Self-Supporting Bamboo Space Structure With Flexible Joints: November 2017

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SELF-SUPPORTING BAMBOO SPACE STRUCTURE WITH FLEXIBLE JOINTS
Conference Paper · November 2017
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Luís Eustáquio Moreira Mario Seixas

Federal University of Minas Gerais Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro
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João Bina José Luiz Mendes Ripper

Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro
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Non-Conventional Materials and Technologies – NOCMAT for XXI Century Materials Research Forum LLC
Materials Research Proceedings 7 (2018) 391-402 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781945291838-37
Self-Supporting Bamboo Space Structure with Flexible Joints

Luís Eustáquio Moreira a, Mario Seixas b, c *, João Bina b,
José Luiz Mendes Ripper c
a
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil; luis@dees.ufmg.br
b
Bambutec Design, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; mario@bambutec.com.br
c
Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; ripper@puc-rio.br
Abstract. This paper presents research results in the structural design and analysis of a self-
supporting bamboo space structure. The developed structure presents a flexible connection system
and a tensile structural behaviour. The modular frame of the architecture applied hinged lashed
connections (HLC) in textile polyester ropes. The modular frame spans 15m width, 4m length and
7,5m high, using Phyllostachys pubescens bamboo culms. Nonlinear analysis of the structure under
static loadings carried out using the Finite Element Method (FEM) through the SAP 2000 software.
The analysis showed that loads induced by strong winds, overloads and self-weight are relatively low
for the structural members and the developed connections. The results demonstrate that the self-
supporting bamboo space structure meets the requirements of engineering design for safety. This
analysis opens a series of another computational analysis calibrated with mechanical tests to
determine natural frequencies and damping constant for the structure, demonstrating the potential to
be used in earthquake regions.
Keywords: Bamboo, Self-Supporting, Space Structure, Flexible Joints, Engineering

Analysis
Introduction
Building with tensile cables is an ancient tradition. Several vernacular designs and construction
technologies developed worldwide employ cable structures and textile materials. Traditional
dwellings in the desert of Gobi, such as the Mongolian Ger (Yurt), uses a lightweight mobile shelter
built with timber, animal skin, ropes and remains updated in Asia until nowadays [1]. Indigenous
from Africa and South America developed houses and useful objects, using straw and vegetal rods
for structural applications. In Brazil, the Asuriní indigenous group from the Tupi ethnicity from
Medium Xingu, keeps alive the culture of building with timber, straw and earth [2]. The major
structure of the Asuriní indigenous village is the Aketé, measuring approximately 30m long, 12m
wide and 7m high, which consists in the main ceremonial house of the village (Fig. 1). The Aketé
structure is connected by lashed liana fibers and erected by bending timber rods over the structural
timbering fixed on the ground, without the use of pins or nails. The Aketé roof employs Piaçava fiber
layers (Leopoldinia piassaba) and consists in a bioclimatic roofing technique, protecting to the sun
and rain and also allowing the passage of the air. In Brazil, several housing models developed by
indigenous groups reflect their ability to build sustainable structures. In Maranhão state, vernacular
shelters employing palm tree roofing apply the biodiversity forestry materials, as Buriti fibers
(Mauritia spp.), with a similar joint technique based on lashed straw-based materials (Fig. 2). All
over the Brazilian territory it can be observed housing techniques developed by hundreds of
indigenous groups based on biomaterials weaving and lashing technologies. Several of them are still
alive in Brazil in the present. It is time to recognize and understand the great contribution of the
indigenous inhabitants of the South in subjective and objective fields of human being, their
technologies and their full adaptability to the tropical climate.
Copyright © 2018 by authors .

Published under license by Materials Research Forum LLC
391
FIGURE 1 - INTERIOR VIEW OF THE MAJOR HOUSE OF THE ASURINÍ INDIGENOUS

GROUP. PHOTO CREDITS: J. JANGOUX, 1979. FIGURE 2: VERNACULAR SHELTER
USING TIMBER AND STRAW
Experimental bamboo structures
Research programs established the physical and mechanical properties of bamboo and its application
in engineering. Researches were developed at PUC-Rio in the Civil and Environmental Engineering
Department (since 1979), in the Arts & Design Department (since 1985) and at UFMG in the
Structural Engineering Department (since 2005). Structural models inspired on the indigenous
designs were studied. Several studies developed in the following themes: lightweight bamboo
structures, bio-based materials, sustainable technologies and flexible connections [3]. Experimental
programs investigated methods to joint bamboo bars combining materials such as wood, steel, cotton,
resins and textile cables [4, 5, 6]. Investigations were realized about tensile, tensegrity, pantographic,
polyhedral and geodesic structural systems using bamboo and natural fibers. Figure 3 presents a 2V
bamboo geodesic structure inspired on the Buckminster Fuller geodesic dome geometry [7]
employing nodal steel joints. The dome was developed and tested at Rio de Janeiro in the year of
1992 [8]. These nodal joints concentrated high load stresses in the structural members, favoring shear
forces along the bamboo bars. The erection steps were the most critical processes of the dome
assembly procedure, as the structural members needed to perform different geometrical positions
during mounting steps and the nodal joints transmitted high torsion stresses along the structural
members, favoring the generating of cracks in the bamboo bars. Assembly loadings are critical for
bamboo structures according to the used connections.
(a) (b)
(c)
FIGURE 3 - (A) BAMBOO STRUCTURE USING NODAL BOLTED JOINTS; (B) (C) DETAILS
OF THE JOINTS DEVELOPED IN STEEL, AGAVE SISALANA ROPES AND BITUMEN
392
In the year of 1999, a bamboo space structure developed using polypropylene textile cables with
lashed timber tourniquets joints (Fig. 4). The space structure presented a simplified mounting
procedure, avoiding torsion stresses on the bamboo bars. The structure built with flexible joints had
an accessible mounting procedure, preserving the mechanical properties of the whole bamboo culms.
This flexible joint technique allowed assembly and disassembly procedures with no damage
occurring along the bamboo bars. On the other hand, it was observed displacements in the joints and
also crushes at the end of the bars induced by diametrical compression bamboo bars stressed by the
timber tourniquets, as bamboo bars were used in its cylindrical hollow raw state. Other prototypes
were developed employing tourniquet lashed connections. These joints presented the potential to
build with bamboo and textile cables with simplified techniques in areas of poor resources,
generating non-pollutant and clean mounting processes, preserving the physical and mechanical
properties of the bamboo bars.
(a) (b)
FIGURE 4 - (A) BAMBOO SPACE STRUCTURE CONNECTED WITH LASHED TEXTILE
ROPES. (B) DETAIL OF THE JOINT DEVELOPED WITH TEXTILE ROPES AND TIMBER
TOURNIQUETS
The self-supporting bamboo space structure

The space structure was developed through form-finding physical scale models, to achieve the final
architecture of the structure. Several scale models studied allowed design, detailing and planning the
assembly procedure. Figure 5a presents a 1:25 scale model of the structure. Flexible materials such as
bamboo, tensile membranes, textile ropes and steel cables were used in the development of the
bamboo pavilion and its connection system, spanning an area of 15 x 23m and 7,50m height. A novel
constructive system was developed combining a hinged bamboo structure and pantographic bamboo
grids covered by PVC textile membranes, generating a tensile self-supporting space structure [9].
The structural members of the bamboo pavilion are portable and ultra-lightweight. The self-
supporting bamboo structure presented deployable properties and can be assembled in 20 working
days with the use of non-conventional materials and technologies. The first built bamboo pavilion
erected in Rio de Janeiro in the year of 2013 presented a self-weight of 25 kN, i.e. 7.25 kgf/m² (Fig.
5b) [10].
393
(a) (b)
FIGURE 5 - SELF-SUPPORTING BAMBOO STRUCTURE AND TEXTILE MEMBRANE
PAVILION. (A) 1:25 SCALE MODEL. (B) 1:1 AS-BUILT MODEL
The bamboo structure minimized the use of heavy foundations and 12 touch-down concrete
anchors on the ground supported articulated bamboo bipods. The basic module of the developed
space structure is a self-supporting bamboo frame connected with flexible joints using polyester
ropes. The modular frame can be subdivided in 2 parts: the superior truss and the inferior bipods. The
main structural members of the self-supporting frame are presented in figure 6.
FIGURE 6 - STRUCTURAL MEMBERS OF THE SELF-SUPPORTING BAMBOO FRAME

WITH FLEXIBLE JOINTS
Geometric optimization processes were developed to find a geometry with even less material and
labor involved, generating a self-supporting bamboo frame model variant that was successfully
employed during the assembly procedure (Fig. 7a). The optimized self-supporting frame presented in
figure 7b continued to be a space truss, with small structural changes that does not change the main
structural properties of the structure. The arrangement of the bars presented a slight variation of the
first structural design, although the structural properties located near the ridge changed considerably,
as the central flexible joint inserted therein disengages the bending moments of the two symmetrical
parts of the frame (Fig. 7b). The structural design variation changed somewhat in the final aesthetics
of the structure, however, we considered less important the imposition of an aesthetic, than the
characteristics of a useful function. In order to understand what non-organizational variations on the
structural design are, we propose that the original identity of the self-supporting bamboo frame is
maintained and the geometric variation of the structural members of the frame do not change the
identity of the structure. The structural members of the optimized geometry are presented in figure
7b.
394
(a) (b)
FIGURE 7 - SELF-SUPPORTING BAMBOO SPACE STRUCTURE. (A) HINGED BAMBOO
STRUCTURE DURING THE ASSEMBLY PROCEDURE. (B) STRUCTURAL MEMBERS OF
THE OPTIMIZED SELF-SUPPORTING BAMBOO FRAME WITH FLEXIBLE JOINTS
Textile-based flexible joints

Hinged lashed connections (HLC) in textile polyester ropes were developed as presented in figure 8a.
Bamboo space structures designed with flexible joints presents simplicity of fabrication of the joints
and allow smart assembly procedures, showing advantages in the mechanical operation of the
structural members. Hinged lashed connections (HLC) are 4-degree of freedom joints, able to
transmit assembly loadings to the structure without generating torsion stresses in the members,
consisting in a great advantage in the assembly and operation of the bamboo space structures. HLC
present an articulated property and a deployable mechanism for the design of adaptable structures,
absorbing special assembly loadings. Instead, special assembly loadings can be critical for bamboo
bolted structures.
(a) (b)
FIGURE 8 - FLEXIBLE HINGED LASHED CONNECTION (HLC). (A) TEXTILE-BASED HLC
IN POLYESTER ROPE. (B) HLC DURING THE ASSEMBLY PROCEDURE OF THE SPACE
STRUCTURE
The authors introduced the HLC for bamboo space structures based in the clove-hitch lashing [9].
Composite locking bandages were developed to avoid the sliding of the HLC as presented in figure
9a. The composite locking bandages consist in transverse reinforcements glued on the bamboo bars
using cotton fabrics and castor-oil polymer bio-composites [11]. The HLC were braced using textile
constraint ropes after the erection process, locking the rotation between bars and interrupting the
degrees of freedom of the structural members. Figure 9b shows the bipod column with the higher
loading for the structure submitted only to gravity actions.
395
(a) (b)
FIGURE 9 - ANALYSIS OF THE FLEXIBLE JOINTS. (A) HLC WITH COMPOSITE LOCKING
BANDAGES GLUED ON THE BAMBOO BARS. (B) LOCAL ANALYSIS OF THE BRACED
HLC APPLIED IN THE BIPOD JOINTS
Structural analysis
The previous experience of the authors in the design of bamboo lightweight structures is
programmed for the object and its use in the environment. The present research outlined a working
method based on experimental physical models and experimental computer models in interaction. In
the present analysis, the structure was modeled as perfect trusses and eccentricities were not
considered. The structural analysis used the Finite Element Method (FEM) SAP 2000 software [12].
The bamboo species Phyllostachys pubescens bars were sized with 90mm diameter and 9mm wall
thickness. The frame dimensions are shown in Figure 10.
Wind loadings
Considering that the structure is built in the city of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil and
according to the isopleths mapped on the Brazilian map ABNT (NBR 6123), 1988 [13], the basic
wind velocity v0=32m/s. Then, the characteristic speed of the wind is given by Eq.(1):
(1)
The topographic factor S1=1 was used for a flat ground distant from hills and slopes.
S2 is the roughness factor, function of the height ¨z¨ of the building, of the maximum dimensions of
the frontal façades exposed to the wind load, divided into classes A, B and C; and also because of the
obstacles that are located in the vicinity of the building, which would be the roughness proper, whose
environments are divided into 5 categories, being category 1 for environment without obstacles and
category 5 for environments with many high obstacles. For example, the maximum dimension of the
plant or vertical building is 20m < 28m ≤ 50m ⇒ class B. The height of the building z = 6.0m > 5m.
Category IV was adopted because of the average distance of 12m from the top of the obstacles.
Interpolating in ABNT Table 2 (NBR 6123), we obtain S2 = 0,77.
For buildings for commerce and industry with high factor of occupation has S3=1.
Then, the characteristic wind speed will be
And the characteristic wind pressure in kN/m² will be
396
Aerodynamic coefficients for wind loading at 0º angle with the axis of the structure are presented
in Figure 11a. The analysis considered by hypothesis, there is no risk of overturning during high
wind loads and equal permeability is considered in all façades.
Then, the geometric dimensions of the structure are:

a = 28m (highest plant length)
b = 9,2m (lower plant length)
h = 4,21m (wall height)
z = 6,04m (maximum height of the building)
•
•
• . Then, the depth of the higher wind suction load
will be p = 6.0m
• Calculation of the angle
The depth p for wind suction at 90º is the smallest value between
2h = 2 and
Thus, the aerodynamic coefficients for the wind loading at 90º angle with the axis of the structure are
shown in Figure 11b.
FIGURE 10 - DIMENSIONS OF THE SELF-SUPPORTING BAMBOO FRAME
397
(a) (b)
FIGURE 11 - AERODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS FOR WIND LOADING (A) WIND LOADING AT
0º. (B) WIND LOADING AT 90º
The analysis considered the hypothesis of metal roof tiles weighting 0,05 kN/m² above the
pantographic bamboo grid. The roof overload was 0,25 kN/m². The loads were combined according
to the recommendations of the ABNT standard NBR8681 [14]. For normal loads, i.e. those that only
have loads resulting from normal use (permanent loads, overloads and wind loads applied in the
structure in the enduring situation of design and use) or the same as explain that the loading does not
contain any special loading, or any loading corresponding to the assembly (these are considered
special loads), nor any loading of exceptional nature or magnitude. The following combinations of
loadings were considered for ultimate limit states, which by hypothesis would lead to the greatest
stresses in the structure static loading. The analyses were realized applying 4 load combinations. The
loading patterns were expressed in the equations as follows.
Loading hypotheses
Wind loads at 0º angle with the axis of the structure:
• COMB1: Fd = 1,4G + 1,4Q +1,4Wc (live load as the main variable load)
• COMB2: Fd =1,4G+ 1,4Wc+ 1,4 Q 0,7 (wind pressure as the main variable load - not
critical in relation to COMB1).
• COMB3: Fd=1,4Wa - 0,9G (wind suction as the main variable load)
Wind loads at 90º angle with the axis of the structure:
• COMB4: Fd = 1,4Wa – 0,9G (wind suction as the main variable load)
As presented in the previous example, in these equations we have G for permanent loads, Q for
live loads, Wc for wind pressure and Wa for wind suction. The unfavorable wind is considered as a
resulting internal suction, an internal pressure coefficient cpi = -0,3; neglecting the coefficients of
external suction. When we have equal permeability on all façades, the norm recommends cpi = - 0,3,
considering the overlap with the external effects given by the coefficients ce. However, since the
internal coefficients cpi can reach -0.9, depending on whether there are dominant openings due to
accidents during high winds; it is recommended in practice to consider a cpi = - 0,3 as the minimum
result because of safety.
The probabilistic weighting coefficients of the actions are given by ABNT NBR8681, for normal,
special and exceptional loads. The coefficient of combination of the secondary variable action is
obtained from the same standard, ψ0 = 0,7 for accidental loads in buildings with a high factor of
occupation or presence of fixed equipment. Similarly, ψ0 = 0,6 for dynamic wind pressure. Figure 12
presents the loads combined and the applied node loading of the combinations. The nodal stresses for
each of the combinations are shown in Figure 12. COMB1 combination is critical to COMB2, reason
why COMB2 was not used for the structural analysis.
398
(b)
(a)
FIGURE 12 - (A) NODAL LOADS FOR COMB1 (N). (B) NODAL LOADS FOR COMB4 (N)
Wind loads at 0º for COMB1 and COMB3 applied in the structure are shown in figure 13.
(a)
(b)
FIGURE 13 - (A) AXIAL LOADS FOR COMB1. (B) AXIAL LOADS FOR COMB3
Figure 14 presents the bending moments and shear forces in COMB4 for wind suction due only to
the weight of the bars and not considered eccentricity in the bars, which means that they are totally
negligible. Moment diagrams are not parabolic is a problem because the graphic output. The
magnitudes of the analyzed applied loadings are consistent with the considered hypotheses.
(a)
(b)
FIGURE 14 - (A) BENDING MOMENTS FOR COMB4. (B) SHEAR FORCES FOR COMB4
The axial forces for the combinations COMB1 and COMB3 are perfectly absorbable by the
compressed members with the lengths of the designed bars. The higher compression forces of the
upper flanges came from COMB4. In this case, the superior flanges and the bipods may require
bracing for the reduction of buckling length, as showed during the analysis. Therefore, this
399
consideration should adopt the structural design for the superior trusses and the bipods, as presented
in figure 15.
FIGURE 15 - OPTIMIZED SELF-SUPPORTING FRAME WITH BRACINGS IN THE

SUPERIOR TRUSS AND IN THE BIPODS
The authors observe that the structure using this reduced number of continuous bars can only be
safe using the developed flexible HLC in textile ropes or in bio-composite bandage joints [15].
Bolted connections would require interruption of bars and would need to use more bolts to absorb the
stresses applied in the structural members. A single bolt used to the connection of the bars would not
be sufficient for the transmission of the forces. Besides, the perforations that pass bolts are points of
weakening and stress concentration in the bars, and certainly would increase the risk of collapse of
the structure in earthquake regions.
Finally, for fixing the bipod column with the higher applied load for wind suction, figure 16
presents the map of the loads of the anchors reaction forces. In the supports, we will then have
horizontal and vertical forces for wind suction. The higher loads for wind suction are presented in
figure 16 and occurred for COMB4.
FIGURE 16 - ANCHORS REACTION FORCES (N) FOR COMB4.
Conclusions
The present paper introduced a self-supporting bamboo space structure for engineering applications.
The observation and the monitoring of these novel structures in service will present a greater
understanding and reliability of the designed ultra-lightweight structural system with flexible joints.
The structural analysis shows that the forces are relatively low in the structure and do not represent
400
any safety problem. The developed hinged lashed connection (HLC) have the advantage of not
introduce torsion stresses in the bamboo bars. These joints also avoid the weakening of the bamboo
bars with perforations, as in the case of bolted connections. Bolted joints in addition to local
weakening, introduce moments of torsion in the bars through these perforated points of weakening,
which is a structural disadvantage. The question of the self-supporting bamboo structures engineering
design for safety is, therefore, not the difficulty or feasibility of the structural analysis, but a correct
choice of the materials, the design and the detailing of the joints. A disadvantage would be the sliding
of the connections along the bars, and the stability of the system due to the observed displacements
of the joints. Mechanical tests of the connections and numerical modeling of the textile HLC were
developed. The study considered the limits of resistance and local displacements of the joints,
leaving for a further work the evaluation of the deformations and possible consequences for the
global operation of the structure under dynamic analysis, since the flexible joints decrease the
stiffness of the structure, thereby decreasing their natural frequencies of vibration.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado
do Rio de Janeiro FAPERJ for the support of this research project. Our special thanks are to the
Emeritus Prof. Khosrow Ghavami from PUC-Rio for his advice in the present research.
References
[1] Khan, L.; Easton, B. Cobijo. Shelter Publications. Madrid: H. Blume Ediciones, 1979.
[2] Ribeiro, B. (org.); Ribeiro, D. (ed.) Suma etnológica brasileira. Updated edition of Handbook
of South American Indians. Volume 2: Tecnologia indígena. Petrópolis: Ed. Vozes, 1987.
[3] Moreira, L.E.; Ripper, J.L.M. Jogo das Formas: Lógica do objeto natural. Rio de Janeiro:
Nau Editora, 2014.
[4] Moreira, L.E.; Ripper, J.L.M. Métodos de ensino de design de produtos e sua aplicação às
estruturas da engenharia civil. In: Congresso Brasileiro de Ensino de Engenharia COBENGE.
Brasília, 2004.
[5] Ripper, J.L.M.; Moreira, L.E.; Silva, M.F. Desenvolvimento de estruturas auto-tensionadas
de bambu no LOTDP. Agenda Pública: Drama Social. Faperj, Rio de Janeiro, RJ: 1999. P267-
276.
[6] Seixas, M.A. Inserção social de arquiteturas temporárias de bambus e lonas têxteis utilizando
tecnologias não-convencionais. Msc. Dissertation, Arts & Design Department. Rio de Janeiro:
PUC-Rio, 2009.
[7] Fuller, R.B. Tensile-integrity structures US Patent 3063521 A, 1962.
[8] Ripper, J.L.M.; Moreira, L.E.; Ubésio, A. Cúpula Geodésica de Bambu. Proceedings of the
V Encontro Brasileiro em Madeiras e em Estruturas de Madeira. Belo Horizonte, EEUFMG
1995. 12p.
[9] Seixas, M.A.; Ripper, J.L.M.; Ghavami, K. Prefabricated bamboo structure and textile canvas
pavilions. Journal of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures, Vol. 57 nº
189, 2016, pp. 179-188. https://doi.org/10.20898/j.iass.2016.189.782
[10] Bambutec Design. www.bambutec.com.br (acessed on 22 September 2017).
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[11] Seixas, M.; Bina, J.; Stoffel, P.; Ripper, J.L.M.; Moreira, L.E.; Ghavami, K. Active bending
and tensile pantographic bamboo hybrid amphitheater structure. J. IASS, Vol. 58 nº 193, 2017.
https://doi.org/10.20898/j.iass.2017.193.872
[12] Computers and Structures Inc. CSI Analysis Reference Manual for SAP, 2015.
[13] ABNT. NBR 6123: Forças devidas ao vento em Edificações. 1988.
[14] ABNT. NBR 8681: Ações e Segurança nas Estruturas. 2003.
[15] Lanna, C.A.C.; Moreira, L.E. Treliças Planas de Bambu com Bioconexões Compósitas. In:
II Congresso Luso Brasileiro de Materiais de Construção Sustentáveis, João Pessoa, PB, 2016.
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See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

SELF-SUPPORTING BAMBOO SPACE STRUCTURE WITH FLEXIBLE JOINTS

Conference Paper · November 2017

Luís Eustáquio Moreira Mario Seixas

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

João Bina José Luiz Mendes Ripper

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Tensegrity bamboo structures View project

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Self-Supporting Bamboo Space Structure with Flexible Joints

Keywords: Bamboo, Self-Supporting, Space Structure, Flexible Joints, Engineering

Copyright © 2018 by authors .

FIGURE 1 - INTERIOR VIEW OF THE MAJOR HOUSE OF THE ASURINÍ INDIGENOUS

The self-supporting bamboo space structure

FIGURE 6 - STRUCTURAL MEMBERS OF THE SELF-SUPPORTING BAMBOO FRAME

Textile-based flexible joints

And the characteristic wind pressure in kN/m² will be

Then, the geometric dimensions of the structure are:

FIGURE 10 - DIMENSIONS OF THE SELF-SUPPORTING BAMBOO FRAME

FIGURE 15 - OPTIMIZED SELF-SUPPORTING FRAME WITH BRACINGS IN THE

FIGURE 16 - ANCHORS REACTION FORCES (N) FOR COMB4.

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