w / = 0.018 No change
Q = Au = (1.945 x 10" m )(4.32 m/s) = 8.40 x 10",-3 „m3 /s
; 3 2 3 3

11.15 Class I I with 2 pipes: Pts. A and B at tank surfaces. Method I I C

PA U
A PA =PB =0
z - Zn = h = 10 m:
— +z + -—- A = A L
A
2g y 2g

2 2 2 2

/z,= 1 . 0 ^ + 2 ( 3 0 ) / , . | L + / 3 _ _ ^ - + o . 4 5 M Basedon 3-in p i p e ; / , = 0.022

2g 2g 0.08432 2 g 2g J

Entrance Elbows Friction Enlarge. — = =1.85

£>, 0.0843

30 ot
+ /6 + 3 0 / . - 5 - + 45 / . - S - + 1 . 0 - 5 - V Based on 6-in p i p e ; /
67
u
67 6 r =0.019
0.156 2 g ' '2g 2g 2g
Friction Elbow Valve Exit

2
Ub
h = (2.77 + 6 5 2 / ) - ^ + (2.43 + 1 9 2 / )
L 6

2g 2g

2
^ 0.156 ^ 2 2
But o = u 3 6 A = u
= 3.42u ; u = 1 1 . 7 3 u
6

0.0843

S E R I E S PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S 153

 U J 3 u
h = (2.77 + 652/3)
L * + (2.43 + 1 9 2 / ) - ^ - = (34.9 + 7 6 4 6 / + 1 9 2 / ) ^
J
2g -°'2g ~2g

Solve for v 6

_ I 2gh L _ I 2(9.81)(10)
1
(34.9 + 7 6 4 6 / + 1 9 2 / ) V 34.9 + 7 6 4 6 / + 1 9 2 /

196.2
134.6 + 7 6 4 6 / + 1 9 2 /

Itérate for b o t h / a n d / : 6

A = 0-0843 m ^ 7 0 3 ; = ^ = " , ( 0 - 0 8 " 3 ) = 1 2 9 x l 0 S

4 5 7 3
e 1.2xl0~ m v 6.56xl(T
A = ^1560^ = 1 3 0 0 : ^ = u (0.156)
6 3 8 x l Q

4 K 7 6
e 1.2 x l O " v 6.56xl(T

T r y / = / = 0.02
196.2 , .
u = = 1 . 0 1 2 m/s
V 34.9 + 7646(0.02) +192(0.02)

u = 3.42u = 3.46 m/s

3 6

5 5
= 1 . 2 9 x 1 0 (3.46) = 4 . 4 6 x 1 0 - > N e w / = 0.0195
5 5
= 2 . 3 8 x l 0 ( 1 . 0 1 2 ) = 2 . 4 1 x l 0 - > N e w / = 0.020

1 9 6 2
I , n-, ,
u = 6 = 1.02 m/s
1
34.9 + 7646(0.0195) +192(0.02)
03 = 3.30 u = 3.51 m/s 6

5 5
/V fli = 1.29 x 10 (3.50) = 4.20 x 10 - > / = 0.0195 No change 3

5 5
N Rt = 2.38 x 10 (1.02) = 2.43 x 10 - > / = 0.020 No change 6

7r(0.156m) 3 3
Q =Au 6 b = " v — " v x ! 02 m/s = 1.95 x 10 m /s

154 C h a p t e r 11
11.16 Class I I with two pipes Pt. B in stream outside pipe. p B = 0 Method I I C
2 2

+ h,
2 2 2
Yo S Y„ g Y,, S
2
2 2
175 k N / m
0
RA.
Y„
+ Z
A"B Z =
0.93(9.81 k N / m ) 3
-4.5m = 14.68m = - ^ L - - ^ + /Í,
2g g 2

A/ = / , — ^ + 0.52 i ¿ + / , ^ + 2(30)/, - í ¿ / 4 : r 4 = 0.010 approx.

4
' 0.0498 2g 2g 0.098 2g 2g
Friction(2-in) Enlarge. Friction (4-in) Elbows

0.0498

^ = 0.0498/1.5 x 10* = 33200; N K = = » A (0-0498X930) ^

3
9.50x10"

D / B £ = 0.098/1.5 x 10- = 65333; /V, 6

= "B(0-098)(930) ^ y

7(8
Ü 9.5 x l O " 3

2 2

A/ = (0.52 + 602/ ) ^ + (0.6 + 1 0 2 0 / ) ^ = - 2 4

2g 2g

B v (].97) 2
=3.87UB: V\ = 15.0u 2
But DA = L>B — = o„ B

V Aj D

Then: A, = (0.52 + 602/ ) 2 + (0.6 + 1 0 2 0 / ) 4 = [8.40 + 9 0 3 0 / + 1020/] 2

2g 2g 2g

In E q . ®
. . ,„ vi B
15u 2
, vi
14.68 - + ^ [ 8 . 4 0 + 9030/ + 1020/ ] = -=-[-5.60 + 9030/ 2 4 2 +1020/J
2g 2g 2g 2g

2g(14.68) 288.1 Itérate for

-5.60 + 9 0 3 0 / + 1 0 2 0 / V -5.60 + 9030f 2 +1020/ both f 2 and / .

Try/ =/ 2 4 = 0.02
288.1
= 1.21 m/s; u = 3.87I^B = 4.69 m/s
A

\ -5.60 + 9030(0.02) +1020(0.02)

3 4 3 4
N R = 4 . 8 8 x 10 (4.69) = 2.29 x 10 ; N R = 9.59 x 10 (1.21) = 1.16 x 10

New f 2 = 0 . 0 2 5 5 , / = 0.0305
288.
1.06 m/s; u = 3 . 8 7 i ^ = 4.10 m/s A
1
-5.60 + 9030(0.0255) +1020(0.0305)
4 4
N RA = 2.01 x 10 - > , / = 0.0255 No change; N 2 I<B = 1.02 x 10 - > / = 0.0305 No change
4

3 2 3 3
Q = A OB B = (7.538 x 10" m )(1.06 m/s) = 7.99 x 10~ m /s

S E R I E S PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S 155

Class III systems

11.17 Class I I I
1000 ft
Pl ü\ J PlV
"2 CU
— + z, + —
2g - A, = — + z, + •2 g

2 2 2
m (61.01b) ft D 2g D2gn D*
2
8LQ 2
8(1000)(0.5)
D f = (0-267ff
2
n gh L
2
;r (32.2)(23.61)

_ vD 4QD 4(0.5) 1.453 x l O 5

NR
2
v nD v ^-(4.38x10 ")D D

T r y / = 0.02
02
D = [0.267(0.02)] = 0.351 ft;
5
1.453xl0 D 5
0.351
NR = = 4.14xl0 ; — = = 2330
0.351 1.5x10"

N e w / = 0.0175
5
D = 0.342 ft; N = 4.25 x 10 ; D/s = 2279 - > / = 0.0175 No change
R

L Minimum Specify: 5-in Sch. 80 pipe, D = 0.4011 ft

11.18 Class I I I Same method as Prob. 11.17.

2
8LQ 8(30)(0.06) 2

D = f
- 4
= [5.67 x 1 o / ] 0

2
2
x gh L
7r (9.81)(15.74)

2
P i - P 2 _ 150 k N / m
= 15.74m
3
y 9.53 k N / m

5
4Q _ 4(0.06) 2.12xl0
NR-
7
jtvD ^ ( 3 . 6 0 x 1 0 )D D

T r y / = 0.02
4 a2
D = [5.67 x 10~ (0.02)] = 0.103 m ;

0.103 s 1.5x10"

N e w / = 0.0105
,6. D
D = 0.0901 m;N R = 2.35 x 10"; — = 60100 - > / = 0.0105 No change
ff

L M i n i m u m Specify 4-in type K copper tube; D = 97.97 m m

156 C h a p t e r 11
APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS ///-A & / / / - B S / : C L A S S III S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
Objective: Minimum pipe diameter Method lll-A: Uses Equation 11-13 to compute the
Problem 11.18 minimum size of pipe of a given length
that will flow a given volume flow rate of fluid
System Data: S I Metric U n i t s with a limited pressure drop. (No minor Iosses)
Pressure at point 1- 150 kPa Fluid Properties: Water at 80C
Pressure at point 2 = 0 kPa Specific weight = 9.53 kN/m '
Elevation at point 1- 0m Kinematic Viscosity = 3.60E-07 m Vs.;

Elevation at point 2= 0m I n t e r m e d í a t e R e s u l t s in E q . 1 1 - 1 3 :
Allowable Energy Loss: h L = 15.74 m L/gh = L 0.194292
Volume flow rate: Q - 0.06 m Vs Argument in bracket: 2.89E-22
Length of pipe: L= 30 m Final Minimum Diameter:
Pipe wall roughness: >: = 1.50E-06 m Minimum diameter: D = 0.0908 m

S p e c i f y 4-in t y p e K c o p p e r t u b e : D = 97.97 m m

APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS lll-A & lll-B US: C L A S S III S E R I E S S Y S T E M S

Objective: Minimum pipe diameter Method lll-A: Uses Equation 11-8 to compute the
Exampie Problem 11.19 minimum size of pipe of a given length
that will flow a given volume flow rate of fluid
System Data: S I Metric U n i t s with a limited pressure drop. (No minor Iosses)
Pressure at point 1= 0 psig Fluid Properties: Water at 60F
Pressure at point 2= 0 psig Specific weight = 62.40 lb/ft"
Elevation at point 1= 130 ft Kinematic Viscosity = 1.21E-05ft /s ¿

Elevation at point 2- 0 ft I n t e r m e d í a t e R e s u l t s in E q . 11-8:

Allowable Energy Loss: h = L 130.00 ft L/gh = L 2.522695
Volume flow rate- Q = 30 067 ft'Vs Argument in bracket: 6.22E-11
Length of pipe: L = 10560 ft Final Minimum Diameter:
Pipe wall roughness: r. - 4.00E-04 ft Minimum diameter: D = 1.9556 ft

APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS lll-A & lll-B US: C L A S S III S E R I E S S Y S T E M S

Objective: Minimum pipe diameter Method lll-A: Uses Equation 11-8to compute the
Problem 11.17 minimum size of pipe of a given length
that will flow a given volume flow rate of fluid
System Data: S I Metric U n i t s with a limited pressure drop. (No minor Iosses)
Pressure at point 1= 110 psig Fluid Properties: Water at 160F
Pressure at point 2 = 100 psig Specific weight = 6 í. 00 lb/ft'
Elevation at point 1= 0 ft Kinematic Viscosity = 4.38E-06 ft Vs:

Elevation at point 2 = 0 ft I n t e r m e d í a t e R e s u l t s in E q . 11-8:

Allowable Energy Loss: /?/.= 23.61 ft L/gh = L 1.315562
Volume flow rate: Q = 0.5 ft /s 3

Argument in bracket: 1.11 E-07

Length of pipe: L = 1000 ft Final Minimum Diameter:
P/pe iva// roughness: s = 1.50E-04 ft Minimum diameter: D = 0.3479 ft

S p e c i f y 5-in S c h . 8 0 s t e e l p i p e ; D = 0.4100 ft

S E R I E S PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S 157

APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS lll-A & lll-B US: C L A S S III S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
Objective: Minimum pipe diameter Method lll-A: Uses Equation 11-8 to compute the
Problem 11.20 minimum size of pipe of a given length
Figure 11.22 that will flow a given volume flow rate of fluid
System Data: S I Metric Units with a limited pressure drop. (No minor Iosses)
Pressure at point 1- 0 psig Fluid Properties: Water at 80F
Pressure at point 2= Opsig Specific weight = 62.20 Mi'
Elevation at point 1 = 12 ft Kinematic Viscosity = 9.15E-06Ü ls ¿

Elevation at point 2= on I n t e r m e d í a t e R e s u l t s in E q . 1 1 - 8 :
Allowable Energy Loss: h¡ . 12.00 ft L/gh = L 0.194099
Volume flow rate: Q = 0.8909 ft'Vs Argument in bracket: 2.91 E-09
Length of pipe: L= 75 ft Final Minimum Diameter:
Pipe wall roughness: v. = 1.50E-04 ft Mínimum diameter: D = 0.3007 ft

C L A S S III S E R I E S S Y S T E M S Specified pipe diameter: D - 0.4206ft-min std sz

Method lll-B: Use results of Method lll-A: 5-in Sch 40 steel pipe
Specify actual diameter: Include minor Iosses: If velocity is in the pipe, enter " = 6 2 3 " for valué
then pressure at Point 2 is computed. Velocity at point 1 = 0.00 ft/s
Additional Pipe Data: Velocity at point 2 = 6.41 ft/s
Flow á r e a : A = 0.13894 f t 2
Vel. head at point 1 = 0.000 ft
Relative roughness: D/e = 2804 Vel. head at point 2 = 0.638 ft
LID = 178 Results:
Flow Velocity = 6.41 ft/s Given pressure at point 1 = 0 psig
Velocity head = 0.638 ft Desired pressure at point 2= 0 psig
Reynolds No. = 2.95E+05 Actual pressure at point 2= 2.28 psig
Friction factor: f = 0.0175 (Compare actual with desired pressure at point 2)
Energy Iosses in Pipe: K Qty.
Pipe Friction: K = f(L/D)
f = 3.12 1 Energy loss h L1 = 1.99 ft
Entrance: K - 2 0.50 1 Energy loss h L2 = 0.32 ft
Globe valve: K> =
: 5.44 1 Energy loss h L3 = 3.47 ft f = 0.016
T

Sld. Elbow: K = 4 0.48 1 Energy loss h L4 = 0.31 ft f = 0.016

T

Element 5: K- = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L5 = 0.00 ft

Element 6: K = s 0.00 1 Energy loss h L6 = 0.00 ft
Element 7: K - 7 0.00 1 Energy loss h L7 = 0.00 ft

Element 8: K = s 0.00 1 Energy loss h Le = 0.00 ft

Total energy loss h Ltot = 6.09 ft

158 C h a p t e r 11
Practice problems for any class

11.21 Class I Pt. 1 at tank surface, Pt. 2 in stream outside pipe: p\ =p 2 = 0; u, = 0

P\ - + /z,
0
+ z
•r \ +
-r K=^ + z, • ^
2g
7 2g * 7 ' 2g
= 3.92 m/s: i ¿ = - ^ > l = 0.782 m 3

^g _ 61500
. 3 8 x L/min 1 mL/min
l 0 - m 60000 /s 3
2g
2
2(9.81)
/ = 0.018
r

2 2 2 2
2
/z¿ = 0.5^=- + / ( 1 6 0 ) ^ - + / , . ( 3 0 ) - ^ - = 3 _ [ o . 5 + 1 9 0 / , ] = 0.782[0.5 +190(0.018)]
r

2g 2g 2g 2g
= 3.07 m

In Eq. ®

z, - z 2 = ^ + h,.=0.782 + 3.07= 3.85 m

2g

But /z = z, - z 2 - 0.5 m = 3.85 m - 0.5 m = 3.35 m

11.22 Class I Pt. 1 at collector tank surface. Pt. 2 at pump inlet. p = 0, u = 0 x x

2 2
^ + z , + '--/?, =— + Z, + - ' p 2 =y ( z , - z ) - h , - - ^ -
2

y 2g 7 " 2g 2g
3
1 ft /s
Q = 30 gal/min x — 1 = 0.0668 ft7s / • = 0.019 for 2-in pipe
449 gal/min
3
= Q _ 0.0668 ft /s _ . ^ 2
_ (2.86) 2
=
02 2
2.86 ft/s = 0.127 ft
A¿ 0.02333 ft 2g 2(32.2)

/ , = 0 . 5 Í ¿ + 1.85Í¿ + / - l ^ i ¿ + / . 8 ) ^ = ^-(2.50 + 58.0/)

i (

2g 2g 0.1723 fí2g 2g 2g
Entrance Filter Friction Valve
uDp _ (2.86X0-1723X0.92X1.94) 1 7 2 3

5
= 2.45x10-^ = -°- = 1149
3.6xl0~ e 1.5x10"
/ = 0.0265
h = (0.127 ft)[2.50 + 58.0(0.0265)] = 0.513 ft
L

In E q . © :

Pi = (0.92) ' ^ ) [ 3 . 0 - 0.513 - 0.127] -ML. 3 2

= 0.94 psig
ft ) 144 i n

S E R I E S PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S 159

11.23 Class I Pt. 1 at collector tank surface; Pt. 3 at upper tank surface. p =p =0, l 3 u, = i>j = 0
o, o,
^ + Z i + ^ ~ h L + h A = ^ +z i + ^ : h A = ( z 3 - z ) + h =\9.0ft
] L + h L

y 2g y 2g

1 8 f t

h,= h, +h, = 0 . 5 1 3 ft + / d 7 . ( 1 0 0 »l
)- +
+/ i °l f
r f
ua L
— J d T y J
2g y < /
0.115 ft 2 g 2g

'-From Prob. 11.22^ Ch. valve Friction Exit

2

Q 0.0668 ft /s 3
o. (6.43)
= 6.43 ft/s: = 0.642 ft
0.01039 f t 2
2g 2(32.2)
D P
N ° « - (6-43)(0.H5)(0.92)(1.94) _ 3 .
5

M 3.6 x l O "
D 0.115
= 767 - > / = 0.0265; f = 0.022 dT

s 1.5x10"
h = 0.513 ft + (0.022)(100)(0.642) + (0.0265)(157)(0.642) + 1.0(0.642) = 5.24 ft
L

h = 19.0 ft + h = 19.0 + 5.24 = 24.24 ft

A L

3\
62 A lb 0.0668 ft 1 hp
Power = P A = h yQ = (24.24 ft)(0.92)
A 2 = 0.169 hp
3
ft 550 ft-lb/s
J

APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS lll-A & lll-B US: C L A S S III S E R I E S S Y S T E M S

Objective: Minimum pipe diameter Method lll-A: Uses Equation 11-8 to compute the
Problem 11.24 minimum size of pipe of a given length
Figure 11.24 - Return System from upper tank that will flow a given volume flow rate of fluid
System Data: S I Metric U n i t s with a limited pressure drop. (No minor Iosses)
Pressure ai point 1= 0 psig Fluid Properties: Coolant - Given properties
Pressure at point 2= 0 psig Specific weight = 57.47lb/ft :i

Elevation at point 1= 9 ft Kinematic Viscosity = 2.02E-05ft' ls¿

Elevation at point 2- 0 ft I n t e r m e d í a t e R e s u l t s in E q . 11-8:

Allowable Energy Loss: /),• . 12.00 ft L/gh = L 0.134576
Volume flow rate: Q - 0.-6682 ft'Vs Argument in bracket: 1.37E-09
Length of pipe: L= 39 ft Final Minimum Diameter:
Pipe wall roughness: ¡: = 1.50E-04 ft Minimum diameter: D = 0.1059ft

160 C h a p t e r 11
 C L A S S III S E R I E S S Y S T E M S Specified pipe diameter: D - 0 . í 7 5 f t - m i n std sz
Method lll-B: Use results of Method lll-A: 5-¡n Sch 40 steel pipe
Specify actual diameter: Include minor Iosses: If velocity is in the pipe, enter " = B 2 3 " for valué
then pressure at Point 2 is computed. Velocity at point 1 = 0.00 ft/s
Additional Pipe Data: Velocity at point 2 = 6.43 ft/s
Flow á r e a : A = 0.01039 f t 2
Vel. head at point 1 = 0.000 ft
Relative roughness: D/e = 767 Vel. head at point 2 = 0.643 ft
L/D = 339 Results:
Flow Velocity = 6.43 ft/s Given pressure at point 1= 0 psig
Velocity head = 0.643 ft Desired pressure at point 2 = 0 psig
Reynolds No. = 3.67E+04 Actual pressure at point 2 = 0.36 psig
Friction factor: f = 0.0261 (Compare actual with desired pressure at point 2)
Energy Iosses in Pipe: K Qty.
Pipe Friction: K , = f(L/D) = 8.84 1 Energy loss h L1 = 5.68 ft
Entrance: K 2 - 1.00 1 Energy loss h L2 = 0.64 ft
Elbows: K., = 0.66 2 Energy loss h L3 = 0.85 ft f = 0.022
T

Tee-flow thru run: K = 4 0.44 1 Energy loss h L4 = 0.28 ft f = 0.022

T

Element 5: K , =
; 0.00 1 Energy loss h L5 = 0.00 ft
Element 6: K =
Cl 0.00 1 Energy loss h L6 = 0.00 ft
Element 7: K - = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L7 = 0.00 ft
Element 8: K¡¡ = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L8 = 0.00 ft
Total energy loss h Ltot = 7.45 ft

S E R I E S PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S 161

11.25 Class I I Computational approach, Eq. 11.12.
3 2
Px ~p 2 _ 10.01b ft 144m = 2 3 0 8 f t
h 2 2
Y in 62.41b ft
1-m Schedule 80 steel pipe; D = 0.07975 ft; A = 0.00499 ft
4
D/E = 0.07975/1.5 x 10" = 532
5 2
Water at 60°F; v = 1.21 x 10~ ft /s
2
O = -2.22D

5
/(32.2)(0.07975)(23.08) , (1.7841)(1.2 l x l O " )
2 l o g
-2.22(0.07975) y 1 0 0
3.7(532) (0.07975)^0.5927

I . I

3/
Q = 0.0333 ft7s
3
Q
g 0.0333 ft /s „.
u = —= r- = 6.68 ft/s
£ £ D

¿ 0.00499 ft

APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS ll-A & ll-B US: C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S

O b j e c t i v e : V o l u m e f l o w rate M e t h o d ll-A: No m i n o r I o s s e s
Problem 11.25 Uses Equation 11-3 to find máximum allowable volume flow rate
to maintain desired pressure at point 2 for a given pressure at point 1
System Data: U S C u s t o m a r y lJ n i t s
Pressure at point 1 = 110 psig Elevation at point 1 = 0 ft
Pressure at point 2= 100 psig Elevation at point 2= 0 ft

Energy loss: h = L 23.08 ft

Fluid Properties: Water at 60F May need to compute: v = r\/p
3 2
Specific weight = 62.40 lb/ft Kinematic viscosity = 1.21 E-05 ft /s
Pipe data: 3-in coated ductile ¡ron pipe
Diameter: D = 0.07975 ft
Wall roughness::.- = 1.50E-04 ft
Length: L = 100 ft Results: Máximum valúes
2
Area: A = 0.00500 ft Volume flow rate: Q = 0.03332 ft /s 3
Using Eq. 11-3
D/s = 531.667 Velocity: v = 6.67 ft/s

162 C h a p t e r 11
APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS lll-A & lll-B US: C L A S S III S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
Objective: Minimum pipe diameter Method lll-A: Uses Equation 11-8 to compute the
Problem 11.26 minimum size of pipe of a given length
that will flow a given volume flow rate of fluid
System Data: S I Metric U n i t s with a limited pressure drop. (No minor Iosses)
Pressure at point 1= 108 psig Fluid Properties: Gasoline at 77F
Pressure at point 2= 100 psig Specific weight = 42.40 lb/ft 3

Elevation at point 1- 0 ft Kinematic Viscosity = 4.55E-06 ft7s

Elevation al point 2= 0 ft I n t e r m e d í a t e R e s u l t s in E q . 1 1 - 8 :
Allowable Energy Loss: h = L 27.17 ft L/gh =0.137164 L

Volume flow rate: Q = 0.22272 ft Vs Argument in bracket: 9.52E-16

Length of pipe: L = 720 ft Final Minimum Diameter:
Pipe wall roughness: r. = 1.50E-04Ü Minimum diameter: D = 0.1655 ft

C L A S S III S E R I E S S Y S T E M S Specified pipe diameter: D - 0.1723ft-min std sz

Method lll-B: Use results of Method lll-A: 2-inch Sch 40 steel pipe
Specify actual diameter; Include minor Iosses: If velocity is in the pipe, enter "=B23" for valué
then pressure at Point 2 is computed. Velocity at point 1 = 9.55 ft/s
Additional Pipe Data: Velocity at point 2 = 9.55 ft/s
Flow á r e a : A = 0.02332 f t 2
Vel. head at point 1 = 1.417 ft
Relative roughness: D/s = 1149 Vel. head at point 2 = 1.417 ft
LID = 696 Results:
Flow Velocity = 9.55 ft/s Given pressure at point 1= 108 psig
Velocity head = 1.417 ft Desired pressure at point 2 = 100 psig
Reynolds No. = 3.62E+05 Actual pressure at point 2= 102.18 psig
Friction factor: f = 0.0200 (Compare actual with desired pressure at point 2)
Energy Iosses in Pipe: K Qty.
Pipe Friction: K , = f(L/D) = 13.94 1 Energy loss h L1 = 19.75 ft
Element 2: K-¿ = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L2 = 0.00 ft
Element: K? = 0.00 2 Energy loss h L3 = 0.00 ft
Element 4: K -
4 0.00 1 Energy loss h L4 = 0.00 ft
Element 5' K:-. = 0 00 1 Energy loss h L5 = 0.00 ft
Element 6: K =
ñ 0.00 1 Energy loss h L6 = 0.00 ft
Element 7: K =
7 0.00 1 Energy loss h L7 = 0.00 ft
Element 8: K =
8 0.00 1 Energy loss h L8 = 0.00 ft

Total energy loss h Ltot = 19.75 ft

S E R I E S PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S 163

 3 3 3
11.27 C l a s s l Q = 475 L / m i n (1 m /s/60000 L / m i n ) = 7.917 x 10" m /s
Pt. 1 at reservoir surface; Pt. 2 at pump inlet. p\ = 0, U\ = 0

7 '
+ — -h, =-
2g " r 2g 2g
0
3 3
_ Q 7.917 x l 0 " m / s
Ü 2 = — = - = 2.56m/s: i ¿ = í ^ l = 0.335 m
yl 3.090 x 10~ n r J
2g 2(9.81)

/// =- -°2 - +, m n i o « 1 2 . 9 0 m u£
(0.0195)
2 + ( Q Q ] 8 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ( ) ) i¿. + ( 0 . 1 8 ) ( 3 4 0 ) - ^ - = 4.09 m
0

' 2g 0.0627 m 2 g 2g 2g
Entrance Friction 2 Elbows Valve
vD (2.56)(0.0627) D 0.0627
N R = = 4.46xlO : — = i
1363 - > / = 0 . 0 1 9 5
3.60x10" 7
e 4.6x10"
fr= 0.018
1 = 11.5 m + 1.40 m = 12.90 m
z, - z = 0.75 m - 1.40 m = 0.65 m
2

In E q . ®
9 5 3 k N
p = '
2 [^0.65 m - 0.335 m - 4.09 m ] = -48.4 k P a
m

11.28 Design problem w i t h variable solutions: Pressure at pump inlet can be increased by: lowering
the pump, raising the reservoir, reducing the flow velocity i n the pipe by using a larger pipe,
reducing the h in the valve by using a less restrictive valve (gate, butterfly), eliminating elbows
L

or using long-radius elbows, using a well-rounded entrance, and shortening the suction line.

11.29 Class I Pt. B in stream outside nozzle. p B = 0

3

B Q 0.50 ft /s
^ +z + ^ -A, +K = ^ + z + Q = 9.743 ft/s
r
2

2g 7 2g 0.05132 ft
2 2
u _ (9.743)
: (z -z ) +^ B A - ^ - ^ + /^ ft = 1.474 ft
2g 7 2g 2(32.2)

Q 0.50
- = 54.2 ft/s
2

ln 2 1/2-in discharge line: A

B TT(1.3/12)

Q 0.50
= 15.03 ft/s
A d 0.03326 - ^ = 45.7ft
2g
3
• í ¿ = < l l ° £ = 3.5<>9ft / 7 „ 7 _ 6 4 . 0 lb/ft = 1 9 S S slugs
2g 2(32.2) 3
g 32.2 ft/s 2
ft

164 C h a p t e r 11
 D
N - »* P (15.Q3)(0.2Q58)(1.988) _ { g < | ^
Rj 5
ju 4.0 x l ( T
4
Dle = 0.2058/1.5 x 10~ = 1372 - > / = 0.0205; / = 0.018 r

82 ft
A/ = (0.0205) (3.509) + 0.018(30)(3.509) + 32.6(3.51 ft) = 144.8 ft
0.2058 ft
Friction Elbow Nozzle

Then h = 80 ft + 45.7 ft - 1.474 ft - ( 3.501b)ft 144 m

A + g ft =

2 2
i n 64.01bft
3 3
Power = P = h yQ = (276.9 ft)(64.0 lb/ft )(0.50 f t / s ) l hp/550 ft-lb/s = 16.1 hp
A A

Input power = P, = P le = (16.1 hp)/0.76 = 21.2 hp = P, A M

11.30 Class I See Problem 11.29. 3-in Sch. 40 discharge line. f T = 0.018

v = v = 9.743 ft/s: ^ - = 1.474 ft

d A

2g
N ü ^ p (9.743)(0.2557)(1.988) 1 2 1 : : 1 Q 5 ,
R 5
" ju 4.0 x l O "

2 5 5 7
g = °- 4
4
= 1705; / = 0.0205
e 1.5 x l O "
82
Ai = (0.0205) ^ (1.474) + 0.018(30)(1.474) + 32.6(1.474) = 58.5 ft

h = 80 + 45.7 - 1.474 + 7.875 + 58.5 = 190.6 ft

A

PA = h yQ = (256.8)(64.0)(0.50)/550 = 11.1 hp
A

Input power = P, = P le = (11.1 hp)/0.76 = 14.6 hp = P A M r

11.31 Class I Pt. B outside pipe. p B = 0, Da = ( j . A

y 2g y 2g

h L = 340)$-M +f ^ ¡ ^ f + f (30) f = [ / ( 6 7 2 ) + / T r (370)]£

2g 0.0409 m 2g 2g 2g
Valve Friction Elbow
2 2
Q 200 L / m i n lm'/s . . . u (2.54)
u — = 2.54 m/s: — = = 0.328 m
3 2
A 1.31xlO" m 60000 L / m i n 2g 2(9.81)
u_D__ (2.54X0.0409) = D _a0409^ = _ g 8 9 ;

5
v 1.30x10"* e 4.6 x l O "
/ = 0.021
r

Then h = [(0.0235)(672) + (0.021)(370)](0.328 m) = 7.73 m

L

9.81 k N
pA =
— [25 m + 7.73 m ] = 321.1 kPa
m
See spreadsheet on page 167 for solution to Problem 11.31 using the spreadsheet I Pressure SI.

S E R I E S PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S 165

Problems 11.32 and 11.33 are solved using the spreadsheet on the following two pages. These
problems are o f the Class I I type and are solved using the procedure described i n Section 11.5.
Method I I - B is used because the system contains significant minor Iosses. I n fact, one objective o f
these t w o problems is to compare the performance o f two design approaches for the same system,
using a different, more efficient valve i n Problem 11.33 as compared w i t h Problem 11.32.

Recall that Method I I - A is set up and solved first in the spreadsheet. This ignores the minor Iosses and
gives an upper l i m i t for the volume flow rate that can be delivered through the system w i t h a given
pressure drop or head loss. Then, Method I I - B is used iteratively to hone i n on the m á x i m u m volume
flow rate that can be carried w i t h the minor Iosses considered. The designer enters a series o f
estimates for the valué o f Q and observes the resulting pressure at the outlet from the piping system.
Obviously this pressure for this problem should be exactly zero because the pipe discharges into the
free atmosphere. Each trial requires only a few seconds to complete and the designer should continué
making estimates until the pressure at the outlet is at or cióse to zero.

3
Problem 11.32 shows that Q = 0.00283 m /s (170 L/min) can be delivered through the given system
w i t h a fully open globe valve installed and w i t h a pressure o f 300 kPa at point A at the water main.

In Problem 11.33, the globe valve is replaced w i t h a fully open gate valve having much less energy
3
loss. The result is that Q = 0.003394 m /s (204 L/min) can be delivered w i t h the same pressure at
point A . This is approximately a 20% increase i n flow. Also, it is only about 3% less than the flow
that could be delivered through the pipe w i t h no minor Iosses at all, as shown in the results o f Method
I I - A at the top o f the spreadsheet.

166 C h a p t e r 11
APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS 1 Pressure SI: CLASS 1 SERIES SYSTEMS
O b j e c t i v e : Pressure: Point 2 Reference points for the energy equation:
Problem 11.31 Pt. 1 :ln pipe at Point A
Fig. 11.27 Pt. 2:ln pipe at Point B
System Data: S I Metric U n i t s
Volume flow rale: Q = 3.33E-03 3
m /s Elevation at point 1= Om
Pressure at point 1= 320.58 kPa Elevation at point 2 = 25 m

Pressure at point 2= 0.00 kPa If Ref. pt. is in pipe: Set v, "= B20" OR Set v "= E20" 2

Velocity at point 1= 2.537 m/s - x Vel head at point 1 = 0.328084 m

Velocity at point 2= 2.537 m/s --Sil Vel head at point 2 = 0.328084 m
Fluid Properties: Water at 10C May need to compute: v = n/p
Specific weight = 9.81 kN/m 1
Kinematic viscosity = 1.30E-06nf/s
Pipe 1: 1 1/2-in Sch 40 steel pipe Pipe 2: None
Diameter: D = 0.0409 M Diameter: D= 0.09797 m
Wall roughness: >: = 4.60E-05 m Wall roughness: r. = 1.50E-06m See Table 8.2
Length: L- 27.5 m Length: L = Om
Area: A = 1.31E-03 m 2
Area: A = 7.54E-03 m [A = 7iD /4]
2 2

Diz = 889 Diz = 65313 Relative roughness

LID = 672 L/D = 0
Flow Velocity = 2.537 m/s Flow Velocity = 0.4422 m/s [v = Q/A]
Velocity head =0.328084 m Velocity head = 0.0100 m
Reynolds No. =7.98E+04 Reynolds No. = 3.33E+04 [ N = vD/v] R

Friction factor: f= 0.0233 Friction factor: f = 0.0228 Us ng Eq. 8-7

Energy losses-Pipe 1: K Qty.
Pipe: Ki = f(L/D) = 15.64 1 Energy loss h L1 = 5.13 m Friction
Elbow: K=
2 0.63 1 Energy loss h L2 = 0.21 m (f = 0.021)
T

Globe Valve: K =
3 7.14 1 Energy loss h L3 = 2.34 m (fr = 0.021)
Element 4: K = 4 0.00 1 Energy loss h L4 = 0.00 m
Element 5: K = 5 0.00 1 Energy loss h L5 = 0.00 m
Element 6: K = 6 0.00 1 Energy loss h L6 = 0.00 m
Element 7: K =
7 0.00 1 Energy loss h L7 = 0.00 m
Element 8: K = 8 0.00 Energy loss h L8 = 0.00 m
Energy losses-Pipe 2: K Qty.
Pipe: Ki = f(UD) = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L1 = 0.00 m Friction
Element 2: K = 2 0.00 1 Energy loss h L2 = 0.00 m
Element 3: K = 3 0.00 1 Energy loss h L3 = 0.00 m
Element 4: K = 4 0.00 1 Energy loss h L4 = 0.00 m
Element 5: K = 5 0.00 1 Energy loss h L5 = 0.00 m
Element 6: K = 6 0.00 1 Energy loss h L6 = 0.00 m
Element 7: K =
7 0.00 1 Energy loss h L7 = 0.00 m
Element 8: K = 8 0.00 1 Energy loss h L8 = 0.00 m
Total energy loss h Uot = 7.68 m
Results: Total change in pressure = -320.58 k P a
Pressure at target point: 320.58 k P a

S E R I E S PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S 167

APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
O b j e c t i v e : V o l u m e f l o w rate M e t h o d ll-A: No m i n o r I o s s e s
Problem 11.32 Uses Equation 11-3 to e s t í m a t e the allowable volume flow rate
Figure 11.27 to maintain desired pressure at point 2 for a given pressure at point 1
System Data: S I Metric U n i t s
Pressure at point 1- 300 kPa Elevation at point 1= Om
Pressure at point 2- 0 kPa Elevation at point 2- 25 m

Energy loss: h=
L 5.58 m
Fluid Properties: May need to compute: v = n/p
:
Specific weight - 9.81 kN/m' Kinematic viscosity -1.30E-06 m /s
Pipe data:
Diameter: D= 0.0409 m
Wall roughness: >: = 4.60E-05 m
Length: L= 27.5 m Results: Máximum valúes
2
Area: A = 0.00131 m Volume flow rate: Q = 0.0035 m /s3

D/E= 889.13 Velocity: v = 2.66 m/s

J
C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S Volume flow rate: Q = 0.00283 m /s

Method ll-B: Use results of Method IIA: Given: Pressure p = 1 300 kPa
Include minor Iosses: Pressure p 2 - 0.00 k P a
then pressure at Point 2 is computed NOTE: Should be > 0 kPa
Additional Pipe Data: Adjust estímate for Q until p 2

UD = 672 is greater than desired pressure.

Flow Velocity = 2.15 m/s Velocity at point 1 = 2.15 m/s | - > If velocity is in pipe:
Velocity head = 0.236 m Velocity at point 2 = 2.15 m/s | - > Enter "=B24"
Reynolds No. =6.76E+04 Vel. head at point 1 = 0.236 m
Friction factor: f = 0.0237 Vel. head at point 2 = 0.236 m
Energy Iosses in Pipe 1: K Qty.
Pipe: Ki = f(UD) = 15.91 1 Energy loss h L1 = 3.75 m Friction
1 std. elbows: K,=
: 0.63 1 Energy loss h L2 = 0.15 m
Globe valve: K-, = 7.14 1 Energy loss h L3 = 1.68 m
Element 4: K = 4 0.00 1 Energy loss h L4 = 0.00 m
Element 5: K = r¡ 0.00 1 Energy loss h L5 = 0.00 m
Element 6: K = r> 0.00 1 Energy loss h L6 = 0.00 m
Element 7: K - - 0.00 1 Energy loss h L7 = 0.00 m

Element 8: K = s 0.00 1 Energy loss h L8 = 0.00 m

Total energy loss h Ltot = 5.58 m

168 C h a p t e r 11
APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
O b j e c t i v e : V o l u m e f l o w rate M e t h o d ll-A: No m i n o r I o s s e s
Problem 11.33 Uses Equation 11-3 to e s t í m a t e the allowable volume flow rate
Figure 11.27 to maintain desired pressure at point 2 for a given pressure at point 1
System Data: S I Metric U n i t s
Pressure at point 1= 300 kPa Elevation at point 1= Om
Pressure at point 2= 0 kPa Elevation at point 2- 25 m

Energy loss: h =
L 5.58 m
Fluid Properties: May need to compute: v = n/p
Specific weight = 9.81 kN/ní Kinematic viscosity = 1.30E-06 nV/s
Pipe data:
Diameter: D- 0.0409 m
Wall roughness: t: - 4.60E-05 m
Length: L= 27.5 m Results: Máximum valúes
2 3
Area: A = 0.00131 m Volume flow rate: Q = 0.0035 m /s
D/s= 889.13 Velocity: v= 2.66 m/s

3
C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S Volume flow rate: Q -0.003394 m /s = 203.6 L/min

Method ll-B: Use results of Method IIA: Given: Pressure p = t 300 kPa
Include minor Iosses; Pressure p = 2 0.01 k P a
then pressure at Point 2 is computed NOTE: Should be > 0 kPa
Additional Pipe Data: Adjust estímate for Q until p 2

LID = 672 is greater than desired pressure.

Flow Velocity = 2.58 m/s Velocity at point 1 = 2.58 m/s |--> If velocity is in pipe:
Velocity head = 0.340 m Velocity at point 2 = 2.58 m/s | --> Enter "=B24"
Reynolds No. = 8.13E+04 Vel. head at point 1 = 0.340 m
Friction factor: f = 0.0232 Vel. head at point 2 = 0.340 m
Energy Iosses in Pipe 1: K Qty.
Pipe: Ki = f{UD) = 15.61 1 Energy loss h L1 = 5.31 m Friction
1 std. elbows. K -
: 0.63 1 Energy loss h L2 = 0.21 m
Gate valve: K =
:í 0.17 1 Energy loss h L3 = 0.06 m
Element 4: K - 4 0.00 1 Energy loss h L4 = 0.00 m

Element 5: K = 5
0.00 1 Energy loss h L5 = 0.00 m

Element 6: K = 6 0.00 1 Energy loss h L6 = 0.00 m

Element 7: K¡ = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L7 = 0.00 m

Element 8: K = s
0.00 1 Energy loss h L8 = 0.00 m

Total energy loss h Ltot - 5.58 m

S E R I E S PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S 169

11.34 Class I Pt. 1 at surface o f tank A ; Pt. 2 outside pipe in tank B . L>\ = 0
^2

— + z. + — -h, = — + z, + — : =
Pi P 2 +Y ( Z
2- Z
!) + ^ + ^
Y 2g y 2g
3 2
_ g _ 250 gal/min 1 ft /s u¡ _ ( 2 3 . 8 7 )
l>2 = 23.87 ft/s: = 8.844 ft
A 0.02333 ft 2
449 gal/min 2g 2(32.2)
vDp (23.87X0.1723)0.53) 3
N =
R
•>-5
= 3.00xl0 :
M 2.10x10"
D 0.1723
4 = 1 1 4 9 - > / = 0.0205
e 1.5x10
2

A = 0 . 5 - 2 - +, / . ( 1 6 0 ) - ^ +, 2o/ . (,3 0^) ¿

¿ 7 7
+ / r "Oft K 7 . : = o, 019

2g 2g 2g 0.1723 ftj2g
Entr. Valve 2 Elbows Friction

- 2 - [4.68 + 638/] = 8.844 ft[4.68 + 638(0.0205)] = 157.1 ft

(D = 40.0 psig + 49
f 1 b
' [ 2 0 ft + 8.844 ft +157.1 lft
ft]_ , = 103.3 psig
2
2
fV 144in

170 C h a p t e r 11
APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS ll-A & ll-B US: C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
O b j e c t i v e : V o l u m e f l o w rate M e t h o d ll-A: No m i n o r I o s s e s
Problem 11.35 Uses Equation 11-3 to find máximum allowable volume flow rate
Figure 11.28 to maintain desired pressure at point 2 for a given pressure at point 1
System Data: U S C u s t o m a r y Uríits
Pressure at point 1= 125 psig Elevation at point 1 = 18 ft
Pressure at point 2 = 40 psig Elevation at point 2 = 38 ft

Energy loss: h¡_ = 229.74 ft

Fluid Properties: Ethyl Alcohol -77F May need to compute: v = n/p
Specific weight - 49.01 lb/ft' Kinematic viscosity = 1.37E-05 rrVs
Pipe data: 2-in Sch 40 steel pipe
Diameter: D- 0.1723 ft
Wall roughness: >: = 1.50E-04 ft
Length: L= 110 ft Results: Máximum valúes
2
Area: A = 0.02332 ft Volume flow rate: Q = 0.7981 ft /s 3
Using Eq. 11-3
D/s= 1148.67 Velocity: v = 34.23 ft/s

C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S Volume flow rate: Q = 65990 ft"/s = 296.3 gal/min

Method ll-B: Use results of Method HA: Given: Pressure p = 1 125 psig
Include minor Iosses: Pressure p 2 = 40.1 p s i g
then pressure at Point 2 is computed NOTE: Should be > 40 p s i g
Additional Pipe Data: Adjust estímate for Q until p 2

LID = 638 is equal or greater than desired.

Flow Velocity = 28.30 ft/s Velocity at point 1 = 0.00 ft/s |~> If velocity is in pipe:
Velocity head = 12.438 ft Velocity at point 2 = 28.30 ft/s |~> Enter "=B24"
Reynolds No. = 3.56E+05 Vel. head at point 1 = 0.00 ft
Friction factor: f = 0.0200 Vel. head at point 2 = 12.44 ft
Energy Iosses in Pipe: K Qty.
Pipe: K, = f(UD) = 12.79 1 Energy loss h L1 = 159.05 ft Friction
Sid. Elbows: K2 = 0.57 1 Energy loss h L2 = 14.18 ft f = T 0.019
1/2 op gafe valve: K, = 3.04 1 Energy loss h L3 = 37.81 ft f = T 0.019
Entrance: K 4 = 0.50 1 Energy loss h L4 = 6.22 ft
Element 5: K-, = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L5 = 0.00 ft
Element 6: K = 0 0.00 1 Energy loss h L6 = 0.00 ft
Element 7: K,- - 0.00 1 Energy loss h L7 - 0.00 ft
Element 8: K s = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L8 = 0.00 ft
Total energy loss h Uot = 217.26 ft

S E R I E S PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S 171

APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS ll-A & ll-B US: C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
O b j e c t i v e : V o l u m e f l o w rate M e t h o d ll-A: No m i n o r I o s s e s
Problem 11.36 Uses Equation 11-3 to find máximum allowable volume flow rate
Figure 11.28 to maintain desired pressure at point 2 for a given pressure at point 1
System Data: U S C u s t o m a r y Urlits
Pressure at point 1= 125 psig Elevation at point 1 = 18 ft
Pressure at point 2 = 40 psig Elevation at point 2 = 38 ft

Energy loss: h = L 229.74 ft

Fluid Properties: Ethyl Alcohol -77F May need to compute: v = r|/p
3
Specific. weight = 49.01 lb/ft Kinematic viscosity = 1.37E-05 ft'/s
Pipe data: 2-in Sch 40 steel pipe
Diameter: D= 0.1723 ft
Wall roughness: /: = 1.50E-04 ft
Length: L= 110 ft Results: Máximum valúes
Area: A = 0.02332 ft 2
Volume flow rate: Q = 0.7981 ft /s 3
Using Eq. 11-3
D/s= 1148.67 Velocity: v = 34.23 ft/s

C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S Volume flow rate: Q = 0.71960 3

ft /s = 323.1 gal/min

Method ll-B: Use results of Method HA: Given: Pressure p = 1 125 Psig
Include minor Iosses: Pressure p 2 = 40.00 P s i g
then pressure at Point 2 is computed NOTE: Should be > 40 P s i g
Additional Pipe Data: Adjust estímate for Q until p2

L/D = 638 is equal or greater than desired.

Flow Velocity = 30.86 ft/s Velocity at point 1 = 0.00 ft/s | - > If velocity is in pipe:
Velocity head = 14.790 ft Velocity at point 2 = 30.86 ft/s |~> Enter "=B24"
Reynolds No. = 3.88E+05 Vel. head at point 1 = 0.00 ft
Friction factor: f = 0.0200 Vel. head at point 2 = 14.79 Ft
Energy Iosses in Pipe: K Qty.
Pipe: K, = f(UD) = 12.74 1 Energy loss h L1 = 188.44 ft Friction
Std. Elbows: K 2 = 0.570 2 Energy loss h L2 = 16.86 ft f = 0.019 T

Open gate valve: K> = 0.152 1 Energy loss h L3 = 2.25 ft f = r 0.019

Entrance: K.¡ = 0.500 1 Energy loss h L4 = 7.40 ft
Element 5: K , -r 0.00 1 Energy loss h L5 = 0.00 ft
Element 6: K,¡ = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L6 = 0.00 ft
Element 7: K - - 0.00 1 Energy loss h L7 - 0.00 ft
Element 8: K¡¡ = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L8 - 0.00 ft
Total energy loss h Uot = 214.95 ft

172 C h a p t e r 11
APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS ll-A & ll-B US: C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
O b j e c t i v e : V o l u m e f l o w rate M e t h o d ll-A: No m i n o r I o s s e s
Problem 11.37 Uses Equation 11-3 to find máximum allowable volume flow rate
Figuro 11.28 - Modificd to maintain desired pressure at point 2 for a given pressure at point 1
System Data: U S C u s t o m a r y Urlits
Pressure at point 1= 125 psig Elevation at point 1 - 18 ft
Pressure at point 2= 40 psig Elevation at point 2 = 38 ft

Energy loss: h = L 229.74 ft

Fluid Properties: Ethyl Alcohol -77F May need to compute: v = n/p
2
Specific weight = 49.01 lb/ft Kinematic viscosity = 1.37E-05ft /s
Pipe data: 2-in Sch 40 steel pipe
Diameter: D= 0.1723 ft
Wall roughness: ¡:= 1.50E-04 ft
Length: L= 110 ft Results: Máximum valúes
2
Area: A = 0.02332 ft Volume flow rate: Q = 0.7981 ft /s 3
Using Eq. 11-3
D/e= 1148.67 Velocity: v = 34.23 ft/s

C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S Volume flow rate: Q = 0.72870 ffVs = 327.2 gal/min

Method ll-B: Use results of Method HA: Given: Pressure p = 1 125 Psig
Include minor Iosses: Pressure p 2 = 40.01 P s i g
then pressure at Point 2 is computed NOTE: Should be > 40 P s i g
Additional Pipe Data: Adjust estímate for Q until p 2

LID = 638 is equal or greater than desired.

Flow Velocity = 31.25 ft/s Velocity at point 1 = 0.00 ft/s | - > If velocity is in pipe:
Velocity head = 15.167 ft Velocity at point 2 = 31.25 ft/s | - > Enter "=B24"
Reynolds No. = 3.93E+05 Vel. head at point 1 = 0.00 ft
Friction factor: f = 0.0199 Vel. head at point 2 = 15.17 Ft
Energy Iosses in Pipe: K Qty.
Pipe: K, = f(UD) = 12.73 1 Energy loss h L1 = 193.14 ft Friction
Long R. Elbows: K 7 - 0.380 2 Energy loss h L2 = 11.53 ft f = 0.019 T

Open gate valve: K 3 - 0.152 1 Energy loss h L3 = 2.31 ft f = 0.019 T

Entrance: K 4 = 0.500 1 Energy loss h L4 = 7.58 ft

Element 5: K r¡ = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L5 = 0.00 ft
Element 6: K e = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L6 = 0.00 ft
Element 7: K.- = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L7 = 0.00 ft
Element 8: K ¡} - 0.00 1 Energy loss h L8 = 0.00 ft
Total energy loss h Uot = 214.56 ft

S E R I E S PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S 173

APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS ll-A & ll-B SI: C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
O b j e c t i v e : V o l u m e f l o w rate M e t h o d ll-A: No m i n o r I o s s e s
Problem 11.38 Uses Equation 11-3 to e s t í m a t e the allowable volume flow rate
Figure 11.29 to maintain desired pressure at point 2 for a given pressure at point 1
System Data: S I Metric U n i t s
Pressure at point 1= 415 kPa Elevation at point 1= 0 m
Pressure at point 2 = 200 kPa Elevation at point 2 = Om

Energy loss: h = L 21.92 m

Fluid Properties: Water at 15C May need to compute: v = n/p
1
Specific weight - 9.81 kN/m Kinematic viscosity = 1.15E-06 m'Vs
Pipe data: 6-in Schedule 40 steel pipe
Diameter: D= 0.1023 m
Wall roughness: t: = 4.60E-05 m
Length: L= 100 m Results: Máximum valúes
3
Area: A =0.008219 m 2
Volume flow rate: Q = 0.0412 m /s Using Eq. 11 -3
D/e= 2224 Velocity: v = 5.02 m/s

C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S Volume flow rate: Q = 0.034690 m'/s

Method ll-B: Use results of Method HA: Given: Pressure p = 1 415 kPa
Include minor Iosses; Pressure p 2 = 200.07 k P a
then pressure at Point 2 is computed NOTE: Should be > 200 k P a
Additional Pipe Data: Adjust estímate for Q until p 2

UD = 978 is greater than desired pressure.

Flow Velocity = 4.22 m/s Velocity at point 1 = 0.00 m/s | - > If velocity is in pipe:
Velocity head = 0.908 m Velocity at point 2 = 4.22 m/s |~> Enter "=B24"
Reynolds No. = 3.75E+05 Vel. head at point 1 = 0.000 m
Friction factor: f = 0.0178 Vel. head at point 2 = 0.908 m
Energy Iosses in Pipe: K Qty.
Pipe: K = f(UD)
f = 17.35 1 Energy loss h L1 = 15.75 m Friction
Globe valve: K =
7 5.78 1 Energy loss h L2 = 5.25 m f = 0.017
T

Entrance: K ?= 0.00 1 Energy loss h L3 = 0.00 m

Element 4: K.< = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L4 = 0.00 m
Element 5: K¡, = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L5 = 0.00 m
Element 6: K =
c 0.00 1 Energy loss h L6 = 0.00 m
Element 7: K - = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L7 = 0.00 m
Element 8: K =
s 0.00 1 Energy loss h L8 = 0.00 m
Total energy loss h Uot = 21.00 m

174 C h a p t e r 11
APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS ll-A & ll-B SI: C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
O b j e c t i v e : V o l u m e f l o w rate M e t h o d ll-A: No m i n o r I o s s e s
Problem 11.39 Uses Equation 11-3 to e s t í m a t e the allowable volume flow rate
Figuro 11.29 - Butterfly valve to maintain desired pressure at point 2 for a given pressure at point 1
System Data: S I Metric U n i t s
Pressure at point 1= 415 kPa Elevation at point 1= Om
Pressure at point 2 = 200 kPa Elevation at point 2 = Om

Energy loss: h =
L 21.92 m
Fluid Properties: Water at 15C May need to compute: v \\ p
3 2
Specific weight = 9.81 kN/m Kinematic viscosity = 1.15E-06 m /s
Pipe data: 4-in Schedule 40 steel pipe
Diameter: D = 0.1023 m
Wall roughness: /: = 4.60E-05 m
Length: L= 100 m Results: Máximum valúes
Area: A =0.008219 m 2
Volume flow rate: Q = 0.0412 m /s 3
Using Eq. 11-3
D/s = 2223.913 Velocity: v = 5.02 m/s

C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S Volume flow rate: Q = 0.034690 m /s3

Method ll-B: Use results of Method IIA: Given: Pressure p = 1 415 kPa
Include minor Iosses: Pressure p = 2 200.07 k P a
then pressure ai Point 2 is computed NOTE: Should be > 200 k P a
Additional Pipe Data: Adjust estímate for Q until p 2

978
LID = is greater than desired pressure.
Flow Velocity = 4.22 m/s Velocity at point 1 = 0.00 m/s | - > If velocity is in pipe:
Velocity head = 0.908 m Velocity at point 2 = 4.22 m/s | - > Enter "=B24"
Reynolds No. = 3.75E+05 Vel. head at point 1 = 0.000 m
Friction factor: f = 0.0178 Vel. head at point 2 = 0.908 m
Energy Iosses in Pipe: K Qty.
Pipe: K, = f(UD) = 17.35 1 Energy loss h L1 = 15.75 m Friction
Globe valve: K =T 5.78 1 Energy loss h L2 = 5.25 m f = 0.017 T

Entrance: K; = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L3 = 0.00 m

Element 4: K¿ = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L4 = 0.00 m
Element 5: K , - r 0.00 Energy loss h LS = 0.00 m
Element 6: K = 6 0.00 1 Energy loss h L6 = 0.00 m
Element 7: K- = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L7 = 0.00 m
Element 8: K = 9 0.00 1 Energy loss h L8 = 0.00 m
Total energy loss h Ltot = 21.00 m

S E R I E S PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S 175

APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS ll-A & ll-B SI: C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
O b j e c t i v e : V o l u m e f l o w rate M e t h o d ll-A: No m i n o r I o s s e s
Problem 11.40 Uses Equation 11-3 to e s t í m a t e the allowable volume flow rate
Figure 11.29 5-in pipe:
Globe valvo to maintain desired pressure at point 2 for a given pressure at point 1
System Data: S I Metric U n i t s
Pressure at point 1= 415 kPa Elevation at point 1 = Om
Pressure at point 2 = 200 kPa Elevation at point 2 = Om
Energy loss: h=
L 21.92 m
Fluid Properties: Water at 15C May need to compute: v = n/p
3
Specific weight = 9.81 kN/m Kinematic viscosity = 1.15E-06irí/s
Pipe data: 5-in Sch 40 steel pipe
Diameter: D - 0.1282 m
Wall roughness: i: = 4.60E-05 m
Length: L= 100 m Results: Máximum valúes
Area: A =0.012908 m 2
Volume flow rate: Q = 0.0746 m /s 3
Using Eq. 11-3
D/s =2786.957 Velocity: v = 5.78 m/s

C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S Volume flow rate: Q = 0.060570 mVs

Method ll-B: Use results of Method HA: Given: Pressure p , = 415 kPa
Include minor Iosses: Pressure p 2 = 200.04 k P a
then pressure at Point 2 is computed NOTE: Should be > 200 k P a
Additional Pipe Data: Adjust estímate for Q until p 2

LID = 780 is greater than desired pressure.

Flow Velocity = 4.69 m/s Velocity at point 1 = 0.00 m/s | - > If velocity is in pipe:
Velocity head = 1.122 m Velocity at point 2 = 4.69 m/s | - > Enter "=B24"
Reynolds No. =5.23E+05 Vel. head at point 1 = 0.000 m
Friction factor: f = 0.0168 Vel. head at point 2 = 1.122 m
Energy Iosses in Pipe: K Qty.
Pipe: K, = f(UD) = 13.09 1 Energy loss h u = 14.69 m Friction
Globe valve: K 2 = 5.440 1 Energy loss h L2 = 6.10 m f = T 0.016
Entrance: K= :i 0.00 1 Energy loss h L3 = 0.00 m
Element 4: K.. = 0.00 1 Energy loss hi = 4 0.00 m
Element 5: K ;i = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L5 = 0.00 m
Element 6: K = d 0.00 1 Energy loss h L6 = 0.00 m
Element 7: K- = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L7 = 0.00 m
Flement 8: K = s 0.00 1 Energy loss h LB = 0.00 m
Total energy loss h Ltot = 20.79 m

176 C h a p t e r 11
APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS ll-A & ll-B SI: C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
O b j e c t i v e : V o l u m e f l o w rate M e t h o d ll-A: No m i n o r I o s s e s
Problem 11.41 Uses Equation 11-3 to estímate the allowable volume flow rate
Figure 11.29-5 in pipe Butterfly lo maintain desired pressure at point 2 for a given pressure at point 1
System Data: SI Metric U n i t s
Pressure at point 1 = 475 kPa Elevation at point 1= Om
Pressure at point 2 = 200 kPa Elevation at point 2 = Om

Energy loss: h L = 21.92 m

Fluid Properties: Water at 15C May need to compute: v = n/p
3 2
Specific weight = 9.81 kN/m Kinematic viscosity = 1.15E-06 m /s
Pipe data: 6-in Schedule 40 steel pipe
Diameter: D= 0.1282 m
Wall roughness: i: = 4.60E-05 rn
Length: L = 100 m Results: Máximum valúes
Area: A =0.012908 m 2
Volume flow rate: Q = 0.0746 m /s 3
Using Eq. 11-3
D/s =2786.957 Velocity: v = 5.78 m/s

3
C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S Volume flow rate: Q = 0.069810 m /s

Method ll-B: Use results of Method HA; Given: Pressure p? = 415 kPa
Include minor Iosses: Pressure p 2 = 200.03 k P a
then pressure at Point 2 is computed NOTE: Should be > 200 k P a
Additional Pipe Data: Adjust estímate for Q until p 2

LID = 780 is greater than desired pressure.

Flow Velocity = 5.41 m/s Velocity at point 1 = 0.00 m/s | - > If velocity is in pipe:
Velocity head = 1.491 m Velocity at point 2 = 5.41 m/s | - > Enter "=B24"
Reynolds No. = 6.03E+05 Vel. head at point 1 = 0.000 m
Friction factor: f = 0.0166 Vel. head at point 2 = 1.491 m
Energy Iosses in Pipe: K Qty.
Pipe: Kt = f(UD) = 12.98 1 Energy loss h L1 = 19.35 m Friction
Butterfly valve: K¿ = 0.720 1 Energy loss h L2 = 1.07 m f = 0.016
T

Entrance: K-, - 0.00 1 Energy loss h L3 = 0.00 m

Element 4: K 4 = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L4 = 0.00 m
Element 5: K. , =: 0.00 1 Energy loss h L5 = 0.00 m
Element 6: K e = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L6 = 0.00 m
Element 7: K,- = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L7 = 0.00 m
Element 8: K 8 = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L8 = 0.00 m
Total energy loss h Uot = 20.42 m

SERIES PIPE LINE SYSTEMS 177

11.42 C l a s s l Note: Pump delivers 1.0 i n / r e v
3
^ 1.0 i n 3
2100 rev ft mm
Q = x x
rev mm 1728 i n 3 X
6(Ts
3/
= 0.0203 ft7s

— + z, + — - h. + h. = — + z, + -
2g Y 2g
Water* 60* F

z — Z\ — h
2 A — hi2g— 0 - ^ - 0 . 0 6 2 5 ft

Power ~PA~ h yQ and e = A

550 ft-lb/s
Then = eP, = (0.75)(0.20 hp) = 82.5 ft-lb/s
hp
82.5 ft-lb/s
= 65.27 ft
3
yQ |^62.4 l b j ^0.0203 f t ^

ü = g =- ^ ° 2
^ = 6.60 ft/s: í L ^ ^ t » o.677 ft
Q 3 ñ 3

2
¿ ^-(0.0625 f t ) / 4 2g 2(32.2)

1 0 0
A¿= / — — = (0.0225) (0.677 ft) = 24.36 ft
D 2g 0.0625
vD _ (6.60)(0.0625) _
N R = = 3.41 x 10* - > / = 0.0225 (Smooth curve)
v 1.21x10-
z - z, = 65.27 ft - 24.36 ft - 0.677 ft = 40.2 f t
2

178 C h a p t e r 11
APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS lll-A & lll-B US: C L A S S III S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
Objective: Minimum pipe diameter Method lll-A: Uses Equation 11-8 to compute the
Problem 11.43 and 11.44 minimum size of pipe of a given length
Figure 11.30 Water at 60F that will flow a given volume flow rate of fluid
System Data: S I Metric U n i t s with a limited pressure drop. (No minor Iosses)
Pressure at point 1- 80 psig Fluid Properties: Water at 60F
Pressure at point 2 = 60 psig Specific weight = 62.40 lb/ft 3

Elevation at point 1= 0 ft Kinematic Viscosity = 1.21E-05 ft7s

Elevation at point 2 = 25 ft I n t e r m e d í a t e R e s u l t s in E q . 1 1 - 8 :
Allowable Energy Loss: h¡ 21.15 ft L/gh L =0.880858
Volume flow rate: Q = 0.5 ft'Vs Argument in bracket: 2.18E-08
Length of pipe: L = 600 ft Final Minimum Diameter:
Pipe wall roughness: i: = 1.50E-04 ft Minimum diameter: D = 0.3259 ft

C L A S S III S E R I E S S Y S T E M S Specified pipe diameter: D = 0.3355 ft-min std size

Method lll-B: Use results of Method lll-A; 4-in Sch 40 steel pipe
Specify actual diameter; Include minor Iosses: If velocity is in the pipe, enter " = S 2 3 " for valué
then pressure at Point 2 is computed. Velocity a l point 1 = 5.66 ft/s
Additional Pipe Data: Velocity at point 2 = 5.66 ft/s
Flow á r e a : A = 0.08840 ft 2
Vel. head at point 1 = 0.497 ft
Relative roughness: Diz = 2237 Vel. head at point 2 = 0.497 ft
LID = 1788 Results:
Flow Velocity = 5.66 ft/s Given pressure at point 1= 80 psig
Velocity head = 0.497 ft Desired pressure at point 2= 60 psig
Reynolds No. = 1.57E+05 Actual pressure at point 2= 60.80 psig
Friction factor: f = 0.0191 (Compare actual with desired pressure at point 2)
Energy Iosses in Pipe: K Qty.
Pipe Friction: K = f(L/D)
7 = 34.19 1 Energy loss h L1 = 16.98 ft
Gate valve: K¿ = 0.136 1 Energy loss h L2 = 0.07 ft f = 0.017
T

Butterfly valve: K =
3 0.765 1 Energy loss h L3 = 0.38 ft f = 0.017
T

Std. 90 deg elbows: K = 4 0.510 3 Energy loss h L4 = 0.76 ft f = 0.017

T

Std. 45 deg elbows: K.<, = 0.272 2 Energy loss h L5 = 0.27 ft f = 0.017

T

Swing type chk valve: K =

e 1.700 1 Energy loss h LB = 0.84 ft f = 0.017
T

Element 7: K = 7 0.00 1 Energy loss h L7 = 0.00 ft

Element 8: K = 3 0.00 1 Energy loss h L8 = 0.00 ft

Total energy loss h Ltot = 19.30 ft

NOTES:
Problem 11.43 answer is the result of the top portion for Method lll-A solution.
Dmin = 0.3259 ft. Standard 4-in Schedule 40 steel pipe is closest standard size; D = 0.3355 ft.

Problem 11.44 answer is the result of the bottom portion for Method lll-B solution.
Pipe size is set to 0.3355 ft for the 4-in Schedule 40 steel pipe. With minor Iosses considered,
the pressure at point 2 is 60.80 psig, greater than the desired 60.0 psig. Therefore, it is
satisfactory.

S E R I E S PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S 179

APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS lll-A & lll-B US: C L A S S III S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
Objective: Minimum pipe diameter Method lll-A: Uses Equation 11-8to compute the
Problem 11.45 Class lll-A andIH-B minimum size ofpipe of a given length
Water at 60F that will flow a given volume flow rate of fluid
System Data: S I Metric U n i t s with a limited pressure drop. (No minor Iosses)
Pressure at point 1- 15 psig Fluid Properties: Water at 60F
Pressure at point 2= 0 psig Specific weight = 62.40 ib/ft :i

Elevation at point 1= 150.4 ft Kinematic Viscosity = 1.21E-05 2

ft /s
Elevation at point 2= 172.8 ft I n t e r m e d í a t e R e s u l t s in E q . 11-8:
Allowable Energy Loss: /),-., 12.22 ft L/gh =0.140592
L

Volume flow rate: Q = 0.08909 ft'Vs Argument in bracket: 6.06E-20

Length of pipe: L = 55.3 ft Final Minimum Diameter:
Pipe wall roughness: i: = 1.00E-06 ft Minimum diameter: D = 0.1124 ft

C L A S S III S E R I E S S Y S T E M S Specified pipe diameter: D= 0.1342ft-m\n std sz

Method lll-B: Use results of Method lll-A: 1 1/2 inch Sch 40 steel pipe
Specify actual diameter; Include minor Iosses; If velocity is in the pipe, enter "=B23" for valué
then pressure at Point 2 is computed. Velocity at point 1 = 6.30 Ws
Additional Pipe Data: Velocity at point 2 = 6.30 ft/s
Flow á r e a : A = 0.01414 ft 2 Vel. head at point 1 = 0.616 ft
Relative roughness: Diz = 134200 Vel. head at point 2 = 0.616 ft
LID = 412 Results:
Flow Velocity = 6.30 ft/s Given pressure at point 1= 15 psig
Velocity head = 0.616 ft Desired pressure at point 2 = 0 psig
Reynolds No. =6.99E+04 Actual pressure at point 2= 2.13 psig
Friction factor: f = 0.0193 (Compare actual with desired pressure at point 2)
Energy Iosses in Pipe: K Qty.
Pipe Friction: K , = f(UD) = 7.96 1 Energy loss h L1 = 4.90 ft
Ball check valve: K =
2 1.50 1 Energy loss h L2 = 0.92 ft(f T = 0.01 est)
8 std. elbows: K =
3 0.30 8 Energy loss h L3 = 1.48 f t 0 V = 0.01 est)
Element: K_¡ = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L4 = 0.00 ft
Element: K =
i: 0.00 1 Energy loss h L5 = 0.27 ft
Element: K =
P 0.00 1 Energy loss h L6 = 0.84 ft
Element 7: K - = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L7 = 0.00 ft

Element 8: K =B 0.00 1 Energy loss h L8 = 0.00 ft

Total energy loss h L m = 7.31 ft

180 C h a p t e r 11
APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS 1 Power US: CLASS 1 SERIES SYSTEMS
O b j e c t i v e : Pump power Reference points for the energy equation:
Problem 11.46 Pt. 1 :Fluid surface in sump - See Figure 10.25 (Reference)
Pt. 2:ln free stream of fluid outside end of discharge pipe
System Data: U.S. C u s t o m a r y Units
Volume flow rate: Q = 0.08909 ff/s Elevation at point 1= 150.4 ft
Pressure at point 1= 0 psig Elevation at point 2 = 172.8 ft

Pressure at point 2 = 0 psig IfRef. pt. is in pipe: Set v "= B20" 1 OR Set v "= E20" 2

Velocity at point 1= 0.00 ft/s ~> Vel head at point 1 = 0.00 ft

Velocity at point 2 = 6.30 ft/s -> Vel head at point 2 = 0.62 ft
Fluid Properties: Water at 60F May need to compute: v = n/p
Specific weight = 62.40 lb/ft' Kinematic viscosity = 1.21E-05ff/s
Pipe 1: 1 1/2-in Sch 40 plástic pipe Pipe 2: NONE
Diameter: D= 0.1342 ft Diameter: D= 1ft
Wall roughness: ¡: = 1.00E-06 ft Wall roughness: ¡: = 1.50E-04 ft [See Table 8.2}
Length: L= 55.3 ft Length: L= Qft
Area: A = 0.01414 f t 2
Area: A = 0.78540 f t 2
[A = 7tD /4] 2

D/e = 134200 Diz = 6667 Relative roughness

UD = 412 LID = 0
Flow Velocity = 6.30 ft/s Flow Velocity = 0.11 ft/s [v = Q/A]
Velocity head = 0.616 ft Velocity head = 0.000 ft [^/2g]
Reynolds No. = 6.99E+04 Reynolds No. = 9.37E+03 [N
R = vD/v]
Friction factor: f = 0.0193 Friction factor: f = 0.0318 Using Eq. 8-7
Energy losses-Pipe 1: K Qty.
Pipe: K =
Y 7.96 1 Energy loss h u = 4.90 ft
Ball check valué: K =
2 1.50 1 Energy loss h L2 = 0.92 ft [f = 0.010 assumed]
T

Std. elbows: K =
3 0.30 8 Energy loss h L3 = 1.48 ft [f = 0.010 assumed]
T

Element 4: K =
4 0.00 1 Energy loss h L4 = 0.00 ft
Element 5: K =
5 0.00 1 Energy loss h L5 = 0.00 ft
Element 6: K =
6 0.00 1 Energy loss h L6 = 0.00 ft
Element 7: K =
7 0.00 1 Energy loss h L7 = 0.00 ft
Element 8: K =
8 0.00 1 Energy loss h L8 - 0.00 ft
Energy losses-Pipe 2: K Qty.
Pipe: = 8.16 1 Energy loss h L1 = 0.00 ft
Elbow: K =
2 0.54 1 Energy loss h L2 = 0.00 ft
Nozzle: K =
3 32.60 1 Energy loss h L3 = 0.00 ft
Element 4: K =
4 0.00 1 Energy loss h L4 = 0.00 ft
Element 5: K =
5 0.00 1 Energy loss h L5 = 0.00 ft
Element 6: K =
6 0.00 7 Energy loss h L6 = 0.00 ft
Element 7: K =
7 0.00 1 Energy loss h L7 = 0.00 ft
Element 8: K =
8 0.00 1 Energy loss h L8 = 0.00 ft
Total energy loss h Uot = 7.31 ft
Results: Total head on pump: h = A 30.3 ft
Power added to fluid: P = A 0.31 hp
Pump efficiency = 76.00 %
Power input to pump: P¡ = 0.403 hp

S E R I E S PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S 181

APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS lll-A & lll-B SI: C L A S S III S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
Objective: Minimum pipe diameter Method lll-A: Uses Equation 11-13 to compute the
Problem 11.47 minimum size of pipe of a given length
Figure 11.31 Propyl alcohol at 25C that will flow a given volume flow rate of fluid
System Data: S I Metric U n i t s with a limited pressure drop. (No minor Iosses)
Pressure at point 1 = OkPa Fluid Properties:
Pressure at point 2= OkPa Specific weight = 7.87 kN/m :

Elevation at point 1 = 17.4 m Kinematic Viscosity = 2.39E-06 m 7s ;

Elevation at point 2= 2.4 m I n t e r m e d í a t e R e s u l t s in E q . 11-13:

Allowable Energy Loss: /J .. ; 15.00 m L/gh = 0.047571
L

Volume flow rate: Q= 0.0025 m Vs Argument in bracket: 1.15E-37

Length of pipe: L= 7m Final Minimum Diameter:
Pipe wall roughness: ¡; = 1.50E-06m Minimum diameter: D = 0.0220 m

C L A S S III S E R I E S S Y S T E M S Specified pipe diameter: D= 0.02753m

Method lll-B: Use results of Method lll-A; Std. 1 1/4-inch steel tubo; t = 0.083 (Appendix G
Specify actual diameter; Include minor Iosses; If velocity is in the pipe, enter "=B23" for valué
then pressure at Point 2 is computed. Velocity at point 1 = 0.00 m/s
Additional Pipe Data: Velocity at point 2 = 0.00 m/s
Flow á r e a : A = 0.000595 m 2
Vel. head at point 1 = 0.000 m
Relative roughness: D/s = 18353 Vel. head at point 2 = 0.000 m
L/D = 254 Results:
Flow Velocity = 4.20 m/s Given pressure at point 1 = 0 kPa
Velocity head = 0.899 m Desired pressure at point 2= 0 kPa
Reynolds No. = 4.84E+04 Actual pressure at point 2= 5.74 kPa
Friction factor: f = 0.0211 (Actual p should
2 be > desired pressure)
Energy Iosses in Pipe: K Qty.
Pipe Friction: = f(UD) = 5.37 1 Energy loss h L1 = 4.83 m
Filter: K, = 8.50 1 Energy loss h L2 = 7.64 m
Entrance: K? = 1.00 1 Energy loss h L3 = 0.90 m
Exit: K- = 1.00 1 Energy loss h L4 = 0.90 m
Element 5: K , =r 0.00 1 Energy loss h s = L 0.00 m
Element 6: K = 6 0.00 1 Energy loss h L6 = 0.00 m
Element 7: K- = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L7 = 0.00 m

Element 8: K = H 0.00 1 Energy loss h L8 = 0.00 m

Total energy loss h t = Uo 14.27 m

A c t u a l flow rate will b e g r e a t e r t h a n d e s i g n v a l u é - S e e next p a g e
3
Design Volume flow rate: Q = .0025 m /s
Design Volume flow rate: Q = 150 L/min

182 C h a p t e r 11
APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS ll-A & ll-B SI: C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
O b j e c t i v e : V o l u m e f l o w rate M e t h o d ll-A: No m i n o r I o s s e s
Problem 11.47A-Added part Uses Equation 11-3 to e s t í m a t e the allowable volume flow rate
Figure 11.31 Propyl alcohol at 25C to maintain desired pressure at point 2 for a given pressure at point 1
System Data: S I Metric U n i t s
Pressure at point 1= 0 kPa Elevation at point 1= 17.4 m
Pressure at point 2 = 0 kPa Elevation at point 2 = 2.4 m

Energy loss: h L = 15.00 m

Fluid Properties: May need to compute: v = n/p
c
Specific weight = 7.87 kN/m' Kinematic viscosity - 2.39E-06 m /s
Pipe data: 1 1/4-in steel tube; t = 0.083
Diameter: D = 0.02753 m
Wall roughness: i; = 1.50E-06 m
Length: L= 7 m Results: Máximum valúes
3
Area: A =0.0005953 m 2
Volume flow rate: Q = 0.0047 m /s Using Eq. 11-3
D/e = 18353.333 Velocity: v = 7.87 m/s

C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S Volume flow rate: Q = 0.002566 ní'/s

Method ll-B: Use results of Method HA: Given: Pressure p< = 0 kPa
Include minor Iosses: Pressure p 2 = 0.00 k P a
then pressure at Point 2 is computed NOTE: Should be > 0 kPa
Additional Pipe Data: Adjust estímate for Q until p 2

LID = 254 is greater than desired pressure.

Flow Velocity = 4.31 m/s Velocity at point 1 = 0.00 m/s | - > If velocity is in pipe:
Velocity head = 0.947 m Velocity at point 2 = 0.00 m/s | - > Enter "=B24"
Reynolds No. = 4.96E+04 Vel. head at point 1 = 0.000 m
Friction factor: f = 0.0210 Vel. head at point 2 = 0.000 m
Energy Iosses in Pipe: K Qty.
Pipe: K = f(UD)
1 = 5.34 1 Energy loss h L1 = 5.06 m Friction
i
Filter: K =
7 8.500 1 Energy loss h L2 = 8.05 m
Entrance: K =
:i 0.68 1 Energy loss h L3 = 0.95 m
Exit 4: K = 4 1.00 1 Energy loss h L4 = 0.95 m
Element 5: K , =
r
1.00 1 Energy loss h L5 = 0.00 m
Element 6: K =
6 0.00 1 Energy loss h L6 = 0.00 m
Element 7: K =
7 0.00 1 Energy loss h L7 = 0.00 m
Element 8: K =
8 0.00 1 Energy loss h s - L 0.00 m
Total energy loss h Ltot = 15.00 m
A c t u a l v o l u m e flow rate w h e n p 2 = 0.00 kPa
3
Actual volume flow rate: Q = 0.002566 m /s
Actual volume flow rate: Q = 153.93 L/min

S E R I E S PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S 183

APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS ll-A & ll-B SI: C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
O b j e c t i v e : V o l u m e f l o w rate M e t h o d ll-A: No m i n o r I o s s e s
Problem 11.48 Uses Equation 11-3 to e s t í m a t e the allowable volume flow rate
Figure 11.31 Propyl alcohol at 25C to maintain desired pressure at point 2 for a given pressure at point 1
System Data: S I Metric U n i t s
Pressure at point 1 = 0 kPa Elevation at point 1= 12.8 m
Pressure at point 2 = 0 kPa Elevation at point 2= 2.4 m

Energy loss: h= L 10.40 m

Fluid Properties: May need to compute: v = n/p
3 2
Specific weight = 7.87 kN/m Kinematic viscosity = 2.39E-06 m /s
Pipe data: 1 1/4-in steel tube; t = 0.083
Diameter: D = 0.02753 m
Wall roughness: r. = 1.50E-06 m
Length: L= 7 m Results: Máximum valúes
3
Area: A =0.0005953 m 2
Volume flow rate: Q = 0.0038 m /s Using Eq. 11-3
D/e = 18353.333 Velocity: v = 6.42 m/s

C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S Volume flow rate: Q = 0.002121 m /s 3

Method ll-B: Use results of Method HA: Given: Pressure = 0 kPa

Include minor Iosses: Pressure p 2 = 0.00 k P a
then pressure at Point 2 is computed NOTE: Should be > 0 kPa
Additional Pipe Data: Adjust estímate for Q until p2

LID = 254 is greater than desired pressure.

Flow Velocity = 3.56 m/s Velocity at point 1 = 0.00 m/s |~> If velocity is in pipe:
Velocity head = 0.647 m Velocity at point 2 = 0.00 m/s |~> Enter "=B24"
Reynolds No. = 4.10E+04 Vel. head at point 1 = 0.000 m
Friction factor: f = 0.0219 Vel. head at point 2 = 0.000 m
Energy Iosses in Pipe: K Qty.
Pipe: K = f(UD)
7 = 5.57 1 Energy loss h L1 = 3.61 m Friction
Filter: K ? = 8.500 1 Energy loss h L2 = 5.50 m
Entrance: K = 1.00 1 Energy loss h L3 = 0.65 m
Exit 4: K- = 1.00 1 Energy loss h L4 = 0.65 m
Element 5: K., = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L5 = 0.00 m
Element 6: K ñ = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L6 = 0.00 m
Element 7: K 7 = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L7 = 0.00 m
Element 8: K s = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L8 = 0.00 m
Total energy loss h Uot = 10.40 m
A c t u a l v o l u m e f l o w rate w h e n p 2 = 0.00 kPa
3
Actual volume flow rate: Q = 0.002121 m /s
Actual volume flow rate: Q= 127.26 L/min
Change from Problem 11.47A: -26.67 L/min
Percent change: -17.3 %

184 C h a p t e r 11
APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS ll-A & ll-B SI: C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
O b j e c t i v e : V o l u m e f l o w rate M e t h o d ll-A: No m i n o r I o s s e s
Problem 11.49 Uses Equation 11-3 to e s t í m a t e the allowable volume flow rate
Figure 11.31 Propyl alcohol at 25C to maintain desired pressure at point 2 for a given pressure at point 1
System Data: S I Metric U n i t s
Pressure at point 1= O kPa Elevation at point 1= 17.4 m
Pressure at point 2 = O kPa Elevation at point 2 = 2.4 m

Energy loss: h =L 10.87 m

Fluid Properties: May need to compute: v = n/p
2
Specific weight = 7.87 kN/nf Kinematic viscosity - 2.39E-06 m /s
Pipe data: 1 1/4-in steel tube; t = 0.083
Diameter: D = 0.02753 m
Wall roughness: i:= 1.50E-06 m
Length: L= 7m Results: Máximum valúes
Area: A =0.0005953 m 2
Volume flow rate: Q = 0.0039 m /s 3
Using Eq. 11 -3
D/s = 18353.333 Velocity: v = 6.58 m/s

C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S Volume flow rate: Q = 0.002170 mVs = 130.2 L/min

Method ll-B: Use results of Method IIA: Given: Pressure p = 1 -32.5 kPa
Include minor Iosses; Pressure p = 2 0.00 k P a
then pressure at Point 2 is computed NOTE: Should be > 0 kPa
Additional Pipe Data: Adjust estímate for Q until p 2

254
LID = is greater than desired pressure.
Flow Velocity = 3.65 m/s Velocity at point 1= 0.00 m/s | --> If velocity is in pipe:
Velocity head = 0.678 m Velocity at point 2= 0.00 m/s | •-> Enter "=B24"
Reynolds No. = 4.20E+04 Vel. head at point 1= 0.000 m
Friction factor: f = 0.0218 Vel. head at point 2= 0.000 m
Energy Iosses in Pipe: K Qty.
Pipe: K , = f(UD) = 5.54 1 Energy loss h L1 = 3.76 m Friction
F//fer: K = ? 8.500 1 Energy loss h L2 = 5.76 m
Entrance: K =:I 1.00 1 Energy loss h L3 = 0.68 m
Exit 4: K. = 1.00 1 Energy loss h L4 = 0.68 m
Element 5: K¡, = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L5 = 0.00 m
Element 6: K = 6 0.00 1 Energy loss h L6 = 0.00 m
Element 7: K =
7 0.00 1 Energy loss h L7 = 0.00 m
Element 8: K = 8 0.00 1 Energy loss h L8 - 0.00 m
Total energy loss h Ltot = 10.87 m
A c t u a l v o l u m e flow rate w h e n p 2 = 0.00 kPa
3
Actual volume flow rate: Q = 0.002170 m /s
Actual volume flow rate: Q = 130.218 L/min
Change from Problem 11,47A: -23.712 L/min
Percent change: -15.4 %

S E R I E S PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S 185

APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS ll-A & ll-B SI: C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
O b j e c t i v e : V o l u m e f l o w rate M e t h o d ll-A: No m i n o r I o s s e s
Problem 11.50 Uses Equation 11-3 to e s t í m a t e the allowable volume flow rate
Figure 11.31 Propyl alcohol at 25C to maintain desired pressure at point 2 for a given pressure at point 1
System Data: S I Metric U n i t s
Pressure at point 1= OkPa Elevation at point 1= 17.4 m
Pressure at point 2- 0 kPa Elevation at point 2= 2.4 m

Energy loss: h = L 15.00 m

Fluid Properties: May need to compute: v = n/p
Specific weight - 7.87kN/m ' Kinematic viscosity = 2.39E-06 nf/s
Pipe data: 1 1/4-in steel tube; t = 0.083
Diameter: D = 0.02753 m
Wall roughness: r. = 1.50E-06 m
Length: L= 7m Results: Máximum valúes
3
Area: A =0.0005953 m 2
Volume flow rate: Q = 0.0047 m /s Using Eq. 11-3
D/s = 18353.333 Velocity: v = 7.87 m/s

3
C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S Volume flow rate: Q = 0.002430 m /s

Method ll-B: Use results of Method IIA: Given: Pressure p = 1 0 kPa

Include minor Iosses: Pressure p = 2 0.00 k P a
then pressure at Point 2 is computed NOTE: Should be > 0 kPa
Additional Pipe Data: Adjust estímate for Q until p 2

LID = 254 is greater than desired pressure.

Flow Velocity = 4.08 m/s Velocity at point 1 = 0.00 m/s | - > If velocity is in pipe:
Velocity head = 0.849 m Velocity at point 2 = 0.00 m/s | - > Enter "=B24"
Reynolds No. = 4.70E+04 Vel. head at point 1 = 0.000 m
Friction factor: f = 0.0213 Vel. head at point 2 = 0.000 m
Energy Iosses in Pipe: K Qty.
Pipe: K Í = f(UD) = 5.41 1 Energy loss h L1 = 4.59 m Friction
Filter: K =2 8.500 1 Energy loss h L2 = 7.22 m
Entrance: K, =
: 1.00 1 Energy loss h L3 = 0.85 m
Exit 4: K.¡ = 1.00 1 Energy loss h L4 = 0.85 m
1/2 op gafe valve: K, =
r 1.76 1 Energy loss h L5 = 1.49 m f = 0.011
T

Element 6: K,¡ = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L6 = 0.00 m

Element 7: K =
; 0.00 1 Energy loss h L7 = 0.00 m
Element 8: K¡¡ = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L8 = 0.00 m
| Total energy loss h Uot = 15.00 m
A c t u a l v o l u m e flow rate w h e n p 2 = 0.00 kPa
3
Actual volume flow rate: Q = 0.002430 m /s
Actual volume flow rate: Q = 145.77 L/min
Change from Problem 11.47A: -8.16 L/min
Percent change: -5.3 %

186 C h a p t e r 11
CHAPTER T W E L V E

P A R A L L E L PIPE LINE SYSTEMS

Systems with two branches

2 2

12.1 — + z + ^ - ¿ ¿ = —+ Z B + ? L : Z
A = 2B, U =UB
y
A A

r 2g 2g

^ ^ = h =h
L L ^ (700-550)kN/nr = 1 7 Q 5 m

3
Y 8.80 k N / m

6
Upperbrancha: \ =/, _ ^ _ ^ - + 2 / o r ( 3 0 ) ^ - = [587/.+1.02]^-
0.1023 2 g 2g 2g
f T = 0.017 Friction Elbows

Lower branchb: ^ = / b - ^ - ^ +/ b r ( 2 4 0 ) ^ + 2/ (30)^- = [770/ +5.4]^- b r b

0.0779 2 g 2g 2g 2g

/ ,=0.018
b 7 Friction Valve Elbows

Assume / = / = 0.02: a b

A, = 1 7 . 0 5 m = f 5 8 7 / , + 1 . 0 2 l - í ¿ ; ü = l ( - X - ) i
2 9 8 1 1 7 0 5
= 5 .08m/s
i a L a J a
2g V [587/,+1.02]

^^(5.08X0.1023)^ D = _ O 1 0 2 ^ , 2224 ^ 0 . 0 2
6 5
*• 4.8 x l O " e 4.6 x l O "
No change

h L = 17.05m = [ 7 7 0 / b +5.4]i¿;. b = ¡ f ^ ^ = 4 .01m/s

i b L / b J b
• 2g' \j [ 7 7 0 / + 5 . 4 ]

N =_ji_L = ¿ £ 1 — ^ . = 6.51x10*: — = r = 1693 - > = 0.022

6 5
** v 4.8 x l O " £ 4.6 x l 0 ~

Recompute v : b

^ = j(9.81)(17.052 = 3 = 6 2 g x 1 Q 4 _^ = N o c h

V [ 7 7 0 / + 5.4] * b J S

3 2 2 3
Then O = = (8.213 x l O " m )(5.08 m/s) = 4.17 x l O m /s 1 , ,
a a 2 3
^ ^ a=6.02xl0- m /s
3 2 2 3
g = , 4 u = ( 4 . 7 6 8 x l O " m )(3.87 m/s) = 1.85 x l O " ) m / s j
b b

P A R A L L E L PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S 187

 3
12.2 Data from example Problem 12.1 Q = 0.223 ft /s = 4 ^ + A u b ; X

f, = 0 . 0 1 9 ; f =0.022
r br

f 2
o ^
K = (160)^- + / a r ( 8 ) ^ ¿ + 1 . 5 $ - = ( 1 6 8 / , , + 7 . 5 ) ^ - = 10.69
2g 2g 2g 2g K Sj 2

Valve 1 Valve 2 Heat exch.

^ = 2 / . ( 3 0 ) ^ +/ ,(340)^ +/7 7 b ^ ^ =[174/+400/ b r ]^[174/ b + 8.80]^

2g 2g 0.115 2 g 2g 2g

2 Elbows Valve Friction

(Z)/e) = 768; T r y / = 0.023

b b

2 2
b
/ ^ = [174(0.023)+ 8 . 8 0 ] | - = 1 2 . 8 o | ^

2 2

Let A, = A, : 1 0 . 6 9 - ^ = 1 2 . 8 - ^ : u =1.094ub
a

" ^ 2g 2g
g, = ^ u + A^=^a(l-094M,) + A M , = M,[1.094A+A]
a a

(9 0 223
M,= s = : = 6 . 2 1 ft/s; u = 1.094^ = 6.79 ft/s a

1.0944,+4, 1-094(0.0233)+ 0.01039

« j A 6.21(0.115)
= = 4

J h
/,h
v 1.21 x 10
2
u
Repeat: h, =13.15—=-; u = 1.10914,; 14, = 6.15 ft/s; u = 6.83 ft/s a a

2g
4
N RB = 5.85 x 1 0 ; / = 0.025 No change b

ga = A u = (0.0233)(6.83) = 0.159 ft /s; Q = A M , = 0.01039(6.15) = 0.0639 ft /s

a a
3
H
3

6 9 6 8 3
^ =10.69^<'°-
t >< >^7.74ft
' " 2g 2(32.2)
62.4 lb < lft 2
^ :

2
3.36 psi
144 i n y

3 0
12.3 h, = / a
^=- = ( 5 7 1 X ) — and h. = h, : / . a K J b
=0.019
0.0525 2 g 2g '
Friction

= +
K /b 7 ^ 7 ^ 3/^(30)^- + / b 7 ( l 5 0 ) ^ ¿ = [ 1 1 4 2 / + 4.56]^-
0.0525 2 g 2g 2g 2g
( D A s s u m e / = / = 0.02 and set h, = h¡
2 2

571(0.02)-?=- = [1142(0.02) + 4.56]-^-

2g 2g
2 2
11.42u = 2 7 . 4 u
a b
u = V27.4/11.42 Ub= 1.55üb
a

QA = AO* +A v b b = A (\.55 a oJ+AbUb = Ub[2.55A]

188 C h a p t e r 12
 3
Q
850 L / m i n 1 m /s
A . . c r

i\, = •• — = —; = 2.56 m/s

2
2.554, 2.55(2.168x10 m ) ( 6 0 0 0 0 L/min)
u - 1.55ub = 3.97 m/s
a

6
*• v 1.30x10" ¿? 4.6x10^
_ u D _ (2.56)(0.0525) _ ,„ . £
• — _ i = 1.03 x 10 : — = 1 1 4 1 - > / = 0.0215
b b v 1 f t 1 f t 5 3
iV„ = - J ^ = " / v
b
7 4 6
v 1.30 x l O " ¿?

Recompute from (T):

2 2
5 7 1 ( 0 . 0 2 1 ) ^ - = [1142(0.0215)+ 4.56] ^ ~

2 2
11.91 u =29.1 l a
a b
o = 1.56L>I,
a

Q A 850/60000 . . . ,, _ O 0 .
L>b= — — — = — = 2.55 m/s: u = 1 . 5 6 = 3.98 m/s a
3
2.564, (2.56)(2.168xl0~ )
N o change inf o r / a b

3 2 3
g a = 4 , u = (2.168 x 10" m )(3.98 m/s)[60000 L/min/1 m /s] = 518 L / m i n
a

3
gb = Aub = (2-168 x 10" )(2.55)(60000) = 332 L / m i n
9.81 k N ( 3 - 9 8 )

P*-Pb = j h = yh u = ——— 571(0.021) m 95.0 kPa

m 2(9.81)

3
lft /s 3
12.4 Q _ = 1350 gal/min
s m = 3.01 ftVs: Benzene: p = 0.87(1.94) = 1.69 slugs/ft
449 gal/min
6 2
f6T =0.015; f 2r =0.019 7 = 8 x 10" lb-s/ft

= + 3 4 + + 2
¿ n ^ l f ^ ( ° ) f / « r O ^ r ( 3 0 ) f = [989/ + 1.5)$-
0.5054 2 g 2g 2g 2g 2g

h, = / - J ° 2 _ J ¿ + 2 /
l l 2
2 2 r
2 /
( 3 0 ) - ? ¿ + [2902/ + 1 . 1 4 ] i ¿ L 2
2
¡
0.1723 2 g 2g 2g

But \ =/z, : [ 9 8 9 / + 7 . 5 ] ^ = [ 2 9 0 2 / + 1 . 1 4 ] ^
2 6 2

^ l 2 9 0 2 / +1.14 2

V 989/ 6 +7.5

0.5054 _ f£> 0.1723

= 3369: T r y / = 0.016: — = — -=1149; 6

s /6 1 . 5 x l 0 " 4
U J 1.5xl0" 2
4

T r y / = 0.02 2

2902(0.02)+ 1.14 , c n

u= 6 02 - =1.59^2
V 989(0.016)+7.5
3
g 8 = Q6 + Q = A u +A o 2 6 b 2 2 = A (\.59
6 o,)+ A o 2 2 = ^ [ 1 . 5 9 4 , + ^ ] = 3.01 ft /s

P A R A L L E L PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S 189

 3 - 0 1 f t / S
uz = = 8.79 ft/s; u = 1.59^ = 13.98 ft/s 6
2
1.59(0.2006)+ (0.02333) f t

^ o ^ p ^ (13.98X0.5054X1.69) ,
6
8x1o-
= « Ap ¿ = (8.79X0.1723X1.69) = x 5 =

7(2 6
8 xlO"

No change i n / o r / 6 2

2 3
g = A u = (0.2006 ft )(13.98 ft/s) = 2.80 ft /s [1258 gal/min]
6 6 b

3
Q = A o = (0.02333)(8.79) = 0.205 ft /s [92 gal/min]
2 2 2

3 3
12.5 For illustration, use water at 10°C; 0 = Q = 500 L / m i n = 8.33 x 10" m /s. a b

3
Q _ 8.33 x 10 m / s _ ^ „ ÍD 1 1 m / 0.100
u = =5- = —
a — - — = 1.061 m/s: = 66667
4 ^(0.100) m /4 l^fj 2 2
1.5x10"*

J l M ) ( 0 ) 4
** — ¿ i Í ° 6 = 8-18 x 1 0 ^ / a = 0.0186; / a r = (0.010) (approx.)
• v 1.30x10
¿.8.33x1^ JD^
2 2
4, 7r(0.05) m / 4 { E J B 1.5x10"*

tVgj, = (4.24)(0.05) = x 5 • = 0 0 1 6 3 y = . 0 1 0 (approx.)

0

b b
* v 1.30x10"*

^ = / a
^7>íHf
0.100m2g
+ 2
^r(30)^+
2g
K £ - =
2g
( 3 0 0 / + 0.60 + a K)f
2g
Friction 2 Elbows Valve
2
K = / b^ 7 ^ + / f t r ( 3 0 ) ^ = (600/ +0.60)^- b

0.05 2g 2g 2g
Friction 2 Elbows
2 2

h L = [300(0.0186) + 0.60 + K ] — = (6.18 + K ) ™

2g 2g
2 2

/í A =(600(0.0163)+ 0 . 6 0 ) ^ - = 1 0 . 3 8 ^

ga = Qb = A^>a = AOb\ Ob= V^^-^v = 4u ; u =16u a

2
a
2

A b

Equate /z, -h

b
(6.18 + / r ) " = 1 0 . 3 8 ^ - = 1 0 . 3 8 - ^ - = - ^ = - ; then 6 . 1 8 + ^ = 166
2g 2g 2g 2g
A" = 1 6 6 - 6 . 1 8 = 160

190 C h a p t e r 12
 ,2 „ .,2

12.6 ^ +z A + ^ - h L = ^ +z B + ^ : U =UB,/7
A b = 0,Z = Z A B

7 2g y 2g
3 2
, p. 20 lb f t 144 i n „ ~ , ,
h = tLh. = = 46,2 ft = A, = h 2
2 2
Y in (62.41b)ft
2 2 2 2 2 2

h = 2 ( 0 . 9 ) - ^ - + 5^- = 6 . 8 - í i - : ¿ = 2 ( 0 . 9 ) - ^ + 1 0 - ^ - = 1 1 . 8 ^ -
x 2

2g 2g 2g 2g 2g 2g

a. Both valves open:

. 2(32.2)(46.2) = « ( ^ t f _
2
*' 6.8 V 6.8 4 144in
2
g , = ¿ , u, = (0.0218 ft )(20.9 ft/s) = 0.456 ft7s

M - - J 2 < 3 2
- 2 ) ( 4 6
- 2 )
-15.87 ft/s: 4 - Í Í Ü í l l - ^ . 0.0873 tf 2
V 11.8 V 11.8 4 144in
g = A ^ = (0.0873 ft )(15.87 ft/s) = 1.385 ft /s
2
2 3

Stotai = 2 i + 62 = 0.456 + 1.385 = 1.841 ft /s 3

b. Valve in branch 2 open:

3
g = g = 1.385 ft /s 2

c. Valve i n branch 1 open:

3
Q = Qi = 0.456 ft /s

12.7 H a r d y Cross technique - Data from Prob. 12.4

,2
3
g 8 = 3.01 ft /s; ¿ = [ 9 8 9 / + 7.5]- 6

2g
2

A = [ 2 9 0 2 / + 1.14]-^-
2 2

2g
R é s t a t e h and h i n terms o f Q and Q
b 2 6 2

h = [ 9 8 9 / + 7.5] Ql = [989f
r o . o v + 7.5] Q
6 6
2 6
2gA¡ 2(32.2)(0.2006)
2
A = [ 9 8 9 / + 7.5](0.3859)g
6 = [381.6/ + 2.894] Q¡ 6

¿ = [ 2 9 0 2 / + 1 . 1 4 ] - = = - = [ 2 9 0 2 / +1.14]
2 —=^
2 J 2 J 2
2g^ 2(32.2)(0.02333)
2 2
A = [ 2 9 0 2 / + 1.14](28.53)g
2 = [ 8 2 7 9 1 / + 32.52] Q 2

N = ^ J \ P = QJ\P
^ TJ A £X
a(0.5054)(1.69) S 3 2 2 x l

R
" (0.2006)(8xl0 )
u D^2 = QDp ¡ 2

n Au ll

Q (0.1723)(1.69)
2

= 5 6 0 x 1 ( ) 6
6
(0.2333)(8xl0~ )

P A R A L L E L PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S 191

 = ] -3369-. i - ] = 1149 (From Prob. 12.4)

3
Try Q = 2.50 ft /s; g
b 2 = 3.01 - g = 0.51 ft7s 6

5 6
N K = (5.322 x 1 0 ) ( 2 . 5 0 ) = 1.33 x 1 0 ; / = 0.0160 6

6 5
N Ki = (1.560 x 10 )(0.51) = 7.96 x 1 0 ; / = 0.0195 2

Friction factors found from Moody's diagram.

he = [381.6(0.016) + 2.894] Q¡ = 9 . 0 0 0 Q¡ = k Q¡ 6

2
h = [82791(0.0195) + 32.52] Q¡ = 1 6 4 7 g
2 =k Q¡
2

/
2
TRIAL PIPE fi N R k Q)h = kQ ®2kQ

1 6 2.50 1.33 x 10 6
0.0160 9.000 56.25 45.00 -0.21575
5
2 -0.51 7.96 x 10 0.0195 1647 -428.4 1679.94
-372.15 1724.94
6
2 6 2.716 1.45 x 10 0.016 9.000 66.39 48.89 -0.07635
5
2 -0.294 4.59 x 10 0.020 1688 -145.9 992.5
-79.51 1041.4
3 6 2.792 1.49 x 10 6
0.016 9.000 70.16 50.26 -0.01253
5
2 -0.2177 3.40 x 10 0.020 1688 -80.00 734.95
-9.84 785.21
4 6 2.805 1.49 x 10 6
0.016 9.000 70.81 50.49 -0.00037
5
2 -0.205 3.20 x 10 0.020 1688 -71.05 692.65 (Negligible)
-0.24 642.16
2.805 ft7s; Q = 0.205 ft7s 2

12.8 Data from Prob. 12.3 - Hardy Cross technique

3 2 6 2
A = A = 2.168 x 1 0 " m ; v = 1.30 x 10" m /s
3
1 m /s
Q = 850 L / m i n x
A = 1.417 x 10~ m7s 2

60000 L/min

* = 571/±¿
a = ^ M
2g 2gA¡
2
571/ g a a 6 2

3 2
:(6.192xl0 )/ & a

2(9.81X2.168x10" )

2
o¡ [1142/ +4.56]&
b
/z =[1142/ + 4 . 5 6 ] - ^
b b
2
2g 2gA

h b = [H42/ + 4 . 5 6 ^
b = Q 8 4 x 1 q 4 2

3 2 b
2(9.81)(2.168xl0- )

192 C h a p t e r 12
 3 6
*' v A^v (2.168 x l 0 " ) ( 1 . 3 0 x l 0 " )
7 7
N Rm =(1.863 x 1 0 ) & ; N Rh =(1.863 x l O ) 0 b

Trial 1

3
Try 0 = 0.0100 m /s
a

3
Qb = QK - £?a = 0.01417 - 0.0100 = 0.00417 m /s
7 5
Then TV, = (1.863 x 10 )(0.010) = 1.86 x 10
7 4
N Ri = (1.863 x 10 )(0.00417) = 7.77 x 10
5
(D/e) = (£>/s) = (0.0525/4.6 x 10" ) = 1141
a b

C o m p u t e / u s i n g Eq. (9.9):
0.25
Ja " = 0.0208

1 5.74
log
5
3.7(1141) (i.86xl0 )

0.25
= 0.0225

5.74
log
4
3.7(1141) (7.77xl0 )

P A R A L L E L PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S 193

N E T W O R K A N A L Y S I S U S I N G HARDY C R O S S T E C H N I Q U E
TWO B R A N C H E S PROBLEM 12.8 (DATA F R O M P R O B L E M 12.3)

TRIAL CIRCUIT PIPE Q R E Y . NO. FR. FACT. k h = kQ 2A

2kQ DELTA Q % CHANGE
1 1 a 1.000E-02 1.86E+05 0.0208 1.29E+05 12.873 2575 13.50
b -4.170E-03 7.77E+04 0.0225 3.28E+05 -5.704 2736 -32.37
S U M O F h ANO 2kQ - 7.168 5310 1.350E-03
2 1 a 8.650E-03 1.61E+05 0.0210 1.30E+05 9.733 2250 -0.02
b -5.520E-03 1.03E+05 0.0218 3.20E+05 -9.745 3531 0.04
SUM O F h ANO 2kQ = -0.012 5781 -2.005E-06

3 1 a 8 652E-03 1.61E+05 0.0210 1.30E+05 9.737 2251 0.00

b -5.518E-03 1.03E+05 0.0218 3.20E+05 -9.738 3530 0.00
S U M O F h AND 2kQ = 0.000 5781 -8.069E-08

FINAL V A L U E S F O R F L O W R A T E S F R O M TRIAL 3:

P I P E a: Q = 0.00865 cu. m/s PIPEa:Q= 519 L/min

P I P E b: Q - 0.00552 c u . m/s P I P E b: Q = 331 L/min
 2
12.9 2 1/2-in Sch. 40 pipes: D = 0.2058 ft; A = 0.03326 f t

General form for k

2
D2g DlgA

:. k
2
DlgA

/(50)
k — kfo kc\
a k t í+6-1.2 0+F-O.6
2
(0.205 8)(64.4)(0.03326)
= 3410/
/(30)
k = kf =
c = 2046/
2
(0.2058)(64.4)(0.03326)

V a l ú e s o f / t o be computed.
4
For all pipes Diz = 0.2058/1.5 x 10" = 1372
5 2
Use water at 60°F; v = 1.21 x 10" ft /s

vD QD 0(0.2058) 5
= (5.114 x 1 O ) 0
5
v Av (0.03326)(1.21 x l O " )
Use Eq. (9.9) to c o m p u t e /
0.25

1 5.74
log
3.7(1372) (N )°
R

0.25

1 5.74
log
4
1.970x10" (N )° R

For Trial 1: F l o w equations at nodes:

3
e +e =i.2ft /
a b s

T r y 0 = 0.50; 0 = 0.70
a b

0.50
T r y Q = 0.10; Q = 0.40
c d

3
0 -0 =O.3Oft /s
d f

T r y Q = 0.40, 0 = 0.10
d f

3
g + g =0.60ft /s
e f

T r y g = 0.10; g = 0.50
f e

3
0 b + Qc = Ge + 0.30 ft /s
0.70 + 0.10 = 0.50 + 0.30 (check)

P A R A L L E L PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S 195

 Compute N valúes for Trial 1:
R

5 5 5
= ( 5 . 1 1 4 x 1 0 ) ( g ) = (5.114 x 10 )(0.50) = 2.5 5 7 x 10
a

Similarly,
5 4 5
N R = 3.580 x l O ; N
R = 5.114 x 10 ; N R =2.045 x 10
5 4
N K = 2.557 x 10 ; N R{ = 5.114 x 10

C o m p u t e / v a l ú e s for Eq. 9.9:

0.25
0.0197
5.74
log (1.970 x l O" ) + 4

5 0
(2.557 x l O )

Aa = (34T0)(0.0197) = 67.18

Similarly:

PIPE / k Eq. for k

a 0.0197 67.18 K = 3410/

b 0.0194 66.00 h = 3410/

c 0.0233 47.65 K = 2046/

d 0.0200 68.26 ¿0 = 3410/

e 0.0197 67.18 £ = 3410/

e

f 0.0233 47.65 *f=2046/ f

196 C h a p t e r 12
NETWORK ANALYSIS USING HARDY C R O S S TECHNIQUE
TWO CIRCUITS PROBLEM 12.9

A
TRIAL CIRCUIT PIPE Q REY. NO. FR. FACT. k h = kQ 2 2kQ DELTA Q %CHANGE
1 a 0.5000 2.56E+05 0.0197 67.24 16.810 67.24 -17.79
1 b -0.7000 3.58E+05 0.0194 65.99 -32.337 92.39 12.71
c o.tooo 5.11E+04 0.0233 47.64 0.476 9.53 -88.97
SUM O F h AND 2kQ = -15.051 169.16 -8.897E-02
2 c -0.1000 5.11E+04 0.0233 47.64 -0.476 9.53 41.80
d 0.4000 2.05E+05 0 0200 68.25 10.921 54.60 -10.45
e -0.5000 2.56E+05 0.0197 67.24 -16.810 67.24 8.36
1 0.1000 5.11E+04 0.0233 47.64 0.476 9.53 -41.80
SUM O F h ANO 2kQ » -5.889 140.90 -4.180E-02

1 a 0 5890 3.01E+05 0.0195 66.59 23.101 78.44 -0.72

2 b -0.6110 312E+05 0.0195 66.46 -24.813 81.22 0.69
c 0.1472 7.53E+04 0.0221 45.17 0.978 13.30 -2.88
SUM OF h AND 2kQ = -0.734 172.96 -4.241E-03
2 c -0.1472 7.53E+04 0.0221 45.17 -0.978 13.30 4.74
d 0.4418 2.26E+05 0.0199 67.78 13.230 59.89 -1.58
6 -0.4582 2.34E+05 0.0198 67.62 -14.196 61.96 1.62
f 0.1418 7.25E+04 0.0222 45.38 0.913 12.87 -4.92
SUM O F h AND 2kQ = -1.032 148.02 -6.972E-03

1 a 0.5932 3.03E+05 0.0195 66.57 23.425 7898 -0.11

3 b -0.6068 3.10E+05 0.0195 66.48 -24.479 80.68 0.10
c 0.1444 7.39E+04 0.0221 45.28 0.945 13.08 -0.44
SUM OF h AND 2kQ = -0.109 172.74 -6.294E-04
2 c -0.1444 7.39E+04 0.0221 45.28 -0.945 13.08 0.43
d 0.4488 2.30E+05 0.0199 67.71 13.636 60.77 -0.14
6 -0.4512 2.31 E+05 0.0198 67.69 -13.781 61.08 0.14
t 0.1488 7.61 E+04 0.0220 45.11 0.998 13.42 -0.41
SUM O F h AND 2kQ = -0.091 148.36 -6.150E-04

continued
12.9 (continued)

TRIAL CIRCUIT PIPE Q R E Y . NO. FR. FACT. k

A
h - kQ 2 2kQ DELTA Q %CHANGE
1 a 0.5938 3.04E+05 0.0195 66.56 23.474 79.06 -0.01
4 b -0.6062 3.10E+05 0.0195 66.49 -24.429 80.60 0.01
c 0.1445 7.39E+04 0.0221 45.28 0.945 13.08 -0.04
S U M O F h AND 2kQ = -0.011 172.74 -6.261 E - 0 5
2 c -0.1445 7.39E+04 0.0221 45.28 -0.945 13.08 0.05
d 0.4494 2.30E+05 0.0199 67.70 13.673 60.85 -0.02
e -0.4506 2.30E+05 0.0199 67.69 -13.745 61.01 0.02
f 0.1494 7.64E+04 0.0220 45.09 1.006 13.47 -0.05
S U M O F h AND 2kQ = -0.011 148.41 -7.565E-05

"SUMMARY O F R E S U L T S F R O M T R I A L 4: (All flow rales In cubic feet / s e c )

PIPE a: Q = 0.5938 PIPEd:Q= 0.4494

PIPEb:Q= 0.6062 PIPEe:Q= 0.4506
PIPEc:Q= 0.1445 PIPEf:Q= 0.1494
 l.OmVs 3
12.10 0 i n = 6000 L / m i n x = 0.100 m7s = 1.0 x 10"' m /s
60000 L / m i n
3 2 3
0 o u t = 1500 L / m i n = 0.025 m /s (Each) = 2.5 x 10" m /s
2
L o L Q 2

=/
2
^kQ ;k-
2
D2g - D2gA ~ ' D(2)gA
3 2
3-in Type K copper tubes: D = 0.07384 m ; A = 4.282 x 10" m

k= =^-r = — r r =(3-765 x 10 )/L 4

2 3 2
D(2)gA (0.07384)(2)(9.81)(4.282xl0- )

5
For tubes c, f: L = 6.0 m ; k = (2.259 x 1 0 y
5
For tubes d, b, e, h: L = 15 m ; £ = (5.647 x 1 0 y
5
For tubes a, g: L = 18 m (Ignore minor Iosses); k = (6.776 x 1 0 y

6 2
For all tubes: Water at 15°C; v = 1.15 x 10" m /s
/y = »D = QD = 0(0.07384) 7
= (1.500 x 1 O ) 0
3 6
* v Av (4.282 x l 0 " ) ( 1 . 1 5 x l 0 " )
6
Dle = (0.07384)/( 1.5 x 10~ m ) = 49227

Use Eq. 9.9 to compute/:

0.25 0.25
f=7 y 2
f
1 5.74 5.74^
log log 5.49x10"
3.7D/E (N )° R
V

3
Oh - 0 . 1 0 0 m / «

For continuity at joints:

® a + a + ed=o.ioo ® 0 = 0.025 + Q + Q
C b t ® 0 d = 0 f + 0 g

© 0 a + Qb = 0.025 @ 0 + 0
f e = 0 h +0.025 © 0 g + 0 . = 0.025

For Trial 1:
2
0 a = 2.Ox 10" (Assume) 0 d = 4.Ox l O ' ® 2
0 g = 2.Ox 1 0 " ® 2

2
= 0.5 x 1 0 " @ 2
0 e = 1.0 x 10" ® 0„ = O.5x 1 0 " @ 2

2
g = 4.0 x 10" (Assume)
c
2
0 = 2 . O x 10' (Assume)
f

P A R A L L E L PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S 199

NETWORK ANALYSIS USING HARDY C R O S S TECHNIQUE
T H R E E CIRCUITS P R O B L E M 12.10

A
TRIAL CIRCUIT PIPE Q R E Y . NO. FR. F A C T . k h = kQ 2 2kQ DELTA Q % CHANGE
1 a 0.0200 3.00E+05 0.0146 9900 3.960 396.00 -6.89
1 b -0.0050 7.50E+04 0.0191 10781 -0.270 107.81 27.58
c -0.0400 6.00E+05 0.0130 2944 -4.710 235.49 3.45
SUM O F h AND 2kQ = -1.019 739.31 -1.379E-G3
2 c 0.0400 6.00E+05 0.0130 2944 4.710 235.49 -16.28
d -0.0400 6.00E+05 0.0130 7359 -11.774 588.69 16.28
e 0.0100 1.50E+05 0.0166 9373 0.937 187.45 -65.11
f -0.0200 3.00E+05 0.0146 3300 -1.320 132.02 32.56
SUM O F h AND 2kQ - -7.447 1143.65 -6.511E-03
0.0200 3.00E+05
3
t
g -0.0200 3.00E+06
0.0146
0.0146
3300
9900
1.320
•3.960
132.02
396.00
-18.64
18.64
h 0.0050 7.50E+04 0.0191 10781 0.270 107.81 -74.56
SUM O F h AND 2kQ = -2.370 635.83 -3.728E-03

1 a 0.0214 3.21 E+05 0.0144 9786 4.473 418.42 •9.60

2 b -0.0036 5.43E+04 0.0205 11557 -0.152 83.70 56.65
c -0.0451 6.77E+05 0.0128 2890 -5.886 260.85 4.55
SUM O F h AND 2kQ = -1.565 762.97 -2.051 E-03
2 c 0.0451 6.77E+05 0.0128 2890 5.886 260.85 -2.43
d -0.0335 5.02E+05 0.0134 7568 -8.487 506.85 3.27
e 0.0165 2.48E+05 0.0151 8536 2.327 281.88 -6.64
f -0.0172 2.58E+05 0.0150 3389 -1.005 116.70 6.37
SUM O F h AND 2kQ - -1.278 1166.27 -1.096E-03
3 f 0.0172 2.58E+05 0.0150 3389 1.005 116.70 -9.21
g -0.0163 2.44E+05 0.0152 10269 -2.719 334.21 9.75
h 0.0087 1.31E+05 0.0170 9624 0.733 168.00 -18.17
SUM O F h AND 2kQ = •0.981 618.90 -1.586E-03

continued
12.10 (continued)

TRIAL CIRCUIT PIPE Q R E Y . NO. FR. FACT. k h = kQ*2 2kQ DELTA Q %CHANGE
1 a 0.0234 3.51 E + 0 5 0.0142 9633 5.288 451.42 -2.30
3 b -0.0016 2.35E+04 0 0248 14029 -0.035 44.04 34.26
c -0.0442 6.63E+05 0.0128 2899 -5.658 256.15 1.22
SUM O F h AND 2kQ = -0.404 751.61 -5.378E-04
2 c 0.0442 6.63E+05 0.0128 2899 5.658 256.15 -1.49
d •0.0324 4.86E+05 0.0135 7608 -7.983 492.90 2.03
e 0.0176 2.64E+05 0.0149 8438 2.616 297.15 -3.73
f -0.0177 2.66E+05 0.0149 3372 -1.057 119.42 3.71
SUM O F h AND 2kQ = -0.766 1165.61 -6.575E-04
3 f 0.0177 2.66E+05 0.0149 3372 1.057 119.42 -1 90

g -0.0147 2.20E+05 0.0154 10462 -2.257 307.31 2 29

h 0.0103 1.55E+05 0.0165 9317 0.991 192.18 -3.26
SUM O F h AND 2kQ = -0.208 618.91 -3.366E-04

1 a 0.0240 3.60E+05 0.0142 9596 5.513 460.00 -1.06

4 b -0.0010 1.55E+04 0.0276 15588 -0.017 32.17 24.63
c -0.0443 6.64E+05 0.0128 2898 -5.686 256.74 0.57
S U M O F h AND 2kQ = -0.190 748.91 -2.542E-04
2 c 0.0443 6.64E+05 0.0128 2898 5.686 256.74 -0.44
d -0.0317 4.76E+05 0.0135 7633 -7.688 484.50 0.61
e 0.0183 2.74E+05 0.0148 8383 2.797 306.24 -1.07
f -0.0174 2.61E+05 0.0150 3383 -1.023 117.64 1.12
S U M O F h AND 2kQ = -0.227 1165.11 -1.951E-04
3 f 0.0174 2.61E+05 0.0150 3383 1.023 117.64 -0.85
g -0.0143 2.15E+05 0.0155 10507 -2.164 301.54 1.02
h 0 0107 1.60E+05 0.0164 9260 1.050 197.24 -1.38
SUM O F h AND 2kQ . -0.091 616.42 -1.470E-04

continued
12.10 (continued)
A
TRIAL CIRCUIT PIPE Q R E Y . NO. FR. FACT. k h = kQ 2 2kQ DELTA Q % CHANGE
1 a 00242 3.63E+05 0.0141 9579 5.620 464.04 -0.35
5 b -0.0008 1.17E+04 0.0297 16793 -0.010 26.12 10.75
c -0.0442 6.64E+05 0.0128 2899 -5.672 256.45 0.19
SUM O F h AND 2kQ = -0.062 746.62 -8.361E-05
2 c 0.0442 6.64E+05 0.0128 2899 5.672 256.45 -0.18
d -0.0315 4.73E+05 0.0135 7641 -7.601 482.00 0.26
e 0.0185 2.77E+05 0.0148 8368 2 851 308.93 -0.44
I -0.0173 2.60E+05 0.0150 3385 -1.017 117.37 0.47
SUM O F h AND 2kQ = -0.095 1164.75 -8.142E-05
3 í 0.0173 2.60E+05 0.0150 3385 1.017 117.37 -0.27
g -0.0142 2.13E+05 0.0155 10527 -2.123 299.02 0.34
h 00106 1.62E+05 0.0164 9236 1.077 199.44 -0.44
SUM O F h AND 2kQ = -0.029 615.63 -4.759E-05

1 a 2.431 E - 0 2 3.65E+05 0.0141 9573 6.656 465.37 -0.14

6 b -6.041E-04 1.04E+04 0.0307 17318 -0.008 24.04 4.74
c -4.424E-02 6.64E+05 0.0128 2899 -5.672 256.44 0.07
SUM O F h AND 2kQ - -0.025 745.86 -3.289E-06
2 c 4.424E-02 6.64E+05 0.0128 2899 5.672 256.44 -0.06
d -3.146E-02 4.72E+05 0.0135 7644 -7.565 480.96 0.09
e 1.854E-02 2.78E+05 0.0148 8361 2.874 310.05 -0.15
I -1.730E-02 2.60E+05 0.0150 3386 -1.014 117.18 0.16
SUM O F h AND 2kQ = -0.033 1164.63 -2.812E-05
3 f 1.730E-02 2.60E+05 0.0150 3386 1.014 117.18 -0.11
g -1.416E-02 2.12E+05 0.0155 10533 -2.111 298.20 0.13
h 1.084 E-02 1.63E+05 0.0163 9228 1.085 200.15 -0.17
SUM O F h AND 2kQ = -0.011 615.53 -1.855E-05
-o
>
>
r-
r-
m-
r
32
m
•
z
m
(/>
-<
(/>
H
m
3
(/>
/2./0 (continued)
TRIAL 6 P R O D U C E D % C H A N G E < 0 2 % F O R A L L BUT P I P E b WHICH C A R R I E S V E R Y LOW F L O W .
R E S U L T S SUMMARIZED B E L O W WITH F L O W R A T E S C O N V E R T E D T O L/min.
PIPEa:Q= 1458 P I P E c : Q = 2654 PIPEe:Q=1ll2 PIPEg:Q=849
P I P E b: Q = 42 P I P E d: Q = 1888 P I P E f: Q = 1038 P I P E h: Q = 651

o
co
12.11 Hardy Cross technique = Data preparation

2 2
D 2g D2gA D2gA

®,(2) © = k ffi^ - 1 = 12.38/

2
(1.25)(64.4)(1.227)
16-in pipe

/ ( 2 0 0
® t - °> ,-9.158/
2
(1.406)(64.4)(1.553)
18-in pipe

®k= ,=51.70/
2
(0.9948)(64.4)(0.7771)
12-in pipe

/(2000)
(1.25)(64.4)0.227)
16-in pipe

a O * - .-3,.77/
2
(0.9948)(64.4)(0.7771)
12-in pipe

_
/(4000) n W W
® *= > =- = 6 4 . 3 1 /
194
(1.094)(64.4)(0.9396) 2

14-in pipe

_ /(4000)
® k = J J ^ l = 1 0 3 .39/
>94i
(0.9948)(64.4)(0.7771) 2

12-in pipe

© * = ,=774.69/
2
(0.6651)(64.4)(0.3472)
8-in pipe

o * . — m m — , = 2 9 0 . 5 1 /
2
(0.6651)(64.4)(0.3472)
8-in pipe
-5 2
Reynolds numbers: Assume water at 60°F; v = 1.21 x 1 0 ft /s
16-in pipes:

204 C h a p t e r 12
 Q ( L 2 5 )
N,^ ^ =^ = =(8.419 x 1 0 < 5 ) e
s
v Av (1.227)(1.21xl(T )
4
Dlz= 1.25/1.5 x 10" = 8333

Similarly:
4
18-in pipe: ® : 7V„ = (7.482 x 1O )0; Diz = 9373
4
14-in pipe: ® : N = (9.623 x 1 0 ) g ; Diz = 7293
R

5
12-in p i p e s : © ® © ® : 7 ^ = (1.058 x 1 0 ) g ; Z)/e = 6632
5
8-in pipes: @,@, N = (1.583 x 1 0 ) g ; Diz = 4434
g

To satisfy continuity at joints:

3
® + ® = 15.5 ft /s ® + ® = @ ) + 4ft7s
3
® + © = ® ®=(U)+3ft /s
3
©=1.5ft7s+® ® + @ = @ + 3ft /s
® =® + ® © + © = 3 f t 7 s
3
© + ® = ® + ® + 1 ft /s

Initial estimates for flow rates for Trial 1: See spreadsheet.

P A R A L L E L PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S 205

 NETWORK ANALYSIS USING T H E HARDY C R O S S TECHNIQUE U . S . C u s t Units
Prob# 12.11 4 Circuits 12 Pipes
Fluid: Water at 6 0 deg F Fluid kinematic viscosity: 1.21E-05 fP/s
Pipe* ID(ft) Length (ft) R o u g h n e s s D/E C1 C2
e (ft) (k=C1*0 ( N = C 2 * Q )
R

1 1.2500 1500 1.50E-04 8333 12.37 8.42E+04

2 1.2500 1500 1.50E-04 8333 12.37 8.42E+04
3 1.4060 2000 1.50E-04 9373 9.16 7.48E+04
4 0.9948 2000 1.50E-04 6632 51.68 1.06E+05
5 1.2500 2000 1.50E-04 8333 16.50 8.42E+04
6 1.2500 1500 1.50E-04 8333 12.37 8.42E+04
7 0.9948 1500 1.50E-04 6632 38.76 1.06E+05
8 1.0940 4000 1.50E-04 7293 64.26 9.62E+04
9 0.9948 4000 1.50E-04 6632 103.35 1.06E+05
10 0.6651 4000 1.50E-04 4434 773.68 1.58E+05
11 0.9948 1500 1.50E-04 6632 38.76 1.06E+05
12 0.6651 1500 1.50E-04 4434 290.13 1.58E+05

Trlal 1
Circuit Pipe Q (ft7s) NR f k h = kQ" 2kQ AQ % Chg
1 1 7.0000 5.89E+05 0.0144 0.1788 8.7592 2.5026 2.12
4 2.5000 2.64E+05 0.0162 0.8347 5.2171 4.1737 5.94
6 -4.0000 3.37E+05 0.0154 0.1904 -3.0472 1.5236 -3.71
3 -8.5000 6.36E+05 0.0142 0.1299 -9.3847 2.2082 -1.75
Summations: 1.5445 10.4081 0.14839
2 2 4.5000 3.79E+05 0.0152 0.1877 3.8008 1.6892 -3.60
5 3.0000 2.53E+05 0.0160 0.2639 2.3748 1.5832 -5.39
7 -2.0000 2.12E+05 0.0166 0.6451 -2.5806 2.5806 8.09
4 -2.5000 2.64E+05 0.0162 0.8347 -5.2171 4.1737 6.47
Summations: -1.6221 10.0267 -0.16178
3 6 4.0000 3.37E+05 0.0154 0.1904 3.0472 1.5236 1.60
9 3.5000 3.70E+05 0.0155 1.6029 19.6360 11.2206 1.83
11 -1.5000 1.59E+05 0.0174 0.6730 -1.5142 2.0190 -4.28
8 -4.5000 4.33E+05 0.0151 0.9710 -19.6619 8.7386 -1.43
Summations: 1.5071 23.5017 0.06413
4 7 2.0000 2.12E+05 0.0166 0.6451 2.5806 2.5806 -18.43
10 1.0000 1.58E+05 0.0179 13.8120 13.8120 27.6240 -36.87
12 -2.0000 3.16E+05 0.0164 4.7639 -19.0556 19.0556 18.43
9 -3.5000 3.70E+05 0.0155 1.6029 -19.6360 11.2206 10.53
Summations: -22.2991 60.4808 -0.3687
continued

206 C h a p t e r 12
 12.11 (continued)

Trial2
¿

Circuit Pipe Q (ft7s) N R

f k h = kQ' 2kQ AQ % Chg
1 1 6.8516 5.77E+05 0.0145 0.1791 8.4099 2.4549 -0.56
4 2.1898 2.32E+05 0.0164 0.8495 4.0737 3.7205 -1.76
6 -4.0843 3.44E+05 0.0154 0.1899 -3.1686 1.5516 0.94
3 -8.6484 6.47E+05 0.0142 0.1297 -9.6983 2.2428 0.44
Summations: -0.3833 9.9698 -0.03845
2 2 4.6618 3.92E+05 0.0151 0.1869 4.0617 1.7426 -1.07
5 3.1618 2.66E+05 0.0159 0.2619 2.6186 1.6564 -1.57
7 -2.2069 2.33E+05 0.0164 0.6365 -3.0999 2.8092 2.25
4 -2.1898 2.32E+05 0.0164 0.8495 -4.0737 3.7205 2.27
Summations: -0.4932 9.9287 -0.04967
3 6 4.0843 3.44E+05 0.0154 0.1899 3.1686 1.5516 -3.65
9 3.0672 3.24E+05 0.0157 1.6276 15.3121 9.9845 -4.86
11 -1.5641 1.65E+05 0.0173 0.6687 -1.6360 2.0919 9.53
8 -4.5641 4.39E+05 0.0151 0.9695 -20.1952 8.8495 3.27
Summations: -3.3504 22.4775 -0.14906
4 7 2.2069 2.33E+05 0.0164 0.6365 3.0999 2.8092 -0.23
10 1.3687 2.17E+05 0.0171 13.2579 24.8364 36.2921 -0.38
12 -1.6313 2.58E+05 0.0168 4.8700 -12.9597 15.8888 0.32
9 -3.0672 3.24E+05 0.0157 1.6276 -15.3121 9.9845 0.17
Summations: -0.3356 64.9746 -0.00517
Trial 3
z

Circuit Pipe Q (ft7s) N R f k h = kQ 2kQ AQ % Chg

1 1 6.8901 5.80E+05 0.0145 0.1790 8.4997 2.4672 -0.60
4 2.1786 2.30E+05 0.0165 0.8501 4.0348 3.7041 -1.90
6 -4.1949 3.53E+05 0.0153 0.1893 -3.3314 1.5883 0.99
3 -8.6099 6.44E+05 0.0142 0.1297 -9.6165 2.2338 0.48
Summations: -0.4134 9.9934 -0.04136
2 2 4.7115 3.97E+05 0.0151 0.1867 4.1435 1.7589 -0.39
5 3.2115 2.70E+05 0.0158 0.2614 2.6958 1.6788 -0.57
7 -2.1624 2.29E+05 0.0165 0.6382 -2.9843 2.7602 0.84
4 -2.1786 2.30E+05 0.0165 0.8501 -4.0348 3.7041 0.83
Summations: -0.1799 9.9020 -0.01817
3 6 4.1949 3.53E+05 0.0153 0.1893 3.3314 1.5883 -0.32
9 3.2111 3.40E+05 0.0157 1.6189 16.6920 10.3965 -0.42
11 -1.4151 1.50E+05 0.0175 0.6791 -1.3599 1.9220 0.95
8 -4.4151 4.25E+05 0.0151 0.9730 -18.9662 8.5916 0.30
Summations: -0.3027 22.4984 -0.01345
4 7 2.1624 2.29E+05 0.0165 0.6382 2.9843 2.7602 -1.12
10 1.3739 2.17E+05 0.0171 13.2518 25.0127 36.4123 -1.76
12 -1.6261 2.57E+05 0.0168 4.8717 -12.8824 15.8442 1.48
9 -3.2111 3.40E+05 0.0157 1.6189 -16.6920 10.3965 0.75
Summations: -1.5774 65.4132 -O.02411
continued

P A R A L L E L PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S 207

 12.11 (continued)

Trial 4
Circuit Pipe Q (ft7s) N R f k h = kQ ;¿

2kQ AQ % Chg
1 1 6.9314 5.83E+05 0.0145 0.1789 8.5969 2.4806 -0.15
4 2.2018 2.33E+05 0.0164 0.8489 4.1153 3.7381 -0.48
6 -4.1670 3.51 E+05 0.0153 0.1895 -3.2899 1.5791 0.26
3 -8.5686 6.41 E+05 0.0142 0.1298 -9.5290 2.2242 0.12
Summations: -0.1067 10.0219 -0.01065
2 2 4.7296 3.98E+05 0.0151 0.1866 4.1736 1.7649 -0.46
5 3.2296 2.72E+05 0.0158 0.2612 2.7242 1.6870 -0.68
7 -2.1684 2.29E+05 0.0165 0.6380 -2.9996 2.7667 1.01
4 -2.2018 2.33E+05 0.0164 0.8489 -4.1153 3.7381 0.99
Summations: -0.2171 9.9568 -0.02180
3 6 4.1670 3.51 E+05 0.0153 0.1895 3.2899 1.5791 -0.34
9 3.2004 3.39E+05 0.0157 1.6195 16.5878 10.3661 -0.44
11 -1.4016 1.48E+05 0.0175 0.6801 -1.3361 1.9065 1.00
8 -4.4016 4.23E+05 0.0151 0.9733 -18.8571 8.5683 0.32
Summations: -0.3155 22.4199 -0.01407
4 7 2.1684 2.29E+05 0.0165 0.6380 2.9996 2.7667 -0.19
10 1.3980 2.21 E+05 0.0171 13.2238 25.8437 36.9730 -0.29
12 -1.6020 2.53E+05 0.0168 4.8800 -12.5245 15.6358 0.26
9 -3.2004 3.39E+05 0.0157 1.6195 -16.5878 10.3661 0.13
Summations: -0.2689 65.7416 -0.00409
Trial 5
Circuit Pipe Q (ft7s) N R f k h = kQ* 2kQ AQ % Chg
1 1 6.9421 5.84E+05 0.0145 0.1789 8.6220 2.4840 -0.15
4 2.1906 2.32E+05 0.0164 0.8495 4.0765 3.7217 -0.47
6 -4.1704 3.51 E+05 0.0153 0.1895 -3.2950 1.5802 0.25
3 -8.5579 6.40E+05 0.0142 0.1298 -9.5065 2.2217 0.12
Summations: -0.1030 10.0076 -0.01029
2 2 4.7514 4.00E+05 0.0151 0.1865 4.2099 1.7721 -0.13
5 3.2514 2.74E+05 0.0158 0.2609 2.7586 1.6969 -0.19
7 -2.1506 2.27E+05 0.0165 0.6387 -2.9541 2.7472 0.29
4 -2.1906 2.32E+05 0.0164 0.8495 -4.0765 3.7217 0.29
Summations: -0.0621 9.9379 -0.00625
3 6 4.1704 3.51 E+05 0.0153 0.1895 3.2950 1.5802 -0.08
9 3.2104 3.40E+05 0.0157 1.6189 16.6854 10.3946 -0.10
11 -1.3875 1.47E+05 0.0176 0.6812 -1.3115 1.8904 0.24
8 -4.3875 4.22E+05 0.0152 0.9737 -18.7434 8.5439 0.08
Summations: -0.0745 22.4091 -0.00332
4 7 2.1506 2.27E+05 0.0165 0.6387 2.9541 2.7472 -0.15
10 1.4021 2.22E+05 0.0171 13.2191 25.9860 37.0681 -0.23
12 -1.5979 2.53E+05 0.0168 4.8814 -12.4642 15.6004 0.20
9 -3.2104 3.40E+05 0.0157 1.6189 -16.6854 10.3946 0.10
Summations: -0.2095 65.8103 -0.00318

208 C h a p t e r 12
12.12 h = 1
kQ =f 880
2 2
D2g D(2g)A ' D(2g) A

7(7.5)
<EXa> ,^ 2 2 = (2.56 x l O Y
(0.0475)(2)(9.81)(1.772xl0~7
¿(7.5)
© k =
(0.0348X2X9.81)(9.510 x 10" ) 4 2
= (1.21 x i o y 7

©©©© (0.0221)(2X9.81)(3.835xl0- ) 4 2
= (i.i8 x í o y

3
Fluid is a coolant: sg = 0.92, n = 2.00 x 10" Pa-s
Reynolds numbers and relative roughness
P i p e s l , 3 : ^ = ^ - ^ - 2(0.0475X920)
3 3
An (1.772xl0~ )(2.00xl0- )
7
A^í = (1.233 x 1O )0
6
D/e = 0.0475/1.5 x 10" = 31667

e ¿
0(O.O348)(92O)
P i p e 2 : ^ = ^ = (1.683xlO )0 7

4 3
An (9.510xl0~ )(2.00xl0~ )
6
Diz = 0.0348/1.5 x 10"" = 23200

_ QDp. g(0.0221X920) 7
Pipes 4, 5, 6, 7: N K = (2.651 x 1O )0
4 J
An (3.835 x l O " ) ( 2 . 0 0 x l O " )
6
Diz = 0.0221/1.5 x 10~ = 14733

C o m p u t e / u s i n g Eq. 9.9.
F o r continuity at the joints:
© Qi + 03 = 880 L / m i n = 1.467 x 10" 2
m /s ©3
02 + 04 = 05 + 200 L / m i n
3 3
© 0 1 = 0 2 + 1 1 5 L/min = 05 + 3.333 x 10" m /s
= 0 2 + 1 . 9 1 7 x 10" m /s 3 3
© 0 6 + 0 7 = H 5 L/min
3 3
© 0 3 = 04 + 06 + 375 L / m i n = 1.917 x 10~ m /s
-3
= 04 + 06 + 6.250 x 10 d> 05 = 07 + 75 L / m i n = 0 + 1.250 x 10" 7
3 3
m /s

T r i a l 1 : Assumptions

3 3
01 = 350 L / m i n = 5.833 x 10" m /s <— Initial assumption
0 2 = 0 , - 115 L / m i n = 235 L / m i n = 3.917 x 10" m /s i Continuity c o n d . ® 3 3

03 = 880 L / m i n - 0 , = 530 L/min = 8.833 x 10" m /s i Cont. c o n d ® 3 3

3 3
04 = 60 L / m i n = 1.000 < 10" m /s < - Initial assumption
05 = 02 + 04 - 200 L / m i n = 95 L/min = 1.583 x 10" m /s i Cont. cond. 3 3
©
06 = 03 ~ 04 - 375 L / m i n = 95 L/min = 1.583 x 10" m /s i Cont. cond. 3 3
©
4 3
0 = 115 L / m i n - 0 = 20 L/min = 3.333 x 10" m /s - > Cont. cond. ©
7 6

P A R A L L E L PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S 209

 NETWORK ANALYSIS USING T H E HARDY C R O S S TECHNIQUE U . S . C u s t Units
Prob# 12.12 2 Circuits 7 Pipes-drawn steel tubing
2
Fluid: Coolant Fluid kinematic viscosity: 2.17E-06 m / s
Pipe # D (m) Length (m) Roughness D/e C1 C2 Initial Q
ejm) (k=C1*fl (N =C2«Q)
R L/min
1 0.0475 7.5 1.50E-06 31667 2.56E+06 1.23E+07 350
2 0.0348 7.5 1.50E-06 23200 1.21E+07 1.68E+07 235
3 0.0475 7.5 1.50E-06 31667 2.56E+06 1.23E+07 530
4 0.0221 7.5 1.50E-06 14733 1.18E+08 2.65E+07 60
5 0.0221 7.5 1.50E-06 14733 1.18E+08 2.65E+07 95
6 0.0221 7.5 1.50E-06 14733 1.18E+08 2.65E+07 95
7 0.0221 7.5 1.50E-06 14733 1.18E+08 2.65E+07 20

Trial 1
Circuit Pipe Q (m7s) N R f_ k h = kQ* 2kQ AQ % chg
1 1 -5.833E-03 7.19E+04 0.0193 4.95E+04 -1.6845 577.6 -1.99
2 -3.917E-03 6.59E+04 0.0197 2.40E+05 -3.6759 1876.9 -2.97
3 8.833E-03 1.09E+05 0.0177 4.55E+04 3.5492 803.6 1.32
4 1.000E-03 2.65E+04 0.0243 2.85E+06 2.8539 5707.8 11.63
Summations: 1.0427 8965.9 1.163E-04
2 4 -1.000E-03 2.65E+04 0.0243 2.85E+06 -2.8539 5707.8 13.36
5 -1.583E-03 4.20E+04 0.0219 2.57E+06 -6.4387 8134.8 8.44
6 1.583E-03 4.20E+04 0.0219 2.57E+06 6.4387 8134.8 -8.44
7 -3.333E-04 8.83E+03 0.0322 3.78E+06 -0.4201 2520.9 40.10
Summations: -3.2740 24498.2 -0.000134

continued

210 C h a p t e r 12
12.12 (continued)
Triall ~
¿
Circuit Pipe Q (m7s) N R f_ k h = kQ 2kQ AQ % Chg
1 1 -5.949E-03 7.34E+04 0.0192 4.93E+04 -1.7451 586.67 0.92
2 -4.033E-03 6.79E+04 0.0196 2.38E+05 -3.8736 1920.79 1.36
3 8.717E-03 1.07E+05 0.0178 4.56E+04 3.4655 795.13 -0.63
4 7.501 E-04 1.99E+04 0.0260 3.06E+06 1.7210 4588.97 -7.30
Summations: -0.4322 7891.55 -5.477E-05
2 4 -7.501 E-04 1.988E+04 0.0260 3.06E+06 -1.7210 4588.97 -0.22
5 -1.449E-03 3.841 E+04 0.0223 2.62E+06 -5.5043 7595.56 -0.12
6 1.717E-03 4.549E+04 0.0215 2.52E+06 7.4382 8665.94 0.10
7 -1.997E-04 5.291 E+03 0.0373 4.38E+06 -0.1747 1750.47 -0.84
Summations: 0.0381 22600.94 1.684E-06

Trial 3
Circuit Pipe Q (m7s) N R f_ k h = kQ' 2 kQ AQ % chg
1 1 -5.895E-03 7.27E+040.0193 4.94E+04 -1.7165 582.39 0.08
2 -3.979E-03 6.70E+040.0197 2.39E+05 -3.7799 1900.15 0.11
3 8.771 E-03 1.08E+050.0178 4.56E+04 3.5048 799.13 -0.05
4 8.065E-04 2.14E+040.0256 3.01 E+06 1.9547 4847.36 -0.56
Summations: -0.0368 8129.03 -4.531 E-06
2 4 -8.065E-04 2.137E+04 0.0256 3.01 E+06 -1.9547 4847.36 1.21
5 -1.451 E-03 3.845E+04 0.0223 2.62E+06 -5.5157 7602.41 0.67
6 1.715E-03 4.545E+04 0.0215 2.52E+06 7.4252 8659.29 -0.57
7 -2.013E-04 5.336E+03 0.0372 4.37E+06 -0.1773 1760.80 4.83
Summations: -0.2225 22869.86 -9.731 E-06

continued

P A R A L L E L PIPE LINE S Y S T E M S 211

72.72 (continued)
Trial 4

Circuit Pipe Q (m7s) N R f k h = kQ* 2kQ AQ % chg

1 1 -5.890E-03 7.26E+04 0.0193 4.94E+04 -1.7141 582.04 0.10
2 -3.974E-03 6.69E+04 0.0197 2.39E+05 -3.7722 1898.44 0.14
3 8.776E-03 1.08E+05 0.0178 4.55E+04 3.5080 799.46 -0.06
4 8.013E-04 2.12E+04 0.0256 3.01 E+06 1.9327 4823.72 -0.70
Summations: -0.0456 8103.65 -5.625E-06
2 4 -8.013E-04 2.124E+04 0.0256 3.01E+06 -1.9327 4823.72 0.25
5 -1.441 E-03 3.820E+04 0.0223 2.62E+06 -5.4502 7562.81 0.14
6 1.725E-03 4.571 E+04 0.0215 2.52E+06 7.5004 8697.68 -0.12
7 -1.916E-04 5.078E+03 0.0378 4.44E+06 -0.1629 1700.83 1.04
Summations: -0.0454 22785.04 -1.992E-06

Trial 5
Circuit Pipe Q(m7s) N R f_ k h = kQ* 2kQ AQ o/ chg
0

1 1 -5.884E-03 7.26E+04 0.0193 4.94E+04 -1.7112 581.60 0.03

2 -3.968E-03 6.68E+04 0.0197 2.39E+05 -3.7626 1896.31 0.04
3 8.782E-03 1.08E+05 0.0178 4.55E+04 3.5121 799.87 -0.02
4 8.050E-04 2.13E+04 0.0256 3.01 E+06 1.9481 4840.24 -0.21
Summations: -0.0136 8118.03 -1.680E-06
2 4 -8.050E-04 2.133E+04 0.0256 3.01 E+06 -1.9481 4840.24 016
5 -1.439E-03 3.814E+04 0.0223 2.62E+06 -5.4368 7554.70 0.09
6 1.727E-03 4.576E+04 0.0214 2.52E+06 7.5158 8705.54 -0.07
7 -1.896E-04 5.025E+03 0.0379 4.45E+06 -0.1601 1688.47 0.67
Summations: -0.0291 22788.95 -1.278E-06
Final f l o w s in L/min
Circuit Pipe Q
1 1 -353.1 L/min
2 -238.1 L/min
3 526.9 L/min
4 48.3 L/mín

2 4 -48.3 L/min
5 -86.4 L/min
6 103.6 L/min
7 -11.4 L/min

212 C h a p t e r 12
CHAPTER THIRTEEN

PUMP SELECTION A N D APPLICATION

13.1 to 13.14: Answers to questions in text.

13.15 A f f i n i t y laws relate the manner i n w h i c h capacity, head and power vary w i t h either speed
impeller diameter.

5 N l
13.16 Q = Q\^
2 = Q °' l = 0.50,: Capacity cut i n half.
TV, ~ TV,

2
(N ) 2
2
(0.5/V,'
13.17 h. =h. = K«i = 0.25/z : h divided by 4.
a a
fh (¡\
U J { J

3
( 0.5/V, ) 5
13.18 P = Pi
2 2 1 = 0.125/ : P divided by 8.
1

U J

13.19 Q =Q ! í =Q
2 l i
0 J 5 D
i = Q.7501: 25% reduction.
A A

^2 ^ 0.7573,
13.20 A =A
a
= h = 0.5625/z„ : 44% reduction.
i fh vAy V A y

13.21 P = P^
2
Í A 2^ = P. ' 0.7573,^1 = 0.422A: 58% reduction.
i
^ A J

13.22 1- x 3- 6
2
L 6 i n casing-size o f largest impeller
3 i n nominal suction connection size

1 — i n nominal discharge connection size

13.23 l-x3-10
2

13.24 l-x3-6
2

13.25 Q-- 280 gal/min; P = 26 hp; e = 53%; NPSH R = 10.9 ft

PUMP S E L E C T I O N AND APPLICATION 21

13.26 A t h = 250 ft, e
a max = 56%: Q = 220 gal/min; P = 24.0 hp; NPSH R = 8.0 ft

13.27 From Problem 13.26, h = 250 ft: Let h = 1.15A, =288ft

Then Q = 125 gal/min; P = 19 hp; e = 45%; 7VP5//« = 5.5 ft (approximate valúes)
2 2 2

13.28
6 in 7in 8in 9in 10 i n

h a 120 ft 190 ft 250 ft 320 ft 390 ft

Q 145 gal/min 187 gal/min 220 gal/min 260 gal/min 290 gal/min

^max 51% 54% 56% 57.3% 58%(Est)

13.29 NPSH R increases.

13.30 Throttling valves dissipate energy from fluid that was delivered by pump. When a lower
speed is used to obtain a lower capacity, power required to drive pump decreases as the cube
o f the speed. Variable speed control is often more precise and it can be automatically
controlled.

13.31 As fluid viscosity increases, capacity and efficiency decrease, power required increases.

13.32 Total capacity doubles.

13.33 The same capacity is delivered but the head capability increases to the sum o f the ratings o f
the two pumps.

13.34 a. Rotary or 3500 r p m centrifugal

b. Rotary
c. Rotary
d. Reciprocating
e. Rotary or high speed centrifugal
f. 1750 r p m centrifugal
g. 1750 r p m centrifugal or mixed flow
h. A x i a l flow

13.35 Q = 390 gal/min; H= 550 ft; £> = 12 in;7V= 3560 rpm

A^p56(W390 g^(12)(550)"
H>" (550)°'" JQ 7390
Point in Fig. 13.48 lies i n r a d i a l flow centrifugal región.

13.36 Q = 2750 gal/min; H= 200 f t ; £ > = 15 i n ; / V = 1780 r p m

NjB = 1780^2750 = = DH^ = 15(200^ _
• H'" (200)°" JQ Jñso
Point i n Figure 13.34 lies i n r a d i a l flow centrifugal región.

13.37 ^ = ^ : A . =^ = í ™ ^ = 7 9 5 r p m
3 4
H' JQ VÍOOOO

214 C h a p t e r 13
13.38 . = ^ = 0750)75000 = 3 9 1 3

u
(100)

13.39 . = ^J^50)VÍ2000 = 2 6 5 9

u
(300)

( 1 7 5 ) V
13.40 N, = ^ ° ^ =1237
(100)"

( 3 5 Q Q )
13.41 N.= ^ j =
0.75
^ = 2 4 7 5 ; Twrce ^ from 13.40.
(100)

13.42 Same method as Problems 13.38 to 13.41.

a. N = 1463 radial s b. Ns = 260 too l o w
c. N = 3870 radial or mixed
s d. Ns = 18.5 too l o w
e. N = 104 too l o w s f. N, = 2943 radial
g. N = 7260 mixed s h. yY s = 24277 axial

13.43 to 13.46 See text.

13.47 A t inlet to pump. Pressure at this point and fluid properties affect pump operation,
particularly the onset o f cavitation. Pump m a n u f a c t u r é i s NPSH rating related to pump inlet. R

13.48 Elevating reservoir raises pressure at pump inlet and increases NPSH .
a

13.49 Large pipe sizes reduce flow velocity and reduce energy Iosses, thus increasing NPSH .a

13.50 A i r pockets w i l l not form i n an eccentric reducer as they w i l l i n a concentric reducer.

2850 \
13.51 (NPSH ) R 2 = (NPSH )\ R
Z-JL = 7.50 ft 4.97 ft
3500

13.52 NPSH a = h sp - h - h- s f h: vp Some data from Prob. 7.14.

^ _ 14.41b ft 3
144m^ 3 3 - 3 4 f t
b. Water at 180°F, h vp = 17.55 ft;
a. h sp
2 2
y in 62.21b ft 7 = 60.6 lb/ft 3

h, = 10.0 ft; A / = 6.0 ft; h = (14.4)(144)/(60.6) = 34.22 ft

sp

h = 1.17 (Table 13.2)

vp NPSH 34.22 - 10 - 6 - 17.55 = 0.67 ft
a

NPSH = 33.34 - 10 - 6 - 1.17 = 16.17 ft

n Cavitation w i l l likely occur!

13.53 NPSHa = h sp - A, - h - f h, = 34.48 - 4.8 - 2.2 - 6.78 = 20.70 ft

)p

3 2
14.7 1b ft 144 i n P m t
h = 34.48 ft
2 2
in 61.41b ft y
h = 4.8 ft; h = 2.2 ft; h
s f vp = 6.78 ft (Table 13.2) Water at 140°F

PUMP S E L E C T I O N AND APPLICATION 215

13.54 NPSH a = K„ + h - h - s f h up = 11.47 + 2.6 - 0.80 - 1.55 = 11.72 m
3
r> 98 5 k N m
K = i ^ = -^~
P = 11.47 m; hs = 2.6 m ; hf= 0.80 m
P 2 f
y m 8.59kN
3
, p up 13.3 k N m
/;„,, = — - = = 1.55 m
2
r m 8.59 k N

13.55 NPSH a = hsp -hs-hf- h op

h = ^sp = 1 0 L 8 k N m
= 10.68 m ; / i = 2.0 m ; h s Dp = 4.8 m
y m 9.53 k N

*/=/
£ 1 vi
^ 1 i r + K
„
^
vi
+ f
„
^ ^ r
u 2
„r I ^
+
Á k f
T~
2 :
" NOTE: f = 0.018
3
l D; 2g
v 3 2g 2g \D) 2g 2
3T

Friction 3 i n Foot valve Elbow Friction 2 i n K = 75/

{ 3 r = 75(0.018) = 1.35

Q 300L/mm 1 m /s 1.05 m vi (1.05) 3 2

u=
3 *r .... — = ;— = - — = 0.0560 m
3 2
Aj 4 . 7 6 8 x l 0 ~ m 60000 L / m i n s 2g 2(9.81)
.(i.osxo.0779) /. JXOTT^,. . 0 0 1 9 5
7 5
v 3.60 x l O " ¿r 4.6 x l O "

0 300/60000 2.31 m vi (2.31) 2

?
(>: - — = = :- -^- — =0.271 m r

3
^ 2.168 x l 0 ~ s 2g 2(9.81)
(2.31X0.0525) = 3 4 x ,
= 5 S l = ü = 1141;/,-0.0202
2
v 3.60x10 s

h = (0.0195) Q ° ™
f 0 7 7 (0.056 m ) + 1.35(0.056)+ (0.018)(20)(0.056)

1 , 5
(0.0202) (0.271)
0.0525
Ay= 0.280 m

JVPS7Í, = 10.68 - 2.0 - 0.280 - 4.97 = 3.43 m

For all problems 13.56 - 13.65: NPSH = h ±h - hf- h a sp s vp

See Section 13.11, Equation 13-14. See Figure 13.37 for vapor pressure head h . vp

13.56 Find NPSH : a C a r b ó n tetrachloride at 150°F; sg = 1.48; patm = 14.55 psia; hs = - 3 . 6 ft; hf= 1.84 ft
h = 16.3 ft
vp

2 2 2 3
Open tank: h = pjy=p Jy= (14.55 lb/in )(144 i n / f t ) / [ 1.48(62.4 lb/ft )] = 22.69 ft
sp a

NPSH = 22.69 - 3.6 - 1.84 - 16.3 = 0.95 ft ( L o w )

a

13.57 Find NPSH : a C a r b ó n tetrachloride at 65°C; sg = 1.48; patm = 100.2 kPa; hs = - 1 . 2 m; h = 0.72 m f

hvp = 4.8 m
2 3
Open tank: h sp = p ly=p Jy=
sp a (100.2 k N / m ) / [ 1.48(9.81 k N / m ) ] = 6.90 m
NPSH a = 6.90 - 1.2 - 0.72 - 4.8 = 0.18 m ( V e r y l o w )

216 C h a p t e r 13
13.58 Find NPSH : Gasoline at 4 0 ° C ; sg = 0 . 6 5 ; p
a a(m = 99.2 kPa; h, = - 2 . 7 m; A , = 1.18 m
h = 14.0 m
vp

2 3
Open tank: h sp = p /y=p Jy=
sp a (99.2 kN/m )/[0.65(9.81 k N / m ) ] = 15.55 m
NPSH a = 15.55 - 2.7 - 1.18 - 14.0 = -2.33 m (Cavitation expected)

13.59 Find NPSH : Gasoline at 110°F; sg = 0 . 6 5 ; p

a atm = 14.28 psia; h = +4.8 ft; h = 0.87 ft s f

h = 5\.0ñ
vp

2 2 2 3
Open tank: h sp = p /y=p Jy=
sp a (14.28 lb/in )(144 in /ft )/[0.65(62.4 lb/ft )] = 50.70 ft
NPSH a = 50.70 + 4.8 - 0.87 - 51.0 = 3.63 ft

13.60 Find NPSH : C a r b ó n tetrachloride at 150°F; sg = 1.48;p = 14.55 psia; h„ = +3.66 ft; h = 1.84 ft
a atm f

h = 16.3 ft
vp

2 2 2 2
Open tank: h = p /y=p Jy=
sp sp a(14.55 lb/in )(144 i n / f t ) / [ 1.48(62.4 lb/ft )] = 22.69 ft
NPSHa = 22.69 + 3.67 - 1.84 - 16.3 = 8.22 ft

13.61 Find NPSH : Gasoline at 110°F; sg = 0 . 6 5 ; p = 14.28 psia; h, = -2.25 ft; h = 0.87 ft
a alm f

h = 5l.0ñ
vp

2 2 2 3
Open tank: h = p ly=p Jy=
sp (14.28 lb/in )(144 in /ft )/[0.65(62.4 lb/ft )] = 50.70 ft
sp a

NPSHa = 50.70 - 2.25 - 0.87 - 51.0 = -3.42 ft (Cavitation expected)

13.62 Find NPSH : C a r b ó n tetrachloride at 6 5 ° C ; sg = 1.48; p

a = 100.2 kPa; h = +1.2 m; h = 0.72 m atm s f

h = 4.8 m
vp

2 3
Open tank: h = p /y=p Jy=
sp sp a(100.2 k N / m ) / [ 1.48(9.81 k N / m ) ] = 6.90 m
NPSHa = 6.90 + 1.2 - 0.72 - 4.8 = 2.58 m

13.63 Find NPSH : Gasoline at 4 0 ° C ; sg = 0 . 6 5 ; p = 99.2 kPa; h = +0.65 m; h = 1.18 m

a atm s f

= 14.0 m
2 3
Open tank: h = p /y=p Jy=
sp sp (99.2 kN/m )/[0.65(9.81 k N / m ) ] = 15.55 m
a

NPSH = 15.55 + 0.65 - 1.18 - 14.0 = 1.02 m

a

13.64 Find required pressure above the fluid i n a closed, pressurized tank so that NPSH > 4.0 ft. a

Propane at 110°F; sg = 0.48; p = 14.32 psia; h = +2.50 ft; h = 0.73 ft

atm s f

hvp = 1080 ft
Solve Eq. 13-14 for required h = NPSH -h + h + h = 4.0 - 2.5 + 0.73 + 1080 = 1082.2 ft
sp a s f vp

3 2 2 2
Ps„ = AP = (0.48)(62.4 lb/ft )(1082.2 f t ) ( l ft /144 i n ) = 225.1 l b / i n = 225.1 psia
=
Gage pressure: p =p —p tm 225.1 psia - 14.32 psia = 210.8 psig
tank sp a

13.65 Find required pressure above the fluid i n a closed, pressurized tank so that NPSH > 150.0 m . a

Propane at 4 5 ° C ; sg = 0.48; p = 9.47 kPa absolute; h = - 1 . 8 4 m; h = 0.92 m

atm s f

h = 340 m
vp

Solve Eq. 13-14 for required h = NPSH -h + h + h = 1.50 + 1.84 + 0.92 + 340 = 344.3 m
sp a s f vp

3 2
P, = AP = (0.48)(9.81 kN/m )(344.3 m) = 1621 k N / m = 1621 kPa absolute
P

Gage pressure: p =p ~patm ~ 1621 kPa - 98.4 kPa = 1523 k P a gage

tank sp

PUMP S E L E C T I O N AND A P P L I C A T I O N 217

CHAPTER FOURTEEN

OPEN C H A N N E L FLOW
2
A nD 2 D 300 m m
14.1
n m B
T
R = x =—= = 75 mm
WP 8 nD 4 4 0

Wd _ (2.75 m)(0.05 m)
14.2 0.367 m •W-
WP W + 2d [2.75 + 2(0.50)]m

14.3 d= 1.50 ft; W= 3.50 ft, x = ¿/tan 30° = 0.866 ft

Z = Í//COS30° = 1.732 ft

A = Wd+ 2 -xd = (3.50)(1.50) + (0.866X1.50) = 6.549 ft 2

WP = W+ 2 1 = 3.50 + 2(1.732) = 6.964 ft

2
= ^ W P = 6.549 ft /6.964 ft = 0.940 ft

14.4 Data from Prob. 14.3, but 9 = 4 5 ° . x = ¿/tan 4 5 ° = t/ = 1.50 ft

Z = t / / c o s 4 5 ° = 1.50/cos 45° = 2.121 ft
2
A = (3.50X1.50) + (1.50X1.50) = 7.50 ft
WP = 3.50 + 2(2.121) = 7.743 ft
2
7? = A/WP = 7.50 ft /7.743 ft = 0.969 ft

14.5 W= 1 5 0 m m ; t / = 6 2 m m ; X = 1.5t/ = 1.5(62) = 93 mm

2 2 2
L = ^X +d =111.8 m m
A W D + X D ( 1 5 Q 6 2 2
R= - - X ) + (93X62) ^_ 15066 m m =
40.3 mm
WP W + 2L 1 5 0 + 2(111.8) 3 7 3 . 5 mm

2 2
14.6 d = d = 2.0 in; L = ^ 2 + 2
x = 2.828 in
2
¿ = (4)(2)+i (2)(2)=10in

^ = 4 + 2 + 2.828 = 8.828 in
R = A/WP= 1.133 in

14.7 Data from Prob. 14.6. t/ = t/ = 3.50 in 2

2
^ = (4X2) + ~ (2)(2) + (6X3.50 - 2.00) = 19.0 i n

FTP = 3.50 + 4 + 2.828 + 1.50= 11.828 in

2
R = A/WP= 19.0 i n / l 1.828 in = 1.606 in

218 C h a p t e r 14
 2
14.8 A = (1.0)(0.5) = 0 . 5 0 m ; WP = 1.0 + 2(0.5) + 2.0 m
R = A/WP = 0.50/2.0 = 0.25 m

14.9 A = (1.0)(2.50) + 2 (1.9)(3.8)

2z
= 9.72 m
WP = 2(4.249) + 2(0.60) + 1.0
= 10.697 m
R = A/WP = 0.909 m

2
14.10 ^ = (3.50)(2.0) = 7 . 0 0 m ; WP= 3.50 + 2(2.0) = 7.50 m
i? = . W P = 0.933 m ; n = 0.017
2 3 1 7 2 2 / 3 1 / 2
— i? ' ^ =i^_(0.933) (0.001) = 1.777 m/s
n 0.017
2 3 ¡«—3.50-
Q = Au = (7.00 m )(1.777 m/s) = 12.44 m /s
2
j / = ^ / r = 7.00 m /3.50 m = 2.00 m
A

1.777 m/s
N=
F v/Jgy h = 0.401
7(9.81 m / s ) ( 2 . 0 0 m )
2

2
14.11 See Prob. 14.7. d = 3.50 i n ; A = 19.0 i n ; WP = 11.828 i n ; R = 1.606 i n
2

2 2 2 2
^ = 19.0 i n ( l ft /144 i n ) = 0.132 f t
lft
WP= 11.828 i n x = 0.986 ft
12 i n
1 ft
R = 1.606 i n x = 0.134 ft
12 i n
„ h 4.0 i n ft
S= — = x- = 0.00556; « = 0.013 given
Z 60 ft 12 i n
1 49 1 49 3
AR S 2/i in
= — — (0.132)(0.134) (0.00556) 2/3 ,/2
0.295 ft /s
0.013

2 2
;r£> ;r(6) 2
14.12 5 = 1 ft/500 ft = 0.002; n = 0.024; ^ = 14.14 f t
8 8

WP = nD/2 = TI(6)/2 = 9.425 ft; R = A/WP = 1.50 ft

3

2 / 3 , / 2 2 / 3 1 / 2
51.4 ft /s
g= — ^ S = ^0.024
-(14.14)(1.50) (0.002)

2
14.13 ^ = (0.205)(0.250) = 0.05125 m ; WP = 0.205 + 2(0.250) = 0.705 m
1.00 - > 2¿,i/ 3 l / 2
R = A/WP = 0.0727 m; « = 0.012; Q = — 1 AR S' c

2
' nQ ' (0.012)(0.0833)
S = 0.0125
in 2/3
_AR _ (0.05125)(0.0727)
3
1 m /s
where Q = 5000 L / m i n 0.0833 m7s
60000 L / m i n

OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

14.14 See Prob. 14.8 for d = 0.50 m ; Prob. 14.9 for d= 2.50 m
S = 0.50% = 0.005, « = 0.017
2
a. d = 0.50 m ; i = 0.50 m ; R = 0.25 m
1.00 2/3 1/2
(0.50)(0.25) (0.005) = 0.825 m7s
0.017
2
b. d = 2.50 m;A = 9.72 m ; Tí = 0.909 m
1 , 0 0 2/3 1/2 3

Q (9.72)(0.909) (0.005) = 37.9 m /s

0.017

14.15 a. Depth = 3.0 ft: 12ft

2
V
A = (3)(12) + 2 ~ ( 3 ) ( 3 ) = 4 5 f t
l/3.0ft

V 32 + 32 - 4.243 ft
= 12 + 2(4.243) = 20.485 ft
P = / Í / W = 45/20.485 = 2.197 ft
1 49 3
= 34.7 ft /s
2 / 3 1/2
Q = ^(45)(2.197) (0.00015)
L
2 - V22 + 2 * - 2.828

b. Depth
A = 6.0+ ft:
= (4)(12) 2 ;(4)(4) ^ - v^4« +42 - 5.657
V
+ (2)(40) + 2 - ( 2 ) ( 2 )

2
^ = 148 f t 2— -10-* 4 -12- —10-*i
WP = 2(2.828) + 2(10) + 2(5.657)
+ 12 = 48.97 ft
R = A/WP = 148/48.97 = 3.022 ft
1 49 3

g = -^(148)(3.022) (0.00015) 2 / 3 1 141.1 ft /s

(0.015)(150)
14.16 yfP 2/3
= " 2
47 75
2 2
1.495" (1.49)(0.001)"

l y
' I
A = \0y; WP=\0 + 2y;R = —= °
| 10 ft
WP 10 +2y

10 y 2 3
AR ' 2 3
= lOy Find y such that AR ' = 47.75
\0 + 2y

B y trial and error, y = 3.10 ft;

Lli
10(3.1)
AR = 10(3.1) = 47.78
10 + 2(3.1)

220 C h a p t e r 14
 ^ (0-017)(15) ^
14 1 7 A R =

1.005"' /2
(0.001)" 2
• 3UJ m-

yf = 3.0(y) + 2 - 0 0 ( 3 0 = 3j> + /
\y _____

WP = 3.0 + 2Z = 3.0 + 2V2.y

3j; + /
yfP 2/3
= (3.y+/) : B y trial,
3 + 2.828^
213
f o r j = 1 . 6 9 m, AR = 8.02

14.18 S = 0.075/50 = 0.0015

^ _ J ! ^ . Í H M =0.671 (Um
172 l/2
l.OOS (0.0015)
A = 0AW; WP= W + 0 . 8

2/3
OAW
:Then/LR = 0.4W : By trial, J F = 3 . 5 5 m
WP W + 0.8 W + 0.8

14.19 F o r ^ = 1.50 m,X= 2.25 m

Z = 1.803(1.5) = 2.704 m
2
/ l = ( 3 ) ( 1 . 5 ) + 2 i(l.5)(2.25) = 7.875 m

WP = 3.0 + 2(2.704) = 8.408 m

R = A/WP = 7.875/8.408 = 0.937 m

1.00 2/3 1/z 3

0 = — (7.875)(0.937) (0.001) =15.89 m /s
0.015

3
Q 15.89 m /s
= 2.018 m/s; Top width = T= 3.0 + 2X= 7.50 m
2
7.875 m
2
I T_, ,. . ^ 7.875 m , ftr
Hydraulic Depth = » , = — = —:—: = 1.05 m
T 7.50 m
u 2.018
Froude N o . = N = F 0.629
gj V(9.81)(1.05) h

3
Find critical depth for Q = 15.89 m /s: Let TVp = 1 . 0 = ©

,4 = 3y + Xy = 3 j + (l.5y)(y) = 3j/ + 1.5/

7/=3 + 2 A > 3 + 2 ( 1 . 5 ) y = 3 + 3y

FromEq.®, ^ = V ^ or ^ = 4 = - M i - , =0.0388
2 3 2 2
/í 7/ A T A Q (15.89)

But í r = — : F i n d ^ such that

T =0.0388

^ [ > 1.5/f + ¿
B y trial, j = 1.16 m ~y c = Critical depth

OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

14.20 Eachtrough:
3
1 ft /s
Q = 250 gal/min = 0.557 ft7s
449 gal/min

,2/3 _ nQ (0.017)(0.557) _
AR 1/2
0.0635
2
1.495"' (1.49)(0.01)
1
A = (L0)(h)- = h!2

2 2/3
WP = h + L = h+ yjl + h Find h such t h a t v i R = 0.0635

B y trial, h = 0.458 ft
2
WP h+ ^Uh

h\ h/2
AR 2/3
1
2 h+ y/T+h

3
lft /s
14.21 Q = 500 gal/min x = 1.114 ft /s 3

449 gal/min

m
nQ (0.013X1.114) =
AR = 0.307
2
1.495' (1.49X0.001)"
2
A _TTD 2
A = 7rZ>78; WP = KD/2: R =
WP~
2 2n
D nD (D) 7 8/3
AR™=^ 2/3
&— = 0.156(7J) = 0.307
4 8(4) 8(2.52)
3/8
0.307
Then D = 1.29 f t
0.156

14.22 A=\ .00(y); WP = 1.00 + 2y; R _ y !_-1.00m—!

\ + 2y

¿
Xm) A(m ) R(m) y A R
0.10 0.10 0.0833 0.80 0.80 0.3077
0.20 0.20 0.1429 1.00 1.00 0.3333
0.30 0.30 0.1875 1.50 1.50 0.3750
0.40 0.40 0.2222 2.00 2.00 0.4000
0 0.4 Cfl 1.2 1.8 2.0
0.50 0.50 0.250
0.60 0.60 0.2727

222 C h a p t e r 14
14.23 Q = Au = (0.80 m)(y)(u) *—0.30 m—»
3
O 2.00 m /s
y
0.833 m
0.8u (0.80 m)(3.0 m/s)
2
WP = 0.8 + 2y = 0.8 + 2(0.833) = 2.467 m;A = 0.8(y) = 0.8(0.833) = 0.666 m
2
A 0.666 m
R = = = 0.270 m
WP 2.467 m
2
l 2 , 3 U 2
" nQ " (0.015)(2.00) 3
14.24 Q= ^AR S ;S = 2I 2/
0.0116 m
n _AR \ (0.666)(0.270)
Data from Problem 14.23.

14.25 and 14.26

Q 2.00
Q = Au= Wyu;y-
Wo W(3.0)
• w-
A
WP = W+ 2y; R =
WP
2
' nQ ' ~(0.015)(2.00)T
5 =
213 213
AR AR

W(m) y = 2/3W WP = W+ 2y A=Wy R-A/WP S

2
0.50 1.333 m 3.167 m 0.667 m 0.2105 m 0.0162
0.75 0.889 2.528 0.667 0.2637 0.0120
1.00 0.667 2.333 0.667 0.2857 0.0108
1.25 0.533 2.317 0.667 0.2878 0.0107
1.50 0.444 2.389 0.667 0.2791 0.0111
1.75 0.381 2.512 0.667 0.2654 0.0119
2.00 0.333 2.667 0.667 0.2500 0.0129

I
Prob. 14.25 Prob. 14.26

Wldth W(m)

OPEN CHANNEL FLOW 223

14.27 From Table 14.2: \ y
A = (b + zy)(y) = [2.00 + 1.5(1.667)]( 1.667)
2
= 7.50 f t
2
WP = b + 2yy/l + z 2.0 ft
2
= 2.0 + 2(1.667)V1 + 1.5 = 8.009 ft ¿*
R=A/WP = 7.50/8.009 = 0.936 ft -r-1-50
/ - 2 a 0 l n x 7 _ ^ - 1 . 6 6 7 tt
14.28 D a t a f r o m P r o b . 14.27 n = 0.017 - formed unfinished concrete.
2,3 112 2/3 1/2
Q= — AR S = (7.5)(0.936) (0.005) = 44.49 ft7s
n 0.017

14.29 Same as 14.28 except n = 0.010 - plástic:

1 49 2/3 1/2 3
Q= — (7.5)(0.936) (0.005) = 75.63 ft /s
0.010

14.30 and 14.31

6 = 2 . 0 0 f t ; z = 1.50; 5 = 0.005; n = 0.017
2 2n m
A = (b + zy)y; WP = b + 2y Jl + z ; R = A/WP; Q = — AR S
n

2
Xi») Xft) /l(ft ) WPiíí) R(ñ) 0(ft7s)
6.00 0.500 1.375 3.803 0.3616 4.325
10.00 0.833 2.708 5.005 0.5412 11.147
14.00 1.167 4.375 6.206 0.7049 21.476
18.00 1.500 6.375 7.408 0.8605 35.745
22.00 1.833 8.708 8.610 1.0114 54.380
24.00 2.000 10.000 9.211 1.0856 65.466

Depth, y On)

224 C h a p t e r 14
14.32 D = 0.375 m ; y = 0.225 m > D / 2 - > See Table 14.2.
0 = TI + 2 sm\(2ylD) - 1] = 3.544 rad
2 2 2
A = (0~-sm0)D = ( 3 . 5 4 4 - s i n 3.544)(0.375) m = Q M Q 1 Q ^

WP = 0/3/2 = (3.544X0.375 m)/2 = 0.665 m

"<9-sin<9~ £ > _ " 3 . 5 4 4 - s i n 3.544" 0.375 m
P = 0.104 m
0 _ 4 ~ 3.544 4

14.33 D = 0.375 m;y = .135 m < Z)/2 - > See Table 14.2.

2(0.135)
1 1
= 7t - 2 sin ' [ 1 - 2jy//3] = 7t - 2 sin 0.375 = 2.574 rad

\22
A _ (0-sm0)D 2
= ( 2 . 5 7 4 - s i n 2.574)(0-375) = Q 0 3 5 8 M 2

WP = 0/3/2 = (2.574)(0.375 m)/2 = 0.482 m

~0-sin0~ D _ " 2 . 5 7 4 - s i n 2.574" 0.375 m
R = = 0.0742 m
0 4 " 2.574 4

14.34 5 = 0.0012; « = 0.013; Data from Prob. 14.32:

2I3 XI2 2/3 1/2 -2 3
Q = ^^AR A = ^ ^ : (0.06919)(0.104) (0.0012) = 4.08 x 1 0 m /s
0.013 0.013

14.35 5 = 0.0012; « = 0.013; Data from Prob. 14.33:

2 I 3 1 2 2/3 1/2 2
Q = ^-AR S ' = i ^ ° _ (0.0358)(0.0742) (0.0012) = 1.68 x 10 m7s
0.013 0.013

14.36, 14.37, 14.38

3 2
Q = 1.25 ft /s; o = 2.75 ft/s; A = g / y = 0.4545 f t ( A l l )
I A In 4545
Rectangle: j = J — = J — — = 0.4767 ft; b = 2y = 0.9535 ft

R=y/2 = 0.4767 ft/2 = 0.2384 ft

2 2 2
«e (0.015X1.25) "0.02768" 0.02768
5 = 2 / 3 2/3 ^2/3
1.49 y í P _ (1.49)(0.4545)P (0.2384) ' 2 3

= 0.00519
2
A 2y u 2.75
v = — = -¿-
n i r

A =jv = 0.4767 ft:/V>= - ¡ = = - 7 =

P 2 7 ^ 7(32.2X0.4767)
= 0.702 < 1.0 Subcritical
Triangle: y= 4A= V0.4545 = 0.674 ft; P = 0.354y = 0.2387 ft
0.02768
S = 0.00518
2
(0.23 87)
2.75
y =
h = = 0 . 3 3 7 ft:N = -,F = 0.835 < 1.0 Subcritical
T 2y 2 ^(32.2X0.337)

OPEN CHANNEL FLOW 225

 0.4545 _
Trapezoid: y 0.5126 ft; R =y/2 = 0.2563 ft
1.73 1.73

0.02768
S = 0.00471;
(0.2563)'
A A 0.4545
yh = = 0.3841 ft
T 2.309y 2.309(0.5126)
2.75
7V> = 0.782 < 1.0 Subcritical
7(32.2)(0.3841)

2 ( 0 4 5 4 5 )
Se m i d r c e ^ = ^ ; ^ =J ^ = J
l - = 0.5379 ft
2 V 7t V 7t
0.02768
i ? = y 2 = 0.269ft:S = 0.00441
2 3
(0.269) '
A ny 2
ny
yh = 0.4225 ft
T 2(2y) 4
2.75
N F = 0.746 < 1.0 Subcritical
7(32.2)(0.4225)

u Q Q Q
14.39 a. When y = y , N¡? = 1 . 0 = c
i n
[gT h ¿Jgy (by)y[gy bjg y
2/3
Q 5.5
Then y = 0.917 m=y c

by[gN j F 2.0^/9.81(1.0)

b. M i n i m u m E occurs when y = y : From Eq. 14.18: c

2 2 2
Q Q Q
Emin yi 2
=y c + -•y + c
2gA 2g(by ) c
2
2gb y 2 2
c

2
5.5
0.917
2 2
2(9.81)(2.0) (.917)
1.375 m

c. See spreadsheet and graph for valúes oí y versus E.

2
5.5
d. For y = 0.50 m; E = 0.50 —»| b-ZQm |«—
2 2
2(9.81)(2.0) (0.5)
r
= 2.042 m * r />
From spreadsheet, altérnate depth = 1.934 m

Q Q 5.5 A r v
ü = =^ = ^ = ;N F =
/l 6y 2 . 0 /
For ^ = 0.5 m , o = 5.50 m/s; TVjr = 2.48
For>>= 1.934 m , ü = 1.418 m/s; 7 V = 1.325 F

226 C h a p t e r 14
14.39 (continued)

Rectangular channel
b =2 g = 5.5 « = 0.017
£ = j + 0.3854/j 2
Only for this problem
y ~ E [— m n

0.0917 1.375 Critical depth-See Solution Manual

d), e), f)
Given y = E A Velocity R S
0.50 2.04160 1.000 5.500 2.483 0.333 0.0378 Given y
1.9391 2.04160 3.878 1.418 0.325 0.660 0.0010 Altérnate depth for given depth
by iteratíon on y to make E the
same as for the given y

2 2 2

y E c) Equation for E (in m) as a function o f y: A = by; A = b y

0.5 154.2 Given: b = 2.0 m ; Q = 5.5 m /s; v = QIA 3

0.1 38.6
0.20 9.835
2
E = y + v !2g = y + gl2gA 2
= 2 2
Q l2gb y 2

0.40 2.809 E = y = (5.5) / [3(9.81)(2.0)V] = y + 0.3854/y

2 2

0.60 1.671
0.80 1.402 nQ
1.00 1.385 0 5 = 2 3
;A = by = 2.0y
AR '
1.20 1.468
WP = b + 2y = 2 + 2y
1.40 1.597
A _ 2.0y _ y
1.60 1.751 R =

1.80 1.919
2.00 2.096
2.20 2.280
2.40 2.467
2.60 2.657
2.80 2.849
3.00 3.043
3.20 3.238
3.40 3.433
3.60 3.630
3.80 3.827
4.00 4.024
4.20 4.222
4.40 4.420
4.60 4.618

OPEN CHANNEL FLOW 227

14.40 C i r c u l a r Channel
Q= 1.45 m7s n= 0.015 Finished concrete
£>= 1.20 m

6(rad) A(m )2
r(m) J/.(m) N F
E(m) Velocity
y less than D (m/s)
0.10 1.171 0.0450 0.6633 0.068 39.478 52.982 32.211
0.20 1.682 0.1239 0.8944 0.139 10.039 7.181 11.703
0.25 1.896 0.1707 0.9747 0.175 6.481 3.928 8.494
0.30 2.094 0.2211 1.0392 0.213 4.539 2.492 6.558
0.40 2.462 0.3300 1.1314 0.292 2.597 1.384 4.394
0.50 2.807 0.4460 1.1832 0.377 1.690 1.039 3.251 Given y
0.60 3.142 0.5655 1.2000 0.471 1.193 0.935 2.564
y greater than D
0.658 3.335 0.6349 1.1944 0.532 1.000 0.924 2.284 Critical depth
0.70 3.476 0.6849 1.1832 0.579 0.888 0.928 2.117
0.80 3.821 0.8010 1.1314 0.708 0.687 0.967 1.810
0.90 4.189 0.9099 1.0392 0.876 0.544 1.029 1.594
0.913 4.238 0.9231 1.0240 0.901 0.528 1.039 1.571 Alt depth for given y
1.00 4.601 1.0071 0.8944 1.126 0.433 1.106 1.440
1.199 6.168 1.1309 0.0693 16.330 0.101 1.283 1.282 Nearly full pipe depth
1.20 6.283 1.1310 0.0000 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 1.284 1.282 F u l l pipe
(y and N undefined)
h F

Part f of problem: Slopes for given y and altérnate depth

J(m) R(m) S
0.50 0.2649 0.0140 S for given y
0.913 0.3630 0.0021 S for altérnate depth

Problem 14.40 Procedure: Refer to Table 14.2 for geometry o f a partially full circular pipe.

a) For given Q, D, and y: Compute 0, A, T using equations i n Table 14.2.

Compute 7v>= v7' Jgy~ =-Q(A^^
h .

Itérate valúes o f y until N =\ F .000. See spreadsheet: y = 0.658 m . c

2 2 2
b) M i n i m u m specific energy: E= y + v /2g = y + Q /(2gA )
From spreadsheet, w i t h j - y = 0.658 m : 2 í j = 0.924 m .
c m n

c) Specific energy ver sus y:

See spreadsheet using equation i n b).
y = 0.913 m
d) Specific energy for y = 0.50 m:
E= 1.039 m from spreadsheet. y = 0.50 m
Itérate ony to find altérnate depth for which
E = 0.1039 m .
See spreadsheet: j i = 0.913 m .
a t

e) Velocity = v = QIA, N = F vi\Jgy h = QI^Ayjgy h j . See spreadsheet

For y = 0.50 m : v = 3.251 m/s, N = 1.690. Supercritical

F

For y = 0.913 m : v = 1.571 m/s, N = 0.528. Subcritical.

F

228 C h a p t e r 14
 Compute WP = 0D/2 (See Table 14.2). Compute R =A/WP.
nQ
Compute S:
2
AR
See spreadsheet: For y = 0.50 m, S = 0.0140. For y = 0.913 m , 5 = 0.0021.

14.41 Triangular channel

z = 1.5 n — 0.022
Q = 0.68 ft7s
2
y(ft) A(ft ) F(ft/s) T(ñ) NF E(ñ)
0.20 0.060 0.60 0.100 6.316 2.194
0.25 0.094 7.253 0.75 0.125 3.615 1.067 Given y
0.30 0.135 0.90 0.150 2.292 0.694
0.40 0.240 1.20 0.200 1.116 0.525
0.418 0.262 2.594 1.254 0.209 1.000 0.523 Critical depth
0.50 0.375 1.50 0.250 0.639 0.551
0.60 0.540 1.80 0.300 0.405 0.625
0.70 0.735 2.10 0.350 0.276 0.713
0.80 0.960 2.40 0.400 0.197 0.808
0.90 1.215 2.70 0.450 0.147 0.905
1.00 1.500 3.00 0.500 0.113 1.003
1.065 1.701 0.400 3.20 0.533 0.097 1.067 A l t é r n a t e depth
1.10 1.815 3.30 0.550 0.089 1.102
1.20 2.160 3.60 0.600 0.072 1.202
1.30 2.535 3.90 0.650 0.059 1.301
1.40 2.940 4.20 0.700 0.049 1.401
1.50 3.375 4.50 0.750 0.041 1.501

Slopes at given depth and altérnate depth

y(ft) if(ft) S
0.25 0.10401 0.521 Slope for given depth
1.065 0.44307 0.000229 Slope for altérnate depth

Problem 14.41 Procedure: Refer to Table 14.2 for geometry o f a triangular channel.

a) For given Q, z, and y: Compute A, T using equations i n Table 14.2.

Compute AV = vi -Jgy~ = Ql{Ay[gy~~ ) .h h 1-5

Itérate valúes o f y until N = 1.000. F

See spreadsheet: y = 0.418 ft. c ^

b) M i n i m u m specific energy:
2 2 2
E = y + v /2g = y+Q /(2gA )
From spreadsheet, w i t h y =y = 0.418 ft: c

=
^min 0.523 ít. 05 1 0
2.5
c) Specific energy versus y: See spreadsheet using equation in b). E(ft)

d) Specific energy for y = 0.25 ft: E = 1.067 ft from spreadsheet.

Itérate on y to find altérnate depth for which E = 0.1067 ft.
See spreadsheet: y = 1.065 ft.
M

OPEN CHANNEL FLOW 229

 e) Velocity = v = QIA, N = vi\[gy~F h - Ql[Ayjgy ). h See spreadsheet

For y = 0.25 ft: v = 7.253 ft/s, N = 3.615. Supercritical

F

For y = 1.065 ft: v = 0.400 ft/s, N = 0.097. Subcritical.

F

f) Compute WP = 2 ^ V l + z (See Table 14.2). Compute R = AIWP.

r « 2
Compute 5: —
See spreadsheet: For y = 0.25 ft, S = 0.0521. For y = 1.065 ft, 5 = 0.000229.

1442 Trapezoidal channel

z= 0.75 « = 0.013
0.80 ft7s 6 = 3.000 ft

j(ft)
2
A(ft ) F(ft/s) T(ft) r*(ft) N
F Eift)
0.05 0.152 5.267 3.08 0.049 4.177 0.481 Given y
0.1 0.308 2.602 3.15 0.098 1.467 0.205
0.1288 0.399 2.006 3.19 0.125 1.000 0.191 Critical depth
0.20 0.630 1.270 3.30 0.191 0.512 0.225
0.25 0.797 1.004 3.38 0.236 0.364 0.266
0.30 0.968 0.827 3.45 0.280 0.275 0.311
0.40 1.320 0.606 3.60 0.367 0.176 0.406
0.4770 1.602 0.499 3.72 0.431 0.134 0.481 A l t é r n a t e depth
0.50 1.688 0.474 3.75 0.450 0.125 0.503
0.60 2.070 0.386 3.90 0.531 0.093 0.602
0.70 2.468 0.324 4.05 0.609 0.073 0.702
0.80 2.880 0.278 4.20 0.686 0.059 0.801
0.90 3.308 0.242 4.35 0.760 0.049 0.901
1.00 3.750 0.213 4.50 0.833 0.041 1.001
1.065 4.046 0.198 4.60 0.880 0.037 1.066
1.10 4.208 0.190 4.65 0.905 0.035 1.101
1.20 4.680 0.171 4.80 0.975 0.031 1.200
1.30 5.168 0.155 4.95 1.044 0.027 1.300
1.40 5.670 0.141 5.10 1.112 0.024 1.400
1.50 6.188 0.129 5.25 1.179 0.021 1.500

Slopes at given depth and altérnate depth

j(ft) R(ft) S
0.05 0.0486 0.264 Slope for given depth
0.477 0.3820 0.000152 Slope for altérnate depth

Problem 14.42 Procedure: Refer to Table 14.2 for geometry o f a trapezoidal channel.

a) For given Q, b, z, anáy: Compute A, Tusing equations i n Table 14.2.

Compute N = F v / ^ ^ g / j i ^ j .

Itérate valúes o f y until N = 1.000. See spreadsheet: y = 0.1288 ft.

F c

2 2
b) M i n i m u m specific energy: E = y + v !2g -y + Q?l(2gA )
From spreadsheet, w i t h .y = y = 0.1288 ft: E „ = 0.191 ft.
c mi

c) Specific energy versus y: See spreadsheet using equation in b).

230 C h a p t e r 14
 d) Specific energy for y = 0.05 ft: E = 0.481 ft
from spreadsheet.
Itérate on y to find altérnate depth for which ^
£ = 0.481 ft. H
See spreadsheet: j = 0.4770 ft. a U

e) Velocity = v = g A 4 , y V = vljgj, F =Ql[Aj^ ). h 0 \ t á

See spreadsheet
For y = 0.05 ft: v = 5.267 ft/s, 7V> = 4.177. Supercritical
For y = 0.4770 ft: v = 0.499 ft/s, 7V> = 0.134. Subcritical.

f) Compute WP = b + 2y<J\ + z (See Table 14.2). Compute R=AIWP.

nQ
Compute S:
2
AR
See spreadsheet: For .y = 0.05 ft, S = 0.264. For;; = 0.4770 ft, S = 0.000152.

14.43 H = 6 in/tan 3 0 ° = 10.4 i n x ft/12 i n = 0.867 ft

MX
'max
5/2

Q?max = 1.43 H*'i = (1.43)(0.867) = 1.00 ft7sec

14.44 H= 1.5 ft; H = 3 ft; Q = 15 ft7sec; use Eq. (14.15)

C

3/2
Q = [3.27 + 0.40(1.5/3.0)][L - 0.2(1.5)](1.5)
= (3.47)(Z-0.3)(1.838)
Q 15
L-0.3= - = 2.36 ft
(3.47)(1.838) (3.47)0.838)
L = 2.36 ft + 0.30 ft = 2.66 ft

-3/2
:
14.45 (Q = 3.27 + 0A0H/H )LH c

H = 2 ft; L = 6 ft
c

Prob. (15.10) (15.11)

3
//(in) //(ft) g(ft /sec) Q
0 0 0.00 0.00
2 .167 1.35 1.34
4 .333 3.84 3.80
6 .500 7.14 7.03
8 .667 11.10 10.90
4 6 8 10 12
10 .833 15.70 15.48
12 1.000 20.80 20.40

14.46 g = (3.27 + 0 . 4 0 / / / / / ( / . - 0 . 2 / / ) / /3/2

e
;
J
Negligible difference on graph.

il¿ ¿
14.47 (a) Q = (3.27 + QAHIH )LH c = [3.27 + 0.4(1.5/4)](3)(1.5r = 18.8 ft7sec
(b) Q = (3.27 + 0AH/H )(L E - 0.2H)H m
= (3.42)(2.70)(1.5) 3/2
= 16.95 ft7sec
5 2 5/2
(c) Q = 2A8H ' = (2.48)(1.5) = 6.84 ft7sec

OPEN CHANNEL FLOW 231

 -5/2
14.48 Q = 2.48//-
3
//(in) //(ft) g(ft /sec)
2.5
0 0 0
2 .167 .0283 2.0
4 .333 .159 "5"
*1.5
6 .500 .439
8 .667 .900 a;

10 .833 1.57
o LO

12 1.000 2.48 .5

53
14.49 0 = 3.07//'
5 3 1 7 1 5 3
4 6 8 10 12
/ / ' = 0 / 3 . 0 7 .-. / / = ( g / 3 . 0 7 ) //(¡nenes)
3
M m 0 = 0.09 ft /sec
1/L53 a
H= ( 0 . 0 9 / 3 . 0 7 ) = (0.0293)
= 0.10 ft
3
M a x Q = 8.9 ft /sec
17153 0 6 5 4
H= ( 8 . 9 / 3 . 0 7 ) = (2.90)
= 2.01 ft

3 3
14.50 L = 8.0 ft; Q = 3.5 ft /s; g
min = 139.5 ft /s m a x

1/n 1/161 0.621

Q = 4.00 LH"; H= [ 0 / 4 . O O ) ¿ ) = [ g / ( 4 . 0 0 ) ( 8 . 0 ) ] [g/32]
3 621
gítnm = 3.5 ft /s; / / = [ 3 . 5 / 3 2 ] ° = 0.253 ft
m i n

?inax 139.5 f t 7 s ; / 7 = [139.5/32]° = 2.496 ft

1
150
//(ft) 0(ft7sec)
0.25 3.434
m~ 100'
1.00 32.000
O
1.50 61.469
50-
2.00 97.681
2.25 118.077 _ , — -T
2.50 139.905 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
H(ft)

14.51 a) Q = 50 ft7s; Z = 4.0 ft; 0 = 4.00 LH*; « = 1 . 5 8

1/n 1/158 0633
/ / = [0/(4.00)/.] = [50/(4.00)(4.0)] = [3.125] = 2.06 ft

b) Z=10.0ft
(3.6875Z + 2 . 5 ) / / 1 6
= 39.375//1.6
y/1.6 ^ ^ \0.625

H- 1.155 ft
l 39.375 39.375 )

14.52 Trapezoidal channel—Long-throated flume - Design C: H= 0.84 ft; Q = K (H+ X Kf2

Ki = 16.180; K = 0.035; « = 1.784

2

0 = 16.180[0.84 + 0 . 0 3 5 ] = 12.75 ft7s = Q 1 7 8 4

232 C h a p t e r 14
14.53 Trapezoidal channel—Long-throated flume - Design B : H- 0.65 ft; Q = K (H+K f
X 2

K = 14.510; K = 0.053; n = 1.855

r 2

Q = 14.510[0.65 + 0 . 0 5 3 ] ' = 7.547 ft7s = Q 1 855

14.54 Rectangular channel—Long-throated flume - Design A : H= 0.35 ft; Q = b K (H+K f

c x 2

b = 0.500 ft; K = 3.996; K = 0.000; n = 1.612

c x 2

Q = (0.500)(3.996)[0.35 + 0 . 0 0 0 ] = 0.368 ft7s = Q 1 6 1 2

14.55 Rectangular channel—Long-throated flume - Design C: H = 0.40 ft; Q = b K (H c x + Kf 2

b = 1.500 ft; K = 3.375; AT = 0.011; n = 1.625

c x 2

Q = (1.500)(3.375)[0.40 + 0 . 0 1 1 ] = 1.194 ft7s = Q 1 6 2 5

2 5
14.56 Circular channel—Long-throated flume - Design B : H= 0.25 ft; Q = D K (H/D + K )
x 2

D = 2.00 ft; Ki = 3.780; K = 0.000; n = 1.625 2

25
Q = (2.00) (3.780)[0.25/2.00 + 0 . 0 0 0 ] = 0.729 ft7s = Q 1 6 2 5

2 5
14.57 Circular channel—Long-throated flume - Design A : H = 0.09 ft; Q = D K (H/D + K )
x 2

b = 1.00 ft; K = 3.970; K = 0.004; « = 1.689

c x 2

25
g = (1.00) (3.970)[0.09/1.00 + 0 . 0 0 4 ] = 0.0732 ft7s = Q 1 6 8 9

3
14.58 Rectangular channel—Long-throated flume - Design B : Q = 1.25 ft /s; Find H.
Q = b K (H+ K f; b = 1.00 ft; K = 3.696; K = 0.004; n = 1.617
c X 2 c x 2

Solving for H.H= [Q/(b K )] -K = [1.25/(1.0)(3.696)] - 0.004 = 0.507 ft = H

c x
Vn
2
1/K617

3
14.59 Circular channel—Long-throated flume - Design C: Q = 6.80 ft /s; Find H
25
Q = D K (H/D + K f; D = 3.000 ft; K = 3.507; K = 0.000; n = 1.573
X 2 x 2

2 5 Vn 2 5 1/1 573
Solving for H: H = D{[Q/D - )(Ki)] - K ] = 3.0{[6.80/(3.0 ' )(3.507)] -
2 - 0.00}
= 0.797 ft=H

3
14.60 Select a long-throated flume for 30 gpm < Q < 500 gpm. Using 449 gpm = 1.0 ft /s,
3 3 2 5
0.0668 ft /s < Q < 1.114 ft /s; Select Circular channel; Design A;Q = D K (H/D + K f X 2

2 5 1/n
H = D{[Q/D )(7?i)] - K }; D = 1.000 ft; K = 3.970; K = 0.004; « = 1.689 2 x 2

3
For Q = 0.0668 ft /s: H= - 1 . 0 { [ 0 . 0 6 6 8 / ( 1 . 0 ) ( 3 . 9 7 0 ) ] - 0.004} = 0.0851 ft = H 25 1/1689

3
For Q = 1.114 ft /s: / / = - 1 . 0 { [ 1.114/( 1 . 0 ) ( 3 . 9 7 0 ) ] - 0.004} = 0.467 ft = H 25 1/1689

H 2(ft /s) 3
g(gpm)
0.10 0.087 39.06
0.20 0.271 121.7
0.30 0.531 238.4
0.40 0.859 385.7

OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

 3 3 3 3
14.61 Given 50 m 7 h < Q, 180 m / h ; Convert to ft /s; 0.4907 f t / h < Q < 1.766 f t / h
Specify Rectangular channel long-throated flume, Design B .
Find H for each l i m i t i n g flow rate.
Q = b K (H
c l + K Y\ b = 1.00 ft; K = 3.696; K = 0.004; n = 1.617
2 c t 2

n 1/, ( 5 1 7
Solving for H: H = [QI(b K )f
min -K = [0.4907/(1.0)(3.696)]
c x - 0.004
2

= 0.2829 ft^flU
3
Converting to m : H = 0.0863 m for Q = 50 m / h
m i n

#max = [ g / 6 í : i ) ]
e
1 / n
-^2 = [1.766/(1.0)(3.696)l/1.617- 0.004 = 0.629 ñ = H m

3
Converting to m : H m a x = 0.1917 m for Q = 180 m / h

3
//(m) //(ft) g(ft7s) g(m /h)
0.100 0.328 0.622 63.38
0.125 0.410 0.888 90.49
0.150 0.492 1.190 121.3
0.175 0.524 1.524 155.3

234 C h a p t e r 14
CHAPTER FIFTEEN

F L O W MEASUREMENT

2(9.81)(55)/9.53
15.1 Q = C4, = (0.984)(7.854xl0~ ) 3

3 3 2
{AJA ) -\ ' — Assumed [(7.854 x 10" )/(l .964 x 1 0 " ) ] - 1
2
2

Q = 2.12 x 1(T2 m3 7 s, =_ 0.0212 m7s N o w check N and re-evaluate C.

m / c

2 3
Q _ 2.12 x l 0 ' m /s =

3 2
2.70 m/s
"~AÍ 7.854 x l O" m
vD
x x (2.70)(0.10) 5
N R
= 7.5 x 10 Then C = 0.984; O K
7
o 3.60 x l 0 ~

3 2
15.2 P l -p 2 = yh w w = (9.81 kN/m )(0.081 m ) = 0.795 k N / m
2 3
P l -p 7 0.795 k N / m 10 N r _
——— = — x — — = 62.57 m
3
Y. 12.7 N / m lkN
/ air
Assume C = 0.98
Q-CA 2gh[yjy„ - l ) ~\l/2 3
2(9.81)(0.81) / [ 9 8 1 0 / 1 2 . 7 - 1 ]
X • (0.98)(7.854xl O" )
3 3 2
(A /A ) -\ 2
[(7.854x10~ )l(\ .964 x 10" ) ] - 1
L
} 2
' — Assumed
2 3
Q = 6.96 x 10" m /s
Check C from F i g . 15.5.
2 3
Q _ 6.96x1 Q - m / s
= 8.87 m/s
3
4, 7.854x10"
oD
y x (8.87X0-100)
N R = = 6.82 x 10 } Then C = 0.98, O K 4

5
v 1.3 x 10~

2 2
15.3 4 , = 0.02333 ft ; A = 0.00545 ft ; AjA = 0.234 2 x

D = 2.067 i n ; c//£> = 1.00/2.067 in = 0.484; try C = 0.605 ( F i g . 15.7)

2g(p -p )ly 2(32.2)(0.53)(144)/51.2

Q = CA t
x 2
= (0.605)(0.02333)
2
{A lA ) -\ 2
[(0.02333)/(0.00545)] -l
x 2
' — Assumed
= 0.0332 ffVsec
3
g _ 0.0332 ft /sec
2
= 1.42 ft/sec
4 ~ 0.02333 ft
_ ^ 1 / 7 = (1.42X0.1723X1.60) = X U x ^
N R =
5
¡u 3.43 x l O "
Then C = 0.612 ( F i g . 15.7)—Recompute Q
3
Q = 0.0332 ftVsec x 0.612/0.605 = 0.0336 ft /sec
4
v = Q/A = 1.44 ft/sec; 7V = 1.16 x 10 ; N o change in C ;i

FLOW MEASUREMENT 235

 3 3
15.4 Q = 2 5 gal/min x 1 ft /sec/449 gal/min = 0 . 0 5 5 7 ft /sec
3 2
u =Q/A = 0 . 0 5 5 7 ft /sec/0.545 f t = 0 . 1 0 2 2 ft/sec
. A r uDp (0.1022)(0.833)(0.83)(1.94) 4
pipe N R = = 5.5 x 10
H 2.5x10""
(a) d/D =1.0/10.0 = 0 . 1 0 ; C = 0 . 5 9 5 ( F i g . 15.7)
(b) d/D =7.0/10.0 =0.70; C =0.620

Solve for/?] - p 2 from E q . (15.5)

-Pi)ir
= -p )iy
2

Q CA
s(p x 2 ; Then Q = C 2 2
A 2
2g(j>i
2

(AJA,) -! 2
(AJA,) -!
2 2

Px-Pi
rQ [(A/ A,) - i ]
2 2
2g CA
2
(a) Ford = 1 . 0 i n , 4 2 = 0 . 0 0 5 4 5 f t ; A IA X 2 =0.545/0.00545 =100
2 2
yQ M/A,) -1] = (0.83)(62.4)(0.0557) [(100) - 1 ] 2 2
= tf
Pi -Pi 2 2
2g CA 2 2
2(32.2)(0.595) (0.545)
For Manometer
Pi +y h-yJi =P2
A
,1 c
P\-Pi =yJi-yAh =h(y -y ) w A
lh TTT
P , P l 3 3
h " B u t x , = ( 0 . 8 3 ) ( 6 2 . 4 1b/ft ) = 5 1 . 8 lb/ft AmmonteK T
y»> YA
A

i
2

Pi -Pi 238 lb/ft

h = = 22.4ft Water-
3 3
62.4 - 51.8 10.6 lb/ft 10.6 lb/ft
2 2 2
;r(7.0) in ft
(b) Ford =7.0in,4 2 = = 0.267 f t 2

2
144in
4,M 7 =0.545/0.267 =2.04
2

Pi -Pi
yQ \(A x IA,) 2
- 1 ] _ (0.83)(62.4)(0.0557) [(2.04) - 1 ] 2 2

0.0694 lb/ft 2

2 2
2£ 2
C 4 2
2(32.2)(0.620) (0.545)
2

Pi -Pi 0.0694 lb/ft

h = = 0.00655 f t
3
10.6 10.6 lb/ft

A n orífice size between 1.0 i n and 7.0 i n w o u l d be preferred to give a more

convenient manometer deflection.

3
15.5 Find Ap across nozzle, Q = 1800 g a l / m i n ( l ft /s)(449 gal/min) = 4.009 ft7s
3 2
v, = Q/Ai = (4.009 ft /s)/(0.1810 f t ) = 22.15 ft/s
3 6 2
Water at 120°F; / = 61.7 lb/ft ; v = 5.94 x 10~ ft /s
6 6
A^ = v A / v = (22.15)(0.4801)(5.94x 10~ )= 1.79 x 10 ; Then C = 0.992
/í ]

From Eq. (15-4), solving for p - p = Ap x 2

2 2
Ap = [v IC? [(A /A f x - 1] [y/2g] = [22.15/0.992] [(0.18/0.0668) - l][61.7/(2(32.2))]
x 2

2 2 2
Ap = 3029 lb/ft (1 ft /144 i n ) = 21.04 psi

236 C h a p t e r 15
 3 3
15.6 F i n d Ap across V e n t u r i , Q = 600 g a l / m i n ( l ft /s)(449 gal/min) = 1.336 ft /s
3 2
v, = QIA X = (1.336 ft /s)/(0.0844 f t ) = 15.12 ft/s
3 5 2
Kerosene at 7 7 ° F ; y=5l.2 lb/ft ; v = 2.14 x 10~ ft /s
5 5
7V« = v A/v = (15.12)/(0.3355)/(2.14x 10" ) = 2.37 x 10 ; Then C = 0.984
1

From Eq. (15-4), solving for p -p x 2 - Ap

2 2 2 2
Ap = [ v , / q [(A /A )x 2 - 1] [y/2g] = [15.12/0.984] [(0.0884/0.01227) - l][51.2/(2(32.2))]
2 2 2
Ap = 9551 lb/ft (1 ft /144 i n ) = 66.3 psi

3 2
15.7 F i n d Q through an orífice meter. A = 97.2 m m ; A = 7.419 x 10 x m ; d = 50 m m = 0.050 m
3 2
A 2 = 1.963 x 10" m ; A A X 2 = 3.778; d/D = 0.05/0.0972 = 0.514; Trial 1: C = 0.608 for
5
N = 1 x 10
R

3 5 2
Ethylene glycol at 2 5 ° C : y= 10.79 k N / m ; v = 1.47 x 10" m /s

2(9.81)(0.095)/[132.8/10.79-1]
Vi = C 2gh[y /y m eLi - i] = (0.608)
2
[3.778] -l
(A/A.f-l
3
v = 0.766 m/s; Iteration: N e w N = 5.07 x 10 ; N e w C = 0.623 R

3
New v = 0.785 m/s; N e w N
x R = 5.19 x 10 ; N e w C = 0.623 - Unchanged.
Final v a l u é o f Q = A v = (7.419 x 10~ m )(0.785 m/s) = 5.824 x 10~ m /s = Q x x
3 2 3 3

3 6 2
15.8 Orífice meter. Propyl alcohol at 2 5 ° C ; y= 7.87 k N / m ; v = 2.39 x 10" m /s
4 2
1 1/2 i n x 0.065 i n w a l l steel tube: A = 34.8 m m = 0.0348 m ; A = 9.51 x 10" m x

Let fi= 0.40 = d/D; Then d = 0.40 D = 0.40(34.8 m m ) = 13.92 m m = 0.01392 m

2 2 4 2
A = 7iD IA = ^(0.01392 m ) / 4 = 1.52 x 10"" m ; A IA
2 X 2 = 6.26
3
From Eq. (15-6), solve for h i n mercury manometer; y - 132.8 k N / m m

2
/; _ [(4/^) -iK
2
2gC [(yJy,)-\)]
3 4 2
v, „ = Q„JAi rai = (1.0 m /h)/(9.51 x 10" m ) ( l h)/(3600 s) = 0.292 m/s
4 2 3
N HI = v D /v=x x (0.292)(0.0348)/(9.51 x 10~ m ) = 4.25 x 10 ; C = 0.619

hmm = M^f-l^ _ [(6-26) -l](0.292m/ 2

s )
2
= 0.0273 m = 27.3 m m
2 2 2
2gC [(yJyJ-l] 2(9.81 m / s ) ( 0 . 6 1 9 ) [ ( 1 3 2 . 8 / 7 . 8 7 ) - l ]

3
Similarly, v l n i a x = 0.730 m/s; TV), = 1.06 x 10 ; C = 0.610
«max = 0.1754 m = 175.4 m m

2
15.9 F l o w nozzle — Design: Install i n 5 1/2 inch Type K copper tube; A = 4.805 in; A = 0.1259 f t x

Specify the throat diameter d. N O T E : Múltiple solutionspossible.

3 4 2
Fluid: Linseed o i l at 77°F; y= 58.0 lb/ft ; v = 3.84 x 10~ ft /s
Use mercury manometer w i t h scale range 0 - 8 inHg
3 3
Range o f flow rate: g m i n = 700 gpm = 1.559 ft /s; Q nm = 1000 gpm = 2.227 ft /s
Velocity i n pipe: v „ x min = Q JA mi x = 12.38 ft/s; V!_ m a x = Q JAaa x = 17.69 ft/s
4 4
Reynolds N o . : N ^ K min = v^ x min D lv= x 1.29 x 10 ; Ng^ = V!_ r a a x D /v=
x 1.84 x 10
F r o m Figure 15-5: C mill = 0.955; C m a x = 0.961

FLOW MEASUREMENT 237

 a) Use Eq. (15-6) and solve for A from which we can obtain the throat diameter d 2

2
BhC
+1

Where B = 2g[(yJy ) Lo - 2(32.2)[844.9/58.0) - 1] = 873.7

Let h = 8.0 i n = 0.667 ft when v= v . x mdx = 17.69 ft/s and C = 0.961

0.1259
A = = 0.07635 ¿
ñ=7rd /4
2
(873.7)(0.667)(0.961)
+1
2
(17.69)

m ,/2
Then d = {4A ln) 2 = [(4)(0.07635)/;r] = 0.3118 ft = 3.741 i n = T h r o a t diameter

b) Use Eq. (15-6) and solve for h to determine the manometer reading when Q = Q ¡ . m n

2 1
h . (vJC) [(AJA ) -\] 2

B
For vi = v . „ = 12.38 ft/s and C = 0.955,
x mi

/ c Z 2 2 2
_ (n ) [ ( 4 Z ^ ) - ! _[(12.38/0.955) [(0.1259/0.07635) - l ]
h= = 0.3306 ft = 3.97 i n
5 873.73

Summary: Nozzle throat diameter = d = 3.741 in

When Q - 1000 gpm, h = 8.00 in manometer deflection
When Q - 700 gpm, h = 3.97 i n manometer deflection

15.10 Orífice Meter — Design: Install i n 12 inch ductile iron pipe; D = 12.24 i n = 1.020 ft; x

2
A = 0.8171 f t
x

Specify the orífice diameter d. N O T E : Múltiple solutionspossible.

3 5
Fluid: Water at 60°F; y= 62.4 lb/ft ; v = 1.21 x 10" ftVs
Use mercury manometer w i t h scale range 0 - 1 2 inHg
3 3
Range o f flow rate: g = 1500 gpm = 3.341 ft /s; g m i n= 4000 gpm = 8.909 ft /s m a x

Velocity i n pipe: v ^ = Q JA = 4.089 ft/s;

x n = Q JA m = 10.90 ft/s
x jm x

5 5
Reynolds No.: A ^ _ = D lv= 3.45 x 10 ; A ^ _
m i n = v , . ^ D /v= 9.19 x 10
x niax x

From Figure 15-5: C = 0.612; C = 0.610 [Assumed /?= d/D = 0.70]

m i n m a x

a) Use Eq.(15-6) and solve for A from which we can obtain the throat diameter d. 2

A,
A =
2
1
BhC
+1

Where B = 2g[(y /y ) m w - 1 ] = 2(32.2)[(844.9/62.4) - 1] = 807.6

L e t / ; = 10.0 i n = 0.833 f t w h e n v = v , _ m a x = 10.90 ft/s and C = 0.610

238 C h a p t e r 15
 Then d = (4A ln) m
= [(4)(0.4636)/¿r] = 0.7683 ft = 9.219 i n = T h r o a t diameter
2
1/2

Actual /?= d/D = 9.219/12.24 = 0.753; Assumed C valúes O K .

b) Use Eq. (15-6) and solve for h to determine the manometer reading when Q = Q ¡ . m n

2 2
h _ {vJC) [{AJA ) -Y\ 2

B
For v, = v,_ „ = 4.089 ft/s and C = 0.612 mi

2 2 2 2
A _ (v, / C ) [ ( 4 , / A , ) - 1 ] _ [(4.089/0.612) [(0.8171/0.4636) - 1 ] = 0 , 1 6 4 ft = j 4 0 m

B 807.6

Summary: Nozzle throat diameter = d = 9.219 i n .

=
When g 4000 gpm, « = 10.0 i n manometer deflection
When g = 1500 gpm, h = 1.40 in manometer deflection

15.11 o = ^¡2gh{y -y)ly g ;h =225 mm =0.225 m

3 3
yg = 132.8 k N / m (mercury); y = 7.74 k N / m (methyl alcohol)
o = J2(9.81)(0.225)(132.8- 7.74)/7.74 = 8 . 4 5 m/s

l 3
15.12 o = A 2gh(y -y)ly g Solve for A (y air = 11.05 N / m )

3 3 3
/, = ^ (y =9.73 kN/m = 9 . 7 3 x 10 N / m )
2g(r g -r)
3 3 3
( Y í _ y = 9.719 x io N/m = 9719 N / m )

¿ = (11-0S)(2S) m = 0 0 3 6 m x i 0 3 m m / m =36 mm
2(9.81)(9719)

15.13 o = ¡2gh(y
y g -y)ly = V2(9.81)(0.106)(132.8-9.81)/9.81 = 5 . 1 1 m/s

3
15.14 Pitot-static tube carrying air at atmospheric pressure and 50°C. % = 10.71 N / m .
3
A = 4.80 m m H 0 ; h = (4.80 m m ) ( l m/1000 mm) = 0.0048 m H 0 ; y = y = 9810 N / m
2 2 g w

Find flow velocity v.

2
v = y¡2gh(j -y )ly w a tt = ^2(9.81 m/s )(0.0048 m)(9810-10.71)/10.71 = 9 . 2 8 m/s

3
15.15 Pitot-static tube carrying air at atmospheric pressure and 80°F. y = 0.0736 lb/ft . a

A = 0.24 i n H 0 ; h = (0.24 i n ) ( l . 0 ft/12 in) = 0.02 ft; y = y = 62.4 lb/ft

2 g w

Find flow velocity v.

2
v = pgh(y -y,)/y
w a = ^2(32.2 ft /s)(0.02 ft)(62.4-0.0736)/0.0736 = 3 3 . 0 ft/s

FLOW MEASUREMENT 239

CHAPTER SIXTEEN

FORCES DUE TO FLUIDS IN MOTION

2 3
„ , ^-(0.075 m ) 25 m 0.1104 m
16.1 Q = Au = — —x =

1
4 s s

R = pQ(u - u) = pQ(0 - ( - o , ) ) = pQo, «1

x 2 K

3 0.075 m día.
„ 1000kg 0.1104 m 25m 2761kg-m
R x = . X X =

m s s s
= 2761 N = 2.76 k N
16.2 See sketch for Problem 16.1: R = pQu x x = p(Aui)Ui = pAuf
2 2
] R | 3001b 144in /ft
u= 84.2 ft/s
¡ 2 4 2
pA V (1.94 l b - s / f t ) ( ; r ( 2 . 0 i n ) / 4 )

3
1 ft /s 3
16.3 Q= 150 gal/min x = 0.334 ft /s
449 gal/min
3
Q 0.324 f t / s
L>! = fj>2 = — = r = 61.25 ft/s

A ^r(l/12ft) /4
U

R = PQ(O
x 2 - ) = pQ(0 - ( - u , ) ) = p ^ u , _J_.

R 1.94 l b - s 4
2
0.334 f t 3
61.25 ft = 39.7 l b
ft
R = pg(u
y 2 - u, ) = pQ(v 2 - 0) = pQoj = p g ü ! = 39.7 l b

16.4 Assume all air leaves parallel to the face o f the sign.
3
10 m lh
V\ = 125 k m / h x = 34.7 m/s
km 3600 s
2
R = pQ(v
x 2 - ) = p g ( 0 - ( - u , ) ) = p g u , = p(/l f^XuO = /7/1,,,
2 2 3
„ 1.341 k g , (34.7) m 19.4xl0 kg-m
RR = x (3 m)(4 m ) x '- = - — - — = 19.4 k N
m s s
"\3 3
_ . . R 19.4xl0 N
t 1617N x

hquivalent pressure =p = — = - = — = 1617 Pa

A 12m m

240 C h a p t e r 16
 ( 1 7 5 i n ) 2
i6.5 g ^ " - x ^ x ^
2
4 144in s
= 0.418 ft7s
R = pQ(ox 2 -o )=
lt Q[-Ü2
P sin 30° - (0)]
Rx = -pQoj sin 30° = -(1.94)(0.418)(25) sin 30 c
Actual /ír
R = -10.13 lb = 10.13 lb to r i g h t
x

R = p0(üy 2 y - u , ) = pQ[ü2 eos 30° - ( - u , ) ]

= P 0 [ ^ eos 30° + Ü,] = (1.94X0.418)[25 eos 30° + 25] = 37.79 lb up

2 2 2
16.6 Q = Au = (2.95 in )(22.0 ft/s)(l ft /144 i n )
= 0.451 ft7s

Rx = p e ( ü 2 j - ^ ) = pQVoj eos 50° - ( - Ü , ) ]

^ = P 0 [ ^ eos 50° + u , ] ; but i>, = u x

R = pQo [cos 50° + 1 ]

x x

2 3
_ _ 1.88 l b - s 0.451 f t 22.0 ft
Rx - 4
x 1.643
ft
30.6 lb

Ry = pQ(» 2y -°i y ) =
PQl°2 s i n 5 0
° - ° ] = (1.88X0.451X22 sin 50°) = 14.3 lb

2
, ^ ^ , ;r(0.10m) 15m „ , , „ %, 3
16.7 Q = Av=—- —x =0.118m /s

Rx = PQ[O , 2 - °i ] = x eos 60° - (-Ü,)]

+x-

R = pQo [l
x x - eos 6 0 ] o

3
_ 988 k g 0.118 m 15 m „ „ r
= ~ x — x x [0.5]
m s
873kg-m
873 N

= pQiOj sin 60° - 0] = (988)(0.118)(15)(sin 60°) = 1512 N

F O R C E S D U E T O F L U I D S IN M O T I O N 241
 2 2 3
„ a n t ^-(l.OOin) ft 30 ft 0.1636ft
16.8 Q = A u =— l l —x r2 x -

= Q _ 0.1636 ft 1 4 4 i n 2// fA t- 2 3 2 2
_ 19.23 ft
Vi
2 2 2
~ X~s^-(4.00 - 3 . 8 0 ) i n / 4 ¡

U
Ry=P<2(»2 r - l, )
2 3
1.881b-s 0.1636 f t ft
R y
[ 1 9 . 2 3 - ( - 3 0 ) ] - = 15.141b
4
ft i u, - 30 ft/s

16.9 R = 550 N = 550 kg-m/s = pQ(v

y
2
2 -U, )

= pA u,(0 - ( - L > , ) ) =
x PAiv]

R, 550 k g - m / s 2
ty-Waíght
Vi = 25.2 m/s
1 3 4 2
PA, V (900 k g / m )(9.62x 10~ m )

^ = , ( 0 . 0 3 5 m) 2
= 9 _ 6 2 x l Q - 4 m 2
I !!¡ 0.035 m
día.

16.10 ^ = pQ(o 2 - u , ) = 4u,[0 - (-y,)] = M ' P

2 2
B-i
«•(2.0 i n ) ft
-x = 0.0109 f t 2

4 144 in
2 v
1.941b-s , f40.0ft
2
i?. = x 0.0109 ft x
4
ft V s J
= 33.9 lb
R Xi = pQ(v 2 - u , ) = pQio, - 0) = p g ^
PtA"
Assume = o A - Ai u 2

i% = pAu? = 33.9 lb

M u = R ( 4 . 0 0 - 0 . 4 2 4 ) i n = (33.9lb)(3.576in) = 121 lb in
X¡

Moment due to R xi is small-depends on shape o f leaving stream.

3
1 ft /s 3
Q _ 0.223 ft /s
16.11 Q= 100 gal/min x = 0.223 ft /s: u 3
x 37A ft/s
2
449 gal/min ' A 0.0060 ft
Assume all fluid strikes vane and is deflected perpendicular to incoming stream.
R = pQ(u
x 2 - u) K = pQ[0 - ( - Ü , ) ] = pQui
2 3
1.94 lb-s 0.223 f t 37.1 ft
Rr = = 16.01b Rvot-A 0.50 In
4 Spring
ft s s Forcé
R is forcé exerted by vane on water
x 1.0 In
R is forcé exerted by water on vane
x

YM = 0 = F (0.5 in) - R \\.0

A in) s x

F = i?/ H
s = 2i? ' = 2(16.0 lb) = 32.0 lb
x

242 C h a p t e r 16
16.12 R = pQ[v
x 2 -Ü, ] = p4u [u -0] = 2 2 pAa
2
t «"(4.0 i n ) ft
A = — —x = 0.0873 ft 2
-«2
2
4 144in
2
1.94 l b - s ,„ „.
Rr =
ft 4
x 0.0873 f t x (60 ft/s)
2
2 2

f
= 609 lb acting on water jet
F o r c é on boat is reaction to R x acting toward left.

16.13 & + ü _ _ A +
y 2 g y 2 g

0.0218
V, = L L - ^ = 80-
0.0873
= 20 ft/sec
2 2
v\ v\ 0.12o 2
2
\\2v\ -u¡
p\ = y " 2
^ • h, =y ^y
2g 2g 2g 2g 2g 2g
2 2
62.41b 1.12(80) -(20) 2
Pi 3
ft = 6550 lb/ft
ft 644

Rx - / M i = pQ.(» 2x - U
K ) =
PQ(-»2 - (~Ol)) = p£?((J, - I*)

Rx = pQiui -02)+ PiAi = (1.94)(0.0218)(80)(20 - 80) + (6550)(0.0873) = -203 + 571

Ao
368 l b

3
I^-ÍA Q
0.025 m /s „ „„ .
16.14 u =— { = — = 3 . 3 2 m/s
2
4, 7.538 x l O ^ m
3
Q 0.025 m /s ^ n c .
Ü2= — = r — - = 12.85 m/s
A 2 1.945 x 10 m 3 2

y 2g y 2g

Pi=Pi + y -K =Pi+y =Pi+y •Ü--2.5Ü-

2g 2g 2g ' 2g 2g 2g
2 2 2 2

3
[-12.85 - 2 . 5 ( 3 . 3 2 ) ] m / s
/ j = 825 kPa + (1.03)(9.81 k N / m )
2
2
2(9.81m/s )
= 825 kPa - 99.2 kPa = 726 kPa

3 3 2
pQo = (1.03)(1000 kg/m )(0.025 m )(3.32 m/s) = 85.5 kg-m/s = 85.5 N
x

pQih = (1.03)(1000)(0.025)(12.85)N = 331 N

F O R C E S D U E T O F L U I D S IN M O T I O N 243
 2 3 2
p A = (825 kN/m )(7.538 x 1(T m ) = 6.219 k N = 6219 N
x x

2 3 2
/ 7 4 = ( 7 2 6 k N / m ) ( 1 . 9 4 5 x 10" m ) = 1.412 k N = 1412 N
2 2

x-direction:
R -p A x x x = pQ(o 2 - o ) = Q(0 - (-u ))
h P x = pQv x

R = pQv x x + pA x x = 85.5 N + 6219 N = 6305 N

y-direction:
R ~PiA y 2 = pQ(v 2 -U ) } = pQ(oi - 0) = pQü2

i? , = p g ^ + / 7 4
> 2 2 = 331 N + 1412 N = 1743 N

3
1 ft /sec
16.15 Q = 500 gal/min x
449 gal/min
3
= 1.114 ft /sec

= Q = 1.114 ftVsec = 5 _ 5 5 ft/gec = Q 2 0 0 6 ft2 = 2 8 _ 8 9 , n 2

o x
2
0.2006 f t
2 2
4 2 = 0.05132 f t = 7.39 i n

• » - ¿ - U 1 4 f t
* f2 - 2 1 . 7 » . - D IDX 2 = 0.5054/0.2557 = 1.98; K= 0.043
4 0.05132 f t

2
From Section 10.8, «¿ = /¡T-^ -= 0 . 0 4 3 ^ ^ = 0.314 ft
2g 64.4
2
of-o 2
-0.314
y 2g y 2g 2g
2 2
62.41b ( 5 . 5 5 ) - ( 2 1 . 7 ) lft 2

p = 125 +
2 — — - 0 . 3 1 4 ft = 1 2 5 - 3 . 1 0 = 121.9 psig
ft 64.4
3
144in 2

¿ZF = R + X X p A -p A
2 2 X X = pQ (y 2 - v y ) = pQ(-i>> - (-v )) x = pQ(v x - ¿>,)

R
x = P 2 ( " i - °2) -PIA 2 + / V i
= (1.94)(1.11)(5.55 - 21.7) - (121.9)(7.39) + (125)(28.89)
R, = -34.9 - 900 + 3611 = 2676 lb

244 C h a p t e r 16
16.16 Find/?] (p = O, v = 02, zx = z ) 2 x 2

ü = QIA = 6.5/0.3174 = 20.45 ft/sec

= (20.45X0.6354) ^ 1 4 2 x l Q 6

6
y 9.15xl0"
f = 0.014 (Table 10.5); ¿ / D = 16 (Table 10.4)
T e

2
Pi = jh L = (62.2)(0.014)(16)(20.45)764.4 = 90.5 lb/ft

x-direction:

- / M , = pQ(u 2 -u lt ) = p g í - u s i n 4 5 ° - ( - u , ) ) = p g u ( l - sin 4 5 ° )

R = p g u ( l - sin 45°) + p A
x x x = (1.93)(6.5)(20.45)(0.293) + (90.5X0.3174) = 103.9 l b

y-direction:
R = pQ(v
y 2> - u ) = pQio, eos 4 5 ° - 0) = (1.93)(6.5)(20.45)(0.707) = 182 l b
h

Q_ 0.125 m 7 s
16.17 v- 2 2
= 6.71 m/s
A 1.864x10 m

x-direction:
R -p A
x x x = pQ(u 2 - U , ) = pg(0 - (-u,))

R = pQo +
x x pA x x

3
_ 1000 k g 0.125 6.71 m/s 1050 k N 2 2
x 1.864 x 1 0 " m
m m
2
R = 838 kg-m/s + 19.57 k N = 838 N x
x + 19.57 k N = 20.41 k N
3
10 N
1 1
— N —
y-direction:
^ -/M2 = PS(^ V ~I U
V ) =
P G ( ^ - 0)
= 28.9kN@45°
^ = pgU2 + p A 2 2 = 0.838 k N + 19.57 k N = 20.41 k N
«2

16.18 Q = 2000 L / m i n x 16.67 x 10~ m / s / l L / m i n = 0.0333 m /s 6 3 3

~p~¿A¿
3 3 2
o = g / 4 = 0.0333 m /s/7.419 x 10" m = 4.49 m/s
LF, = pQ (u 2 - u )=pQ(o - y 2 (-o,)) = 2pQu *~

2ZF = R - A -p A
x x Px x 2 2 = R -2 A x Px x * 4
Assume P j -
Then-2/7^1 = 2pgu Neglect energy
loss in bend
^ = 2 p g u + 2/j 4 1 1

Q333m3 9
= 2 0.89 ( )
( 1 0 0 0

m
kg)
x°- xM ^ + 2x -2 0 x l

m
° 6 N
x .419xl0-W
7

2 6 7 g m 3 3
^ ' + 29.68 x 10 N = 267 N + 29.68 x 10 N = 0.267 k N + 29.68 k N

R = 29.95 k N
x

F O R C E S D U E T O F L U I D S IN M O T I O N 245
16.19 U\ = Vi = o

0.12 m/s 3
«2, - t>2CCS45"
A 1.670x10" 2
m = 7.19
2
m/s p*42 sin 4 5
/Mi =p A
2 2

= 275kN 2 2
x 1.670 x 1 0 ~ m
2
m
= 4.59 k N

Negiect energy loss in bend. Py-p^

x-direction:
R -p\A
x x -p A 2 2 eos 4 5 ° = p £ ? ( f \ - o ) K

fl, - / M i O + eos 4 5 ° ) = pQ(D2 eos 4 5 ° - ( - Ü , ) )

^ - / M i ( l + eos 45°) = pQu(l + eos 45°) R = R* + Rl =11.0 k N
^ = p g t X l + eos 4 5 ° ) + iAi(l P + eos 4 5 ° )
3 3
1590 k g 0.12 m 7.19m 1.37xl0 kg-m 0 = tan" = 22.3°
pQv= — r ^ = - x x
1.37 k N R,
2

m s s s
R = 1.37 kN(1.707) + 4.59 k N ( l . 7 0 7 ) = 10.17 k N
x

y-direction:

R -RiA
y 2 sin 4 5 ° = pQÍv 2y - v)ly = pQ(oi sin 4 5 ° - 0) = p g u sin 4 5 °

Ry = Í P Í ? " + P T A I ) sin 4 5 ° = (1.37 k N + 4.59 kN)(0.707) = 4.18 k N

2 2 3
16.20 Q = Av= (3.142 x 10" m )(30 m/s) = 0.943 m /s
a. x-direction:
^ = pQ(u 2 - ^ ) = p 2 ( ^ 2 - ( - i * eos 15 )) o

^ = p g ü ( l +cos 15°)= 1.966pgü

3
^ = (1.966) (1000 kgV0.943 m V30 m^ eos 1 5 '
m V s ;

3 2
R = 55.6 x 10 kg-m/s = 55.6 k N = F o r c é o f car on water.
x

F o r c é on car = 55.6 k N —»

y-direction:
o o
R = pQ(y
y 2y - u) K = p g ( 0 - ( - o , sin 15 )) = pQv sin 15
3 2
Ry = (1000)(0.943)(30)(0.259) = 7.32 x 10 kg-m/s = 7.32 k N = F o r c é on water i
F o r c é on car = 7.32 k N t

246 C h a p t e r 16
 b. Because the inlet j e t acts at an angle to the x-y directions, we compute its components:
v = v, eos ( 1 5 ° ) = (30 m/s)(0.966) = 28.98 m/s: v = v, sin (15°) = 30 m/s)(0.259)
u ly

= 7.76 m/s
Only V\ is affected by the moving vane. Then v = v - 12 m/s = 16.98 m/s.
x e/x l x

v iy - V\ = 7.76 m/s. The magnitude o f the resultant effective velocity is:

e y

= 7(16.98)'+ (7.76) 2
= 18.67 m/s
IVI
The total effective mass flow rate into the vane, M , is, e

3 2 2
M = pQ = pAv = (1000 kg/m )(3.142 x 10~ m )(18.67 m/s) = 586.6 kg/s
e e eS

The velocity, v \, acts at an angle a, w i t h respect to the horizontal, where

e

1
a = Tan~ (7.76)/16.98) = 24.58°
Only the component o f v \ acting parallel to the vane is maintained as the j e t travels
e

around the vane.

This component is computed using /?, the difference between a and the angle o f the
vane inlet.
o
P= 2 4 . 5 8 - 15° = 9.58°
Then, v = (v i)cos(9.58°) = (18.67 m/s)(0.986) = 18.41 m/s
e l ( p a r ) e

This velocity remains undiminished as the j e t travels around the vane. Then v e2 =
18.41 m/s to the left.
F o r c é in x-direction: R = M (Av ) x c ex = MJy e2x - v ) e]x = (586.6 kg/s)[l8.41 - (-16.98)]m/s
= 20.86 k N
F o r c é in y-direction: R = M (Av ) y e ey = M (y e e2y - v ) = (586.6 kg/s)[0 - (-7.76)]m/s
eXy

= 4.55 k N

16.21 R = pQ(u
x 2 - o ) Xx = pAvxiO - ( - Ü , ) ) = pAuf ®
151
1 0 k 9 8 1 m
Weight o f cartón = w = m g = ° - c §' - = 0 9 8 1 N

HM A = ^ ( 7 5 m m ) - w (\ 5 mm) = 0 Impending tipping c

R = w ±l75 = 0.9SiN— 75 = 0 . 1 9 6 N 78 mm
x c r

From (D, O] -
pA

2 5 2
A = Tt(0.010 m) /4 = 7.85 x 10~ m

0.196 k g - m / s '
O] 45.6 m/s
3 5
^(1.20kg/m )(7.85xl0" m')

16.22 R = pQ(u
x 2 - m ) = p4u,(0 - ( - u , ) ) = p 4 u , '
2 5
1.20kg «-(0.015m) (0.35 m/s)' _ 2 . 6 0 x l O " k g m _
/?,=
5
2.6 x 10~ N
m 1

16.23 Let U\ = V\ - o

**
e h

| L
Velocity o f Blade l
~—7S mm—4
L 1
Velocity o f A i r m I

F O R C E S D U E T O F L U I D S IN M O T I O N 247
 40 rev 2n rad 1 min
u = Ra> = (0.075 m ) x
b x x
mm rev 60 s
0.314 m/s
0.35 m/s - 0.314 m/s = 0.0358 m/s
2
7

Rr = p4^=(1.20) ; r ( 0
- 0 1 5 ) 2
(0.0358) 2
2.72 x 10~ N

16.24 R = x pQ(v -v ) 2 x

Rx^pQQ-i-Oi sin 4 5 ° ) )
R = pQv sin 4 5 °
x 1

= p(Aui)üi sin 4 5 °
c
R = pAuf sin 45
x

Compute R for a 20.0 i n length

x

o f louver, as shown i n Fig. 16.19.

2 2
A = (5 in)(20.0 i n ) ( l ft /144 i n )
2
= 0.694 f t

R 2.06x10 Vo-s_ x o.694 f t x (10.0 ft/s) x sin 4 5 ° = 0.1011b

2 2

Assume R acts at middle o f louver, 2.50 i n from pivot

x

Moment = ^ ( 2 . 5 ) = 0.101 lb(2.5 in) = 0.253 l b - i n

16.25 See Problem 16.24: J 1jf

3 2
R = pA uf sin 7 0 ° = (2.06 x 10~ )(0.694)(10.0) sin 70° = 0.1345 lb
x

Moment = R (2.5) x = (0.1345 lb)(2.5 in) = 0.336 l b - i n

16.26 See analysis—Problem 16.24: R = pA vf sin(90 - 9) = pA u¡ eos 9 x

3 2
R = (2.06 x 10~ )(0.417)(10.0) eos 9 = 0.143 eos 9; Moment = ^ ( 2 . 5 in)
x

0 M(lb-in)

10 0.141 0.352 0.32

\
20 0.134 0.336
30 0.124 0.310 0.24
40 0.110 0.274
ja
50 0.0920 0.230
0.16
60 0.0715 0.179
3
70 0.0489 0.122 2"
o
H
80 0.0248 0.062 0.08
90 0.0 0.0

\
20 40 60 80
Angle 8 (Degrees)

248 C h a p t e r 16
16.27 M á x i m u m F = \iW= Q.6QW f

Sliding is impending when R = Ff x

U =
2 " * ! .
R = pQ(v ,
x 2 - ) K pA^O - ( - o , ) ) = pA u¡ 1 \*

Then^=-^ = ^ ¿
0.6 0.6
3 2 2 2 2
„ r 2.40x10 lb-s ;r(1.5in) ft (25.0ft/s) „ n M M

W= x —^ '— x x -i '— = 0.0307 lb

4 2
ft 4 144 i n 0.6

16.28 See Prob. 16.27:

2 2 2 2
w = ^oAv = 1.941b-s
1.9 x ,r(0.75 ) m x (25.0ft/s) fc

4 2 2
0.6 ~ ft 4 144m /ft 0.6

16.29 ^ = M(Av ) = A/(v 2 2x - v ) : Where M = pAv

u

2 2 5 2
A = TTD IA = « ( 0 . 0 0 7 5 m ) / 4 = 4.418 x 10~ m
3 5 2
M= pAv = (1000 kg/m )(4.418 x 10~ m )(25 m/s) =1.105 kg/s
v = v, cos(10°) = (25 m/s)(0.985) = 24.62 m/s; «jcoi eo*
u

vi = vj sin(10°) = (25 m/s)(0.174) = 4.34 m/s

y

v = v = 25m/s;
2 <^-^ooji(r
V2x = v cos(60°) = (25 m/s)(0.5) = 12.5 m/s; v
2 2y = v sin(60°)
2

= (25 m/s)(0.0866) = 21.65 m/s

F o r c é i n the x-direction: R = M(Av ) = M ( v ^ - v ) x x lx

= (1.105 kg/s)[12.5 - (-24.62)]m/s = 41.0 N

F o r c é i n the y-direction: i?^ = M(Av ) = M(v - v ^ ) y 2y

= (1.105 kg/s)[21.65 - 4 . 3 4 ] m / s = 19.1 N

16.30 Compute the forcé on one blade when the turbine wheel is rotating and has a tangential
velocity o f 10 m/s.
Method: See vector diagram on next page. L a w o f sines and law o f cosines used.
1. Compute the velocity relative to the blade v for the inlet. m

2. The magnitude o f this velocity remains undiminished as the jet traverses the blade.
3. The relative velocity rotates 110° as it traverses the blade.
4. Resol ve v and v into x and y components. Rl R2

5. Compute the effective mass flow rate M = pQ = pAjv . e e R

r
6. Compute reaction forces: R = M (v - v ^ ) and R = M (v - v ) x e R2x y e R2y RXy

Results:

o
v R1 = 15.25 m/s /16.54 ; V r 2 = 15.25 m/s 5 3 . 4 6 ° \ •*
A
v RXx = 14.62 m/s v , = 4.34 m/s t ; F
M j S 2 c = 9.077 m/s < - ; v« , = 12.25 m/s 2>

3 2
M e = pQ = pAjv = (1000 k g / m ) [ < 0 . 0 0 7 5 m) /4)(15.25 m/s) = 0.674 kg/s
e R

2
tf, = M (V e R2x - V ) = (0.674 kg/s)(9.077 - (-14.62)) m/s = 1 5 . 9 7 kg m/s = 15.97 N < -
RIX

R = M ( F « „ - V ) = (0.674)(12.25 - 4.34) = 5.33 N T

y e 2 Rly

„ , 10.0 m rev 60 s .„„

Rotational speed = a - — = x x = 477 r p m
r s(0.20 m ) 2n rad m i n

F O R C E S D U E T O F L U I D S IN M O T I O N 249
Vector diagram for Problem 16.30
Vj• = Velocity o f water jet Assume |VJJ,| = [V |
í 2 and v vector is rotated 110°
R

v¡¡ = Velocity relative to blade from inlet to outlet

v = Velocity o f blade
h

Problem 16.31 Forces on rotating turbine wheel

v Blade VRI V R1
a Me R* Ry

(m/s) (m/s) O (m/s) (°) (kg/s) (N) (N)

0 25.00 10.00 25.00 60.00 1.105 41.00 19.12
5 20.09 12.48 20.09 57.52 0.888 27.00 11.20
10 15.25 16.54 15.25 53.46 0.674 15.97 5.33
15 10.55 24.29 10.55 45.71 0.466 7.92 1.50
20 6.34 43.22 6.34 26.78 0.280 2.88 -0.42
25 4.36 95.00 4.36 -25.00 0.193 0.69 -1.19

R is the reaction forcé exerted by the blade on the water; positive R acts to the left
x x

Then the forcé exerted by the water on the blade acts to the right, accelerating the blade
Positive R acts radially outward
y

Then the forcé exerted by the water on the blade acts radially inward toward the center o f rotation
When Ry is negative, the net radial forcé on the blade is outward.

250 C h a p t e r 16
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN

DRAG A N D LIFT

2 2
17.1 FD = C\ ^
D p u A:A=DxL = (0.025 m ) ( l m ) = 0.025 m

a. Water at 15°C: p = 1000 kg/rn ; v= 1.15 x 10""" m7s

= oD = (0.15X0.025) = x 3 . T h e n ^ = Q 9 0 ( F l g 1 ? 3 )

6
v 1.15xl0"
Fyj = (0.90)(0.50)(1000 kg/m )(0.15 m/s) (0.025 m ) = 0.253 kg-m/s = 0.253 N
3 2 2 2

3 5 2
b. A i r at 10°C: p = 1.247 k g / m ; v= 1.42 x 10~ m /s
uD _ (0.15X0.025) ^ T h m

5
v 1.42xl0~
4
F f l = (1.30)(0.5)(1.247 kg/m )(0.15 m/s) (0.025 m ) = 4.56 x 10
2 2 2
N

17.2 Assume a smooth sphere

TT(2.0)
3
a. 15 k m 10 m l h ,„ , A nD 2 2

v = x — x = 4 . 1 7 m/s A= = 3.142m 2

h km 3600 s
oD (4.17)(2.0) 3
NR = = 6.27 x 10 ; Then C = 0.20 (Fig. 17.3) D

1.33x10"
1 2 J 2 2
-pu \A = ( 0 . 2 0 ) ( 0 . 5 ) ( 1 . 2 9 2 k g / m ) ( 4 . 1 7 m / s ) ( 3 . 1 4 2 m ) = 7 . 0 6 N
v2

Similarly for (b), (c), and (d):

u(krn/h) u(m/s) N R c D
F (N)
D

(a) 15 4.17 6.27 x 10 5

0.20 7.06

(b) 30 8.33 1.25 x 10 6

0.20 28.16

(c) 60 16.67 2.50 x 10 6

0.20 112.7

(d) 120 33.33 5.01 x 10 6

0.20 450.7

(e) 160 44.44 6.68 x 10 6

0.20 801.9

D R A G AND LIFT 251

17.3 For equilibrium F = w - F at terminal velocity D b

3 3 3
w = J V = JKD /6 = (26.6 kN/m )(7r(0.075 m ) / 6 ) = 5.88 N
3 3
F = JfV= (9.42 kN/m )(7r(0.075 m) /s) = 2.08 N
b

2
F D = w-F b = 5.88 N - 2.08 N = 3.80 N = C D ^ p ü ^ A
2 3
F D = C^(0.5)(960)(u )(4.418 x 10~ ) = 2XIC & D

T h e n u = ¡F l2.\2C y D D = 4 3 . 8 0 / 2 . 1 2 ^ = yjl.79/C D ; Assume C = 1.0; u = 1.34 m/s

D

1 2
Check TV* = uD/)/p, = (1.34)(0.075)(960)/6.51 x 10" = 1.48 x 10 ; Then C = 0.8 D

Recompute u = 1.50 m/s; ÍYR = 1.65 x 10 2

Summary o f results
w F b F D C D v v N R

a) Cast. o i l 5.88 N 2.08 N 3.80 N 0.8 1.50 m/s 1.65 x 10 2

b) Water 5.88 N 2.16 N 3.72 N 0.4 2.05 m/s 1.72 x 10 5

c) A i r 5.88 N 5.88 N 5.88 N 0.2 105 m/s 5.22 x 10 5

17.4 M A = F,(7.5 m ) + F (4.5 m) + F (1.5 m) 2 3

F\, F , F , = Drag forces on pipes

2 3
— 44n pipe
3
u= 1 5 0 k m / h x 10 m / k m x 1 h/3600 s = 41.67 m/s
3
p= 1.292 k g / m

^pu 2
= ( 0 . 5 ) ( 1 . 2 9 2 kg/m )(41.67 m/s) 3 2

54n 7.5 m

= H22kg-m_1112N
2 2
s (m ) nT~

FD = C (± A
D pu A {C from Fig. 17.3)
D (A = LD) S4n- 4.5 m

uD (41.67)(D)
N R = 3.13 x 10 (£>) 6
1.5 m
v ~ 1.33 x l O ^ 5
I
/ 7 7 T 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 X-
T

Pipe D(m) A(m ) 2

N
R c D F(N) M(N-m)
1 0.1143 0.343 3.58 x 10 5
0.70 267 2002
2 0.1413 0.424 4.43 x 10 5
0.40 189 849
3 0.1683 0.505 5.27 x 10 5
0.25 140 211

3062 N m

17.5 Circum. = nD = 225 m m ; D = 225 mm/n = 71.6 m m

2 2 3 2
A = KD /4 = 71(0.0716 m ) / 4 = 4.03 x 10"" m
u_D__ (20X0.0716) 1 0 < ( h e n .
5
v 1.60 x l O "
1 2 2
FB = C 0 | l^ü |4 = (0.45)(0.5)(1.164)(20) (4.03 2
x 10~ 3
m )= 0.42 kg-m/s = 0.42 N

252 C h a p t e r 17
 (i ^
17.6 F = Drag forcé = F = F o r c é on car
D R

F~D - CD\ — pu 2
A

C D = 1.35 for hemisphere cup (Table 17.1)

3
u = H O O k m / h x 1 0 m / k m x 1 h/3600 s = 305.6 m/s
2 2 3 2
F B = (1.35)(0.5)(1.204)(305.6) (TC(1.5) /4) = 134 x 10 kg-m/s = 134 k N

17.7 F D = 800 N = C D |I p u 2
|A at terminal vel.
2
C , , - 1.35
1 kg-m/s
(2)(800 N )
vi
2F n _ 2
= 42.1 m = 7tD74
2 3 2
C /7u
fl (1.35)(1.127 kg/m )(5 m/s)
u - 5m/t

«"

800 N

17.8 F = F = F o r c é i n cable
D C

D = 2.20m
2 2 2
^ = 7t73 /4 = 7r(2.20 m ) / 4 = 3.80 m
3
p = 1030 k g / m (Appendix B )

F D = C (^ U )A
D P
2
= (0.34)(0.5)(1030)(7.5) (3.80 m ) 2 2

3 2
= 37.4 x 10 kg-m/s = 37.4 k N

17.9 Rectangular píate: alb = 4 m/3 m = 1.33

C= D1.16 (Table 17.1)
3
u = 125 k m / h x 10 m / k m x 1 h/3600 s = 34.7 m/s

2 3 2

pu A = (1.16)(0.5)(1.341)(34.7) (12) = 11.2 x 10 kg-m/s = 11.2 k N

side front
3
17.10 u = 20 k m / h x 1 0 m / k m x 1 h/3600 s = 5.56 m/s
<4-30m2 2.5 m
«jZ, = (5.56X2.5) = 1 Q 4 x l Q 6

v 1.33 x l 0 ~ 5 12m
2.5 m
C D = 2.05 (Estimated from Fig. 17.3)
1 2
A =(2.05)(0.5)(1.292)(5.56) (30) A = (12m)(2.5m) = 3 0 m 2

2 ^ J, 1

1.23 x 10 kg-m/s = 1.23 k N

D R A G AND LIFT 253

17.11 o = Linear velocity o f each cup
^20 rev Y 2 ; r r a d Y l m i n ^
u = r c o = (0.075 m ) = 0.157 m/s
V min ) rev ) \ 60 s

2 4 2
A = = 71(0.025 m ) / 4 = 4.91 x 10" m
4

Q>= 1.35 (Table 17.1)

a. A i r at 30°C
3
p = 1.164 k g / m

FD - Cyj ^po 2
\Á =(1.35)(0.5)(1.164)(0.157) (4.91 x 10~ ) 2 4

6 2
= 9.5 x 10~ kg-m/s = 9.56 u N
6
Torque = AF r = (4)(9.56 x 10~ N)(0.075 m )
D

= 2.85 x 10~ N - m = 2.85 u N m 6

b. Gasoline
3
p = 680 k g / m
2 4 3 2
F = (1.35)(0.5)(680)(0.157) (4.91 x 10~ ) = 5.56 x 10" kg-m/s = 5.56 m N
D

3 3
Torque = AF r = (4)(5.56 x 10" N)(0.075 m) = 1.67 x 10~ N - m = 1.67 m N - m
D

„ . T 1.67 x l O ^ N - m
G
3
c o r
Motor circuit senses change
Ratio -2- = = 586 ;
in torque to indícate
2.85 x 10"" N - m
fluid level.

17.12 Assume center o f gravity is at center o f home. When overturning is imminent, no weight is
on right wheel.
M
1.0 m
Then, ^ A = 0 = w ( l m) - ^ ( 1 . 7 5 m)
F f l = w/1.75
w * 4
1 1.75 m
But F = C D D
2
— pu ¡A ; Assume C = 2.05 square cylinder D
y
v2 ) —

^P
(Fig. 17.3)

(WL75)
2
A = (2.5m)(10m) = 2 5 m

u=
\ C pAD
= \ (2.05)(1.292)(25)
= 0 . 1 3 1 ^ m/s
m
?f w i s ^ e i g h t
Newtons
4 4
Example: Assume w = 5 x 10 N ; u = 0.131 y¡5 x 10 = 29.3 m/s

254 C h a p t e r 17
 3
100km 10 m lh „ „ .
17.13 v= x x = 2 7 . 8 m/s
h km 3600s
3 5 2
p = 1.292 k g / m ; v= 1.33 x 10~ m /s
ri 2
Pressure drag: F D =C D \^P°

LID = 8 m/2 m = 4.0; C = 0.87 (Table 17.1) D

2 2 2
A = 7c7J /4 = 7t(2m) /4 = 3.14 m
2
F = (0.87)(0.5)(1.292)(27.8) (3.14)
D

F D = 1364 kg-m/s = 1364 N 2

oD _ (220)(0.167) 5
17.14 F D =C\ D ^pu ^4: N = K
= 3.15 x 10 - > C = 0.8 Fig. 17.3
D
4
~V ~ l.lóxlO"
T
150 m i 5280 ft 1h „ - „, ^ . . . ., „ ,, „ . .
v = x x = 220 ft/s: D = 2.0 m ( l ft/12 m ) = 0.167 ft
h lmi 3600s
4 2
From Appendix E.2, v = 1.17 x 10~ ft /s
3
p = 2 . 8 0 x 10~ slugs/ft

2
A = DL = (0.167 ft)(64 i n ) ( l ft/12 in) = 0.889 f t
3 2 4 2 2
F D = 0.8(0.5)(2.80 x 10~ lb-s /ft )(220 ft/s) (0.889 ft ) = 48.2 l b

_ uZ_(220)(1.33) 6
17.15 Elliptical cylinder — Table 17.1. N R
2.50 x 10

Assume breadth = Dia. o f cyl. rods = 2.0 i n ; Then L = 8D = 8(2) = 16 i n = 1.33 ft

Use C ~ 0.20: Area is same as i n Problem 17.14.
D

3 2
F = (0.20)(0.5)(2.8 x 10~ )(220) (0.889) = 12.05 l b 7 5 % r e d u c t i o n
D

N a v y strut: Fig. 17.5; C = 0.08; Then F = 4.82 lb; 90% reduction from cylindrical rods.
D D

2 ¿
17.16 F D =C\ l p D V \A = G,(0.5)(2.80 x \0^)(\47) (A)

= (30.12)(C )(4) D

100 m i 5280 ft lh
u= x x = 147 ft/s
lmi 3600 s
2
lft 2
4 = (9 in)(60 in) = 3.75 f t for designs a, c, d.
2
144in
F o r design b : y = (9 in)sin 4 5 ° = 6.36 i n

h = 2y = (12.73 i n ) - ^ = 1.06 ft
12 i n
2
A = h x / = (1.06 ft)(5.0 ft) = 5.303 f t

DRAG AND LIFT 255

 a. Square cylinder: L = 9 in x 1 ft/12 i n = 0.75 ft
= o£ = (147)(0.75) = x s U s e c ^ 2 1 Q F j 1 ? 3 E x t r a p o i a t e a

4
v (1.17xl0~ )

L [See Prob. 17.14 for v] N O T E : Extrapolated valúes

F
D = (30.12)(2.10)(3.75) = 237 lb should be verified.

b. Assume C = 1.60 — Square cylinder — Point first orientation

D

F = (30.12)(1.60)(5.303) = 256 lb Highest

D

c. C i r c u l a r cylinder: D = 9.0 i n = 0.75 ft

oD (147X0.75) = = x s

4
v (1.17 x l O )
Fyj = (30.12)(0.30)(3.75) = 33.9 lb Note that C would rise to approximately 1.30 at lower D

2
speed. But, because F is proportional to o , drag forcé w o u l d likely be lower.
D

d. Elliptical cylinder: L = 18 i n = 1.50 ft; h = 9.00 i n = 0.75 ft; Llh = 2.0

1 4 7 L 5 6
N = — = (
R X ° ) = 1.88 x 10 - > Use C « 0.25 Fig. 17.5 Extrapolated D

v 1.16x10
F = (30.12)(0.25)(3.75) = 28.2 lb Lowest
D

65mi 5280 ft lh
17.17 F¡) — Co .4: u = x x = 9 5 . 3 ft/s
h mi 3600s

2 2 2
4 = DL = (3.50 in)(92 i n ) l ft /144 i n = 2.236 f t
uD (95.3X3.50/12) _
= 0 1 0 w i n 5

N= — = \ 'I \ _ = 2.38 x 1 0 ^ C = 1 . 1 0 7 5
Fig. 17.3
R
v 1.17x10" 4 D

L [See Problem 17.14 for v]

3 2
F D = (1.10)(0.5)(2.80 x 10" )(95.3) (2.236) = 31.3 lb

17.18 F n =F n +F n : v= 100 m i / h r = 147 ft/s (See Prob. 17.16):

C D | k = 1 . 1 1 (Table 17.1)

AT (147X4-5/12) = x ^
4
v 1.17 x l O " '
L [See Prob. 17.14]

í
í / w u 1 !
- " ' ^ ^4.5 V 90^
^disks - 3—-—Í_X_X_ 51.31 ft ; 4 2
t u b e s - = 2.813 f t
12 A 12•J

2 2 3 2
F D M .(',,. ( j / ™ ] ^ + C 0 ^ P ü ^ 4 = (1.11)(0.5)(2.80 x 10~ )(147) (51.31)

3 2
+ (0.33)(0.5)(2.80 x 10~ )(147) (2.813) = 1723 lb + 28.1 lb = 1751 lb
Disks Tubes Total

256 C h a p t e r 17
 2
17.19 F D = C/jílpu \(A) •• o = (160 mi/h)(5280 f t / m i ) ( l h/ 3600 s) = 235 ft/s

2 2 2
A =DL = (0.20 in)(42 i n ) ( l ft /144 i n ) = 0.0583 f t
A r vD (235)(0.2/12) 4

/Vfl= =- r-^ = 3 . 3 5 x 10 - > C = 1.30 Fig. 17.3 D

4
v 1.17X10"

L [See Prob. 17.14]

3 2
F fl = (1.30X0.5X2.80 x 10~ )(235) (0.0583) = 5.86 lb
2
31(125 ft)
17.20 F D = C \ -pu D
2
)(A) = (0.41)(0.50)(2.00 slugs/ft )(25.0 ft/s) 3 2
10580 lb
2 )

\ A a ll.Oin w
17.21 F D = C D -pu 2
( 4 ) : For píate, - = — - — = 1.29-> C = 1.16 Table 17.1 0

2 ) b 8.5 i n

2 2 2
A = (8.5 i n ) ( l 1.0 i n ) ( l ft /144 i n ) = 0.649 f t
2
F = (1.16)(0.50)(1.94)(44.0) (0.649) = 1414 lb
0

u = (30 mi/h)(5280 f t / m i ) ( l h/3600 s) = 44.0 ft/s

2
TT(28/12)
17.22 F f l = C | f l (4) = (1.11X0.5X2.47 x 10~ )(88.0) 3 2
45.4 lb

u = 6 0 m i / h = 88 ft/s

17.23 G o l f ball - curve 2, C = 0.17; Smooth sphere - curve 1, C , D D = 0.44

2 2
A = 7t(1.25/12) /4 = 0.00852 f t
3 2
F Dm = (0.17X0.5X2.47 x 10~ )(212) (0.00852) = 0.080 lb on g o l f ball
5 4
A r oD No (1.5xl0 )(1.47xl0" )
R

Where N = R ; v = —S— = ^ ^— = 2 1 2 ft/s

v D (1.25/12)

F
D , = F
D a . * - r
= (0.0801b) 0.2071b Smooth surface
0.17

17.24 u = J l í L x - ^ - =0.0735 ft/s: D = (1.20 in)(1.0 ft/12 in) = 0.10 ft

20.4 s 12 i n
= 0 = w-F -F : b D F D = w-F b

, _ 3 4 3
w =y F s t s t = (s g )YwP jf = (7.83)(62.4 lb/ft )(5.24 x 10~ f t ) = 0.256 lb
sí

3 3 4 3
V , = TLD /6 = 7i(0.10 ft) /6 = 5.24 x 10" f t
s

4
F h =y s y I u p F s t = (sg )(y )V s w st = (1.18)(62.4)(5.24 x 10" ) = 0.0386 lb
F D = w-F b = 0 . 2 5 6 1 b - 0.0386 lb = 0.217 lb = 3TCIÍUZ) [Eq. 17.8]
F n 0.2171b 2
= 3.14 lbs/ft
SnvD 3;r(0.0735ft/s)(0.10ft)

DRAG AND LIFT 257

 1
17.25 P = D F v=CD D pu 2
\A x o

3 2 4 2 2
= (0.75)(0.5)(2.47 x 1(T lb-s /ft )(95.3 ft/s) (96 ft )(95.3 ft/s)
• F = 808 lb •
D
J i
v
u=(65 mi/h)(5280 f t / m i ) ( l h/3600 s) = 95.3 ft/s
A = (8 ft)(12 ft) = 96 f t
lb-ft hp
4
P = 7.70x 10
D 5 50 lb-ft/s = 1 4 0 h p

17.26 R /A
ls = 0.06; R = 0.06(A) = (0.06)(125 tons)(2240 lb/ton) = 16800 l b
ts

P = R u=
E ts (16800 IbXSO ft/s) = =1527hp
5501b-ft/s(hp)

17.27 #, /A = 0.004;
S = (0.004)(8700 T)(2240 lb/T) = 77952 l b
lhp
P = R o=
E ts (77952 lb)(30 ft/s) 4252 h p
550 lb-ft/s

17.28 F = CL L ^/?u 2
\(A) = (1.25X0.5)(1.204)(u )[(0. 8)(1.46)m ] = 0 . 8 5 u 2
7
2
7
2

2
3
J
1.204 N - s
Use air at 2 0 ° C at std. atm. pressure, p = 1.204 k g / m =
m
2
For o = 25 m/s, F ¿ = (0.857)(25) = 536 N

2 ^
0.9093 N-s 2 2
17.29 F =C \
D D - P U 2
\ A ) = (0.105)(0.5) ( u ) [ ( 2 m)(10 m)] = 0.955(u )
2
y m
3
600xl0 m lh 2

a. u= x- 166.7 m/s; F = 0.955(166.7) = 26.5 k N

D

3600 s

3 2
b. u = ( 1 5 0 x 10 )/3600 = 41.67 r n / s ; F = 0.955(41.67) = 1.66 k N o

2
17.30 F = C L L \ l p u A',F D —C D

2
C = 0.90; C = 0.05 (Fig. 17.10); A = bc = (6.8 m)(1.4 m ) = 9.52 m
L D

3
200 k m 10 km lh
= 55.56 m/s
h km 3600s

3
a. A t 200 m , p = 1.202 k g / m (Appendix E)
2 4 2
F = (0.90)(0.5)(1.202)(55.56) (9.52) = 1.59 x 10 kg-m/s
L

4
= 1.59 x 1 0 N = 15.9 k N

= ^1 x 1.59 x io 4
N = 883 N
0.90

258 C h a p t e r 17
 3
b. A t 10000 m;p = 0.4135 k g / m
2 3
F = (0.9)(0.5)(0.4 1 35)(55.56) (9.52) = 5.47 x 10 N = 5.47 k N
L

0.05 J
F D = x 5.47 x 1 0 N = 3 0 4 N
0.90

17.31 For a = 19.6°; C = 1.52; C = 0.16 (Other data same as Prob. 17.30)
L D

2 4

a. -pu A = (0.5)(1.202)(55.56) (9.52) = 1.766 x 10 N

4 4
F L = 1.52(1.766 x 10 ) = 2.68 x 1 0 N = 2 6 . 8 k N
4 3
F D = 0.16(1.766 x 10 ) = 2.83 x 1 0 N = 2 . 8 3 k N

Ai N 2 3
b. A = (0.5)(0.4135)(55.56) (9.52) = 6.076 x 1 0 N
Z
\ J

3 3
F L = 1.52(6.076 x 10 ) = 9.24 x 10 N = 9.24 k N
3
F D = 0.16(6.076 x 10 ) = 972 N

3
125 k m 10 m lh ^
17.32 u=
h km 3600s
For a= 15°, C = 1.25 (Fig. 17.10) L

3 2
p = 1.164 k g / m ; A = 9.52 m (Prob. 17.30)
2 3 2
F L = C\ L ±pu 2
A =(1.25)(0.5)(1.164)(34.72) (9.52) = 8.35 x 10 kg-m/s

F, = 8.35 k N = Load which could be lifted

17.33 F = C,
r

2 3 2
Let F = W t . o f p l a ñ e = mass x g = 1350 kg • 9.81 m/s = 13.24 x 10 kg-m/s
L

F = 13.24 k N
L

A t a= 2.5°; C = 0.33 (Fig. 17.10) L u=> 125 km/h = 34.72 m/s

3
A t 5000 m ; p = 0.7364 k g / m (Prob. 17.32)
Solve for A

3 2
(2)(13.24xl0 kg-m/s ) 2
A- ^ - 90.4 m
¿ J 2
C L pu (0.33)(0.7364kg/m )(34.72m/s)

D R A G AND LIFT 259

CHAPTER EIGHTEEN

FANS, B L O W E R S , COMPRESSORS, A N D
THE F L O W OF GASES
Units and c o n v e r s i ó n factors

3
18.1 Q = 2650 cfm x -------- = 44.17 ft /s
60 cfm

18.2 Q = 8320 cfm x J_ÉA = 138.7 ft /s 3

60 cfm

1 m7s
18.3 Q = 2650 cfm x = 1.25 m7s
2120cfm

1 3
/
3
18.4 Q- 8320 cfm x = 3.92 m /s
2120cfm

18.5 o = 1140 ft/min x = 5.79 n l / s

197ft/min

18.6 u= 5.62 m/s x 2^5^. = 18.43 ft/s

m/s

1 , 0p s i
18.7 /> = 4 . 3 8 i n H 0 x —
2 =0.158 psi
27.7 i n H 0 2

3
18.8 Q = 4760 cfm x J ^ L E A . = 2.25 m /s
2120cfm
248 8 Pa
n = 0.75 in HX) x JrJ^2lJL = 186.6 Pa
1.0inH O 2

18.9 p - 925 Pa x --—IlííiP- = 3.72 in H 0 2

248.8 Pa

18.10 p = 925 Pa x P i L = 0.134 psi

6895 Pa

260 C h a p t e r 18
Specific weight of air

18.17 p =p + /?gage = 14.7 psia + 80 psig = 94.7 psia

alm

T= t + 460 = 75°F + 460 = 5 3 5 ° R

p 94.71b lb-°R 1 144in
y= x " x — - — x " ' ';" =0.478 lb/ft (Eq. 18.2) 3

2 2
RT in 53.3ft-lb 5 3 5 ° R ft
^ 2 ^ 2 . 7 0 ( 9 4 . 7 ) ^ i b / f t 3

T 535

„ „ 2 ^ ( 2 . 7 0 X 1 4 . 7 + 25) _ ^
T (105 + 460)

18.19 p = 4.50 i n H 0 x — — = 0.162 psig Natural gas

2

27.7 i n H 0 2

Pabs =/>atm + Pgage = 14.7 psia + 0.162 psig = 14.86 psia

r = 5 5 ° F + 460 = 5 1 5 ° R
2
p 14.861b lb-°R 1 144in __„_,.
y = -¡— = ;— x x x — = 0.0525 l b / f r
2 2
RT in 79.1ft-lb 5 1 5 ° R ft
18.20 p =p + /? = 14.7 psia + 32 psig = 46.7 psia Nitrogen
atm gllge

T = 120°F + 460 = 5 8 0 ° R
2
p 46.71b lb-°R 1 144 i n „ .
Y= — = r—x x x — - — =0.2101b/ft 3

2 2
RT in 55.2 ñ - l b 5 8 0 ° R ft
kPa
18.21 p = P a t m +p g a g e = 101.3 kPa(air) + 1260 Pa(gage) x — = 102.56 kPa(abs) A i r
10 Pa
T= t + 273 = 2 5 ° C + 273 = 298 K
3
p 102.56 x l 0 N N-K 1 „ _ n i k T I 3
i
Y= - — = z x x— =11.79 N/m
2
RT m 29.2 N - m 298 K
=
18.22 p = pato+ /Jga e 14.7 psia + 12.6 psig = 27.3 psia
g

r = 8 5 ° F + 460 = 5 4 5 ° R
p 27.31b lb-°R 1 144 i n 2
,,3
Y= ~ = r—x x x — =0.207 lb/ft 3

2 2
RT in 35.0ft-lb 5 4 5 ° R ft
Flow of compressed air in pipes

r, * 14.7psia (75+460)°R
18.23 Q = 820 cfm x —
a - x -i — = 131.0 cfm (Eq. 18.4a)
(14.7 + 80)psia 520°R

18.24 Q = 2880 cfm x

a — x( 9 5 + 4 6 Q
) = 5 6 6 . 9 c f m

(14.7 + 65) 520

18.25 From Table 18.1; 2 in Sch. 40 pipe

FANS, B L O W E R S , C O M P R E S S O R S , AND T H E FLOW O F G A S E S 261

18.26 1-1/4 in Sch. 40 pipe

18.27 Q = 800 cfm (Free air); p = 100 psig @ 7 0 ° F 2

2
Try a 2-1/2 in Sch. 40 pipe: D = 0.2058 ft; A = 0.3326 f t
77. U, D, iv,
= z, + i—•—
¿ -h, / = —
^ ++ z,z + —^— : zj = z , 2 + = i>2: t h e n p \ = p +
jn
y2
2 2 L
Yx 2g 2g
, = 2J0p = 2 . 7 0 ( 1 4 . 7 100)p a + S1 = Q ^ ^
y
(70°F + 460)°R
350 ft
+ fr, = 1700
0.2058 ft

= 8(30) + 2(8) + 100 = 356; f T = 0.018

Elbows Gate V . Check valve

14.7 p a (70 + 4 6 0 ) ° R
Q = 800 cfm x
a
S1 x = m S c f i n

(14.7 + 100)psia 520°R

J
= Q_ 104.5 f t 1 lmin _„ . . .
X 2
x = 52.4 ft/s
" J mm
m in 0.03326 f t 60 s
o2 (52.4)2 ftXl/s
2 /„2= 42.58 ft
2 2

2
2g 2(32.2 ft/s )
„ . y 0.5841b s 2

Density = p = — = 0.0181 slugs/ft

3
g ft 32.2 ft
5
t = ( 7 0 ° F - 32)(5/9) = 21.1°C; n = 1.815 x 10~ Pa-s (App. E by interpolation)
5 2 7 2
u = (1.815 x 10~ Pa-s)(2.089 x 10" ) = 3.792 x 10~ lb-s/ft
_ vDp (52.4X0.2058X0.0181) 5

M 3.792x10"
D 0.2058
± = 1 3 7 2 ; / = 0.0195
4 J
s 1.5 x l O "
ÍT \

f \ - + f . = [(0.0195)(1700) + 0.018(356)](42.58 ft) = 1684 ft

2g
0.5841b lft 2

Pi=P2+jh L = 100 psig + x 1684 ft x 106.8 psig

3
ft 144in 2

P\-~PJ~ 6.7 psi < 0Ap 2 OK

262 C h a p t e r 18
18.28 Q = 3000 cfm (Free air); p = 80 psig @ 120°F 2

2
Try a 3-1/2 i n Sch. 40 pipe: D = 0.2957 ft; A = 0.06868 ft
.2 „ .,2
D. O. . PT O 0

— -z x + —— h, = — + z + — : z\ = z , v = 02: then p =p 2 2 x x 2 + yh L

Y 2g ^ 2g
2 3
y 1 ™* = -70(14.7 80)psia + = Q.4408 lb/ft
T (120 + 4 6 0 ) ° R
1
' LA Ü L 180 ft
= 609
J
D)2g \D) í o t 2g D 0.2957ft

= 45 + 12(30)+ 4 ( 2 0 ) + 150 = 635; f = r 0.017

Valve Elbows Tees Ch. valve

n ,nnn f 14.7 psia (120 + 4 6 0 ) ° R
0 0 = 3000 cfm x— x- — = 5 1 9 . 4 cfm
(14.7 + 80)psia 520°R
3
O 519.4 ft 1 lmin
u = ==• = x -x = 126.0 ft/s
2
^ min 0.06868 ft 60 s
2
&l2g = (126.0) /2(32.2) = 246.7 ft
M l b 3
Density = p = ylg = ° °* 3
- ~ - — = 0.01369 slugs/ft 5
ft 32.2ft
5
/ = ( 1 2 0 ° F - 32)5/9 = 4 8 . 8 9 ° C ; u = 1.946 x 10~ Pa-s ( A p p . E by interpolation)
5 2 7 2
u = (1.946 x 10~ Pa-s)(2.089 x 10~ ) = 4.065 x 10~ lb-s/ft
N = ÜZ)/? = (126X0-2957X0.01369) = J 2 5 x 1 q 6

R 7
ju 4.065x10"
4
Z)/e = 0.2957 ft/1.5 x 10~ ft = 1 9 7 1 ; / = 0.0175
In E q . ® : /z = [(0.0175X609) + (0.017)(635)](246.7 ft) = 5292 ft
A

2
0.44081b lft
P\^Pi + yh = 80 psig +
—: x
x 5292
5292 ft
ft x
x = 80 + 16.20 = 96.20 psig 2

3 2
ft 144in
Ap = 16.20 psi is > 0.10/?2 — Use larger pipe size

2
For 4-in Sch. 40 pipe: 7J = 0.3355 ft;A = 0.0884 ft ; f = T 0.017

/i (0.0884)(60) s 2g
Ar = ^ A > = (97.9X0.3355X0.01369) = { U x 1 q 6

7
* // 4.065x10"
4
D/e = 0.3355/1.5 x 10~ = 2237: / = 0.0170
In E q . ® : h¡, = [(0.017X609) + (0.017)(635)](148.9 ft) = 3149 ft
P\=P2 + yh = 80 psig + (0.4408)(3149V144 = 80 + 9.64 = 89.6 psig
Ap is slightly >0Ap 2

FANS, B L O W E R S , C O M P R E S S O R S , AND T H E F L O W O F G A S E S 263

 2
Try 5-in Sch. 40 pipe: D = 0.4206 ft: A = 0.1390 ft ; f = T 0.016
z

Qa 519.4 62.28 ft u
u= = 60.23 ft
A (0.139X60) s 2g
uDp (62.28)(0.4206)(0.01369) _
N R = = 8.82 x W
7
p. 4.065x10"
4
D/E = 0.4206/1.5 x 10~ = 2804: / = 0.017
In E q . ® : h = [(0.017X609) + (0.016)(635)](60.23 ft) = 1235 ft
L

P\=Pi + jh,, = 80 + (0.4408)(1235)/144 = 80 + 3.78 = 83.78 psig

Ap < 0Ap 2 — OK

Gas flow through nozzles

18.29 /?, = 40.0 psig + 14.7 psia = 54.7 psia; 7/, = 80°F + 460 = 540°R
p = 20.0 psig + 14.7 psia = 34.7 psia A i r
2

2 7 P S Í a ) 3
Ti - ^ = - °^!Í = 0.2735 l b / f t (Eq.18.3)
T, 540° R

Xlk 0.27351b 34.7

1/1.4

0.198 lb/ft 3
(Eq. 18.8)
Y2 = yi 3
ft 54J

18.30 px = 275 kPa(gage) + 1 0 1 . 3 kPa(abs) = 376.3 kPa(abs) A i r

Ti = 2 5 ° C + 273 = 298 K
p = 140 kPa(gage) + 101.3 kPa(abs) = 241.3 kPa(abs)
2

P i 376.3xl0 N 3
N-K 1 , ™ 3
y\ = = x x = 43.2 N / m
RT m 29.2 N - m 298 K
. -11/1.4
43.2 N 241.3 J
Y2 = Yi 31.5 N / m
m 376.3

18.31 pi = 35.0 psig + 14.7 psia = 49.7 psia: R-12

Ti = 6 0 ° F + 460 = 5 2 0 ° R
p = 3.6 psig + 14.7 psia = 1 8 . 3 psia
2

2
P x 49.71b llbb- ° RR 1 144 i n 3

Yi ^ X
2
1.092 lb/ft
RT in 2
12.6 ft- lb 520° R ft
r . . . -11/1.13
1.092 lb 18.3 3

Y2 = Yi 0.506 lb/ft
3
ft 49/7

18.32 pi = 125 psig + 14.4 psia = 139.4 psia Oxygen, k = 1.40

Tx = 7 5 ° F + 460 = 5 3 5 ° R
2
p=
2 14.40 psia=/7 a t m ; p x = l l ^ x i ^ = 2 0 0 7 4 lb/ft
2
in ft
D 14 40
tí L^JL = 0 . 1 0 3 ; Critical ratio = 0.528 from App. N .
=
139.4

264 C h a p t e r 18
 Then use E q . 18.15:
2
nD¡ _;r(0.120in) ft 2

A,= = 7.854 x l O "5 r,2

ft 5

2
144 i n
p x _ 139.41b lb-°R 1 3
x ^ = 0.777 lb/ft
Y l 2 X X 2
~if7f~ in 48.3ft-lb 535°R ft
2
12/0.4
2(32.2 ft/s )(1.40) 200741b 0.7771b
5 2
W = 7.854 x 10~ f t ft 2 3
mix
1.40 + 1 ft 1.40 + 1

W nm = 0.0381 lb/s
2 2
(1.40)(32.2 ft/s )(10605 l b / f t )
985 ft/s
3
0.493 lb/ft
A/t-l
2 2 2

P2= Pi,. =P =20074 = 10605 lb/ft

_2.40_
l l k
f \
EL • 0.777(0.528) 1/L4
= 0.493 lb/ft 3
Y2 = Yi
\P\J

18.33 p = 7.50 psig + 14.40 psia = 21.9 psia (144 in /ft ) = 3154 lb/ft
x
2 2 2

14.40
Pi _ = 0 6 5 8 > cntical; Use Eq. 18.11
p x21.90
p. 31541b lb-°R 1 3
y = = X X = 0.122 lb/ft
2
£7/, ft 48.3 ft- lb 535°R
2(32.2X1.40X3154X0.122) 2 / , 4 2 4 / l 4
[(0.658) -(0.658) - - ]
FF= 7.854 x 10" 1.40-1

W= 5.76 x 10 lb/s 3

Use Eq. 18.10 for velocity

2(32.2)(3154) 1.40
l>2 x —— x [ l - ( 0 . 6 5 8 ) ° -
4 / K 4
] = 811 ft/s
0.122 0.4

18.34 />, = 50 psig + 14.60 psia = ^ P J ^ x

1 4 4
J n
= 9302 lb/ft 2
Nitrogen
2
m ft
Ti = 7 0 ° F + 460 = 5 3 0 ° R
14.60
= 0.226 < critical ratio = 0.527 (App. N )
P í 64.60
Use Eq. 18.15
2 2
;r(0.062 i n ) ft 5 2
A = 2 = 2.097 x 1 0 " f t
2
144in
px 93021b lb-°R 1 3
Yi = = 0.318 lb/ft
2 X X
~RT ft 55.2ft-lb 530°R
2
2(32.2 ft/s )(1.41) 93021b 0.3181b
5 2
W mx = 2.097 x 10~ ft 1.41 + 1 ft 2
ft 3
2.41

3
^max = 4 . 4 4 x 10 lb/s

FANS, B L O W E R S , C O M P R E S S O R S , AND T H E F L O W O F G A S E S 265

18.35 Use data from Problem 18.34.
r- Using Eq. 18-15

p,(psig) W(x I Q - ^ s )

45 4.098
40 3.754 o 4
35
30
25
3.410
3.066
2.723
(O
3-
x

3
y
20 2J79
15 2.035_ 2
10 1.675T ta
5 1.197 í
O 0.0
i / i
i
Using Eq. 18-11—1 i
/ E q . 16 -11
i
10: 20 30 40 50
1 1 1
"Perita,
/»(gage) psig

18.36 Nozzle dia. = 0.50 i n

2
39.281b 144 i n 2
= 25.0 psig + 14.28 psia = -x- = 5656 lb/ft
2
in" 1 ft
f \ ^2 _ m c : _ \ ! f t 2

Propane: Pi = 0.574; A 2 = ^=l í O ^ J L = l 3 6 4 x i 0 -

2

\Pxj 4 144in
56561b
Yl =-ÜL = = 0.308 lb/ft 3

2 o o o
7^7; ft (35.0ft-lb/lb- R)(65 F + 460) R
=
For p = p\ = 25.0 psig,/? /pi 1 and W - 0
2 2
2 2 2
F o r /» = 20.0 psig + 14.28 psi = (34.28 psia)(144 i n / f t ) = 4936 lb/ft
2

4936
Pilpx = 0.8727 > critical — U s e Eq. 18.11
5656

2 1 1 5656 l b 3 0 8 l b
W= (1.364 x 1 0 - f t ) & ft/^X " ^ X°- > [(0.8727) • -(0.8727) • 2/, ,5 2 ,5/, ,5
• ]
2
(1.15-1) ft f f

— 8.597 x 10 -— 5
J
JF = 0.149 lb/s
p 2c = pi(0.574) = 39.28 psia(0.574) = 22.55 psia - 14.28 psia = 8.27 psig

Forp 2 ú 8.27 psig, Use Eq. 18.15.

2(32.2)(1.15)(5656)(0.308)
' i 0.206 lb/s
3
^ m a x = (1.364 x 10" )
2.15 IA5)

266 C h a p t e r 18
 />2(pSÍg) Pilpx WQb/s)
25.0 1.0 0.0
20.0 0.8727 0.149
15.0 0.7454 0.190
10.0 0.6181 0.205
critical 8.27 0.574 0.206
5.0 0.491 0.206

10 15
Pressure Pjfpsig)

f \
18.37 EL = 0.528; p, = -B2- = = 1 8 6 . kp6 a

Px Je 0.528 0.528

18.38 c= J ^ = J(l-40)(9.81m/s-)(186.6xl03N/ ) _ ^ m
2
^
3
11.00 N / m
3 2
186.6x10 N / m J

7i = 17.36 N / m
R T l 2 9 ^ r n x ( 9 5 + 2 7 m

N K
1 1/1.4
1 4 .
y = Ixipilpxí"
2 = (17.36X0.528) "- = 11.00 N / m

2 5 2
18.39 Use Eq. 18.15: A = TT(0.010 m ) / 4 = 7.85 x 10~ m 2

W _ - (7.85 x 10- ' ) J < - m

2 9 8 1 X L 4
°>< 1 8 6 6
- * '>< - )^ 10
'°' 17 36 2 V 4

2.40 V 2.40 y

3
= 9.58 x 10 N/s

18.40 P = 150kPa(gage) + 100 kPa(atm) = 250 kPa(abs): ^ = — = 0.40:

i 0.578
/>, 250 yPly
2 5 2
Use E q . 18.15: A = TT(0.008 m ) / 4 = 5.027 x 10" m
2

2 5 0 X 1 Q 3 N / m 2
= Px - = 123.5 N / m 3

Y = 6 9 1 N m
' ^ ' - - x ( 2 0 ° C + 273)K
N-K
f 2 \ 2 / 0 1 3
2 9
^ « = (5.027 x ^ N / m ' J * ^ ^ (250 x 10 )(123.5) 3 :
0.555 N/s
V 2.13y

FANS, B L O W E R S , C O M P R E S S O R S , AND T H E F L O W O F G A S E S 267

18.41 When/Tz//?, < 0.578, use method o f Prob. 18.40, Eq. 18.15.
lOOkPa
When pjpx = 0.578; p = x
173.0 kPa(abs)
0.578 0.578
Px 173.0 - 100 = 73.0 kPa(gage): Then f o r p < 73.0 kPa(gage), use Eq. 18.11.
x

Pi(gage) Pi(abs) 0W.Pi) y, ( N / m )3

W(Ws)
150 kPa 250 kPa 0.40 123.5 0.555 Pl
> critical
125 225 0.444 111.1 0.500
100 200 0.500 98.8 0.444
75 175 0.571 86.4 0.389 Use Eq. 18.15
73.0 173 0.578 85.4 0.384 critical
50.0 150 0.667 74.1 0.326 Pi > critical
25 125 0.800 61.7 0.238
Px
U s e E q . 18.1

Eq. 18.11
/ -v 2 . 1 3 / 1 . 1 3

2(9.81)(1.13) , N2/1.13
(PJx)
^ = ( 5 . 0 2 7 x 10" )
5
0.13 ,A J P\ y

i
0

CC
í
2.

0 50 100 150
- Tank praaaura (kPa(gag«)]

268 C h a p t e r 18
CHAPTER NINETEEN

FLOW OF AIR IN DUCTS

Energy Iosses in straight duct sections

19.1 From Fig. 19.2: u= 570 ft/min; 0.027 i n H O/100 ft 2

h = 0.027 i n H 0 x 75 ft/100 ft = 0.0203 in H 0 F o r 18 in Duct

L 2 2

Q = 1000 cfm

19.2
Duct size u
(ft/min)
Ai/100 ft
(in H 0 ) 2
h75 ftfor
L

16 in 720 0.049 0.037 i n H 0 2

14 i n 960 0.100 0.075

12 i n 1275 0.220 0.165
10 i n 1850 0.530 0.400

19.3 D = 17.0 in req'd

h = 0.078 in H O / 1 0 0 ft
L 2

19.4 F r o m Fig. 19.3: v= 15.3 m/s

= 118Pa
Loss500
For = 4.70
m mPa/m x 25 m
dia. duct

120
19.5 25 m o f duct
3
3.0 m /s flow •8" 100
Duct size h
L for fe.
hi Pa/m I •
(mm) 25 m
u(m/s)
600 10.6 1.90 90
47.5 P a
1
700 8.00 0.90 22.5
¡s
800 6.00 0.44 11.0
20
900 4.80 0.26 6.50
1000 3.80 0.14 3.50 600 «00 1200
Oucti i(mm)
3
19.6 g = 0.40m /s: 350 m m duct size req'd: ft, = 0.58 Pa/m

19.7
10 x 30 i n d u c t :
s/8
^ 1.3[(10)(30)]° 18.3 in
4 0 2 5 0
(fl + 6 ) " (10 + 3 0 )
3
= 2100 ft /min for h = 0.10 i n H O/100 ft
L 2

FLOW O F AIR DUCTS 269

19.8 3 x 10 i n duct:
0 6 2 5

D. =-1.3( /3) fl _1.3[(3)(10)]° = 5.74 in: Q^x = 95 cfm

(a + bf (3 + 10)°
For h = 0.10 i n H 0
L 2

19.9 42 x 6 0 i n d u c t : 625
1.30[(42)(60)1°
1
A = „.j. = 54.7 in: Q mx = 37000 cfm
U 2 5 U
(42 + 6 0 )
for A, = 0 . 1 0 i n H , O

19.10 250 x 500 m m duct:

625
_ 1.30[(250)(500)]° 3
D =
r 0 2 5 0 = 381 mm: g m a x = 0.60 m /s
(250 + 500)'
for h = 0.80 Pa/m
L

19.11 75 x 250 m m duct:

1.30[(75)(250)]—
= = = ^
0 2 5
(75 + 5 0 0 )

19.12 Q = 1500 cfm; h ^ L = 0.10 i n H 0 per 100 ft - > Z> = 16.2 in

2 £

Duct: 10 x 24,12 x 20 Possible sizes from Table 19.2

19.13 Q = 300 cfm; h ^ L = 0.10 i n H 0 per 100 ft - > D = 8.8 in

2 e

Duct: 6 x 12 ( A , = 9.1 i n )

E n e r g y Iosses in ducts with fittings

19.14 Q = 650 cfm; D = 12 i n round; o= 830 ft/min (Fig. 19.2)

830
r - =« 0.0429
. i n H 0 ; C = 0.42 3-pc elbow
2

\ 4005 ^4005)

H = CH = 0.42(0.0429) = 0.0180 in H 0
L 0 2

19.15 C= 0.33 5-pc elbow; H = C / ^ = 0.33(0.0429) = 0.0142 in H 0

L 2

19.16 g = 1500 cfm; D=\6 i n ; Ü = 1080 ft/min (Fig. 19.2)

f 1080^1
0.0727 i n H 0 ; C = 0.20
2

U005j 14005 J
¿7 = CH = 0.20(0.0727) = 0.0145 in H 0
£ V 2

270 C h a p t e r 19
19.17 H = 0.0727 i n H 0 (Prob. 19.16), h = CH»
u 2 L

Position C h (in H 0 ) L 2

10° 0.52 0.378

20° 1.50 0.109
30° 4.5 0.327

19.18 10 x 22 —> 15.9 i n circ. equiv. 10x22.1100 cfm

10 x 10 —> 10.9 i n circ. equiv.
uj = 1160 ft/min, # , , = 0.0839 in H 0 2

ih = 800 ft/min, H = 0.0399 in H 0

10x22
v 2
1600 cfm 10x10
720
500 cfm
os = 720 ft/min, H = 0.0323 in H 0 = u 2

4005
I—Fig. 19.2—I

19.19 Tee, flow i n branch; C = 1.00: H = 1.00(0.0839) = 0.0839 in H 0 L 2

19.20 Tee, flow through main, C= 0.10: H = 0.10(0.0839) = 0.00839 in H 0 L 2

3
19.21 Q = 0.20 m /s; D = 200 m m dia.; u= 6.40 m/s

6.40
Pa = = 24.7 Pa; C = 0.42 3-pc elbow
1.289 .1-289,

H = 0.42(24.7 Pa) = 10.4 P a

L

19.22 Mitered elbow, C = 1.20: H = 1.20(24.7) = 29.6 P a L

3
19.23 Q = 0.85 m /s; D = 400 m m ; u= 6.8 m/s

( ° ^JLl-289 J
U.289J
2
6.8 ^
= 27.8 Pa; C = 4.5 damper at 30°

/¿i. = CH = 4.5(27.8 Pa) = 125 P a

V

19.24 Use Q = 700 cfm; D = 12 i n día.; L>= 900 ft/min; h = 0.12 in H 0 per 100 ft L 2

( o V T 900 Y
= 0.0505 i n H 0 2

14005 4005 J

^42_^
Duct: / 4 = 0 . 1 2 i n H O 2 = 0.0504 in H 0 2

V 100y

F L O W O F AIR D U C T S 271
 Damper: H = CH = 0.20(0.0505) = 0.0101 i n H 0
L 0 2

2, 3-pc elbows: H = 2(0.42)(0.0505) = 0.0424 i n H 0

L 2

Outlet grille: fl¿ = 0.06 i n H O (Table 19.3) z

H, = 0.1629 i n H , 0

19.25 12 x 20 rect - > 16.8 i n Circ. Eq.; use Q = 1500 cfm; u= 980 ft/min
f
h = 0.08 i n H 0 per 100 ft; H =
L 2
980 = 0.060 i n H 0 0 2

4005

^38^
Duct: H = 0.08 i n H 0
L 2 = 0.0304 i n H , 0
Vl00y

Damper: H = CH = 0.20(0.060) = 0.0120 i n H 0

L V 2

3 elbows: H = 3(0.22)(0.060) = 0.0396 i n H 0

L 2

Outlet grille: H = 0.060 i n H 0 (Table 19.3)

L 2

H, = 0.1420 i n H 0 2

3
19.26 g = 0.80m /s
For square duct: 5.8 m
1.3[(800)(800)f 8
9.25 m
A, = — T~.— = 875 m m Circ. Eq.1/4
(800 + 8 0 0 ) A
Round 400 mm día.
_Q_
L>i = — =
/l
0.80 mVs
«-(0.875 m ) V 4
= 1.33 m/s /
Louvws
Sq. 800x800

1.33
= 1.065 Pa
1.289 1.289

A i / £ > = 875/400 = 2 . 1 9 - > A : = 0.40 (Fig. 10.7) Sudden contraction

2

H lA = 0.40(1.065 Pa) = 0.426 Pa

H =\7L2 Pa (Table 19.3) louvers

Duct 1, H too l o w for chart i n Fig. 19.3 — Neglect

L

Duct 2, ih = 6.30 m/s; H = (1.10 Pa/m)(9.25 m) = 10.2 Pa L

H LM = 0.426 + 17 + 0 + 11.1 = 27.6 Pa Pressure drop f r o m / J a

Then p fw = -27.6 P

272 C h a p t e r 19
SPREADSHEETS

273
APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS 1 Power SI: CLASS 1 SERIES SYSTEMS
O b j e c t i v e : Pump power Reference points for the energy equation:
Example Problem 11.1 Point 1: At surface of lower reservoir
Fig. 11.2 Point 2: At surface of upper reservoir
System Data: SI M e t r i c U n i t s
Volume flow rate: Q = 0.015m /s ?
Elevation at point 1= 2.00 m
Pressure at point 1= OkPa Elevation at point 2 = 12.00m
Pressure al point 2 = OkPa IfRef. pt. is in pipe: Set v1 "= B20" OR Set v2 "= E20"
Velocity at point 1= Om/s --> Vel head at point 1 = Om
Velocity at point 2 = Om/s --> Vel head at point 2 = Om
Fluid Properties: May need to compute: v = rj/p|
3
Specific weight = 7.74 kN/m Kinematic viscosity = 7.10E-07m /s 2

Pipe 1: 4-in Schedule 40 steel pipe Pipe 2: 2-in Schedule 40 steel pipe
Diameter: D = 0.1023m Diameter: D = 0.0525 m
Wall toughness: •<: =4.60E-05m Wall roughness: >: =4.60E-05m [See Table 8.2]
Length: L = 15m Length: L = 200 m
Area: A = 8.22E-03m Area: A = 2.16E-03m [A = TID /4]
2 2 2

Diz = 2224 Diz = 1141 Relative rough ness

LID = 147 LID = 3810
Flow Velocity = 1.82 m/s Flow Velocity = 6.93 m/s [v=Q/A]
Velocity head = 0.170m Velocity head = 2.447 m [V/2g]
Reynolds No. = 2.63E+05 Reynolds No. =5.13E+05 [N = vD/v]
R

Friction factor: f = 0.0182 Friction factor: f = 0.0198 Using Eq. 8-7

Energy losses-Pipe 1: K Qty.
Pipe: K = f(UD) =
1 2.67 1 Energy loss h L1 = 0.453 m Friction
Entrance loss: K =
2 0.50 1 Energy loss h L2 = 0.085 m
Element 3: K = 3 0.00 i Energy loss h L3 = 0.000 m
Element 4: K = 4 0.00 i
•Í
Energy loss h L4 = 0.000 m
Element 5: K = 5 0.00 1 Energy loss h LS = 0.000 m
Element 6: K 6 - 0.00 1 Energy loss h L6 = 0.000 m
Element 7: K = 7 0.00 1 Energy loss h L7 = 0.000 m
Element 8: K =8 0.00 1 Energy loss h L8 = 0.000 m
Energy losses-Pipe 2: K Qty.
Pipe: Ki = f(UD) = 75.35 1 Energy loss h L1 = 184.40 m Friction
Globe valve: K =
2 6.46 1 Energy loss h L2 = 15.81 m
2 std elbows: K =
3 0.57 2 Energy loss h L3 = 2.79 m
Exit loss: K =4 1.00 1 Energy loss h L4 = 2.45 m
Element 5: K = 5 0.00 1 Energy loss h L5 = 0.00 m
Element 6: K =6 0.00 1 Energy loss h L6 = 0.00 m
Element 7: K =7 0.00 1 Energy loss h L7 = 0.00 m
Element 8: K =8 0.00 1 Energy loss h L8 = 0.00 m
Total energy loss h Ltot = 205.98 m
Results: Total head on pump: h = A 216.0m
Power added to fluid P = A 25.08 kW
Pump efficiency = 76.00%

Power input to pump: P¡ = 32.99 kW

274
APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS 1 Power US: CLASS 1SERIES SYSTEMS
O b j e c t i v e : Pump power Reference points for the energy equation:
Problem 11.29 Pt. 1: At pump inlet - Point A in Figure 11.23
Fig. 11.26 Pt. 2: In free stream of fluid outside nozzle
System Data: U.S. C u s t o m a r y Units
Volume flow rate: Q = o.sñ^/s Elevation at point 1= Oft
Pressure at point 1= -3.5 psig Elevation at point 2 = 80 ft
Pressure at point 2 = Opsig IfRef. pt. is in pipe: Set v "= B20" OR Set v "= E20"
1 ?

Velocity at point 1= 9.74ft/s -> Vel head at point 1 = \Alft

Velocity at point 2 = 54.24 ft/s -> Vel head at point 2 = 45.68 ft
Fluid Properties: May need to compute: v = n/p
3
Specific weight = 64.00lb/ft Kinematic viscosity = 2.01E-05ft /s2

Pipe 1: 3-in Schedule 40 steel pipe Pipe 2: 2 1/2-in Schedule 40 steel pipe
Diameter: D = 0.2557Ü Diameter: D = 0.2058 ft
Wall roughness: r. = 1.50E-04fí Wall roughness: y. = 1.50E-04 ft [See Table 8.2]
Length: L = Oft Length: L = 82 ft
Area: A = 0.05135 ft 2
Area: A = 0.03326 ft 2 2
[A = 7tD /4]
D/E = 1705 D/s = 1372 Relative roughness
L/D = 0 LID = 398
Flow Velocity = 9.74 ft/s Flow Velocity = 15.03 ft/s [v = Q/A]
Velocity head = 1.472 ft Velocity head = 3.508 ft [S/2g]
Reynolds No. = 1.24E+05 Reynolds No. = 1.54E+05 [NR = vD/v]
Friction factor: f = 0.0203 Friction factor: f = 0.0205 Using Eq. 8-7
Energy losses-Pipe 1: K Qty.
Pipe: K = Y 0.00 1 Energy loss h L1 = 0.00 ft
Element 2: K = 2 0.00 1 Energy loss h L2 = 0.00 ft
Element 3: K = 3 0.00 1 Energy loss h L3 = 0.00 ft
A
Element 4: K = 4 0.00 1 Energy loss h L4 - 0.00 ft
1
Element 5: K = 5 0.00 Energy loss h L5 = 0.00 ft
1
Element 6: K = 6 0.00 1 Energy loss h L6 = 0.00 ft
Element 7: K = 7 0.00 1 Energy loss h L7 = 0.00 ft
Element 8: K = 8 0.00 1 Energy loss h L8 = 0.00 ft
Energy losses-Pipe 2: K Qty.
Pipe: Ki = 8.16 1 Energy loss h L1 = 28.61 ft
Elbow: K = 2 0.54 1 Energy loss h L2 = 1.89ft
Nozzle: K = 3 32.60 1 Energy loss h L3 = 114.37 ft
Element 4: K = 4 0.00 1 Energy loss h L4 = 0.00 ft
Element 5: K = 5 0.00 1 Energy loss h L5 = 0.00 ft
Element 6: K = 6 0.00 1 Energy loss h L6 = 0.00 ft
Element 7: K =
7 0.00 1 Energy loss h L7 = 0.00 ft
Element 8: K8 - 0.00 1 Energy loss h L8 = 0.00 ft
Total energy loss h Uot = 144.88 ft
Results: Total head on pump: h = A 277.0 ft
Power added to fluid: P = A 16.11 hp
Pump efficiency = 76.00%

Power input to pump: P¡ = 21.20hp

275
APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS 1 Pressure SI: CLASS 1 SERIES SYSTEMS
O b j e c t i v e : Pressure: Point 2 Reference points for the energy equation:
Problom 11.7-Mott-Modified Pt. 1: In pipe at Point A
Fig. 11.17 Pt. 2:in pipe at Point B
System Data: SI Metric U n i t s
3
Volume flow rate: Q = 2.83E-05m /s Elevation at point 1 = Om
Pressure at point 1 = 100kPa Elevation at point 2 = 1.2m
'Pressure at point 2 to be determined" If Ref. pt. is in pipe: Set "= B20" OR Set v "= E20" 2

Velocity at point 1 = 0.346 m/s --> Vel head at point 1 = 0.006104 m

Velocity at point 2 = 0.346m/s -> Vel head at point 2 = 0.006104 m
Fluid Properties: May need to compute: v = n/p|
3
Specific weight = 12.2625 kN/m Kinematic viscosity = 2.40E-07nf/s
Pipe 1: 1/2-in x 0.049 steel tube Pipe 2: None
Diameter: D = 0.01021 m Diameter: D = 0.09797m
Wall roughness: i: = 1.50E-06m Wall roughness: ¡: = 1.50E-06m See Table 8.2
Length: L = 30 m Length: L = Om
Area: A = 8.19E-05m 2
Area: A = 7.54E-03m [A = TID /4]
2 2

D/E = 6807 D/E = 65313 Relative roughness

LID = 2938 UD = 0
Flow Velocity = 0.346 m/s Flow Velocity = 0.0038 m/s [v = Q/A]
Velocity head = 0.006104 m Velocity head = 0.0000 m
Reynolds No. = 1.47E+04 Reynolds No. = 1.53E+03 [NR = vD/v]
Friction factor: f- 0.0282 Friction factor: f = 0.0563 Using Eq. 8-7
Energy losses-Pipe 1: K Qty.
Pipe: K f = f(UD) = 82.96 1 Energy loss h L1 = 0.5064 m Friction
Check Valve: K 2 = 1.95 1 Energy loss h L2 = 0.0119m (f = 0.013)
T

Globe Valve: K 3 = 4.420 1 Energy loss h L3 = 0.0270 m (f = 0.013)

T

Return Bends: K 4 = 0.65 8 Energy loss h L4 = 0.0317 m (fr = 0.013)

Element 5: K 5 = 0.00 7 Energy loss h L5 = 0.00 m
Element 6: K 6 = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L6 = 0.00 m
Element 7: K 7 = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L7 = 0.00 m
Element 8: K 8 = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L8 = 0.00 m
Energy losses-Pipe 2: K Qty.
Pipe: K
1 = f(UD) = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L1 = 0.00 m Friction
Element 2: K 2 = 0.00 ¡ Energy loss h L2 = 0.00 m
Element 3: K 3 = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L3 = 0.00 m
Element 4: K 4 = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L4 = 0.00 m
Element 5: K 5 = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L5 = 0.00 m
Element 6: K 6 = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L6 = 0.00 m
Element 7: K 7 = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L7 = 0.00 m
Element 8: K 8 = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L8 = 0.00 m
Total energy loss h Ltot = 0.5770 m
Results:
Pressure at target point: 78.21 kPa

276
APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS 1 Pressure US: CLASS 1 SERIES SYSTEMS
O b j e c t i v e : Pressure: Point 2 Reference points for the energy equation:
P r o b l e m 11.3 Pt. 1 : In p i p e at Point A at outlet of p u m p
Fig. 1 1 . 1 3 Pt. 2 : In p i p e at Point B at inlet to t h e h y d r a u l i c c y l i n d e r
System Data: U S C u s t o m a r y Units
3
Volume flow rate: Q = 0.13363 ñ /s Elevation at point 1 = Oft
Pressure at point 1 = 212.77 psig Elevation at point 2 = 25 ft
Pressure at point 2 = 200psig If Ref. pt. is in p i p e : S e t v1 "= B 2 0 " O R S e t v 2 " = E 2 0 "
Velocity at point 1 = 5.73 ft/s V e l h e a d at point 1 = 0.51 ft
Velocity at point 2 = 5.73 ft/s V e l h e a d at point 2 = 0.51 ft
Fluid Properties: M a y n e e d to c o m p u t e : v = n/p
Specific weight = 56.16 lb/ft 3
Kinematic viscosity = 3.44E-05ff/s
Pipe 1: 2-in Sch. 40 steel pipe Pipe 2: None
Diameter: D = 0.1723 ft Diameter: D = 0.1723 ft
Wall roughness: >: = 1.50E-04ft Wall roughness: r. = 1.50E-04ft See Table 8.2
Length: L = 50 ft Length: L = Oft
[A = T I D / 4 ]
2
Area: A = 2.33E-02ft Area: A = 2.33E-02 ft 2 2

D/s = 1149 Dk = 1149 Relative roughness

LID = 290 UD = 0
Flow Velocity = 5.73 ft/s Flow Velocity = 5.73 ft/s [v = Q / A ]
Velocity head = 0.51 Oft Velocity head = 0.51 Oft [v2/2g]
Reynolds No. = 2.87E+04 Reynolds No. = 2.87E+04 [N R = vD/v]
Friction factor: f = 0.0260 Friction factor: f = 0 . 0 2 6 0 U s i n g E q . 8-7
Energy losses-Pipe 1: K Qty.
Pipe: K, = f(UD) = 7.55 1 E n e r g y loss h u = 3.85 ft Friction
Control valve: K 2 = 6.50 1 E n e r g y loss h L2 = 3.32 ft
2 elbows: K 3 = 0.57 2 E n e r g y loss h L3 = 0.58 ft (f =0.019)
T

Element 4: K 4 = 0.00 1 E n e r g y loss h L4 = 0.00 ft

Element 5: K 5 = 0.00 1 E n e r g y loss h L5 = 0.00 ft
Element 6: K s = 0.00 1 E n e r g y loss h L6 = 0.00 ft
Element 7: K 7 - 0.00 1 E n e r g y loss h L7 = 0.00 ft

Element 8: K s = 0.00 1 E n e r g y loss h L8 = 0.00 ft

Energy Iosses in Pipe 2: Qty.
Pipe: K t = f(UD) = 0.00 1 E n e r g y loss h L1 = 0.00 ft

Element 2: K 2 = 0.00 1 E n e r g y loss h L2 = 0.00 ft

Element 3: K 3 = 0.00 1 E n e r g y loss h L3 = 0.00 ft

Element 4: K 4 = 0.00 1 E n e r g y loss h L4 = 0.00 ft
Element 5: K 5 = 0.00 1 E n e r g y loss h L5 = 0.00 ft
Element 6: K 6 = 0.00 1 E n e r g y loss h L6 = 0.00 ft
Element 7: K 7 = 0.00 1 E n e r g y loss h L7 = 0.00 ft

Element 8: K 8 = 0.00 1 E n e r g y loss h L8 = 0.00 ft

T o t a l e n e r g y loss h Ltot = 7.75 ft

Results: Total c h a n g e in p r e s s u r e : -12.77 psi
Pressure at target point: 200.00 p s i g

277
APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS ll-A & ll-B SI: C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
O b j e c t i v e : V o l u m e f l o w rate M e t h o d ll-A: No m i n o r I o s s e s
Example Problem 11.3 Uses Equation 11-3 to e s t í m a t e the allowable volume flow rate
Figure 11.7 to maintain desired pressure at point 2 for a given pressure at point 1
System Data: SI M e t r i c U n i t s
Pressure at point 1 = 120VPa Elevation at point 1= Om
Pressure at point 2= 60kPa Elevation at point 2= Om

Energy loss: h L = 6.95 m

Fluid Properties: May need to compute: v = n/p|
2
Specific weight = 8.63kN/nr Kinematic viscosity = 1.08E-05 m /s
Pipe data: 6-in Schedule 40 steel pipe
Diameter: D= 0.1541 m
Wall roughness: r.= 4.60E-05m
Length: L = 100m Results: Máximum valúes
Area: A = 0.018651 m 2
Volume flow rate: Q = 0.0569 m /s3
Using Eq. 11 -3
D/e= 3350 Velocity: v= 3.05 m/s

C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S Volume flow rate: Q = 0.0538 m /s 3

Method ll-B: Use results of Method HA: Given: Pressure p, = 120kPa

Include minor Iosses: Pressure p 2 = 60.18 k P a
then pressure at Point 2 is computed NOTE: Should be > 60kPa
Additional Pipe Data: Adjust estímate for Q until p 2

L/D =
649 is greater than desired pressure.
Flow Velocity = 2.88 m/s Velocity at point 1 = 2.88 m/s ¡~> If velocity is in pipe:
Velocity head = 0.424 m Velocity at point 2 = n
2.88 m/s | - > Enter =B24"
Reynolds No. = 4.12E+04 Vel. head at point 1 = 0.424 m
Friction factor: f = 0.0228 Vel. head at point 2 = 0.424 m
Energy Iosses in Pipe: K Qty.
Pipe: K- = f(UD) = 14.76 1 Energy loss h L1 = 6.26 m Friction
2 std. elbows: K : = 0.45 2 Energy loss h L2 = 0.38 m
Butterfly valve: K? = 0.68 1 Energy loss h L3 = 0.29 m
Element 4: K., = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L4 = 0.00 m
Element 5: K 5 = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L5 = 0.00 m
Element 6: K¡¡ = 0.00 i Energy loss h L6 = 0.00 m
Element 7: K.- = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L7 = 0.00 m
Element 8: K ;i = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L8 = 0.00 m
Total energy loss h Uot = 6.93 m

278
APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS ll-A & ll-B US: C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
O b j e c t i v e : V o l u m e f l o w rate M e t h o d ll-A: No m i n o r I o s s e s
Problem 11.10 Uses Equation 11-3 to find máximum allowable volume flow rate
to maintain desired pressure at point 2 for a given pressure at point 1
System Data: U S Customary Units
Pressure at point 1= 250psig Elevation at point 1 = 55 ft
Pressure at point 2= 180 psig Elevation at point 2- Oft

Energy loss: h = L 202.22Ü

Fluid Properties: May need to compute: v = n/p
1
Specific weight = 68.47lb/ft Kinematic viscosity = 7.59E-04rí /s 2

Pipe data: 4-in Sch 40 steel pipe

Diameter: D = 0.512 ft
Wall roughness: i:= 4.00E-04ft
Length: L = 5000 ft Results: Máximum valúes
2
Area: A = 0.20589Ü Volume flow rate: Q = 1.4500 ft /s 3
Using Eq. 11 -3
D/e = 1280 Velocity: v = 7.04 ft/s

C L A S S II S E R I E S S Y S T E M S Volume flow rate: Q = 1.45ft /s3

Method ll-B: Use results of Method HA: Given: Pressure p = 1 250 psig
Include minor Iosses: Pressure p 2 = 179.77 p s i g
then pressure at Point 2 is computed NOTE: Should be > 180 p s i g
Additional Pipe Data: Adjust estímate for Q until p 2

LID
9766 = is equal or greater than desired.
Flow Velocity = 7.04 ft/s Velocity at point 1 = 7.04 ft/s | - > If velocity is in pipe:
Velocity head = 0.770 ft Velocity at point 2 = 7.04 ft/s | - > Enter "=B24"
Reynolds No. = 2.27E+04 Vel. head at point 1 = 0.77 ft
Friction factor: f = 0.0269 Vel. head at point 2 = 0.77 ft
Energy Iosses in Pipe: K Qty.
Pipe: Ki = f(UD) = 263.18 1 Energy loss h L1 = 202.69 ft Friction
Element 2: K 2 = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L2 = 0.00 ft
Element 3: K , = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L3 = 0.00 ft
Element 4: K, = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L4 = 0.00 ft
Element 5: K h = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L5 = 0.00 ft
Element 6: K r¡ = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L6 = 0.00 ft
Element 7: K,- = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L7 = 0.00 ft
Element 8: K 8 = 0.00 1 Energy loss h L8 = 0.00 ft
Total energy loss h Ltot = 202.69 ft

279
APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS lll-A & lll-B SI: C L A S S III S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
Objective: Minimum pipe diameter Method lll-A: Uses Equation 11-13to compute the
P r o b l e m 11.18 minimum size ofpipe of a given length
that will flow a given volume flow rate of fluid
System Data: SI Metric Units with a limited pressure drop. (No minor Iosses)
Pressure at point 1 = 150kPa Fluid Properties:
Pressure at point 2 = OkPa Specific weight = 9.53 k N / m ' :

Elevation at point 1 = Om Kinematic Viscosity = 3.60E-07m ls z

Elevation at point 2 = Om I n t e r m e d í a t e R e s u l t s in E q . 11-13:

A l l o w a b l e E n e r g y L o s s : /), 15.74m L/gh = L 0.194292

Volume flow rate: Q = 0.06 m'Vs A r g u m e n t in b r a c k e t : 2.89E-22
Length of pipe: L = 30 m Final Minimum Diameter:
Pipe wall roughness: y. = 1.50E-06m Minimum diameter: D = 0.0908 m

C L A S S III S E R I E S S Y S T E M S Specified pipe diameter: D = 0.09797m

Method lll-B: Use results of Method lll-A: 4-inch Type K copper tube
Specify actual diameter: Include minor Iosses: If velocity is in the pipe, enter "=B23" for valué
then pressure at Point 2 is computed. V e l o c i t y at point 1 = 7.96 mis
Additional Pipe Data: V e l o c i t y at point 2 = 7.96 mis
Flow área: A = 0.007538 m 2
V e l . h e a d at point 1 = 3.229 m
R e l a t i v e r o u g h n e s s : Diz = 65313 V e l . h e a d at point 2 = 3.229 m
LID = 306 Results:
Flow Velocity = 7.96 m/s Given pressure at point 1 = 150kPa
Velocity head = 3.229 m Desired pressure at point 2 = OkPa
Reynolds No. = 2.17E+06 Actual pressure at point 2 = 48.13 kPa
Friction f a c t o r : f = 0.0108 (Actual p should
2 be > desired pressure)
Energy Iosses in Pipe: K Qty.
Pipe Friction: K 1 = f(L/D) = 3.31 1 E n e r g y loss h L1 = 10.69m
Element 2: K-- = 0.00 1 E n e r g y loss h L2 = 0.00 m
Element 3: K , =r 0.00 1 E n e r g y loss h L3 = 0.00 m
Element 4: K- = 0.00 1 E n e r g y loss h L4 = 0.00 m
Element 5: K , -r 0.00 1 E n e r g y loss h L5 = 0.00 m
Element 6: K,j = 0.00 1 E n e r g y loss h L6 = 0.00 m
Element 7: K 7 = 0.00 1 E n e r g y loss h L7 = 0.00 m

Element 8: K s = 0.00 1 E n e r g y loss h L8 = 0.00 m

T o t a l e n e r g y loss h Ltot = 10.69m

280
APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS lll-A & lll-B US: C L A S S III S E R I E S S Y S T E M S
Objective: Minimum pipe diameter Method lll-A: Uses Equation 11-8 to compute the
E x a m p l e P r o b l e m 11.6 minimum size ofpipe of a given length
that will flow a given volume flow rate of fluid
System Data: SI Metric U n i t s with a limited pressure drop. (No minor Iosses)
Pressure at point 1 = 102 p s i g Fluid Properties:
Pressure at point 2 = ÍOOpsig Specific weight = 62.4 Ibffi 3

Elevation at point 1 = Oft Kinematic Viscosity = 1.21E-05n ls :

Elevation at point 2 = Oft I n t e r m e d í a t e R e s u l t s in E q . 11-8:

A l l o w a b l e E n e r g y L o s s : /7 ^ ; 4 . 6 2 ft L/gh = L 0.672878
Volume flow rate: Q = 0.5ft7s A r g u m e n t in b r a c k e t : 5.77E-09
Length of pipe: L = 100 ft Final Minimum Diameter:
Pipe wall roughness: y. - 1.50E-04ÍI Minimum diameter: D = 0 . 3 0 9 0 ft

C L A S S III S E R I E S S Y S T E M S Specified pipe diameter: D = 0.3355 ft

Method lll-B: Use results of Method lll-A: 4 - i n c h S c h e d u l e 4 0 steel p i p e
Specify actual diameter: Include minor Iosses: ¡f velocity is in the pipe, enter "=B23" for valué
then pressure at Point 2 is computed. V e l o c i t y at point 1 = 5.66 ft/s
Additional Pipe Data: V e l o c i t y a l point 2 = 5.66 ft/s
2
Flow área: A = 0.08840 ft V e l . h e a d at point 1 = 0.497 ft
Relative r o u g h n e s s : D/e = 2237 V e l . h e a d at point 2 = 0.497 ft
LID = 298 Results:
Flow Velocity = 5.66 ft/s Given pressure at point 1 = 102 psig
Velocity head = 0.497 ft Desired pressure at point 2 = 100 psig
R e y n o l d s N o . = 1.57E+05 Actual pressure at point 2 = 100.46psig
Friction factor: f = 0.0191 (Compare actual with desired pressure at point 2)
Energy Iosses in Pipe: K Qty.
Pipe Friction: K , = f(UD) = 5.70 1 E n e r g y loss h L1 = 2.83 ft
Two long rad. elbows: K2 = 0.34 2 E n e r g y loss h L2 = 0.34 ft
Butterfly valve: K 3 = 0.77 1 E n e r g y loss h L3 = 0.38 ft
Element 4: K-, = 0.00 1 E n e r g y loss h¡_4 = 0.00 ft
Element 5: K, = 0.00 1 E n e r g y loss h L5 = 0.00 ft
Element 6: K 6 = 0.00 1 E n e r g y loss h L6 = 0.00 ft
Element 7. K¡ = 0.00 1 E n e r g y loss h L7 - 0.00 ft
Element 8: K s = 0.00 1 E n e r g y loss h L8 = 0.00 ft

Total e n e r g y loss h Ltot = 3.55 ft

281
APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS System Curve US: CLASS I SERIES SYSTEMS
O b j e c t i v e : System Curve Reference points for the energy equation:
Ex. P r o b l e m 13.4 Pt. 1 : S u r f a c e of l o w e r reservoir
Fig. 1 3 . 4 0 Pt. 2: S u r f a c e of u p p e r reservoir
System Data: U.S. C u s t o m a r y Units
3
Volume flow rate: Q = 0.5011ft /s Elevation at point 1 = Oft
Pressure at point 1 = Opsig Elevation at point 2 = 80 ft
Pressure at point 2 = 35 psig IfRef. pt. is in pipe: Set v 1 "= B20" OR Set v 2 "= E20"
Velocity at point 1 = 0.00ft/'s~> Vel h e a d at p o i n t 1 = 0.00 ft
Velocity at point 2 = 0.00 ft/s-> Vel h e a d at p o i n t 2 = 0.00 ft
Fluid Properties: M a y n e e d to c o m p u t e : v = n/p
Specific weight = 62.40 lb/ft 3
Kinematic viscosity = 1.21E-05ft /s
?

Pipe 1: 3 1/2-in Schedule 40 steel pipe Pipe 2: 2 1/2-in Schedule 40 steel pipe
Diameter: D = 0.2957R Diameter: D = 0.2058 ft
Wall roughness: ¡: = 1.50E-04ñ Wall roughness: i: = 1.50E-04ft [See Table 8.2]
Length: L - 8ft Length: L = 360 ft
2
Area: A = 0.06867 ft Area: A = 0.03326ft 2
[A = rcD /4] 2

Diz = 1971 D/e = 1372 Reí. r o u g h n e s s

L/D = 27 UD = 1749
Flow Velocity = 7.30 ft/s Flow Velocity = 15.06 ft/s [v = Q/A]
Velocity head = 0 . 8 2 7 ft Velocity head = 3 . 5 2 4 ft [i^/2g]
Reynolds No. = 1.78E+05 R e y n o l d s N o . = .2 . 5 6 E + 0 5 [N R = vD/v]
Friction f a c t o r : f - 0.0192 Friction f a c t o r : f = 0.0197 U s i n g E q . 8-7
Energy losses-Pipe 1: K Qty. Total K
Pipe: K 1 = 0.519 1 0.519 E n e r g y loss h L1 = 0.43 ft
Entrance: K? - 0.500 1 0.500 E n e r g y loss h L2 = 0.41 ft
Gate Valve: K> = 0.136 1 0.136 E n e r g y loss h L3 - 0.11 ft
Element 4: K>, = 0.000 1 0.000 E n e r g y loss h L4 = 0.00 ft
Element 5: K s = 0.000 1 0.000 E n e r g y loss h L5 = 0.00 ft
Element 6: K s = 0.000 1 0.000 E n e r g y loss h L6 = 0.00 ft
Element 7: K 7 - 0.000 1 0.000 E n e r g y loss h L7 = 0.00 ft

Element 8: K a = 0.000 1 0.000 E n e r g y loss h L8 = 0.00 ft

Energy losses-Pipe 2: K Qty. Total K
Pipe: K 1 = 34.488 1 34.488 E n e r g y loss h L1 = 121.53ft
Check Valve: K¿ = 1.800 1 1.800 E n e r g y loss h L2 = 6.34 ft
Butterfly Valve: K3 = 0.810 1 0.810 E n e r g y loss h L3 = 2.85 ft
Standard Elbow: Kj = 0.540 2 1.080 E n e r g y loss h L4 = 3.81 ft
Exit Loss: K. =
; 1.000 1 1.000 E n e r g y loss h L5 = 3.52 ft
Element 6: K fi = 0.000 1 0.000 E n e r g y loss h L6 = 0.00 ft
Element 7: K.- = 0.000 1 0.000 E n e r g y loss h L7 = 0.00 ft

Element 8: K e = 0.000 1 0.000 E n e r g y loss h L8 = 0.00 ft

T o t a l e n e r g y loss h Uot = 139.01 ft

Results: Total head on pump: h A = 2 9 9 . 8 ft

Figure 13.41 Total head on the pump at the desired operating point for Example Problem 13.4

282
SYSTEM CURVE - Table 13.3 PUMP CURVE: 2X3-10 PUMP WITH 9-IN IMPELLER-From Fig. 13.27
Q (gpm) Q (cfs) h (ft)
a
Q (gpm) Total he
0 0 160.8 0 370
25 0.056 162.9 25 369
50 0.111 168.6 50 368
75 0.167 177.6 75 366
100 0.223 189.9 100 364
125 0.278 205.4 125 360
150 0.334 224.1 150 355
175 0.390 246.1 175 349
200 0.445 271.3 200 341
225 0.501 299.8 225 332
250 0.557 331.4 250 320
275 0.612 366.3 275 305
300 0.668 300 285
325 0.724 325 265
350 0.780 350 245

283
F r i c t i o n F a c t o r C a l c u l a t i o n u s i n g S w a m e e - J a i n E q u a t i o n 8-7
P r o b l e m 8.28: F r i c t i o n f a c t o r o n l y ; S I d a t a
Use consistent SI or U.S. Customary units

Fluid Properties: W a t e r at 7 5 d e g C
Kinematic Viscosity 3.83E-07m'/s ?
or f t / s

Volume flow rate: Q = 2.75E-O4m 7sorft'7s

:

Pipe Data: 1/2 in Type K Copper

Pipe wall roughness: r. = 1.50E-06m or ft
Pipe diameter = 0.01339 m or ft

2 2
Flow área: A = 0.000141 m o r f t
Relative r o u g h n e s s : Diz = 8927

Flow Velocity = 1.53 m/s or ft/s

Reynolds No. = 5.34E+04

Friction factor: f= 0 . 0 2 0 9 U s i n g E q . 8-7

284